agriculture essay 150 words

Short & Long Essay on Agriculture 100, 150, 250, 500 Words

Essay on agriculture.

The essay on Agriculture is written in simple English and has easy words for children and students. This English essay tells about agriculture, what agriculture is for us, and why it is special for us. Students are often asked to write essay on agriculture in their schools and colleges. And if you are also looking for the same, then we have given essay on agriculture in 100 – words, 150 – words, 250 – words, and 500 – words.

An effective way to teach students would be through an essay on agriculture in English. Through essay writing on this topic of Agriculture for classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10, children will learn to collect facts and write them in their own words.

Essay – 100 Words

India is an agricultural country and it is not just a means of livelihood but a way of life. We have been doing agriculture since ancient times. After independence, we had to depend on other countries to meet the demand for food grains. But, the Green Revolution has made India self-reliant.

Farmers work very hard in the agricultural field to grow food. Our farmers stand by us in every situation by giving us food. Man cannot even imagine living without the help of agriculture. There are many types of agriculture like shifting cultivation, grain farming, fish farming, dairy farming, etc. Some bad effects of wrong farming on the environment have also been seen such as pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and manure.

Essay – 150 Words

Agriculture is of great importance in our lives. Farmers do not grow anything in their fields rather they provide employment and business opportunities to others. Consumption of the final products of agriculture affects our entire lives. Without its help, it is impossible for a human being to fill his stomach. Agriculture helps maintain our ecosystem.

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of any country as many industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials. With the revolution in agriculture, the industrial sector has also expanded. Moreover, when production in the agricultural sector increases, more employment opportunities will also be created and provide work in crop growing, direct employment in agricultural extension, and other sectors as well.

But doing agriculture wrongly has many fatal consequences. It is also a major source of pollution, as pesticides, fertilizers, and other toxic agricultural chemicals can poison water, marine ecosystems, soil, and air.

Essay – 250 Words

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for most of the population in India. More than 70 percent of people here depend on agriculture. Agriculture has been in existence since ancient times and in today’s era it has evolved with new technologies and equipment that have replaced the old traditional farming methods.

Even today some farmers use traditional farming methods because they lack education and resources and understanding to use modern technologies. Today, India is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, fruits, tea, and vegetables. Various types of spices are cultivated here and these spices are sent all over the world.

Growth and Development of Agricultural Sector

We have been doing agriculture for a long time, yet it has still remained underdeveloped. Even after independence, we used to import food grains from other countries to meet the country’s demand. But, due to the Green Revolution, we have now become self-reliant and export our surplus to other countries. Our government is also making continuous efforts to develop this sector.

Earlier we were completely dependent on monsoon for agriculture, but now we have built canals, dams, tube wells, and pump sets. Additionally, there are now better varieties of pesticides, fertilizers, and seeds that help grow more food.

Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy. It is progressing with the continuous changes, development, and policies implemented in the agricultural sector. It will always remain an important factor in India’s economic growth.

Essay – 500 Words

Agriculture is the main sector of the Indian economy and employment of farmers. Agriculture has existed for thousands of years. But it has evolved a lot over the years. In today’s era, the use of new inventions, technologies, and equipment has changed almost all the traditional methods of farming. But, even today some farmers are using old traditional methods of agriculture due to lack of information because they are unable to use modern methods. Agriculture has contributed not only to its development but also to the development of other areas of the country.

Role of Agriculture in Economic Development

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of the country as it is one of the largest sources of livelihood in the country. Even today 3/4 of the population is based on agriculture and earlier we mainly depended on monsoons for agriculture, but now canals, dams, tube wells, and pump sets have been constructed.

Industries get raw materials from the agricultural sector on which other businesses depend, hence a large part of the economy depends on the agricultural sector. Agriculture provides employment opportunities to most of the people in the country.

Agriculture contributes to Indian exports and also plays an important role in increasing foreign exchange. India exports goods like spices, coffee, tobacco, tea, vegetables, etc. to other countries.

Types of Agriculture

There are many types of agriculture as mentioned below:

Grain cultivation – This is done to provide food to animals and humans. It involves the process of sowing different types of crops which are then harvested at the end of the season.

Horticulture and fruit cultivation – In this process, fruits and vegetables are produced on a large scale. This is mainly done for business purposes.

Dairy Farming – It deals with the production of milk. In this process, products like sweets, curd, cheese, etc. are produced.

Negative Effects of Agriculture

Although agriculture is very beneficial from the point of view of the country’s economy and employment, some negative effects are also seen. These are harmful to the people involved in the agricultural sector as well as the environment.

First, the use of most chemical fertilizers and pesticides pollutes and poisons the land as well as the surrounding water bodies. Its use causes the depletion of topsoil and pollutes ground water.

Secondly, deforestation is also a negative effect of agriculture. To expand agricultural land, many forests have been cut down and converted into agricultural land. Also, excessive use of river water for irrigation causes many small rivers and ponds to dry up, disrupting the natural balance.

Agriculture has given a lot to the country from food to business, but agriculture has some advantages and disadvantages which we cannot ignore. The government is making every possible effort for the growth and development of proper agriculture. Also, the government needs to do something about the negative impacts on agriculture.

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Essay on Agriculture in English (150, 200, 250, 500 Words)

Here, we’ve presented essays on “Agriculture” in 150, 200, 250 & 500 word samples. All the essays will be helpful for students of all classes i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & class 12.

Table of Contents

Essay on Agriculture in 150 Words

Introduction.

Agriculture, the oldest human endeavor, encompasses the cultivation of crops and the rearing of animals for various purposes. Since ancient times, agriculture has been pivotal in sustaining human life and fostering societal growth. Its significance transcends mere sustenance, as it forms the foundation of economies and civilizations worldwide.

Modern Agricultural Practices

Modern agriculture integrates technology and scientific advancements to enhance productivity and efficiency. Mechanization, genetic engineering, and precision farming techniques have revolutionized the agricultural landscape, enabling farmers to produce higher yields with fewer resources. Moreover, sustainable agriculture practices prioritize environmental conservation and biodiversity, ensuring the long-term viability of agricultural systems.

Future Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its advancements, agriculture faces formidable challenges in the 21st century. Climate change, population growth, and diminishing natural resources pose significant threats to global food security. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation and adaptation. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in research and development, and fostering international cooperation, agriculture can overcome these obstacles and continue to thrive in the face of adversity.

Agriculture Essay in 200 Words

Agriculture, the backbone of human civilization, is the practice of cultivating crops and raising livestock for sustenance and economic gain. It has been an integral part of societies since ancient times, providing food, fiber, and raw materials. The evolution of agricultural practices has been crucial in shaping human development and societal progress.

Importance of Agriculture

Agriculture plays a vital role in ensuring food security, as it provides the necessary sustenance for the growing global population. Additionally, agriculture contributes significantly to the economy by generating employment opportunities and supporting various industries such as food processing and manufacturing. Moreover, agriculture fosters rural development by providing livelihoods and improving living standards in rural communities.

Challenges Faced by Agriculture

Despite its importance, agriculture faces numerous challenges, including climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity. Climate variability leads to unpredictable weather patterns, affecting crop yields and livestock production. Soil degradation and erosion diminish the fertility of land, posing long-term threats to agricultural sustainability. Furthermore, water scarcity exacerbates these challenges, limiting irrigation and agricultural productivity in many regions.

In conclusion, agriculture remains fundamental to human existence and societal advancement. Its role in ensuring food security, supporting economic development, and fostering rural livelihoods cannot be overstated. However, addressing the challenges faced by agriculture, such as climate change and resource depletion, requires concerted efforts from governments, communities, and agricultural stakeholders. By adopting sustainable practices and investing in innovation, we can overcome these challenges and ensure a prosperous future for agriculture.

Essay Writing on Agriculture in 250 Words

Agriculture, humanity’s timeless endeavor, encompasses the cultivation of crops and the husbandry of livestock. It stands as the bedrock of civilization, providing sustenance, raw materials, and economic opportunities since ancient times. From the earliest agrarian societies to the modern industrialized world, agriculture remains indispensable for human survival and societal progress.

Historical Significance

Throughout history, agriculture has shaped the course of human development. The transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural communities marked a pivotal moment in human civilization. With the advent of farming techniques, societies could produce surplus food, leading to population growth, urbanization, and the emergence of complex civilizations. Agricultural advancements, such as the domestication of plants and animals, irrigation systems, and crop rotation, laid the groundwork for societal advancements and cultural achievements.

Technological Advancements

In the modern era, agriculture has undergone remarkable transformations driven by technological innovations. Mechanization, genetic engineering, and precision farming techniques have revolutionized agricultural practices, increasing productivity and efficiency. Machinery such as tractors and harvesters have replaced manual labor, while genetically modified crops offer higher yields and resilience to pests and diseases. Furthermore, precision farming utilizes data-driven approaches to optimize inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, minimizing waste and environmental impact.

Environmental Challenges

Despite its advancements, agriculture faces unprecedented challenges in the 21st century. Climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity threaten agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. Erratic weather patterns disrupt planting and harvesting seasons, while soil erosion and nutrient depletion degrade arable land. Moreover, water scarcity exacerbates these challenges, particularly in regions reliant on irrigation for agriculture.

In conclusion, agriculture remains a cornerstone of human existence and societal development. Its historical significance and modern advancements underscore its importance in sustaining human life and fostering economic prosperity. However, addressing the environmental challenges facing agriculture requires concerted efforts from governments, communities, and agricultural stakeholders. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in research and development, and promoting global cooperation, agriculture can overcome these obstacles and thrive in the face of adversity.

Writing an Essay on Agriculture in 500 Words

Agriculture, often regarded as the backbone of human civilization, encompasses the cultivation of crops and the rearing of livestock for food, fiber, and other products. Since the dawn of civilization, agriculture has played a pivotal role in shaping societies, economies, and cultures worldwide. Its significance transcends mere sustenance, influencing everything from social structures to technological advancements. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted aspects of agriculture, including its historical evolution, modern practices, environmental impact, and future challenges.

Historical Evolution

The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years to the Neolithic Revolution, when humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural communities. The domestication of plants and animals marked a significant turning point, enabling early humans to cultivate crops and raise livestock for food. This agricultural surplus laid the foundation for civilization by supporting larger populations, fostering trade networks, and fueling technological innovations. Ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China developed sophisticated agricultural practices, including irrigation systems, crop rotation, and animal husbandry, which enabled them to flourish for centuries.

In the modern era, agriculture has undergone profound transformations driven by technological advancements and scientific innovations. Mechanization revolutionized farming practices, replacing human and animal labor with machinery such as tractors, harvesters, and irrigation systems. Genetic engineering has led to the development of high-yield crop varieties that are resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stressors. Precision farming techniques utilize data analytics, GPS technology, and drones to optimize crop management and resource utilization, enhancing productivity and sustainability. Moreover, vertical farming, hydroponics, and aquaponics represent innovative approaches to agriculture that aim to maximize efficiency and minimize environmental impact.

Environmental Impact

While agriculture is essential for human survival, it also poses significant environmental challenges. Intensive farming practices, such as monoculture and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, can lead to soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Deforestation for agricultural expansion contributes to habitat destruction and climate change, further exacerbating environmental degradation. Moreover, livestock farming is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide from manure management. Addressing these environmental challenges requires sustainable farming practices that prioritize soil health, water conservation, and biodiversity conservation.

Future Challenges

Looking ahead, agriculture faces unprecedented challenges in the 21st century, including climate change, population growth, and resource depletion. Climate variability and extreme weather events disrupt agricultural production, leading to crop failures, food shortages, and economic instability. Population growth and urbanization exert pressure on arable land and water resources, threatening food security and rural livelihoods. Furthermore, declining soil fertility, water scarcity, and loss of biodiversity pose long-term threats to agricultural sustainability. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation and adaptation. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in research and development, and fostering international cooperation, agriculture can overcome these obstacles and thrive in the face of adversity.

In conclusion, agriculture remains a fundamental aspect of human existence and societal development. Its historical evolution, modern practices, and environmental impact highlight its significance in sustaining human life and fostering economic prosperity. However, addressing the challenges facing agriculture requires collective action and collaboration across sectors and stakeholders. By prioritizing sustainability, resilience, and equity, we can ensure a prosperous future for agriculture and secure food security for generations to come.

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Essay on Agriculture: Short Essay, 100 and 250 Words

Updated on
May 18, 2024

Agriculture is one of the major sectors in India that provide livelihood to the people. The majority of the Indian population depends on agriculture as it is the major source of income and contributes to around 18.3% of India’s GDP. It provides food, raw materials, and employment to billions of people across the world. As common people, most of us anticipate that agriculture is just the cultivation of crops.

However, it is much more than that, it includes fishery , livestock, forestry , and crop production . It is the backbone of the civilization. Read this blog and get to know how to write an essay on agriculture with the help of examples!

Table of Contents

1 Short Essay on Agriculture
2 Essay on Agriculture 100 Words
3.1 Significance of Agriculture
3.2 Challenges for Agriculture
3.3 Sustainable agriculture

Short Essay on Agriculture

India is also referred to as agricultural land because a major part of India is covered by agricultural activities. The entire world has been practising agriculture for thousands of years from the nomadic times to date.

Agriculture started during the Neolithic Revolution for the production of food. Nowadays, the scenario has been completely changed with the application of AI tools and Machinery in the world of Agriculture. New technologies and equipment are being developed to replace the traditional methods of farming. Some of the AI technologies are integrated sensors, weathering forecasting, IoT-powered agriculture drones, smart spraying, etc.

Millions of people across the world depend on agriculture, even animals are also dependent on agriculture for their fodder and habitat. Besides that, agriculture also plays a key role in the economic development of the country because 3/4th of the population depends on agriculture.

Also Read: Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Essay on Agriculture 100 Words

Agriculture is the main source of life on earth. Animals and humans depend on agriculture for a living. It is the oldest practice in the history of mankind. There has been tremendous growth and evolution in the field of agriculture.

The use of AI-based technology and modern techniques in farming is helping the sector to generate high yields with better quality.

Now, our country is able to produce surplus food crops which is enough to satisfy domestic needs. It also helps to eradicate malnutrition and address hunger issues in various parts of the world. Thus, agriculture will always remain the cornerstone of human existence and continue to fulfil the demands of the changing world.

Also Read: Essay on Population Explosion

Essay on Agriculture 250 Words

Agriculture can be termed as the global powerhouse of the world. It is feeding billions of people across the world. Every individual directly or indirectly depends on agriculture.

Significance of Agriculture

The significance of agriculture is listed below:

The food we consume is a gift of the agriculture sector. Farmers are working day and night to cultivate food crops for the entire human population.
It also adds value to the Gross Domestic Product as well as the national income of the country.
As it is one of the largest sectors, there is a huge need for a labor force and employees. Thus, it imparts employment to 80% of the people in this world.
70% of the total food crop production of India is used for the purpose of exports. Some of the main items of export are rice, spices, wheat, cotton, tea, tobacco, jute products, and many more.

Challenges for Agriculture

Every year, the agriculture sector has to face difficult challenges. It includes harsh weather conditions be it drought or flood or extreme heat waves and cold breezes. Soil degradation is also one of the major threats to agriculture due to soil erosion and soil pollution. All these conditions create the need to generate sustainable practices in the agriculture sector.

Sustainable agriculture

Advancement in technology helps to create sustainable agriculture. The use of technology in the field of agriculture like weather forecasts, automated sowing, drones, AI-driven sensors, pest control, etc. helps in developing sustainable agriculture.

Besides that, farmers are adopting new farming practices such as crop rotation reduced chemicals, organic farming, etc. for sustainable agriculture.

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Essay on Sustainable Agriculture

To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
As a template for you assignment

Introduction: What Is Sustainable Agriculture?

Importance of sustainable agriculture, population growth, per capita food consumption, sustainable agriculture and technology, green politics, conclusion of sustainable agriculture.

Bibliography

Sustainable agriculture has dominated the sociological understanding of the rural world largely. Following the enthusiasm around the concept as a means of eradication of poverty and turning the economy to a “resource-efficient, low carbon Green Economy”. Global population, and consequently consumption has increased.

However, technological development has matched the demand for food in terms of food production, but the distribution of food is not evenly distributed. This has brought forth the question of the possibility of supplying adequate food to the ever-growing global population.

Further, the challenges posed by depleting non-renewable sources of energy, rising costs, and climate change have brought the issue related to sustainability of food production and the related social and economic impact of the food production into forefront. This paper outlines the meaning and technology related to sustainable agriculture and tries to gauge its impact as a possible solution to the impending food crisis.

Sustainable agriculture is a process of farming using eco-friendly methods understanding and maintaining the relationship between the organisms and environment. In this process of agriculture and animal husbandry are combined to form a simultaneous process and practice. In other words, sustainable agriculture is an amalgamation of three main elements viz. ecological health, profitability, and propagating equality.

The concept of sustainability rests on the principle of not wasting any resources that may become useful to the future generations. Therefore, the main idea of sustainability rests on stewardship of individual and natural resources. Before understanding the technology involved in sustainable agriculture, it is important to know why we need it in the first place.

The rise in population growth and urbanization of people has led to a dietary change of the world population, which now rests more on animal protein. Therefore understanding the demographic changes in the world population has become an important parameter to judge the future demand for food.

As population growth rate is the key variable that affects the demand for food, therefore understanding the number of people increasing worldwide is important. According to the UNDP results, the annual population growth rate had declined from 2.2% in 1962 to 1.1% in 2010, however, this increase to indicate an increase of 75 million people.

However, this increase in population is not equitably distributed as some areas such as Africa, Latin America, and Asia face a growth rate of 2% while others such as the erstwhile Soviet bloc countries have a negative rate.

According to the UNDP predictions, population worldwide is expected to increase to 9 billion in 2050 from the present 7 billion. Therefore, the uncertain growth in population is expected to affect food demand and therefore food production.

Undernourishment is a prevalent problem in the developing world, wherein almost 20% of the developing world that is more than 5 billion people is undernourished.

Further, in emerging economies, food consumption is increasing with increased preference for animal protein such as meat, dairy products, and eggs. Therefore, the growth of consumption of animal protein has increased the necessity of grazing of livestock, therefore, increasing further pressure on the food supply.

It is believed that the increase in the demand for food due to the increase in global population and changes in dietary habits of the population. In the past, the demand for food and the rate of production has remained at par, but the unequal distribution of food has led to the major problem in food supply and starvation in various parts of the world.

Another problem that food production in the future faces is the constraint of non-renewable natural resources. The most critical resources, which are becoming scant for the future generations are –

Land : Availability of land globally to cultivate food has grown marginally due to the increase in global population. The availability of land available per person to grow food has declined from 1.30 hectares in 1967 to 0.72 hectares in 2007. Therefore, a clear dearth in agricultural land is a deterrent to future agriculture.
Water : The world comprises of 70% freshwater resources, available from rivers and groundwater. Deficiency of freshwater has been growing as usage of water has increased more than twice the rate of population growth. As water is required for irrigation purposes, water availability to is not equally distributed around the world. Therefore, reduced water supply would limit the per capita production of food.
Energy : Globally, the scarcity of the non-renewable resources of energy is another concern. The global demand for energy is expected to double by 2050, consequently increasing energy prices. Therefore, food production for the future will have to devise a technology based on renewable sources of energy.

The question of sustainability in agriculture arose due to some pressing issues that have limited the utilization of erstwhile processes and technologies for food production. However, it should be noted that sustainable agriculture does not prescribe any set rule or technology for the production process, rather shows a way towards sustainability.

Sustainable agriculture uses best management practices by adhering to target-oriented cultivation. The agriculture process looks at disease-oriented hybrid, pest control through use of biological insecticides and low usage of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Usually, insect-specific pest control is used, which is biological in nature.

Water given to the crops is through micro-sprinklers which help is directly watering the roots of the plants, and not flooding the field completely. The idea is to manage the agricultural land for both plants and animal husbandry.

For instance, in many southwestern parts of Florida’s citrus orchards, areas meant for water retention and forest areas become a natural habitat for birds and other animals. The process uses integrated pest management that helps in reducing the amount of pesticide used in cultivation.

Sustainable agriculture adopts green technology as a means of reducing wastage of non-renewable energy and increase production. In this respect, the sustainable agricultural technology is linked to the overall developmental objective of the nation and is directly related to solving socio-economic problems of the nation.

The UN report states, “The productivity increases in possible through environment-friendly and profitable technologies.” In order to understand the technology better, one must realize that the soil’s health is crucial for cultivation of crops.

Soil is not just another ingredient for cultivation like pesticides or fertilizers; rather, it is a complex and fragile medium that must be nurtured to ensure higher productivity. Therefore, the health of the soil can be maintained using eco-friendly methods:

Healthy soil, essential to agriculture, is a complex, living medium. The loose but coherent structure of good soil holds moisture and invites airflow. Ants (a) and earthworms (b) mix the soil naturally. Rhizobium bacteria (c) living in the root nodules of legumes (such as soybeans) create fixed nitrogen, an essential plant nutrient.

Other soil microorganisms, including fungi (d), actinomycetes (e), and bacteria (f), decompose organic matter, thereby releasing more nutrients. Microorganisms also produce substances that help soil particles adhere to one another. To remain healthy, soil must be fed organic materials such as various manures and crop residues.

This is nothing but a broader term to denote environment-friendly solutions to agricultural production. Therefore, the technology-related issue of sustainable agriculture is that it should use such technology that allows usage of renewable sources of energy and is not deterrent to the overall environment.

The politics around sustainable agriculture lies in the usage of the renewable sources of energy and disciplining of the current consumption rates. The politics related to the sustainable agriculture is also related to the politics of sustainable consumption.

Though there is a growing concern over depleting food for the future and other resources, there is hardly any measure imposed by the governments of developed and emerging economies to sustain the consumption pattern of the population.

The advocates of green politics believe that a radical change of the conventional agricultural process is required for bringing forth sustainable agriculture. Green politics lobbies for an integrated farming system that can be the only way to usher in sustainable agricultural program.

Sustainable agriculture is the way to maintain a parity between the increasing pressure of food demand and food production in the future. As population growth, change in income demographics, and food preferences change, there are changes in the demand of food of the future population.

Further, changes in climate and increasing concern regarding the depletion of non-renewable sources of energy has forced policymakers and scientists to device another way to sustain the available resources as well as continue meeting the increased demand of food.

Sustainable agriculture is the method through which these problems can be overlooked, bringing forth a new integrated form of agriculture that looks at food production in a holistic way.

Batie, S. S., ‘Sustainable Development: Challenges to Profession of Agricultural Economics’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 71, no. 5, 1989: 1083-1101.

Dobson, A., The Politics of Nature: Explorations in Green Political Theory, Psychology Press, London, 1993.

Leaver, J. D., ‘Global food supply: a challenge for sustainable agriculture’, Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 36 , 2011: 416-421.

Martens, S., & G. Spaargaren, ‘The politics of sustainable consumption: the case of the Netherlands’, Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, vol.1 no. 1, 2005: 29-42.

Morris, C., & M. Winter, ‘Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?’, Land Use Policy, vol. 16, no. 4, 1999: 193–205.

Reganold, J. P., R. I. Papendick, & J. F. Parr, ‘Sustainable Agriculture’, Scientific American , 1990: 112-120.

Townsend, C., ‘ Technology for Sustainable Agriculture. ‘ Florida Gulf Coast University, 1998. Web.

United Nations, ‘ Green technology for sustainable agriculture development ‘, United Nations Asian And Pacific Centre For Agricultural Engineering And Machinery, 2010. Web.

—, ‘ Sustainable agriculture key to green growth, poverty reduction – UN officials ‘, United Nations, 2011. Web.

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Essay on Agriculture | Agriculture Essay for Students and Children in English

May 18, 2023 by Prasanna

Essay on Agriculture: Agriculture is, without a doubt, the foundation of our country. One straightforward Agriculture in India Essay won’t be adequate to expound on the significance of agriculture in India article and commitment of agriculture to India. India, the second-biggest maker of agricultural items on the planet, delivers more than 280 million tons, adding to over 15% of India’s GDP.

Jai jawan Jai Kisan a term authored by the previous Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri, holds worth and pertinence for millennia to come. While troopers at our country’s boundaries shield our nations from adversaries, India’s ranchers feed the nation every day.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Agriculture for Students and Kids in English

We are providing the students with essay samples on an extended Essay on Agriculture of 500 words and a Short Essay on Agriculture of 150 words on the topic of Agriculture.

Long Essay on Agriculture of 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Agriculture is helpful to students of classes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

On the off chance that you have had your dinners today, it’s a given, yet thank a rancher. We can live without a driver or a craftsman or film legend or a vocalist, yet would you be able to live without a rancher? Would we be able to try and envision our lives without food? Food is just about as significant as oxygen and water. While our nonexistent divine beings create oxygen and water, food is delivered by our living God, the rancher of India. Be that as it may, for what reason is rancher’s situation, particularly in a non-industrial nation India, is not so great?

What are we not doing that other created nations are doing to their cultivating local area? Even though we have refined advances to distinguish rainfalls and dawns, it isn’t adequate regarding horticultural scales. In any case, just forecast is of no utilization. There are meagre rainfalls, an abrupt expansion in temperature and different variables that may hurt the harvests. This is generally alluded to as Force Majeure or a demonstration of God. Man has been dealing with this issue since the time the get-go.

It torments me to say that as you are perusing this Agriculture in India, a rancher someplace in a side of India would have ended it all. India has one of the most effective rancher self-destruction rates on the planet. There is a normal of ten rancher suicides in the country consistently. They end it all typically when they can’t reimburse their credits back that they took to develop the land. Either in light of the critical factor from the property manager, moneylenders or the banks, ranchers make to this outrageous stride. The agriculture area needs quick government help and mediations to forestall additional passings.

Nations like America and China utilize innovation and information examination devices to improve their agricultural site. Lamentably, India falls a long ways behind them in this field. In the wake of perusing Agriculture in India Essay in China or America, where they have expressed how they use information logical devices to conquer variable climate conditions and other incidental elements, I feel it’s about time that India receives the equivalent.

These are a portion of the issues that ranchers are confronting. However, there are without doubt manners by which the area can be improved. The resulting part of the Agriculture in India Essay discusses the estimates that the public authority and cultivating local area can improve the current situation with conditions. As referenced in the past piece of this Agriculture in India Essay, ranchers need to uphold all of the country’s edges. Given the present-day situation where all aspects of the economy are enduring due to the Covid pandemic, the agriculture area needs prompt alleviation and relaxations.

The public authority can begin with forgoing off credits of the ranchers and mix money into the area so ranchers can backfire in the right place again. This is another significant arrangement that the public authority of India is quick to present. Regardless of whether it’s rabi harvest or Kharif yields, organic products, or vegetables, a base cost will be set underneath which ranchers shouldn’t be compelled to sell their produce. Typically, the ranchers are exploited by mediators at mandis and discount markets where the product is purchased for significantly less cost and afterward offered to end shoppers at an exorbitant price, leaving ranchers misfortune.

Short Essay on Agriculture 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Agriculture is helpful to students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Agriculture isn’t only an area for India or simply a task that individuals do. It is a lifestyle for us Indians. Without this area, the populace blast in this country and the financial cycles will reach a strict halt. A common day in a rancher’s life at a town comprises rising right on time around 5 am, cleaning up at the regular streams close by, having lavish breakfast, pack some sound lunch, and leaving to the fields.

From seed planting, soil ploughing, treating and collecting the land, each and everything is finished with affection and care by the rancher. Agriculture, having contributed for over 15% of India’s GDP and given business and occupation to the greater part of the nation’s working populace, hasn’t got its due credit. The measure of help a rancher has given to his nation is more than the measure of help the nation has given to its rancher.

10 Lines on Agriculture Essay

Agriculture adds to over 15% of India’s GDP and has given work to a huge number of individuals in the country
India is the second-most elevated maker of rural items on the planet
Agriculture structures more than over 70% of India’s fare limit
Agriculture in India should be improved from its current state
The structure of dams, water system waterways and innovative framework is important to improve the area
Information insightful devices and another such programming ought to be accustomed to improving agrarian procedures
Agriculture prompts deforestation and adds to the hardships of unnatural weather change issues
Old farming strategies like yield consumption and waterway water system lead to expanding air contamination and water contamination
Inordinate and compressed rural strategies lead to a diminishing in the groundwater table
Over the top utilization of substance, pesticides, and compost for alternate way strategies for farming produce can prompt food acting like well as a decline in the dirt supplement limit.

FAQ’s on Agriculture Essay

Question 1. Who creates the most noteworthy horticultural items on the planet?

Answer: China is the world’s most elevated maker and exporter of farming items

Question 2. What amount of land surface is developed on the planet?

Answer: As of now, 11%, that is 1.5 billion hectares of worldwide land, is utilized for agriculture.

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Essay on Agriculture

Updated October 27, 2023

Essay on Agriculture – Introduction

Agriculture is a timeless ancient practice of growing crops or raising animals that started 11,700 years ago. Every day, thanks to the dedication of over 600 million farmers worldwide, we are able to enjoy delicious and healthy meals filled with fresh fruits, vegetables, and grains. It is not just farming, it’s the foundation of our existence. Agriculture is the skill of producing food resources that keep us healthy and help us survive. Countries such as China, India, and the United States are among the leading producers of key agricultural goods like wheat, rice, and cotton. In this essay on agriculture, we will explore the essential role of agriculture in feeding and nurturing our world while considering the challenges and opportunities it presents.

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Essay on Agriculture – Evolution

1. birth of farming.

A long time ago, our human ancestors were just hunters and gatherers. They didn’t farm but hunted animals and gathered fruits and plants to eat. Around 11,000 years ago, people found they could plant seeds in the ground and grow plants. This was the birth of farming.

As time passed, farming became more organized. People began to settle in one place, leading to the growth of ancient civilizations, like the Egyptians, who cultivated crops along the Nile River.

2. Evolving Agricultural Tools & Techniques

Agriculture kept evolving with inventions and discoveries. Humans built plows to help with planting and harvesting. The Chinese even developed paper money to make trading farm products easier.

The 20th century of agriculture saw a big shift as scientists developed new crop varieties that could produce more food. Farmers also started using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to protect crops. This period is known as the Green Revolution.

3. Modern Agriculture

Today, farming has gone high-tech. We have tractors, GPS-guided planting, and even robots to help with farming. Moreover, some farmers use satellites to monitor their fields, experimenting with things like vertical farming (growing crops in stacked trays) and hydroponics (growing plants without soil).

Important Roles of Agriculture

Agriculture is the backbone of our civilization, providing us with the food we eat and many other important resources for our well-being. It is our primary food source that ensures our well-being through diverse crop production, supporting our physical and mental health.

Moreover, it also provides employment and income to millions worldwide, including farmers, laborers, and supply chain workers. Agricultural raw materials help us create useful products. For instance, we use cotton for textiles and plants for biofuels.

Agriculture shapes culture, traditions, and social structures in many societies, deeply influencing our way of life. It also reduces the impact of climate change through sustainable practices. Additionally, it plays a significant role in international trade, fostering economic interdependence by exporting surplus agricultural products.

Top Agricultural Nations Worldwide

These are the top 5 countries that have the highest agricultural exports in the world.


United States	$196.04 billion	Corn, Cotton, and Soybeans
China	$98.3 billion	Rice, Maize, and Wheat
India	$50.2 billion	Rice, Wheat, and Cotton
Brazil	$46.6 billion	Soybeans, Coffee, and Sugar
Russia	$41.6 billion	Wheat, Potatoes, and Barley

Agriculture Sector’s Growth and Development In India

The agriculture sector in India has played a crucial role in the country’s economic development, employment generation, and food security. Over the years, it has witnessed significant growth, as mentioned below:

In India, farmers are transitioning from conventional crops like corn and wheat to high-value produce such as organic mangoes in Maharashtra, vibrant floriculture in Gujarat, and export-quality bananas in Andhra Pradesh.
Farmers use modern farm machinery, high-yield seeds, and modern farming techniques, e.g., the adoption of high-yielding wheat and rice varieties in Punjab, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
India is now using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in agriculture to help farmers optimize crop yield and minimize wastage. For instance, a startup, Cropin, gives farmers real-time data that helps them analyze their produce’s quality.
The government has built major dams and canals for improved water access, e.g., Bhakra Nangal and Sardar Sarovar Dams.
Food processing industries have grown substantially, e.g., companies like Amul, ITC, and Patanjali.
There is MSP (Minimum Support Prices) and crop insurance to ensure minimum crop prices and mitigate other risks.

The Pattern of Agriculture in India

In India, the monsoon determines the prospects of agriculture. Therefore, India’s agriculture is heavily reliant on the monsoon season. The two main agriculture seasons are the kharif and rabi seasons.

1. Kharif Season

This season begins with the arrival of the monsoon. Farmers sow crops when monsoons begin and harvest usually between September and October. Key crops during this season include maize, cotton, rice, sorghum, and soybean. As these crops need a lot of rain to grow well, monsoon is the best season to plant them.

2. Rabi Season

Plants like wheat, pulses, linseed, mustard, oats, and barley grow better during the dry season. Thus, these rabi crops are planted in the winter, around October and November, and typically harvested in spring.

Agriculture’s Negative Impact

Although agriculture is the heart of human survival and growth, improper agricultural practices can have several negative impacts.

1. Deforestation

When nations clear forests for big farms, it harms nature, releases climate-changing carbon, and disturbs ecosystems. For instance, in the Amazon rainforest, large forest areas are still being cleared for soybean farming, leading to deforestation.

2. Water Pollution & Wastage

Farming needs lots of water, which can cause water shortages. Moreover, farm chemicals run into the water, hurting fish and making drinking unsafe. For instance, groundwater depletion in India’s Punjab region due to irrigation is causing water scarcity. Excess fertilizer runoff in the Mississippi River Basin has created a massive “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico.

3. Health Impacts

Farming generates greenhouse gasses, like the beef industry contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, as cows produce methane during digestion. In addition, chemicals in farming can end up in our food and water, harming our health.

4. Harmful Agricultural Practices

Sometimes, hard farming damages soil, making it less fertile and prone to erosion. For example, intensive corn farming in the US Midwest has led to soil erosion and declining fertility. Additionally, when modern farming takes over, like the change from traditional rice farming to new methods in Japan, it can put at risk special cultural traditions.

Final Thoughts

This essay on agriculture covers how agriculture is an important and dynamic economic sector vital to human society. With an expanding global population and rising consumer demand for food and other goods, agriculture’s importance will only increase.

Essay on Agriculture

500+ words essay on agriculture.

In India, agriculture is considered a primary livelihood for most of the population, which can never be underestimated. Agriculture has existed for thousands of years in our country and has developed with new technologies and equipment that have replaced traditional farming methods. In India, few farmers still use the traditional farming method because they lack the resources to use modern techniques. Agriculture is the only sector that contributes to itself and other country sectors. India is the second-largest wheat, rice, cotton, fruit, vegetables, and tea producer. It is also a global powerhouse of agricultural production. It is the world’s largest producer of spices, milk, wheat, rice and cotton.

Role of Agricultural in Economic Development

The population of India largely depends on agriculture, and it is not only just a means of livelihood but a way of living. The Government of India is continuously developing the agricultural sector by framing new laws, implementing modern technology, etc. In India, the entire nation depends on agriculture for food. In earlier times, agriculture was mainly dependent on the monsoon, but dams, canals, pump sets, and tube wells are now being constructed.

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic development of India as 3/4th of the population is based on agriculture. It is one of the largest sources of livelihood for the country. The country was dependent on agriculture for a thousand years.

The agricultural sector also benefits the industries in getting their raw materials, which clearly states that a large part of the economy will freeze without a flourishing agriculture sector. It leads to the expansion of the industrial sector. Indian agriculture provides employment opportunities to most people, and 70% of the population, especially in rural areas, earn their livelihood from cultivation.

In India, agriculture plays an imperative role in enhancing foreign exchange. To other nations, India exports commodities such as coffee, spices, tea, vegetables, tobacco, etc. Agriculture contributes to Indian exports. With the invention of organic farming, exports have also increased in the last few decades.

Agriculture is the Indian economy’s most important sector, and India’s farm sector is the largest industry. With constant changes and developments happening and introduced policies, it will only go upwards. It will always remain a significant factor in the nation’s economic growth.

An essay on Agriculture is crucial that can be asked during the exam. Students can also access CBSE Essays from our BYJU’S website.

Frequently Asked Questions on Agriculture Essay

Where was agriculture originally developed.

Agriculture was developed in modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, parts of Turkey and Iran which was also known as the Fertile Crescent.

What are the main types of agriculture?

The four main types of agricultural activities include livestock production, crop production, agricultural economics and agricultural engineering.

What are agricultural methods which are famous in India?

The majority of Indian farmers practice subsistence farming which involves the cultivation of crops on small pieces of land.

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Essay Samples on Agriculture

The impact of technology on agriculture: a transformative force.

Introduction The world of agriculture has seen a significant transformation in recent decades, largely due to advancements in technology. From the way farmers plant and nurture crops to the methods used to harvest and distribute products, technology has drastically altered the agricultural landscape. This essay...

Agriculture
Impact of Technology

Agriculture as the Main Activator of Growth in Developing Countries

Agriculture is studied to be viable as one of the preponderance remarkable profit-making activities. It necessitate the manufacturing of plants, livestock, fiber, fuel and more by making use of the fundamental supplies in particular; water and land. The locution agriculture is wider than it is...

Developing Country
Organic Farming

Agriculture in the United States and the Role It Plays in the Country

Agriculture or farming is a major part of the lives of people and animals around the world everyday. From the clothes we put on when we get up in the morning, to the food we eat and drink throughout our day, to the bed we...

Economic Growth

Why Agriculture Is Important Field

Imagine not being able to eat your favorite food, or not being able to go to your favorite restaurant, or not being able to have Thanksgiving or Christmas feast with your family or being able to go trick or treating. The question that connects this...

Factory Farming

Benefits Of Using Artificial Intelligence For Humanity

Artificial intelligence is the ability of the machine to simulate the human mind and the way it works, such as its ability to think, discover and benefit from past experiences. Artificial intelligence has become very frequent in recent times, because of its great role in...

Artificial Intelligence
Climate Change

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Best topics on Agriculture

1. The Impact of Technology on Agriculture: A Transformative Force

2. Agriculture as the Main Activator of Growth in Developing Countries

3. Agriculture in the United States and the Role It Plays in the Country

4. Why Agriculture Is Important Field

5. Benefits Of Using Artificial Intelligence For Humanity

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Essay on Agriculture – The Backbone of the India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Agriculture – The Backbone of the India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Agriculture – The Backbone of the India

Introduction.

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population. It provides raw materials to industries and is the backbone of the Indian economy.

Importance of Agriculture

Agriculture is important as it feeds the nation. It also creates vast employment opportunities. Industries like textiles and sugar depend on agriculture for raw materials.

Challenges in Agriculture

Despite its importance, agriculture faces challenges like lack of modern technology, dependence on monsoon, and low productivity. These need to be addressed for sustainable growth.

Agriculture is vital for India’s economic and social well-being. It’s the backbone of the nation and deserves attention and support.

250 Words Essay on Agriculture – The Backbone of the India

The significance of agriculture in india, interdependence of agriculture and indian society.

The interdependence of agriculture and Indian society is profound, as it not only provides livelihoods but also ensures food security. The diversity of crops, ranging from cereals to fruits and vegetables, caters to the dietary needs of the vast population. Moreover, agriculture has a direct bearing on rural development, as it influences the rural economy and shapes the social dynamics in these areas.

Agriculture and Environmental Sustainability

In the context of environmental sustainability, agriculture plays a critical role. Traditional agricultural practices in India have always advocated for harmony with nature. However, the challenge lies in balancing the need for increased production with sustainable practices. Innovative strategies such as organic farming and precision agriculture are being adopted to address this.

The Way Forward

The future of Indian agriculture hinges on technological advancements, policy reforms, and a shift towards sustainable farming practices. Emphasizing research and development, improving access to credit, and strengthening the agricultural value chain are crucial steps in this direction.

In conclusion, agriculture remains the lifeblood of India’s economy and society. Its importance transcends beyond mere economic contributions, linking to social cohesion, food security, and environmental sustainability. As such, the need to prioritize and modernize this sector is more imperative than ever.

500 Words Essay on Agriculture – The Backbone of the India

Agriculture, often referred to as the backbone of India, is a significant part of the country’s economy, contributing to approximately 17% of the total GDP. It is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population, emphasizing its crucial role in the socio-economic fabric of the country.

Historical Significance

The modern agricultural landscape.

Today, India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, and spices. It’s the second-largest fruit producer and the third-largest in vegetables. Yet, the sector faces numerous challenges such as inadequate irrigation facilities, small and fragmented land-holdings, and lack of modern technology.

Technological Interventions in Agriculture

In the age of digital revolution, technology has started making its way into the agricultural sector. Precision farming, using AI and IoT, is enhancing productivity and reducing wastage. Drones are being used for crop monitoring, and mobile apps are providing real-time weather forecasts and market prices to farmers.

Agriculture and Climate Change

The role of government.

The government plays a pivotal role in supporting agriculture. Policies like Minimum Support Price (MSP), crop insurance schemes, and subsidies on fertilizers aim to safeguard farmers’ interests. The recent farm bills have sparked debates about their potential impact on farmers’ income and the agricultural sector at large.

Agriculture and India’s Future

Agriculture’s role extends beyond mere food production. It is a key player in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With the right mix of policies, technological interventions, and sustainable practices, agriculture can be the driving force in India’s journey towards sustainable development.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Essay on agriculture (for students) | world | economic geography.

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Agriculture’ for Class 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Agriculture’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Agriculture

Essay Contents:

Essay on Agriculture Changes in Different Countries

Essay # 1. Introduction to Agriculture:

The word “Agriculture” has no rigid definition. It has been explained by many people very comprehensively. Agriculture has been defined as the science and art of cultivating the soil, and this definition emphasizes the primary nature of plant production in agriculture.

Moreover, it is so frequent that the same person performs both the primary functions of growing plants and the secondary one of feeding the plants to livestock that these two industries are grouped together as agriculture. Therefore, it may be said that agriculture includes not only the production of crops by the cultivation of the soil, but also the rearing of livestock.

Thus, milk, meat and wool are as much agricultural products as are wheat, rice and cotton. In the words of George O’Brien, therefore, the word agriculture includes, “every industry which aims at producing vegetables or animals by the cultivation of the soil.”

So, agriculture is the business of raising products from the land. The products raised may either be plants and their products or animals and their products. The former are the direct products while the latter are the indirect products of the land. Agricultural products are complex and diverse, in nature, and as such, agriculture may be regarded as complex industry.

Modern agriculture is such broader in scope than merely the art and science of cultivating the land. It is the whole business of supplying food and fiber for a growing population at home and abroad. Again in agriculture we include all forms of soil production, from forestry to glass-house culture, from fishery to artificial insemination, and from breeding to horticulture.

Essay # 2. Origin of Agriculture:

Agriculture is the most fundamental form of human activity and includes not only the cultivation of crops but also the domestication of animals. Agricultural land is thus the most basic of the world’s vast and varied resources, and from it the human masses are fed, clothed and sheltered. It is still not known when agriculture actually originated.

Primitive men must have begun as food gatherers, eating whatever fruits, leaves and roots they could obtain. Nature must have been bountiful in those days when human numbers were so small and wild plants grew everywhere. As time passed and human numbers grew, fishing and hunting became increasingly important in supplementing what was lacking in the field, and an endless search for food ensued.

It was soon realized that some form of food production was necessary if men were to live long and secure. Animals were tamed, first to provide meat, milk and skin; later for use as draught animals. Seeds were sown in ploughed fields, carefully tended and harvested when the time came.

Men were then able to live in settled communities. Because they were no longer continually moving they had time to develop the various arts, crafts and skills that formed the basis of modern industries and also evolved religious and political ideas. Without a settled agriculture, a measurable degree of civilization is not possible.

Naturally, as civilization became more and more advanced, the demands upon the productivity of the environment became more exacting. In an ever-expanding community, ways and means had to be found to increase the agricultural productivity of the land. Canals were dug to bring in more water; better seeds and improved methods of tillage helped to increase the annual harvests.

With the spread of agriculture as a global activity, tremendous progress was made in every aspect of crop production. The use of steam, oil, gas or hydro-electric power allowed farms to be mechanized, which not only raised productivity per hectare, but also brought rapid expansion in the total land-area farmed, especially in the New World.

Mechanization created large crop surpluses so that international trade in agricultural crops became possible. Many industrial nations today grow very little food and yet they are able to support large populations with the help of food imports.

Essay # 3. Definition of Agriculture:

Thus, milk, meat and wool are as much agricultural products as are wheat, rice and cotton. In the words of George O’Brien, therefore, the word agriculture includes “every industry which aims at producing vegetables or animals by the cultivation of the soil.”

Modern agriculture is such broader in scope than merely the art and science of cultivating the land. It is the whole business of supplying food and fibre for a growing population at home and abroad.

Again in agriculture we include all forms of soil production, from forestry to glass-house culture, from fishery to artificial insemination, and from breeding to horticulture.

Essay # 4 . Features of Agriculture:

The following are the features of agriculture:

i. Land use Pattern:

Out of 328 million hectares total land, at least 45 per cent area is devoted to agriculture. At present 180 million hectares of land is under multiple cropping.

ii. Relative Importance of Different Crops:

Nearly 72.3 per cent agricultural land is devoted for food-grain production and remaining 17.7 per cent land is used for the production of other crops. Considering the total volume of production and area under cultivation, rice secures the prime position.

More than 20 per cent land may be classified as rice land. In order of importance wheat is close behind rice, taking more than 10 per cent of the cultivable land. Cash crops like cotton, sugar cane and jute are the other dominant agriculture products.

iii. Average Size of Land Holdings:

All over India tiny and uneconomic land holdings are characteristic feature. Compared to other developed and developing countries, Indian land units are one of the smallest. The major reason, India is one of the most densely populated regions on earth. Besides this high density of population, high degree of dependence on agriculture also forced the people to acquire land holdings whatever size it might be.

According to Hindu Law, after the death of a land-owner his property is equally subdivided among his successors. In this way the average size of land holdings decreases. The average size of agricultural land units in USA is over 148 acres, in Denmark it is 42 acres, in England it is more than 18 acres while in India it is only 5.7 acres. There is a lot of disparity visible between the different size of existing land holdings. Even less than 1 acre land is not uncommon.

iv. Pattern of Land Ownership:

The most peculiar characteristic feature of Indian farming is the concentration of a large amount of land ownership to a handful of people. Only 11 per cent cultivators occupy 62 per cent of the arable land. On the other hand, at least 21 per cent of farmers still remain landless or merely marginal farmers. This mal-distribution of land among the cultivators result in stress and strain in the socio-economic life of India.

v. Fragmentation and Isolation of Land Holdings:

This is another main characteristic feature of Indian agriculture. In the early colonial period, average size of land holding was 9 to 12 acres or even more. But repeated division of land after the death of owner resulted further fragmentation of land and land holdings become tiny. Some of the holdings are so small, that these are uneconomic for further cultivation.

vi. Land Tenure System:

The Indian land tenure system was formulated during the British period. The Permanent Settlement system, promulgated by Lord Cornwallis in 1993, assured the land ownership permanently to a handful of people. This semi-feudal system in the agrarian sector created a large number of absentee landlords. Due to imposition of this system, ownership of the cultivable land became highly concentrated to a handful of people.

In this system farmers, those who are engaged in production, were not interested to develop the quality of the land. Another characteristic feature developed in this system was the feeling of insecurity among the cultivators.

vii. Subsistence Level of Production and Heavy Dependence on Agriculture:

Agriculture is still one of the low-earning occupations. Most of the crops produced are directly consumed by the farmer himself. Nearly 45% of the products are consumed by cultivators themselves. At least 16% is given to government as revenue.

7% is to be kept as seed and only 32% may be regarded as marketable surplus. Due to low surplus, cultivators are unable to get liquid money. Due to lack of liquid money, he cannot invest more on the field. As the investment is low, it is very difficult for farmers to achieve a surplus production. Here lies the vicious circle of poverty as promulgated by Prof. Narks.

viii. Disguised Unemployment:

The number of agricultural labour in India is the highest in the world. On an average, 25% of the people may be classified as marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. This large number of people do not possess any land of their own. They sustain their livelihood as daily wage earner. The major part of the year they remain jobless, particularly in the lean season.

These labours are seasonal and do not have any commitment on the production. Even, as suggested by some noted economists, the contribution of these workers in the production is very low. They are known as disguised unemployed.

These disguised unemployed workers constitute the bulk of the labour force. As they do not contribute anything in the production, they are in reality unemployed, but as they get wage, capital outflow occurs from agriculture.

ix. Low Investment:

Low investment in Indian agriculture is another major characteristic feature. Low investment leads to low production and low income to the farmer. That is again the reason of low investment. This vicious circle creates a fundamental problem in Indian agro-economics. Low inflow of capital in the agricultural sector is primarily responsible for the primitive character of our agrarian system.

x. Low Production:

Despite all efforts in recent years, average agricultural production in India per acre is still one of the lowest in the world. Compared to developed countries production per acre in India is one-fourth of USA and Canada. Production in China is even twice that of India.

xi. Organizational Deficiency:

Most of the agro-farms are governed by either individuals or families. Most of these families belong to low income groups. So they are not able to provide sufficient capital, different inputs of agriculture, managerial ability and proper marketing facilities in the cultivation.

Essay # 5 . Importance of Agriculture in India:

i. Agriculture’s Share in National Income:

Agriculture and allied occupations still contribute about 34% of the national income of India. It is true that with an acceleration of the secondary and the tertiary sectors the share of agriculture has been declining.

Such decline in the percentage share of the income from agriculture indicates the degree of economic development of the country. For instance, today the share of agriculture in the national income is 13% in Australia, 7% in Canada, 5% in the U.S.A. and only 4% in the U.K.

ii. Agriculture as a Source of Livelihood:

According to Census of Population 1971, 7 out of every 10 persons in India still depend on agriculture their main source of livelihood. This proportion of 66% has remained on constant ever since 1901 and is likely to remain so for at least a few more decades.

This fact also reacts the importance of agriculture. In the developed countries, the position is just the reverse. The percentage of population dependent on agriculture is only 25% in France, 20% in New Zealand, 15% in Canada and West Germany and a little over in the U.S.A.

iii. Agriculture and Pattern of Employment:

It is often suggested that the importance of a sector can be judged from the percentage of working population (and not the total population) engaged in that sector. 66% of the working people are engaged in agriculture.

This indicates the fact that employment opportunities are greater in agriculture than in other sectors of the economy. It is of course, due to the fact that the other sectors have not yet developed. In many of the advanced countries where other sectors have developed rapidly, the percentage of employment in agriculture is negligible.

iv. Importance of Agriculture for Industrial Development:

Unless agriculture is well-developed, industries may not develop rapidly. This is because agriculture provides a number of raw materials to industries. In India, most of our leading industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials. For instance, industries like cotton textiles, jute, sugar and vanaspati depend on agriculture for their raw materials.

The plantation industries like tea, coffee, rubber etc. also depend directly on agriculture. There are a number of other industries whose dependence on agriculture is indirect. These are hand/pounding and husking of rice, crushing of oil, weaving of handloom and khadi cloth, etc.

Many others, like paper, leather and tanning, matches, chemicals, etc., depend on allied activities of agriculture like forestry, animal husbandry, factories etc. It is, of course, true that a number of modern industries like iron and steel, machine tools, engineering, aircraft etc., do not depend on agricultural for their raw materials. But these industries supply important agricultural inputs like fertiliser, farm machinery and equipment. Thus both agriculture and industry are inter-dependent.

v. Agriculture and the Foreign Trade of India:

Indian agriculture has been a net earner of valuable foreign exchange for the country. At present, about 50% of our exports are of agricultural commodities. This share goes upto 70% if we add to it the exports of manufactured goods like cotton and jute textiles which have substantial agricultural content.

Further our exports trade in agricultural commodities is well diversified over a number of countries. Whereas agricultural exports earn about 70% of foreign exchange this sector spends only about 20% of it so that it makes a net contribution of about 50% to the earrings of foreign exchange. This indeed hints at the fact that the requirement of imports for faster industrialization of the country has contributed to largely by the agricultural sector.

vi. Agriculture and the Tertiary Sector:

Tertiary sector consists of trade, transport service, etc. Agriculture contributes substantially to all these sectors. In respect of our internal trade, agriculture contributes considerably because most of the internal trade is in agricultural commodities.

Agriculture is also the main support for our transport system. Agricultural also helps manufacturing industries because when the incomes are high, their purchasing power is also high and a part of this is diverted to the purchase of manufactured goods.

vii. Agriculture and State Revenues:

Agriculture also brings about an increase in the Government’s revenues—both directly as well as indirectly.

viii. Food for Men and Fooder for Livestock:

Agriculture provides the food for her millions people and livestock. The two outstanding features of agricultural production in India are the wide variety of crops and the preponderance of food over non-food crops in as much as about 80% of the area under cultivation is devoted to cereals, pulses and small millets.

ix. Agricultural Development Essential for Economic Development:

The significance of agriculture in our country arises also from the fact that the development of agriculture is an essential condition for the development of the national economy. Nurkse argues that the surplus population in agriculture should be removed and used in the newly started industries.

Essay # 6. Factors Influencing Agriculture:

The distribution of crops and farm activities is everywhere influenced by environmental controls. In some environments, farming is favoured by climate, soil or relief, so that very little effort is needed to raise crops. In others, farmers are at the mercy of nature; and great skill is required to modify the environment to obtain even the barest subsistence.

The following are some of the major geographical factors that influence farmers and their work:

i. Climate:

Climatic factors exert the greatest control over the world distribution of agricultural types. It is essentially a question of climate when grapes are not grown in the tropics and date palms flourish only in the deserts. Despite all the advances made in science, Man can do little to control climate.

He cannot prevent the Siberian rivers from freezing in winter, nor is he able to lower the high temperature of the Sahara. He can at best adapt himself to the climatic environment or moderate the climatic extremes by using greenhouses, central heating or irrigation.

The various climatic elements that affect agriculture are as follows:

(a) Temperature:

The degree of warmth, the duration, and the intensity of sunshine, all affect crop maturity to a certain extent. For example in Britain, wheat and forage crops do better in the south where conditions are warmer; while oats and turnips can be grown in the cooler climate of the north.

Many garden crops and fruits are not able to withstand extreme diurnal temperature variations. Night frosts may damage the tender leaves of plants and protective measures must often be taken, such as burning oil lamps to raise the temperature, or ‘smudging’, i.e. creating smoke that prevents rapid ground cooling. Very low temperatures in the Arctic regions preclude any form of crop cultivation.

Sunshine not only accelerates ripening of crops but also improves the quality of the final products. In temperate farming, the length of the growing season is often an important consideration. For example, wheat requires a 90-day frost-free growing period and summer temperatures around 16°C (60°F); cotton needs summer temperatures of over 21°C (70°F) and 200 days without frost.

(b) Moisture:

Moisture, either from the atmosphere or from the ground, is absolutely essential in plant growth. It is not only the amount of moisture that counts, but also such vital considerations as the distribution pattern during the year, the rate of evaporation and the conditions of relative humidity at the periods of sowing, growing and harvesting.

An annual precipitation (including both rain and snow) of 1 016 mm (40 inches) may be ideal for most temperate crops, but it is inadequate for agriculture in the tropics, where the rate of evaporation is very great. In many tropical countries there are distinct wet and dry periods following one another in a regular pattern. Crops are sown and grow through the rainy period, to be harvested in the almost perfectly rainless conditions of the dry season.

This is the typical rhythm of rice cultivation in the Orient and of cotton farming in East Africa. In the Mediterranean shorelands, which experience winter rain and summer drought, plant growth is almost restricted to autumn and spring when both the temperature and the moisture conditions are favourable.

The long summer drought, with its low humidity conditions and excessive evaporation, poses a real threat to many plants. Cereals often require irrigation; but citrus fruits, vines and olives which have either a thick skin as protection against evaporation or long tap roots to reach moisture, are well-suited to the Mediterranean environment.

Some plants are harmed by strong winds which may accelerate evaporation or physically damage the plant. For example, in West Africa or eastern Brazil, high winds may blow off fruits like cocoa pods that hang precariously on the trunks and branches of the trees. Cocoa cultivation is therefore least suited to regions where violent winds like typhoons and hurricanes occur.

On the other hand, sea breezes and light winds are often advantageous to certain plants like coconuts and coffee. Where winds are known to attain destructive proportions, e.g. the typhoons of northern Luzon, Philippines, low-growing plants such as padi or tobacco have a better chance of survival than tall tree crops as they offer less resistance to the wind and are able to sway with the storm rather than snapping off.

ii. Topography:

A comparison of Fig. 3.3 with a world map of relief features will reveal that the most intensively cultivated parts of the earth are the lowlands. The levelness of the ground eases cultivation and the use of machinery.

Consequently, such areas have the greatest concentrations of population. All over Monsoon Asia wet padi is grown in flooded lowland fields, coastal plains and alluvial river basins. The hills are terraced to create artificial flooded lowland conditions for wet padi cultivation.

In the New World, the rolling grasslands of the Pampas and the Prairies have been improved, by such measures as re- grassing, for large-scale livestock farming, mixed farming or extensive mechanized wheat cultivation. Some other crops like cocoa and rubber are limited to tropical lowlands. Latex yield from rubber trees decreases appreciably at altitudes above 760 metres (2,500 ft).

Not all crops prefer lowland regions, however. Crops like coffee and tea grow best on hill slopes and at altitudes up to 1 525 metres (5,000 ft) or more, as in Assam, Sri Lanka, Colombia and the Brazilian Plateau, where the slopes are well-drained and there is little possibility of water remaining stagnant for long to rot the roots of the shrubs.

The wetter conditions and higher temperatures of the lowlands do not suit these crops. With the rapid growth of human numbers, there is an increasing need to utilize the uplands, especially in crowded Monsoon Asia. In some areas the virgin soils of the newly-cleared upland forests have proved to be some of the most productive lands in the world but steep slopes are very prone to soil erosion.

Agriculturalists are devising new strains of crops that can survive at higher altitudes and in colder climates but efforts to overcome topographical restrictions have so far affected only small areas. The mountainous regions, therefore, remain sparsely settled or virtually unpopulated.

Thus physical, as well as climatic controls over agriculture are profound and Man can do little to alter them, except in such directions as land reclamation from swamps, marshes or shallow seas. The annual increases in the world’s food production come mainly from greater intensification of farming on existing agricultural land, e.g. by use of multiple-cropping, use of higher yielding seeds and use of fertilizers, which all improve yields per hectare.

Extension of farmlands is possible only in areas where potential croplands have not yet been fully utilized.

The soil, which is composed of a variety of minerals and organic substances, forms the physical support of plants and is fundamental to any form of agriculture. As soils are so varied in their physical and chemical composition, being so closely related to their climatic and vegetational environment, their suitability for the cultivation of different kinds of crops varies tremendously.

The soil requirements for cereals, beverages, root crops and garden crops differ so much that unless the farmer has a sound knowledge of soil properties, he is not likely to gain the most from his land.

iv. Biotic Factors:

Crop cultivation may be hampered by weeds, parasitic plants, diseases, insect- pests and animals. They either compete with the sown crop for plant nutrients or destroy the crop before it can be harvested. Many weeds render tilling and thinning operations more difficult, and pests such as the boll-weevil in the Cotton Belt, U.S.A. or fungus diseases like the Coffee Blight of Sri Lanka, may completely exclude cultivation of certain crops in an area.

Despite all the climatic and geographical advantages that a farmer may enjoy, his efforts can be useless in the face of diseases or insect infestations.

v. Social Factors:

Social factors affect farming in a number of ways. In the first place the type of farming practised, be it shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, extensive cereal cultivation or mixed farming affects the type of crops which can be produced and the yields which can be obtained.

Intensive wheat farming in Europe, for instance, gives far greater yields than extensive wheat farming in the North American Prairies. The type of farming which is practised depends on the culture of the farmers concerned and to some extent on the physical and topographical characteristics of the area in which they live.

Social factors can also affect the type of crops that are grown. In West Africa for instance, where much farm work is done by the women, the amount of land cleared and the type of crops grown are dependent on how much work the women of a family can put in. Similarly some crops such as yams are planted by the men, while others such as vegetables are planted by the women. Tribal differences also lead to agricultural differences.

Nomadic herders such as the Fulani in West Africa or the Masai in East Africa despise settled agriculture and do not often practise it. Certain crops are traditionally grown by certain peoples so that there is a major division in Ivory Coast, for example, between peoples to the west who depend on rice as a staple food and people to the east who traditionally depend on yams.

Another way in which social factors can affect agriculture is in the ownership and inheritance of land. In many areas, e.g. in parts of Europe and in much of Asia the land of a father is divided between his children. This leads to the breaking up of already small farms into smaller and smaller units which are often uneconomic to farm.

It is difficult to introduce the use of modern tractors or harvesters in areas where the fields are too small for them to operate economically. Elsewhere public or co-operative ownership of land may affect the type of crops grown or the agricultural methods employed.

Finally social and religious influences have profound effects on animal rearing. The belief that pigs are unclean, held by Muslims, Jews and Hindus, limits the rearing of pigs in many parts of Asia and Africa. Similarly the Hindu veneration of cattle, or the prestige conferred by a large herd of cattle in many parts of Africa, limits the full exploitation of the animals for meat.

vi. Economic Factors:

Besides the factors outlined above, the farmer has constantly to take into consideration many economic factors, which may be unstable or entirely beyond his control. A peasant in Monsoon Asia practising subsistence farming where everything grown is consumed within the farm or the village boundaries may not be so seriously affected in the case of a trade recession as the wheat specialist in the Canadian Prairies whose crops are all intended for cash sales, including exports to overseas markets.

However, the peasant’s income is so meagre that in hard times he has very little to fall back on. Natural hazards such as floods, droughts or diseases that ruin his harvests pose an even greater threat to him than market fluctuations.

Three kinds of economic controls are, however, operative in all farming practices throughout the world, except in state-owned farms where there is no individual ownership and economic problems have to be dealt with by government agencies.

Essay # 7. Location of Agricultural Activities:

The distribution of different crops or livestock farming activities within a country is strongly influenced by physical factors of terrain, soil and climate. But economic factors are also very important, particularly transport costs to markets. Crops which are expensive to produce because they need skilled cultivation, much costly equipment (such as milking machines), or labour intensive picking, packing or processing for market are only profitable if transport costs can be kept low.

Therefore they must be grown near city markets. Crops which require less intensive farming can stand higher costs in marketing, while crops or livestock produced on an extensive basis at low cost can stand higher transport costs and be grown at greater distance from markets.

This is the basis of the theory of J. H. von Thunen (1783—1850) who lived in northern Germany and published his ideas in 1826. Given the ideal conditions of a single market and uniform land qualities he maintained that land use would react to the economic forces of production and transport costs and would be located in a series of concentric rings around the urban market.

Von Thunen’s theory has been criticized on many counts. There is rarely an area where conditions are uniform and the pattern is therefore affected by physical differences; whatever the economic forces it is useless to try and grow crops in unsuitable soil or climatic conditions, though in some cases the economic forces may be such that it is profitable to modify natural conditions by the use of glass-houses, irrigation or other techniques which increase production costs.

Even where zones are fairly regular they may be interrupted by an area of high fertility where particular crops are favoured or low fertility where nothing can be grown. Moreover a single market rarely exists and the land use zones around one city or town are always modified by impinging zones around other towns.

Finally farmers may not be equally well- informed about farming techniques or marketing conditions and this may lead to some farmers growing crops inappropriate to the zone in which they live. Some of these factors modifying the ideal von Thunen rings are illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

Von Thunen propounded his theory more than 150 years ago and since then the relative cost of transport has diminished, except perhaps in developing countries where there are few lines of transport. Labour and production costs have risen by comparison and the actual cost of land has also increased.

In areas close to the city there is more competition from housing and industrial uses and this pushes up the price of land. Thus only very valuable crops can be grown. The effect of these changes has not invalidated the theory, however, but has led to a change in the types of land use found close to towns.

For instance the second land use ring in von Thunen’s original model was one of forestry. This was because wood was the major fuel and building material at the time and in very great demand. It was heavy and bulky to transport however and was best produced fairly close to its markets.

Nowadays a typical pattern of land use rings is for market gardening producing perishable and bulky goods, especially fruit, flowers and vegetables to be closest to the city, followed by dairying which has high production costs and bulky, perishable products.

Then comes mixed or arable farming and lastly livestock farming. Transport of animal products is fairly expensive, requiring refrigerated trucks and so on but the price of meat is high so it can stand higher transport costs.

In Peninsular Malaysia it is possible to discern a similar pattern although the crops are entirely different. Market gardening is found nearest to the towns and supplies the markets, while cash crops such as rubber or oil palm are grown further from the cities and towns but must have access to lines of transport so that the products, e.g. rubber sheets, can be easily transported to the towns where they are traded and processed ready for export.

Finally beyond the cash crop regions where hilly or mountainous terrain, lack of communications and distance from urban centres all combine to reduce agricultural potential the land is forested. Where the forests are relatively more accessible timber is extracted, but there is a core of ‘virgin forest’. Despite this seeming agreement with the von Thunen model, there are several exceptions.

Rice is grown in distinctive regions, most of which are in fact in densely peopled regions, around Alor Star, around Kota Bharu and around Malacca, but the main reason for its location in these regions is the need for a particular set of physical conditions where fields can be flooded.

Some crops have very specific locations, e.g. pineapples in Johore where the correct peaty type of soils are found, and some market gardening takes place at a distance from the main cities in the Cameron Highlands. Here conditions allow the production of some temperate fruits and vegetables which command a high price and can therefore stand the high transport costs to the cities.

Essay # 8. Forms of Agriculture:

I. Simple Subsistence Farming:

This form of agriculture is widely practised by many tribes of the tropics, especially in Africa, in tropical South and Central America, and in South-East Asia. It is better known as shifting cultivation. Farming is on a self- sufficient basis and farmers grow food only for themselves and their families. Very little ever leaves the farm and every farmer produces practically the same range of crops as his neighbour.

Some small surpluses may be either exchanged by barter (i.e. payment in kind not cash) or sold for cash. The resultant economy is thus static with little chance for improvement, but there is a high degree of rural independence because farmers are not tied to landlords or to trading centres.

Shifting cultivation is practised in the tropics by many different peoples and thus has many different names, e.g. milpa in Central America and parts of Africa, conuco in Venezuela, roca in Brazil, masole in Zaire, ladang in Malaysia, humah in Indonesia, caingin in the Philippines, taungya in Burma, tamrai in Thailand, bewar or poda in India and chena in Sri Lanka.

II . Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:

This form of agriculture is best developed in and practically confined to the monsoon lands of Asia. It is found in China, Japan, Korea, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the greater part of continental South-East Asia and parts of insular South-East Asia (Java, Luzon, Visayan Islands, coastal Sumatra and Malaysia). Farming in both the wet lowlands and the terraced uplands has to be very intensive to support a dense population.

Population densities in some agricultural areas in Asia are higher than those of industrial areas in the West. Many of the regions of intensive subsistence farming have a highly developed form of society and government and some such as China and India have a continuous history of civilization going back more than 4,000 years. The fast-growing population, almost unchecked for centuries, necessitates an ever greater intensity in the tillage of the lands.

A small plot of land has to support 5 or 10 times the number of people that a similar plot on an extensive corn farm in the U.S.A. could feed. The distinctive characteristics of this type of agriculture have led some geographers to call it oriental agriculture. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture: that dominated by wet padi and that dominated by other crops such as sorghum, soya beans, sugar-cane, maize, kaoliang, tubers and vegetables.

Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by other food crops:

Due to differences in relief, climate, soil and other geographical factors, it is not practicable to grow padi in many parts of Monsoon Asia. Though methods are equally intensive and farming is on a subsistence basis, a very wide range of other crops is raised. In most parts of North China, Manchuria, North Korea, northern Japan and Punjab wheat, soya beans, barley or kaoliang (a type of millet) are extensively grown as major food crops.

In the Indian Deccan and parts of the Indus Basin sorghum or millet is the dominant crop due to the scarcity of rain and the poorer soils. In many parts of continental South-East Asia such as the Dry Zone of Burma, the Korat Plateau of Thailand and the interior regions of Indo-China, the annual precipitation is too low for wet padi cultivation, and the substitute crops are millet, maize and groundnuts together with cotton, sugar-cane and oil-seeds.

Generally farming in these areas has very similar features to those of wet padi cultivation, including an intensive use of land, much manual labour, little use of farm machinery or modern implements and the use of a variety of manures and fertilizers.

Irrigation is often employed to make good the lack of moisture, though this has not yet been fully developed in many areas. With the intervention of the European colonists in India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia intensive subsistence farming has given way to more profitable, large-scale cash crop cultivation on plantations.

III . Plantation Agriculture:

The specialized commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or plantations is a very distinctive type of tropical agriculture and is found in many parts of Asia, Africa and tropical and sub-tropical America.

Its initiation by the Europeans during the colonial period has made possible the manufacture of a wide range of modern materials. Some of the main plantation crops are rubber, oil palm, cotton and copra, beverages like coffee, tea and cocoa, fruits like pineapples and bananas, as well as sugar-cane, hemp and jute.

IV . Extensive, Mechanized Grain Cultivation:

This is a recent development in the continental lands of the mid-latitudes, which were once roamed by nomadic herdsmen. The continental position, well away from maritime influence, and the low precipitation (between 305 and 660 mm/12 and 26 inches) make crop cultivation a calculated risk.

It was the invention of farm machinery which enabled farmers to cultivate grain on a large scale, and there is a marked specialization in wheat monoculture in many areas. Communication with the outside world is mainly by railways and the bulk of the grain harvest is exported.

This is, in fact, a type of plantation agriculture in temperate latitudes. This form of large-scale grain cultivation is best developed in the Eurasian Steppes in regions of chernozem soil; the Canadian and American Prairies; the Pampas of Argentina, the Veld of South Africa, the Australian Downs, and the Canterbury Plain of New Zealand.

V . Nomadic Herding:

This is an extensive form of animal grazing on natural pasturage, involving constant or seasonal migration of the nomads and their flocks. Nomadic herding is confined to rather sparsely populated parts of the world where the natural vegetation is mainly grass and where the rather low rainfall has a markedly seasonal distribution so that vegetation thrives at certain times of the year, necessitating seasonal movements in search of pasture. The movements of nomads are not random but are geared to traditional routes which take them from one area of pasture to another according to the season.

Nomadic herding has been practised since the earliest times and may have occupied about one-tenth of the earth’s land surface until the early twentieth century. However, the constant spread of sedentary cultivators into formerly marginal areas, often due to improved farming techniques or the development of irrigation, and the change to a settled form of animal ranching in most parts of the world, have combined to reduce drastically the importance of nomadic herding. It is a declining type of agriculture and continues to become less and less important.

Nomadic herding is practised in many parts of Africa, especially by the Fulani of the West African savannas, by many different peoples, including the Masai, in East Africa and the Nuba in Ethiopia and Sudan, and by the Bantu and Hottentots of southern Africa in Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa.

The Bedouin of Saudi Arabia and the Tuareg of the Sahara also practise nomadic herding in the desert and semi-desert areas of North Africa and South-West Asia, but changes in the economy of most Middle Eastern countries due to the exploitation of oil resources, and the difficulties posed to nomads by the multiplicity of political boundaries in the region, are reducing the importance of this mode of livelihood.

Some herdsmen in parts of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan still have a nomadic way of life. The whole of Central Asia from the Caspian Sea to Mongolia and northern China was also traditionally an area of nomadic herding and many sub-arctic areas in Siberia and northern Europe were also dominated by this form of livestock farming, but this pattern is rapidly changing.

Nomadism is virtually non-existent in the Soviet Union today and Mongolia and China are both taking measures to settle the Mongol herdsmen or reduce their movements to very short distances. Groups in Central Asia such as the Kirghiz, Kazaks and Kalmuks have been brought into the state farming system and the pastures are divided into immense state cereal farms or ranches.

In the tundra lands of Siberia, Yakuts, Samoyeds and Koriaks have also been settled on the state farms. In Scandinavia, the Lapps are tending to settle down and fewer of them nowadays have a truly nomadic way of life. Nomadic herding was never important in the Americas where bison were never domesticated.

VI . Livestock Ranching:

In the extensive temperate grasslands, once roamed by nomadic herdsmen or by hunters, are found permanent ranches where large numbers of cattle, sheep, goats, and horses are kept. In Siberia reindeer are also kept on ranches in the sub-Arctic lands.

VII . Mediterranean Agriculture:

Within the Mediterranean climatic region, where there is winter rain and summer drought, a distinctive type of agriculture has evolved. This type of farming is also found in irrigated semi-desert and desert areas in similar latitudes. Farming is intensive, highly specialized and rather varied in the kinds of crops raised. Subsistence agriculture occurs side by side with commercial farming.

Many crops such as wheat, barley and vegetables, are raised for domestic consumption, while others like citrus fruits, olives, and grapes are mainly for export. The Mediterranean lands are, in fact, the ‘orchard lands of the world’, and the heart of the world’s wine industry.

The Mediterranean climate and landscape is very varied in different localities and this affects the emphasis on certain crops. Land use is dependent on such factors as the total annual amount of precipitation, the length of the summer drought, the availability of melting snow and mountain streams for irrigation and power supply, local soil conditions, the ability of the farmer to finance capital equipment and price fluctuations in local and world markets.

VIII . Mixed Farming:

This is one of the most important forms of agriculture found in the highly developed parts of the world: north-western Europe, eastern North America, parts of the U.S.S.R., and the temperate latitudes of parts of the southern continents. Farming is very intensive and sometimes highly specialized. Some farms may be devoted entirely to arable farming or entirely to livestock, but traditionally farmers practise a truly mixed economy raising animals and growing crops on the same farm.

Mixed farming is still the major agricultural type. The proportion of crops and animals at any time is dependent on many inter-related factors such as the locality of the farm, soil fertility, the animal-carrying capacity of the land, the market demand, the prevailing price of crops and animal products, as well as farm traditions and government policies.

Within the mixed farming belt of the temperate regions, a number of well-developed agricultural subtypes may be distinguished. Each is differentiated from the others by the emphasis placed on the kind of crops or animals raised, the extent of commercialization, the intensiveness of the farming method and the degree of specialization.

Essay # 9 . Agriculture Changes in Different Countries:

General farming types can be described but in any country a continuous process of change, sometimes rapid, sometimes very gradual, is taking place. By studying some examples, the problems facing farmers and also the government agencies responsible for farming policy become clearer.

In Kenya before Independence, the overwhelming problem was of a division between the white settlers who produced cash crops on large estates and local farmers who produced subsistence crops on small farms. The first change, which took place in the 1950s, was to introduce cash crops to the African farmers and to reduce the reliance on food crops.

Coffee, tea and pyrethrum (used in making insecticides), sisal, pineapples, sugar-cane, cotton and tobacco, were introduced and the people adopted the new crops with such eagerness that there was overproduction of coffee and pyrethrum by 1968.

The change to the growing of cash crops has been accompanied by the introduction of mixed farming, use of new hybrid seeds with higher yields and the use of chemical fertilizers essential for the best use of such new varieties.

The second change occurred in the former White Highlands after Independence when white farmers left the country or sold their farms to African or Kenyan Asian farmers. Some of the former extensive farms were taken over as large going concerns and have continued to operate in this way, either under private ownership or under cooperative control.

Others, especially where the land was of high quality and capable of supporting more intensive use was divided into smallholdings which were settled by African farmers.

Kenya is fortunate that its farmers are enterprising and have been able to adapt rapidly to the efficient production of a wide range of cash crops. But it has many agricultural problems still. About 80 per cent of the population of the country, some 11 million people, is dependent on agriculture. The 1.5 million smallholders in the country have on average, six dependents and three-quarters of them have less than 2.6 hectares (6 ½ acres) of land.

Under these circumstances there is clearly a demand for more land, from existing farmers as well as from the many rural people without any land of their own. Farmers’ income is very much lower than that of urban Kenyans but cannot be easily increased. Moreover there is a shortage of land of high enough quality to support subsistence or cash crop farming.

Most of the land not yet fully developed is only suitable for extensive grazing and where farmers have settled and cultivated it there have been problems of soil erosion. On the other hand the ranching of livestock has not developed as rapidly or as successfully as has crop production.

This is partly due to the traditional attitudes of the Masai herders who gain prestige from the numbers of their cattle rather than from their quality and who are reluctant to slaughter their animals, or to improve their stock and moreover, degrade the land by keeping too many beasts.

Secondly, incentives for beef production have not been as strong, in terms of guaranteed prices, as for cereals and dairy products. Financial rewards can be adjusted to encourage various branches of agriculture but this will not overcome the land hunger of rural Kenyans who attach great importance to owning their own land. Increasing land ownership may lead to disastrous results if too much marginal land is overused.

Japanese agriculture has changed very rapidly, mainly in the period since the Second World War. Before the war it was essentially an oriental farming region with heavy dependence on rice and subsidiary silk production. Much of the population was engaged in farming and yields per hectare were fairly low.

As industry expanded, however, farming also changed, becoming far more efficient and far less labour-intensive. Only 11 per cent of the population is now engaged in agriculture and it plays only a small role in the national economy even though production is much higher and more varied.

Rice production was only 7 million tonnes in 1910, around 9 million tonnes in the inter-war period, but rose to 14 million tonnes by 1966-68. Hectareage increased only slightly and higher production came mainly from higher yields.

These were made possible, mainly from 1955 onwards, by land improvement and consolidation into larger fields, by the breeding of hardy and high yielding varieties, the adoption of early transplanting from nursery beds, use of fertilizers and extensive use of pesticides.

At the same time the amount of labour involved in rice production fell rapidly. Powered cultivation became common between 1965 and 1970 and rice-planting machines, combines and threshing machines were widely used after 1970. Tractors, combines and rice storage facilities have been introduced through cooperatives and are now very common. After 1967 rice was overproduced and a control policy to limit production came into force in 1971.

Horticulture has expanded rapidly and many specialized forms have developed, especially since 1955 when the chemical industry provided plastic sheeting as a cheap alternative to glass. Market gardening zones around large cities were the first to develop but these are now being overtaken by city growth.

Inter-war development of transport favoured truck farming in specialized areas, e.g. strawberries at the foot of Kuno- San (Japan is the world’s second largest producer of strawberries) or cabbages and similar vegetables in greenhouses in highland regions in Nagano, Gumma and Iwate prefectures. The total area under glass and vinyl-sheeted houses is more than 20 000 hectares (49,380 acres).

Livestock numbers in Japan have increased enormously, particularly poultry, pigs and dairy cattle. In the past Buddhist principles limited meat consumption and low standards of living reduced the use of dairy products. Animals are now generally kept in stalls owing to the lack of grazing land, and milk yields are among the highest in the world (5 903 kg/13,000 lb of milk per cow per year in 1977).

As farming has been made more efficient and less labour-intensive a major feature of Japanese farming has been the change to part-time farming. Workers earn their main livelihood in factories and work only a few hours a week on their farms. Jobs that require a greater labour input are contracted out.

One group of five farmers, for example, works 53 hectares (131 acres) of padi land and a further 11 hectares (27 acres) of non-irrigated land on its own farms; in addition the group ploughs 125 hectares (309 acres) of padi, sprays 38 hectares (94 acres) and harvests 58 hectares (143 acres) on contract to other farmers.

Despite Japan’s great efficiency its small area of farming land, limited by mountains and increasingly by urban sprawl, can never hope to supply all Japan’s food requirements. Farmers therefore concentrate on the traditional staple—rice and on fruit, vegetables and milk which would be the most costly to import.

Wheat, soya beans and other crops are grown but the bulk of Japanese requirements for these as foodstuffs or fodder crops, as well as industrial raw materials like cotton and wool, has to be imported.

U.S.A. American agriculture is probably the most efficient in the world in terms of its reliance on high technology equipment and low labour inputs. Production has improved so much that about one-third of all farmland in the U.S.A. is producing crops for export. Much of the credit for this lies, however, in the vast size of the available high-quality land and not in increasing yields per hectare as is the case in many smaller countries, e.g. Japan.

In order to maintain high production figures, and therefore profits, American farmers have to be very adaptable and ready to try every new development in crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, farming equipment and harvesting devices, and prices for farm machinery are very high indeed.

Only guaranteed prices and the hope of higher profits allow the farmers to take the calculated risk of investing in new technology. Farmers must work on credit to a great extent because if they do not risk their capital in this way they cannot keep pace with their neighbours and soon find themselves unable to compete and have to sell their farms.

The number of farmers has dwindled rapidly—between 1940 and 1960 at a rate of about one million per year-and the decline in agricultural population continues. Only 4 per cent of the American population now depends on agriculture.

At the same time farm sizes have increased, from 87 hectares (214 acres) on average in 1950 to 162 hectares (400 acres) in 1978 and this is a continuing trend. Larger farm sizes, of course, give added impetus to mechanization and offer great economies of scale.

The use of machinery for so many farm operations, even the picking and sorting of fruit such as tomatoes and grapes or vegetables like lettuce which bruise very easily, has led to a sharp decline in the labour force and has made redundant large numbers of Mexican Americans who traditionally worked as fruit and vegetable pickers, just as machines forced negro labourers off the cotton fields in the 1930s and 1940s.

Farmers today employ a few, highly skilled workers, who can operate their huge tractors or electronic fruit pickers, and there may in future be a shortage of skilled men to do these jobs.

Not only are the farmlands empty of people but also of animals. Most animals are kept under cover. Chickens are almost exclusively, and pigs increasingly, factory farmed, while cattle are fattened in feedlots rather than ranging across the fields for fodder.

This allows farmers to grow more arable crops which are mostly destined for animal feeding, either for local or overseas markets. Oil seeds, including soya beans, sunflower and peanuts, and grains, such as sorghum, are increasingly grown, as well as the traditional crops of corn, wheat, cotton and tobacco.

Given the prosperity and success of American farming there seem to be few problems. But in fact the large surpluses make the American farmers as dependent on exports as farmers in developing countries growing tropical crops. The export market fluctuates widely, since the importing countries naturally try to produce as much as they can themselves and only import what they cannot produce.

American grain and feedstuff markets depend therefore on annual variations in climatic conditions and changing demand overseas over which they have no control. The chief importing countries are Japan, Netherlands, West Germany, Canada and the U.S.S.R. Government policies must therefore keep overproduction within bounds but, at the same time, because of their guaranteed price agreements with the farmers, the government agricultural agencies, and ultimately the taxpayers are liable to great expenditure when crops fail, as was the case in 1980 when widespread droughts in the U.S.A. allowed grasshoppers to multiply and eat their way through the grain fields.

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Agriculture Essay

Agriculture is known to be one of the most significant economic activities. It involves the production of plants, livestock, fiber, fuel and more by utilizing natural resources such as water and land. The term agriculture is broader than it is commonly anticipated to be. It includes forestry, fishery, livestock and most importantly crop production. Agriculture sector is also one of the largest employers across the world, mainly in developing and under developed nations. Millions of people around the world, directly or indirectly depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood. It is an activity which provides our everyday requirement of food, vegetables, fruits, spices etc.

Long and Short Essay on Agriculture in English

Here are essay on agriculture in English of varying lengths to help you with the topic in the exam.

These Agriculture Essays will let you understand the meaning of “agriculture” and the significant role it plays in the overall economic growth and prosperity of a nation.

After going through the following Agriculture essay you will be able to understand the advantages of agriculture.

These essays will be helpful during several of your school assignments. You can select any agriculture essay as per your need and interest.

Agriculture Essay 1 (200 words)

Introduction

Agriculture is basically the cultivation of plants for the production of food, fuel, fiber, medicines and many other things that have become a necessity for the mankind. Agriculture also involves the breeding of animals. The development of agriculture turned to be a boon for the human civilization as it also gave way to their development.

Agriculture is said to be an art, science and commerce all at the same time as it suffices the factors involved in all three.

It is said to be an art as it involves the growth, development and management of crop and animal husbandry. It requires patience and dedication to yield good results in this field and only someone who possesses this art can achieve it.

The knowledge of breeding and genetics is employed to come up with new improved methods of agriculture. Several inventions and explorations are being made in the field. It is ever evolving and thus qualifies as science.

Agriculture supports the economy like no other sector and thus undoubtedly falls in this category too.

With around two-third of the Indian population dependent directly or indirectly on agriculture, it is considered to be the basis of the country’s economic development. It is not just known to be a source of livelihood in India but a way of life.

Agriculture Essay 2 (300 words)

The term agriculture comes from the Latin word ager which means field and cultura that means cultivation. Agriculture basically involves the cultivation and production of crops and livestock products.

History of Agriculture

The history of agriculture dates back several centuries. It began in different parts of the world independently about 105,000 years back mostly by the collection of wild grains for the purpose of eating. Here is how different countries were involved in this activity:

In Mesopotamia, pigs were domesticated around 15,000 years ago. They began domesticating sheep around 2000 years later.
In China, rice was cultivated around 13,500 years ago. They eventually began cultivating soy, azuki beans and mung.
In Turkey, cattle were domesticated around 10,500 years ago.
Beans, potato, coca, llamas and alpacas were domesticated around 10,000 years ago.
Sugarcane and certain root vegetables were cultivated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago.
Cotton was domesticated in Peru around 5,600 years ago.

Similarly, the domestication of various plants and animals is being done in many other parts of the country since thousands of years.

Impact of Modern Technology on Agriculture

The development in the field of science and technology led to the use of modern techniques in agriculture. While it has contributed a great deal to the development of the agriculture sector, the modern technology has also had certain negative repercussions on the sector. Here is the kind of impact it has had:

The use of fertilizers and pesticides as well as the use of technologically advanced equipments for the cultivation of crops has increased the yields drastically however it has also been the cause of ecological damage and impacted the human health negatively.
Selective breeding and the use of other modern practices in the rearing of animals has increased the supply of meat however it has raised the concern about animal welfare.

Like every other sector, the agricultural sector has also evolved over the centuries and its development has brought about certain positive and negative repercussions to the society.

Agriculture Essay 3 (400 words)

Agriculture is a vast subject. It encompasses the production of crops, animal husbandry, soil science, horticulture, dairy science, extension education, entomology, agriculture chemistry, agri engineering, agri economics, plant pathology and botany. These subjects are taught in various universities across the world to train people in the field.

Different Kinds of Farming

Here is a look at how the agricultural field has broadly been categorized in our country:

Subsistence Farming

One of the most widely practiced technique of farming in India. Under this type of farming, the farmers grow grains for themselves as well as for the purpose of sale.

Commercial Agriculture

This type of agriculture focuses on high yield with the aim to export it to other countries to generate profit. Some of the commonly grown commercial crops in the country include cotton, wheat and sugarcane.

Shifting Agriculture

This type of farming is majorly practiced by tribal groups to grow root crops. They mostly clear the forested area and grow crops there.

Extensive Agriculture

This is more common in the developed countries. However, it is also practiced in certain parts of India. It focuses on the use of machinery to grow and raise crops.

Intensive Agriculture

This is a common practice in densely populated areas of the country. It is focused on generating maximizing output of the land by employing different techniques. A good amount of investment in terms of money and huge labour force is required for this.

Plantation Agriculture

This type of agriculture involves the cultivation of crops that require a good amount of time and space for growing. Some of these crops include tea, rubber, coffee, cocoa, coconut, fruits and spices. This is mostly practiced in the states of Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.

Wet Land Farming

The areas that receive heavy rainfall are well irrigated and these are apt for the farming of crops such as jute, rice and sugarcane.

Dry Land Farming

It is practiced in desert-like areas such as the central and northwest India. Some of the crops grown in such areas are bajra, jowar and gram. This is because these crops require less water for growth.

With the advancement in technology, agriculture has come a long way. It is not limited to just growing crops and rearing of cattle. It includes a whole lot of other subjects and someone who is interested in getting into the agricultural field can choose to specialize in one.

Agriculture Essay 4 (500 words)

Agriculture basically involves the cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals for the purpose of generating food and other things necessary for the mankind. While it is being practiced since centuries, it has evolved over the time and has become one of the major factors in the development of our country’s economy.

Significance of Agriculture

Here is a look at the significance of agriculture:

Major Source of Food

It goes without saying that the food we eat is a gift of the agricultural activities that take place in the country. The country has seen times of acute food shortage before independence however the problem was resolved with the advent of the green revolution in agriculture in the year 1969.

Major Contributor to National Income

Statistics reveal that, the national income from primary agricultural activities was about 59% in the year 1950-51. While it has come down eventually and reached around 24% about a decade back, the agricultural sector in India is still one of the major contributors to the national income.

Development of the Industrial Sector

Agriculture plays a major role in the development of the industrial sector by providing the raw material. Industries such as the cotton textiles, sugar, jute, oil, rubber and tobacco are majorly dependent on the agricultural sector.

Employment Opportunities

The agricultural sector offers numerous employment opportunities as a large labour force is required for the smooth functioning of various agricultural activities. It does not only open a vast arena of direct employment opportunities but indirect as well. For instance, the agricultural products need to be transported from one place to another and hence it supports the transport sector.

Boost in Foreign Trade

Foreign trade relies majorly on the agricultural sector. Agricultural exports form a good 70% of the total exports. India is an exporter of tea, tobacco, cotton textiles, jute products, sugar, spices and many other agricultural products.

Generation of Government Revenue

Excise duty on agro-based goods, land revenue and taxes on the sale of agricultural machinery make for a good source of government revenue.

Formation of Capital

The surplus income generated from agricultural activities can very well be invested in banks for capital formation.

Agriculture: A hazardous Industry

While agricultural sector is of great importance to the country, we cannot deny the fact that is a hazardous industry. Farmers across the globe have a high risk of work related injuries. One of the common causes of agricultural injuries is tractor rollovers and other motor and machinery related accidents. Due to the nature of their job they are also prone to skin diseases, lung infections, noise-induced hearing problems, sun strokes as well as certain types of cancers. Those exposed to pesticides may have serious illnesses and might even have kids with birth defects.

However, that said, agriculture does play a significant part in the development of the human civilization as a whole. As Booker T. Washington said, “No race can prosper till it learns there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”, agriculture sector is an integral part of the country.

Agriculture Essay 5 (600 words)

Agriculture is one sector that has been in place since thousands of years. It has developed over the years with the use of new equipments and techniques of farming and domestication. This is one sector that has not only seen immense growth but has also been the reason for growth of various other sectors.

The Growth and Development of Agricultural Sector

India is one such country which is largely dependent on the agricultural sector. Agriculture in India is not just a means of livelihood but a way of life. The government is continually making efforts to develop this sector. Let us learn how this sector has evolved with time.

Though agriculture is being practiced since centuries in India, it remained under developed for a pretty long time. We were unable to produce sufficient food for our people and foreign export was simply out of question. On the contrary, we had to purchase food grains from other countries. This was because agriculture in India depended on the monsoon.

In case, there was enough rain, the crops fertilized properly, when there wasn’t enough rain the crops just failed and most parts of the country were hit by famine. However, things changed with time. After independence, the government planned to bring about improvement in this sector. Dams were constructed, tube-wells and pump-sets were set up, better quality seeds, fertilizers were made available and new techniques were employed.

With the use of technologically advanced equipment, good irrigation facilities and with specialized knowledge about the field things began improving. We soon started producing much more than we required and subsequently started exporting food grains and different agricultural products. Our agricultural sector is now stronger than that of many countries. India stands first in the production of groundnuts and tea and ranks second in the production of sugarcane, rice, jute and oil seeds across the globe.

However, we still have a long way to go and the government is making efforts in this direction.

Negative Repercussions of Agriculture on Environment

As much as it has helped in the development of the human civilization and the growth of the country’s economy, agriculture has also had certain negative repercussions on the people involved in this sector as well as the environment as a whole. Here are the negative repercussions of agriculture on environment:

Agriculture has led to deforestation. Many forests are cut to turn them into fields to cultivate crops. The negative impacts of deforestation and the need to control it is hidden from none.
Not many of you may be aware that the building of watersheds and draining of water from the rivers for irrigation of fields leads to drier natural habitats.
The runoff from the fields into the rivers and other water bodies results in that water getting poisoned owing to the use of excessive nutrients and insecticides.
Topsoil depletion and groundwater contamination are some of the other issues that the agricultural activities have given way to.

Agriculture has thus impacted the soil and water resources negatively and this has had a major impact on the environment.

Agriculture is also considered to be a hazardous occupation. Those involved in farming are constantly exposed to different chemical based fertilizers and pesticides and the continual use of these can lead to several health hazards such as skin diseases, lung infections and certain other serious illnesses.

While agriculture has given so much to our society, it comes with its own set of cons that cannot be overlooked. While the government is doing so much to bring about growth and development in this field, it should also take measures to tackle the negative impact it is creating on the environment and those involved in the field.

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Essay on Agriculture in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Agriculture in English for Children and Students: Agriculture is known to be one of the most significant economic activities. It involves the production of plants, livestock, fiber, fuel and more by utilizing natural resources such as water and land. The term agriculture is broader than it is commonly anticipated to be. It includes forestry, fishery, livestock and most importantly crop production. Agriculture sector is also one of the largest employers across the world, mainly in developing and under developed nations. Millions of people around the world, directly or indirectly depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood. It is an activity which provides our everyday requirement of food, vegetables, fruits, spices etc.

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Long and Short Essay on Agriculture in English

Here are essay on agriculture in English of varying lengths to help you with the topic in the exam.

These Agriculture Essays will let you understand the meaning of “agriculture” and the significant role it plays in the overall economic growth and prosperity of a nation.

After going through the following Agriculture essay you will be able to understand the advantages of agriculture.

These essays will be helpful during several of your school assignments. You can select any agriculture essay as per your need and interest.

Agriculture Essay 1 (200 words)

Introduction

Agriculture is said to be an art, science and commerce all at the same time as it suffices the factors involved in all three.

Agriculture supports the economy like no other sector and thus undoubtedly falls in this category too.

Agriculture Essay 2 (300 words)

History of Agriculture

In Mesopotamia, pigs domesticated around 15,000 years ago. They began domesticating sheep around 2000 years later.
In China, rice cultivated around 13,500 years ago. They eventually began cultivating soy, azuki beans and mung.
In Turkey, cattle domesticated around 10,500 years ago.
Beans, potato, coca, llamas and alpacas domesticated around 10,000 years ago.
Sugarcane and certain root vegetables were cultivated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago.
Cotton was domesticated in Peru around 5,600 years ago.

Similarly, the domestication of various plants and animals is being done in many other parts of the country since thousands of years.

Impact of Modern Technology on Agriculture

The use of fertilizers and pesticides as well as the use of technologically advanced equipments for the cultivation of crops has increased the yields drastically however it has also been the cause of ecological damage and impacted the human health negatively.
Selective breeding and the use of other modern practices in the rearing of animals has increased the supply of meat however it has raised the concern about animal welfare.

Like every other sector, the agricultural sector has also evolved over the centuries and its development has brought about certain positive and negative repercussions to the society.

Agriculture Essay 3 (400 words)

Agriculture is a vast subject. It encompasses the production of crops, animal husbandry, soil science, horticulture, dairy science, extension education, entomology, agriculture chemistry, agri engineering, agri economics, plant pathology and botany. These subjects taught in various universities across the world to train people in the field.

Different Kinds of Farming

Here is a look at how the agricultural field has broadly categorized in our country:

Subsistence Farming

One of the most widely practiced technique of farming in India. Under this type of farming, the farmers grow grains for themselves as well as for the purpose of sale.

Commercial Agriculture

Shifting Agriculture

This type of farming majorly practiced by tribal groups to grow root crops. They mostly clear the forested area and grow crops there.

Extensive Agriculture

This is more common in the developed countries. However, it also practiced in certain parts of India. It focuses on the use of machinery to grow and raise crops.

Intensive Agriculture

This a common practice in densely populated areas of the country. It focused on generating maximizing output of the land by employing different techniques. A good amount of investment in terms of money and huge labour force required for this.

Plantation Agriculture

Wetland Farming

The areas that receive heavy rainfall well irrigated and these are apt for the farming of crops such as jute, rice and sugarcane.

Dry Land Farming

It practiced in desert-like areas such as the central and northwest India. Some of the crops grown in such areas are bajra, jowar and gram. This is because these crops require less water for growth.

With the advancement in technology, agriculture has come a long way. It not limited to just growing crops and rearing of cattle. It includes a whole lot of other subjects and someone who interested in getting into the agricultural field can choose to specialize in one.

Agriculture Essay 4 (500 words)

Agriculture basically involves the cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals for the purpose of generating food and other things necessary for the mankind. While it practiced since centuries, it evolved over the time and has become one of the major factors in the development of our country’s economy.

Significance of Agriculture

Here is a look at the significance of agriculture:

Major Source of Food

It goes without saying that the food we eat is a gift of the agricultural activities that take place in the country. The country seen times of acute food shortage before independence however the problem resolved with the advent of the green revolution in agriculture in the year 1969.

Major Contributor to National Income

Development of the Industrial Sector

Employment Opportunities

The agricultural sector offers numerous employment opportunities as a large labour force required for the smooth functioning of various agricultural activities. It does not only open a vast arena of direct employment opportunities but indirect as well. For instance, the agricultural products need to transported from one place to another and hence it supports the transport sector.

Boost in Foreign Trade

Generation of Government Revenue

Excise duty on agro-based goods, land revenue and taxes on the sale of agricultural machinery make for a good source of government revenue.

Formation of Capital

The surplus income generated from agricultural activities can very well invested in banks for capital formation.

Agriculture: A hazardous Industry

Agriculture Essay 5 (600 words)

The Growth and Development of Agricultural Sector

In case, enough rain, the crops fertilized properly, when there wasn’t enough rain the crops just failed and most parts of the country were hit by famine. However, things changed with time. After independence, the government planned to bring about improvement in this sector.

However, we still have a long way to go and the government is making efforts in this direction.

Negative Repercussions of Agriculture on Environment

Agriculture has led to deforestation. Many forests cut to turn them into fields to cultivate crops. The negative impacts of deforestation and the need to control hidden from none.
Not many of you may be aware that the building of watersheds and draining of water from the rivers for irrigation of fields leads to drier natural habitats.
The runoff from the fields into the rivers and other water bodies results in that water getting poisoned owing to the use of excessive nutrients and insecticides.
Topsoil depletion and groundwater contamination are some of the other issues that the agricultural activities have given way to.

Agriculture has thus impacted the soil and water resources negatively and this has had a major impact on the environment.

Agriculture also considered to be a hazardous occupation. Those involved in farming constantly exposed to different chemical based fertilizers and pesticides and the continual use of these can lead to several health hazards such as skin diseases, lung infections and certain other serious illnesses.

While agriculture given so much to our society, it comes with its own set of cons that cannot overlooked. While the government is doing so much to bring about growth and development in this field, it should also take measures to tackle the negative impact it is creating on the environment and those involved in the field.

Related Information on Agriculture

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Farmer Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on farmer.

Farmers are the backbone of our society. They are the ones who provide us all the food that we eat. As a result, the entire population of the country depends upon farmers . Be it the smallest or the largest country. Because of them only we are able to live on the planet. Thus Farmers are the most important people in the world. Though farmers have so much importance still they do not have proper living.

Importance of farmers

Farmers have great importance in our society. They are the ones who provide us food to eat. Since every person needs proper food for their living, so they are a necessity in society.

There are different types of farmers. And they all have equal significance. First are the farmers who grow a crop like wheat, barley, rice, etc. Since the maximum intake in the Indian houses is of wheat and rice. So, the cultivation of wheat and rice is much in farming. Moreover, farmers who grow these crops are of prime importance. Second, are the ones who cultivate fruits. These farmers have to prepare the soil for different types of fruits. Because these fruits grow according to the season. Therefore the farmers need to have a great knowledge of fruits and crops. There are many other farmers who grow different other types . Furthermore, they all have to work very hard to get maximum harvesting.

In addition to the farmers contribute almost 17% of the Indian economy. That is the maximum of all. But still, a farmer is deprived of every luxury of society.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conditions of farmers in India

The condition of farmers in India is critical. We are hearing suicide news of farmers every week or month. Moreover, farmers are all living a difficult life from past years. The problem is they are not getting enough pay. Since the middlemen get most of the money, so a farmer gets nothing in hand. Moreover, farmers are not having money to send their kids to school. Sometimes the situation gets so worse that they are not even having proper food. Thus farmers go in famine. As a result, they attempt suicides.

Furthermore, the other reason for the worst condition of farmers is Global warming. Since Global Warming is hampering our planet in every way, it affects our farmers too. Because of global warming, there is a delay in season. As different crops have their own season to ripe, they are not getting nourishment. Crops need proper sunlight and rain to grow. So if the crops are not getting it they get destroyed. This is one of the main reasons why farms are getting destroyed. As a result, farmers commit suicide.

In order to save farmers, our Government is trying to provide them with various privileges. Recently the government has exempted them from all the loans. Moreover, the government pays an annual pension of Rs. 6000 to them. This helps them to at least have some earning apart from their profession. Furthermore, the government provides quotas (reservations) to their children. This ensures that their children get a proper education. All the children should get a proper education in today’s world. So that they get a chance to live a better life.

At last, farming is a profession which hard labor and effort . Moreover seeing the growing population of our country we should take initiatives to help farmers of our country.

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Essay on Agriculture in 150 Words.

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Agriculture : Major sectors of the Indian economy.

Agriculture is not just a sector for India or just a job that people do, it is simply a way of life for us Indians. Without this sector, the population boom in this country and the economic cycles will come to a literal standstill.

As someone who has seen this sector closely, I can write my own personal opinion on this particular Agriculture in India Essay. A typical day in a farmer’s life at a village consists of getting up early around 5 am, taking a good bath at the natural streams nearby, having sumptuous breakfast, pack some healthy lunch and leave to the fields. From seed sowing, soil tilling, fertilising and harvesting the land, each and everything is done with love and care by the farmer.

Agriculture, having contributed for more than 15% of India’s GDP and provided employment and livelihood for more than half the country’s working population, hasn’t got its due credit. The supports system that agriculture has given for India’s economic prowess can’t be described in just one simple Agriculture in India Essay.

Simply put, the amount of support a farmer has given to his country is more than the amount of support the country has given to its farmer.

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Essay on Cow

Here we have shared the Essay on Cow in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Cow in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams.

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Cow in 150 words

Essay on cow in 250-300 words, essay on cow in 500-1000 words.

Cows are revered animals in many cultures due to their significance in various aspects of human life. They are known as the “holy cow” in Hinduism, representing wealth, abundance, and divinity. Cows provide us with milk, a vital source of nutrition and a key ingredient in many cuisines. They also serve as draught animals, assisting farmers in agricultural activities and transportation. Cows’ dung is utilized as a natural fertilizer, enhancing soil fertility and crop production. In religious and cultural practices, cows hold sacred status and are worshipped during festivals and rituals. Additionally, their gentle nature and presence have a calming effect on humans, reducing stress and anxiety. Overall, cows play a multifaceted role, providing essential resources, contributing to agriculture, and symbolizing aspects of spirituality and peaceful coexistence in society.

The cow is a revered animal in many cultures and holds significant importance in various aspects of human life. It is known as the “holy cow” in Hinduism and is considered a symbol of wealth, abundance, and divinity. This essay briefly highlights the significance of cows in society.

Cows are primarily known for their contribution to the dairy industry. They provide us with milk, which is a rich source of nutrition and an essential component of our diet. Milk and milk products such as butter, ghee, and yogurt are widely consumed and form an integral part of many cuisines worldwide.

In addition to being a source of nutrition, cows are also used for agricultural purposes. They are used as draught animals, helping farmers plow fields and transport goods. Their dung is used as a natural fertilizer, promoting soil fertility and enhancing crop production.

Cows are also regarded as sacred animals in many religious and cultural practices. In Hinduism, they are considered the embodiment of motherly love and nurturance. They are often associated with deities and worshipped during religious festivals and rituals.

Furthermore, cows have a calming and therapeutic effect on humans. Their presence has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety. They are gentle creatures that can form deep emotional connections with humans.

In conclusion, cows hold a significant place in society. They provide us with valuable resources such as milk and contribute to agriculture. Moreover, they are revered in various cultural and religious contexts. The cow’s importance extends beyond its practical uses, as it symbolizes aspects of spirituality, abundance, and peaceful coexistence.

Title: The Sacred Cow – Significance and Role in Society

Introduction :

The cow is a revered animal in many cultures, symbolizing wealth, abundance, and divinity. This essay explores the significance of cows in society, highlighting their contributions to the dairy industry, agriculture, religious and cultural practices, and their gentle nature.

Dairy Industry and Nutrition

Cows are primarily known for their contribution to the dairy industry. They provide us with milk, a valuable source of nutrition. Milk is rich in essential nutrients such as calcium, protein, and vitamins, making it an integral part of the human diet. From childhood, milk forms the basis of many nutritious foods such as butter, ghee, cheese, and yogurt. The dairy industry relies on cows for their milk production, ensuring a steady supply of dairy products that nourish individuals and communities.

Agricultural Role

Cows also play a significant role in agriculture. They are used as draught animals, assisting farmers in plowing fields, tilling the soil, and transporting goods. Their strength and docile nature make them ideal for these tasks. Cows contribute to sustainable farming practices by reducing the reliance on machinery, minimizing carbon emissions, and preserving traditional agricultural methods. Additionally, their dung serves as a natural fertilizer, enhancing soil fertility and promoting healthier crop growth.

Religious and Cultural Significance

Cows hold sacred status in many religious and cultural practices. In Hinduism, they are revered as the “holy cow” and are considered sacred animals associated with various deities. Cows are symbols of motherly love, nurturance, and divine energy. They are worshipped during religious festivals and rituals, and their presence is believed to bring blessings and good fortune. Caring for cows and showing them respect is considered a virtuous act in Hindu traditions.

In certain cultures, cows are integral to community life. They are adorned and celebrated during festive processions, symbolic of prosperity and community unity. In rural communities, cows are often regarded as valued members of the family, providing sustenance, income, and companionship.

Calming Presence and Therapeutic Effect

Cows have a gentle and calming nature. Their presence has a therapeutic effect on humans, reducing stress and anxiety. Interacting with cows, such as petting or spending time in their vicinity, is believed to promote relaxation and tranquility. This has led to the development of programs known as “cow therapy” or “cow cuddling,” where individuals engage in therapeutic sessions with cows to enhance their well-being and mental health.

Conservation and Environmental Benefits

The conservation of cows and their breeds is essential for preserving biodiversity. Many cow breeds are indigenous and adapted to specific environments, making them valuable genetic resources. Protecting and preserving these breeds contributes to the preservation of biodiversity and genetic diversity in livestock.

Cows also have environmental benefits. They graze on grasslands and help maintain ecosystem balance. Their grazing behavior prevents the overgrowth of vegetation, supports plant diversity, and improves soil quality. Furthermore, cow dung serves as a natural fertilizer, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and promoting sustainable farming practices.

Conclusion :

Cows hold a special place in society, representing more than just a source of sustenance and economic value. They symbolize spiritual and cultural significance, playing an integral role in religious rituals and celebrations. Additionally, cows contribute to the dairy industry, agriculture, and the conservation of biodiversity. Their gentle nature and therapeutic effect on humans further enhance their value. As a sacred and respected animal, the cow continues to be cherished and revered, embodying aspects of abundance, divinity, and harmonious coexistence with nature.

Farming and Fiction

Organizer: Ayşe Çelikkol

Amidst renewed attention to crop and animal husbandry in the public sphere, this panel seeks to advance our understanding of the connection between farming and fiction. Relations among humans, other species, and the land, which are mediated through money in the age of commercial agriculture, come into sharp focus in the novel, the genre that hinges on relationality perhaps more than any other. Confronted with the perils of monocrop agriculture and factory farming, critical approaches to agriculture have recently proliferated. For Timothy Morton, agriculture as it emerged in the Fertile Crescent twelve thousand years ago is to blame for current crises. The “machination” that he calls “agrilogistics” “reduce[s] things to bland substances that can be manipulated at will without regard to unintended consequences.” By contrast, ecosocialists such as John Bellamy Foster and Jason Moore maintain that it is specifically the capitalist mode of agriculture that is unsustainable. Enclosures, the triad of landlord/tenant farmer/farm laborer, the global trade in guano: all have contributed to the exploitation of the soil and the worker alike. Like the ecosocialists, Donna Haraway and Anna Tsing maintain that it is not agriculture as such that drives us toward catastrophe. Calling our era the “platationocene,” they investigate the “transformation of diverse kinds of human-tended farms, pastures, and forests into extractive and enclosed plantations, relying on slave labor and other forms of exploited. . . labor” (Haraway). While it seems evident that agriculture has either become, or always been, a site where structures of domination take hold, world literatures suggest that experiences of husbandry cannot be reduced to the search for control and profit, even when they occur within hierarchical systems. Novels on farming and farming communities (by Yaşar Kemal, Leo Tolstoy, Na. D'Souza, Willa Cather, Gerbrand Bakker, and Chinua Achebe, among innumerable others) often foreground a sense of attachment to fields, plants, and nonhuman animals, or an awareness of one’s dependence on the nonhuman. Moreover, fictions of farming tend to highlight contingency, with characters at the mercy of weather conditions or the spread of infection. The emphasis on dependence and contingency coexists with these works’ attentiveness to exploitation. This panel aims to bring together perspectives on fictions of farming from multiple geographical regions, with an eye toward exploring aesthetic, affective, and/or political grounds for cooperation between human communities across borders, in the face of current and looming crises. Possible topics include but are not limited to -agrilogistics vs. agriculture as dependence -dispossession, in its local (enclosure) and global (colonization) varieties -the novel form in relation to capitalist agriculture and its alternatives. Papers on any historical period are welcome.

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