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Postgraduate Study

What could taught postgraduate study do for me.

The most common form of taught postgraduate study is a master’s course. They usually take one year to complete, involving a mix of lectures, seminars, self-study and practical work, and either lead to a Master of Science (MSc), Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.

If you don’t want or need to take a full master’s degree, a postgraduate diploma (PGDip) will often cover the same material but takes less time – usually two terms – and doesn’t require a dissertation. A postgraduate certificate (PGCert) is an even shorter option – usually one term.

There are several ways in which postgraduate study can enhance your development and your future. A key consideration is whether a postgraduate qualification is a necessity or will give you a significant advantage in the career area that interests you.

If a postgraduate qualification is not required by your future employers, there are other advantages to be gained, such as:

the opportunity to expand your network. Other students on your course, lecturers, visiting speakers etc. all have the potential to be useful in your future career.

a chance to build your confidence and enhance your subject specific and transferable skills, including project management, analytical skills, networking and team work.

learning more about a subject that you enjoy in a stimulating academic environment.

Even if your qualification doesn’t enhance your chances of securing an entry level job in your chosen sector, your additional knowledge and experience may help you progress more quickly through an organisation once you are in.

Is it the right direction for me to take?

To help you to decide whether postgraduate study is right for you, there are several questions you can ask yourself. Start with:

Do I have to do it to progress in my chosen career?

Will it give me an advantage in my chosen career?

If the answer to either of those questions is yes, your next step is to explore your options further. Talk to people in the professions that interest you and find out if there are any subjects or courses that they recommend. Look for relevant networking opportunities on CareerHub or research your chosen career area in the employment sectors section of our website.

If the answer to both those questions is no, or you don’t yet know what career you might choose, there are other equally valid reasons for selecting this path:

Do I love my subject and want to learn more about it?

Do I thrive in an academic environment?

Do I want to continue to build my study skills, e.g. in critical thinking and analysis?

Do I want to study abroad and gain international experience?

Find out more about studying overseas on our Studying abroad page.

Finally, the following questions need honest answers if you are to make the right decision for the right reasons:

Am I using this as an excuse to put off making career decisions?

Does the job market scare me?

If your answer to either of those questions is yes, talk to a Careers Consultant before making your decision. Postgraduate study is not an easy option and can be expensive. There will be other ways to build your confidence and skills. You can book a one to one appointment on CareerHub .

How do I choose the right course?

There are several things to think about when choosing a course. As with your undergraduate course, you need to consider the institution, its location, social and support networks, style of teaching, course content, assessment methods etc., but in addition, you might also want to consider:

the reputation and connections of the department – for example, are there any leading researchers you could work with, do they have visiting speakers from organisations you’d like to work for in the future, etc.? To investigate the leading researchers in your chosen field – look at relevant academic journals and see who is publishing work that interests you. Where are they based? Or talk to academics in your own department.

where students find employment after the course – are they in jobs/organisations that interest you? The admissions tutor for each course should be able to provide that information, or you might find it on the institution’s website.

what do professionals in the careers that interest you think of the course/institution? Attend networking events, talk to LSE alumni etc. to find out.

When it comes to choosing your subject of study, there will be many options open to you. Will you decide to specialise, or would you rather combine two or three subjects? If you’re looking for courses in the UK, visit the Prospects Postgraduate Courses database. For overseas options, try FindAMasters .

Talk to your course tutor or supervisor and find out what they think would suit you. They may be able to provide useful feedback to help your decision making.

For more information, visit our Researching postgraduate courses page.

How can I fund my postgraduate study?

Obtaining funding for postgraduate study can be a challenge. In many cases, students combine funding from a variety of sources. There are several options you might explore:

Start with the University you wish to study at and find out whether they offer bursaries or scholarships, e.g. for disadvantage or academic excellence, etc. Charities, foundations and trusts can also be a source of this type of funding. Use resources such as Trustfunding.org.uk or the Alternative Guide to Postgraduate Funding to identify relevant organisations. Some courses, e.g. teacher training, may offer government bursaries.

Postgraduate study loans are available from the UK government, offering a contribution towards tuition fees and living costs. Sums vary depending on your country of origin, i.e. England, Wales, Scotland or N. Ireland. If you are not a UK citizen, find out whether your home country offers something similar. Make sure you look at the eligibility criteria and conditions. There may also be Research Council grants available – check with the University you plan to apply to.

Many LSE students take part-time jobs, often choosing to study part-time to enhance their flexibility. When considering this option, remember to check your visa stipulations (where necessary) and also see the LSE’s ISVAT guide to working during your studies . Relevant work experience can give you a significant advantage in the job market, so finding part-time work that complements your studies and career ambitions is an excellent way to fund your learning and enhance your CV.

Some employers offer sponsorship for postgraduate study, but you will usually have to be employed by them already and may be tied in for several years post qualification.

This is not an easy option and is likely to take up a lot of your time, but it may be a way to raise a proportion of the funding you need, to add to finances received from other sources. If you don’t need to obtain a master’s qualification to support your career plans, a PGDip or PGCert are usually cheaper options as they are shorter courses. To find out more about different methods of funding, visit the Prospects funding postgraduate study pages.

How do I apply for postgraduate courses?

Applications are made directly to the University. Some set specific deadlines and others take applications throughout the year. Make sure you know the application process for each course that interests you.

You can apply for as many courses as you want, and it is recommended that you start your application between 6 months to 1 year in advance of the course start date. An early application is particularly important if you’re hoping to secure funding. You’ll also need to factor in time for academics or employers to write references.

A typical Master’s application includes:

a personal statement
academic transcripts

Some may also require a portfolio or research proposal.

International students will also need to provide:

a copy of your passport
proof of your language proficiency, if you're not a native speaker.

For more information, visit the Prospects Applying for a Master’s degree page.

Applying for a PGDip or PGCert is a very similar process. The Prospects page on Postgraduate diplomas and certificates provides further details.

Useful websites

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/postgraduate-study

https://www.postgrad.com/

https://www.postgraduatesearch.com/

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MSc admissions FAQs

Information on the process of application and admission to MSc programmes offered by the Department of Economics - 2024/5 entry.

Applications are processed centrally through the Graduate Admissions Office.

All applicants are advised to read the prospectus pages for our individual MSc programmes starting in 2024/5; these can be accessed via Available programmes – please click on the relevant programme title/s.

On this webpage, you will find information about Entry Requirements , the Application Process , what happens After Submitting the Application , Funding and Accommodation , About the Programme , After Completing the MSc Programme and Other Useful Information .

Entry Requirements

1. what are the entry requirements for the msc programmes offered by the department of economics.

Please consult the LSE Graduate Prospectus on the Available Programmes page and identify your intended programme. See the “Entry Requirements” section on each prospectus page . You should also consult the general LSE Minimum Entry Requirements for graduate study.

The programme prospectus for each Taught Masters programme offered by the Department of Economics:

L1U1: MSc Economics (1-year programme)
L1U2: MSc Economics (2-year programme)
L1UB: MSc Econometrics and Mathematical Economics (1-year programme)

Meeting the minimum entry requirements will not, in itself, guarantee an offer of admission. Please see further guidance below.

2. Am I eligible to apply?

We advise prospective applicants who have questions about their eligibility to consult the Graduate Prospectus via the Available Programmes page. See also LSE Minimum Entry Requirements . We regret that we cannot assess candidates prior to receiving a complete formal application which should be submitted to the LSE Graduate Admissions Office . It is worth noting that candidates are permitted two programme choices per application; each choice is considered sequentially (not simultaneously) – see FAQ 16 (iv).

3. Which programme is most suitable for my profile?

Applicants should self-assess and are encouraged to read the website and prospectus pages before addressing questions to the Department. If you are unable to find the answer to a specific question after reading the website, you are welcome to contact the Department of Economics graduate admissions team . Note, however, that while our team may offer broad guidance, we will not be able to assess candidate profiles or comment on individual chances of admission.

We expect candidates for the 1-year MSc Economics programme to have previously majored in Economics (or a joint degree with a substantial economics content), having achieved very good grades in economics-relevant modules and demonstrating a solid quantitative background. The 2-year MSc Economics programme is designed for students who have a strong quantitative background but lack the depth of knowledge in economic theory and quantitative techniques which are essential for undertaking the 1-year MSc Economics [see also FAQ 4]. The MSc Econometrics and Mathematical Economics is a technically rigorous programme suited to candidates with strong results in a quantitative degree. It is primarily aimed at (for example) mathematicians, statisticians, physical scientists, engineers as well as graduate economists.

See some of the Department of Economics MSc student profiles .

4. How do I know if I have enough maths for the Department’s MSc programmes?

The Department of Economics MSc programmes are all highly quantitative in content, hence our selectors will be looking for proven strength in quantitative subjects. Applicants to the 1-year MSc Economics are expected to hold a First class honours degree in Economics or equivalent, with a concentration in economics and quantitative subjects. Successful 1-year MSc Economics entrants will typically have achieved very good examination results in university-level two-semester length courses in [a] mathematics (both advanced calculus and linear algebra), [b] econometrics and statistics, [c] intermediate macro and microeconomics.

LSE’s BSc Economics programme regulations provide some indication of the typical academic background of candidates who are admitted to our 1-year MSc Economics; you can also see the Maths and Statistics modules taken by our current LSE BSc Economics students. It is not just a case of having taken some Economics, Maths and Statistics courses; successful entrants will have studied, been examined in, and achieved at least First Class results (at least 70%) in core economics courses that are part of a quantitative-based Economics degree structure, i.e. with standard courses in Intermediate Macroeconomics, Microeconomics and Econometrics which then become the foundation to study - and obtain strong results - in a number of advanced courses.

Candidates who have an insufficient economics background for our 1-year MSc Economics often apply to our 2-year MSc Economics for which the entry requirement is a first class degree, or equivalent, with at least two semesters of university level maths equivalent to that taken by LSE BSc Economics students. Strong results in all quantitative modules will be expected.

LSE’s BSc Econometrics and Mathematical Economics programme regulations provide some indication of the typical academic profile of candidates who, having achieved First Class results, are admitted to our MSc Econometrics and Mathematical Economics.

Application Process

5. how do i apply.

We have a formal application process, which is centrally administered by the LSE Graduate Admissions Office. Applicants must submit a complete formal application to the Graduate Admissions Office via the online form. Please read Graduate Admissions’ description of The Admissions Process . The online application form and links to other required application information are on the Prospective Students page. See How To Apply and guidance on Supporting Documents .

6. Where can I get help with the application process?

We encourage you to explore the full range of Graduate Admissions guidance on their Graduate Knowledge Base - if you do not find the answer to your question there, please follow the “ I Need Help ” link which allows you to contact the Graduate Admissions Office by email or Live Chat.

Please note that questions about the mechanics of the application process should be submitted to the LSE central Graduate Admissions Office (rather than to the Department of Economics). See how you can Contact Graduate Admissions .

7. When should I submit my application?

Early application is always advised. See When to Apply / Deadlines . On Graduate Admissions' Available Programmes webpage, the availability status of individual programmes - i.e. Open / Limited Availability / Closed - will be displayed throughout the admissions cycle.

For MSc programmes offered by the Department of Economics, we operate a rolling admissions process, i.e. there is no specific application deadline and each MSc programme will close when it becomes full (NB: there may be a brief window of time as a programme begins to approach capacity, when the programme status may show as “Limited Availability” but sometimes a programme may transition directly from “Open” to “Closed” status). We regret that it is not possible to predict exactly when a programme will close, hence early application is always advisable.

8. What should my application include?

Our academic selectors wish to get a full picture of your academic profile when they read your application. They will want to see all the modules you have studied/ are studying (in your main degree as well as any other courses such as exchange programmes/summer courses/non-degree courses).

The selectors will want to see your modules with results as well as modules where results are still pending. If any module results are still pending, you should still include those module names in your application - either listed within the transcript or in a separate university-generated document (e.g. screen-shot of your university account). Along with your degree results, other relevant elements of your application will also be considered by our academic selectors, using a holistic and contextual approach.

Your formal application should consist of:

- Transcripts for all (degree and non-degree) study which makes up your academic profile. This includes relevant exchange / summer-school / non-degree transcripts. [UoLIP students please see note below**]

- A list of all Pending modules (if any); if pending modules are not listed on your transcript, please include (for e.g) a screen-shot of your university account listing those pending modules.

- Statement of academic purpose

- Two academic references [also see FAQ 9]

- CV

- GRE scores (see advice further below)

- Evidence of your command of English, if required. See English language requirements .

- The appropriate application/administrative assessment fee

** Students or graduates of the University of London International Programmes (UoLIP) should state "UoLIP" (and not the host institution) as their Institution in the application form. This is irrespective of whether their degree is studied online or at a local teaching centre. This includes UoLIP students undertaking study under LSE academic direction.

All UoLIP students should submit transcripts issued only by UoLIP - please use this guidance . We are unable to accept transcripts issued by local host institutions.

All applicants should read Graduate Admissions’ detailed guidance regarding Supporting Documents .

9. Can I submit a third reference?

The LSE online application system is set up to accept only two references, and we typically do not allow a candidate to submit a third reference unless the academic selectors request it.

We encourage candidates to use their good judgement to approach two referees who will write the most detailed and relevant letters, to support their candidacy.

If you have exceptional reason for submitting a third reference please consult the admissions team at [email protected]

10. Do I need a GRE (Graduate Record Examination)?

See the prospectus “Entry Requirements” for each MSc programme offered by the Department of Economics:

L1U1: MSc Economics (1-year programme)
L1U2: MSc Economics (2-year programme)

Note that each programme has its own particular GRE requirements.

Applicants may be exempt from submitting GRE scores if they meet very specific criteria - for more details on programme-specific criteria for GRE exemption, see Graduate Admissions guidance on GRE , including section on “Exceptions” . Where an applicant may claim exemption from submitting GRE scores, the Department reserves the right to request such scores if our academic selectors deem it necessary to make a final decision on the application.

11. What else can you tell me about the GRE?

- You should take the GRE General Test (you are not required to take the GRE Subject Test).

- You should arrange for the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to send official scores to the LSE Graduate Admissions Office. See GRE > How to send us your scores .

- Your test scores should be less than five years old on 1 October 2024.

- MSc Economics (1-year and 2-year programme): we typically expect candidates to score at least 161 in the quantitative section of the test.

- MSc Econometrics & Mathematical Economics: we typically expect candidates to score over 163 in the quantitative section of the test.

- A higher score will count in your favour, but other information, such as examination results and references will also matter in the overall evaluation. We recognise that if your first language is not English, the verbal test will be more demanding and we view your score on that basis.

- The Department cannot accept GMAT scores in substitute for the GRE.

- For details of how to take the GRE General Test, see the ETS website .

- The Department of Economics will accept scores from the GRE General Test taken at home . If you cannot access a test centre, you shoud consider taking this Home test rather than claiming a GRE exemption.

- The GRE has three sections: Verbal, Quantitative, Analytical. You should include your test scores in the relevant section of the application form, stating the full and percentile scores obtained for all three sections of the test. Scores submitted for each section must be from the test taken in one sitting , ie: not across multiple test dates.

- You are unlikely to score well if you take the test without preparing for it. It is advisable to familiarise yourself with the format of the test and the type of questions it asks, and practise answering sample GRE test questions within the time allowed before you take the test. See the section on how to prepare for the GRE General Test .

12. Do I need to submit an English Language test? What score is required?

You are not required to submit English test scores at the point of application (although it is strongly recommended that you do so). If you are offered admission to an LSE programme, then proof of your English proficiency may be requested at that point. See Graduate Admissions’ detailed guidance on English Language Requirements for clarification on accepted tests and required scores.

13. If I am still undertaking a degree, can I apply to your MSc? Do I need to submit a transcript?

Many of our candidates are in the final year of a degree programme when they apply so can only supply an interim transcript. This is acceptable, although applicants must be in a position to supply final results (for individual modules as well as overall degree result) and proof of their degree award by the date of MSc registration. When reviewing your application, the Department’s academic selectors expect to see a transcript showing the full list of modules which will contribute to the award of your final qualification. Occasionally, if making an offer, selectors may sometimes set specific grade conditions on certain pending modules.

In case you have no transcript available for an ongoing course of study when submitting your application, the LSE online system allows you to upload a document where you may state that no transcript is yet available. It is, however, important, even in such cases, that you upload a list of all modules – past, current and future – which will contribute to the award of your current qualification. The information should include full module titles and module codes. Where module results are already available, a transcript with the results must be included with the application. Where module exams are yet to be taken or results are still pending, a list of those modules showing full titles and codes should be submitted - the Department may accept a screen-shot/scan from your university account for application review purposes.

Applicants undertaking summer/exchange programmes at another university should include a separate transcript for such programmes/courses.

14. Some module titles on my transcript may not accurately reflect the actual content of the module I am studying. Can I submit additional clarification?

Yes. Candidates may include relevant syllabi and/or an additional note highlighting their coverage of the Economics core subjects and/or their study of quantitative topics. Candidates may combine this extra information into a single pdf and upload it with their main application. NB: Multiple document uploads are not technically permitted.

It is worth remembering that academic referees often provide useful detail about individual courses - and the student's performance in the same - in their reference letters (candidates may wish to discuss this with their referees). All applications will be reviewed contextually; our academic selectors will review all the information on file to assess every applicant’s quantitative skills and potential to cope with the technical rigour of the specific MSc course/s to which the candidate has applied.

15. Should my application include a diversity statement?

LSE is committed to building a diverse, equitable and truly inclusive university, a vision the Department of Economics fully supports. We believe strongly in expanding the diversity of our graduate student body and invite you to share your experiences, values, perspectives, and/or activities that shape you as a Masters candidate and align with these commitments, as part of your statement of academic purpose.

Should a candidate submit diversity considerations as part of their statement of academic purpose the information provided will help our academic selectors to contextualise the application; however, it will not play a part in assessing a candidate’s suitability for our Masters programmes.

After submitting the Application

16. what happens when i press “submit”.

(i) Your application will be received by the central Graduate Admissions Office , who provide the School’s admissions service.

At this point, your application will be checked by central Graduate Admissions to ensure all necessary components have been supplied. Neglecting to send complete information with your application will result in delays. If any missing information is identified, you will be contacted and requested to submit the requested material. Upon all items being checked and approved by central Graduate Admissions, your application will be released to the Department of Economics for academic review.

(ii) Receipt of application to the Department of Economics

When the Department receives your complete application, the contents of your application will be checked again by the Department of Economics’ admissions team to ensure that all items on file meet the specific requirements of our academic selectors, for reviewing purposes. If the team identify missing/contradictory information – eg. no transcript to account for a qualification listed in your application form or a missing Exchange programme transcript – your file will be sent back to central Graduate Admissions who may contact you to request clarification/any missing information.

(iii) Academic review and consideration for choice(s)

Once the Department deems that your file is ready for academic review, we will send your application to our academic selectors. Our selectors are highly experienced in screening applications from all over the world; we have regional specialists who are familiar with international academic assessment systems. They will consider all factors when reviewing an application. Applicants who wish to provide relevant background information/commentary for the attention of our selectors may do so via their Statement of Purpose or an additional note submitted with their application (see FAQs 14 and 15). We endeavour to make decisions within eight weeks of the Department receiving your application. However, in busy periods the decision period may be longer.

(iv) Decision

All decisions are communicated to the applicant by central Graduate Admissions. Departmental offer recommendations are subject to mandatory checks by the Graduate Admissions Office before the formal offer can be communicated to the applicant. The decision will be visible in the applicant's tracker via their Graduate Applicant Portal (GAP) account. However, the decision is normally deemed final only when formal notification of the decision is sent by email from Graduate Admissions - see also FAQ 18.

Applicants are offered places at LSE based on a fair and equitable assessment of what they have achieved academically, compared with their peers, and on their own merit.

Applications are considered sequentially not simultaneously. If you submitted your application listing two programme choices, you will initially receive a decision for your first programme choice. Applicants are only considered for their second programme choice if unsuccessful for their first choice. In exceptional cases, applicants holding an offer for their first programme choice, may request to be considered for their second choice, including reasons for their request.

17. How can I check on the progress of my application?

Use the Graduate Applicant Portal (GAP) . Applicants should also check Graduate Admissions’ current processing times .

18. How will I get the final decision on my application?

The Graduate Admissions Office will write to you. A decision will be visible in your Graduate Applicant Portal (GAP) account once it is entered in the LSE system; however, offers go through a further manual double-check before becoming absolutely final. Hence a decision is authoritative and official only if it has been sent to you in writing - by email - from the Graduate Admissions Office.

See The Admissions Process .

19. What happens if I do not meet the conditions of my offer?

You will not be rejected automatically! If your academic results do not meet the specified offer conditions, you may submit all relevant documents to the Graduate Admissions Office – this includes your final transcripts and – if you wish - a supporting letter from your teacher and/or an official university letter detailing any mitigating circumstances. Your results and all supporting documents will be sent to our Department for a final review by our academic selectors – the final decision lies with them and cannot, obviously be guaranteed. The Graduate Admissions Office will then advise you of the final decision, in writing, by email.

If the condition you have not met is the English language requirement , you should arrange to re-take the test as soon as possible before registration.

Funding and Accommodation

20. what does it cost to study at lse.

See the Graduate Admissions’ Fees and Funding page for information on tuition fee amounts, fee status classification, fee reductions as well as living costs. This page also provides guidance on funding for Taught Master’s programmes.

Tuition fee amounts for individual programmes are stated in the Table of Fees – please ensure you check the relevant academic year.

21. Can I get funding?

See the Graduate Admissions’ Fees and Funding page for advice on funding for MSc programmes.

After you submit your application, you will be allocated your Graduate Applicant Portal (GAP) account which will include a link to the online application form for the LSE Graduate Support Scheme .

Please note that MSc funding is decided centrally and does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Department.

22. How do I apply for accommodation?

Visit the Accommodation office web pages for information on types and availability of accommodation as well as guidance on how to apply for a place in LSE halls of residence.

About the Programme

23. where can i see the structure and courses of each programme what about the teaching delivery.

See the individual prospectus page for each MSc programme – section “ Programme structure and courses” .

L1U2: MSc Economics (2-year programme)

Also see the LSE A cademic Calendar for all Taught Masters at LSE, where clicking on “Programme Regulations” and “Graduate Course Guides” will give you detailed insight into the topics covered in each programme of study.

24. Can I study the MSc part-time?

Our MSc programmes are offered only on a full-time basis. Applicants are welcome to identify suitable part-time LSE programmes via the Search Courses page. Also see the University of London International Programmes as well as details about LSE Executive Education programmes and the LSE Summer School . LSE also offers short Online Certificate Courses .

25. Is it possible to transfer credit from graduate level courses in Economics at my institution to the LSE MSc programmes?

LSE is unable to accept credit transfers to its graduate programmes, from any other institutions. There is no possibility for your formative studies to be mapped on to the courses of any of our taught graduate programmes. Please refer to the current LSE Programme Regulations . Also see information about the “ Bologna Process ” under “Types of Study”.

26. Is it possible for MSc students to work as research assistant to Economics faculty or in research centres?

Research Assistant (RA) roles may be available in the Department on an ad-hoc basis but tend to be allocated primarily to our PhD students. RA opportunities are, however, sometimes circulated in the Department by the MSc Tutor. Additionally, MSc students may get in direct contact with faculty who are working in their specific field of interest to find out whether there are research opportunities. If/when considering taking up a RA role, students should remember that the MSc programme is intensive, fast-paced and challenging, with a demanding timetable of taught courses.

See our Faculty Research pages and information about Economics Research Centres .

27. Are there any compulsory Pre- or Post- sessional courses as part of the MSc Programmes?

Yes. Each MSc programme has different compulsory course requirements at the start and/or end of the academic year. These pre/post sessional courses aim to equip students with the key concepts and techniques required to prepare them for their next phase of MSc study.

MSc Economics students take EC400 : Introductory course in Mathematics and Statistics, starting in late August/early September. This is a 3-week non-credit course of teaching, followed by exams.
MSc Econometrics and Mathematical Economics students take EC451 : a special Introductory course for MSc EME, covering core Economics topics. Starts in late August/early September. This is a 3-week non-credit course of teaching, followed by exams.
MSc Economics (2-year) students will be required to take the pre-sessional non-credit course - EC2A0 : Introductory Course in Microeconomic Principles in early September before the main first year teaching programme starts. Additionally, at the end of their Preliminary Year (in late August/early September), they undertake a post-sessional course - EC400 : Introductory course in Mathematics and Statistics - a 3-week non-credit course of teaching, followed by exams.

28. I have a question about the programme content/structure which is not answered on the website. Who can I contact with my query?

Applicants are encouraged to do detailed research on our website in order to find the required information. If you still have a specific question about the actual programme content or structure, you may contact the Department of Economics programmes team . If you have already been allocated an Applicant ID number by that time, please state it - along with your full name - in the subject header of your email.

After completing the MSc programme

29. where do the department’s msc students go after graduation.

Our MSc is a long-standing and prestigious degree, highly regarded by employers and by academic departments across the world. In recent years, our graduates have gained employment in leading investment banks (like Goldman Sachs, Bank of America etc), consulting firms (like McKinsey, BCG etc), international organisations (like the IMF, World Bank etc) as well as in the public sector. The overriding reason for our strong placement record is that we train our MSc students to think deeply and rigorously about economic problems, imparting technical skills that are highly prized by employers across the board. The advanced and technically rigorous nature of the MSc programmes also serves as an excellent foundation for PhD programmes and other research-focused roles. See some of the Department of Economics MSc Alumni Profiles as well as the LSE’s Careers Service website. In exploring “ What do LSE graduates do? ” you can filter on Department and Degree to obtain more specific information on graduate destinations of our MSc students. You can also explore learning opportunities beyond the classroom with LSE Student Futures .

30. Are the Department’s MSc programmes a suitable route to top PhD programmes?

Yes, the advanced and technically rigorous nature of all the Department’s MSc programmes mean that our graduates have excellent preparation for progressing on to top PhD programmes, in the US and across the world, e.g. MIT, Princeton, Stanford, Chicago to name but a few. Our MSc programmes are also designed to prepare students for LSE’s own MRes/PhD in Economics .

31. Can I progress from the MSc Economics or MSc Econometrics and Mathematical Economics to the MRes/PhD Economics programme?

There will no longer be automatic and direct progression from any LSE programme into our MRes/PhD Economics from the 2024/5 academic cycle. Students registering on an MSc in our Department of Economics, who wish to continue on to our MRes/PhD Economics after MSc graduation, will need to submit a standard full application package by the deadline published in the MRes/PhD Economics prospectus . All applicants - including LSE students - will be given equal consideration, as part of the MRes/PhD Economics' standard process for admission as well as funding.

Other useful information

32. where can i find information for international students.

See LSE information for International Students which provides “Country-specific information” as well as advice on Visas & Immigration and guidance for applicants who are Refugees, Forced Migrants or Displaced Students .

33. Can I contact faculty or current students during the application process?

We regret that LSE faculty members and current students are unable to answer queries from prospective applicants. Instead we ask applicants to contact the Department of Economics admissions team with specific concerns which may not be addressed by our webpages. Applicants who receive an offer from LSE will have some opportunity to communicate with nominated student ambassadors within the Department during the period leading up to MSc registration.

34. What if I need further information and advice?

In the first instance, please read the above FAQs and/or the Department of Economics webpages. If you cannot find the answer…

If your query is about entry requirements for our MSc programmes , please contact the Department of Economics admissions team . Please note that we are not able to provide an informal assessment or comment on suitability of academic profile / chances of admission .
If your query is about the MSc programme content/structure , please contact the Department of Economics programmes team .
If your query is about funding your MSc study, please read the Fees and Funding page or contact the Financial Support Office .

If your query is about the logistics of submitting an application / supporting documents, please search for the answer first on the Graduate Knowledge Base where you can also follow the “ I Need Help ” link to contact the Graduate Admissions Office by email or Live Chat. You may also contact Graduate Admissions .

Graduate Admissions

UCL School of Management

University college london, phd programme in financial economics.

Start date: September 2024 Duration: 5 years (1 year MRes + 4 years PhD) Fees: We offer fully-funded scholarships to all admitted students who have applied by the 31 January 2024 (see details below) Application deadline: 31 January 2024, 17:00 UK time (late applications submited by the 05 April 2024 may still be considered, see details below) Entry: Applicants must hold a distinction in a master’s degree in Economics or a closely related subject. Applicants must demonstrate a high level of analytical and quantitative skills (such as in mathematics and statistics), evidenced by strong performance in relevant modules taken on previous degree programmes and/or through relevant standardised test performance (such as GRE Quantitative of at least 160). International students, please note that UCL’s English language requirement for this programme is a ' Level 2 ' (IELTS and TOEFL are the preferred test, however others on the UCL recognised test list will be accepted if required) - further details regarding this can be found on the UCL English Language Requirements page.

The MRes and PhD in Financial Economics is a joint programme between the UCL Department of Economics and the UCL School of Management.

The MRes programme is the first year of the five-year integrated MRes/PhD programme in Financial Economics. The MRes programme will provide you with training in research methods together with an advanced understanding of financial economics, to enable you to conduct insightful and original PhD level research in financial economics.

The MRes will firstly provide quantitative training in microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, and finance. These will be taught in the context of cutting-edge research and relevant applications. Secondly, it will provide you with analytic frameworks and transferable skills that will allow you to identify relevant and promising research topics, present ideas in order to obtain feedback, and provide feedback yourself.

The subsequent years (for students who progress from the MRes to MPhil) will focus on the skills you will need to run research projects to completion and to present completed research projects to various kinds of specialised audiences. Likewise, teaching skills will also be developed.

PhD Structure

The MRes programme consists of taught modules (Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Econometrics. Real Analysis and Probability with Economic Application), a hybrid module (Financial Economics) with taught components and research based components, and a research project in the final part of the year. For the MRes project, you work under supervision to design and carry out a substantial piece of original research. This enables you to gain a deep understanding of the entire research process.
Superior performance is required for automatic progression from MRes to MPhil. In particular, students should achieve an average mark of not less than 60% in the independent, original research components of the programme, and not less than 50% in the taught element.
Our highly selective and small-sized PhD programme ensures that each student receives personal attention and guidance from our faculty members throughout their doctoral study. The close mentorship process forms the foundations of a successful academic career. At the same time, you will be part of both the School of Management PhD cohort and the Economics PhD cohort, with which you will share most of the taught modules.
We expect our PhD graduates to have as their goal an academic career as a faculty member in a top business school or Economics department or in the research group of an international institution or a central bank.

Students take a total of 180 credits in the MRes year. This is made up of the MRes Research Project (MSIN0135) and 75 credits of compulsory taught modules.

All modules in the MRes year are core modules, there are no optional modules.

ECON0107 - Macroeconomics, 15 credits
ECON0106 - Microeconomics, 15 credits
ECON0108 - Econometrics, 15 credits
ECON0118 - Real Analysis and Probability with Economic Applications, 15 credits
MSIN0234 - Topics in Financial Economics, 30 credits
MSIN0135 - MRes Financial Economics Research Project, 105 credits

The programme is delivered through a combination of lectures, seminars, and class discussion. Student performance is assessed through presentations, coursework, projects, and examinations.

Students will study 4 compulsory taught modules. A typical taught module is taught over two terms (2 x 10 weeks) with 4 hours of contact hours per week (3 hours of lecture + 1 hour of review session). In addition, students spend approximately 6-8 hours a week for each module on assessment and independent study to further develop the skills and knowledge covered in lectures and seminars.

Students will also undertake a substantial research project, which would usually start in Term 2 and be completed over the Summer. The total number of weekly hours will vary according to the weekly activities being undertaken.

Why choose us

What makes us different:.

Unlike many PhD Programmes in finance, our programme has a full anchor in economics and econometrics. Hence, we offer a unique world-class environment that combines the best of a leading business school, located in Canary Wharf, the heart of London’s modern financial district, and the tradition of economic research and teaching of the Department of Economics, which is located in Bloomsbury, London’s historical intellectual centre.

If you want to become an academic economist conducting research in finance, this programme is for you.

UCL School of Management and the Department of Economics

Founded in 2007, UCL School of Management has forged a reputation for world-leading research in management studies with 95% of the School’s research deemed to be world-leading or internationally excellent, the second highest percentage of any business school in the UK, according to the 2021 REF . The PhD programme is an integral part of our School’s active and ambitious research environment where students receive rigorous academic training and personalised research mentorship.

The UCL Department of Economics has an outstanding international reputation in key areas of current research. The Department ranked top in the UK for research environment and outputs in the field of Economics and Econometrics in the 2021 REF .

Our research programme offers a unique education and research experience with the intent of preparing you for scholarly careers at the highest level. Our highly selective and small-sized programme ensures that you receive personal attention and an opportunity for guidance from our world-leading scholars. The close mentorship process forms the foundations of a successful academic career.

As a research student you will join a highly active research environment which involves frequent research seminars and visits by leading scholars worldwide, reading groups, brown bag seminars and panels in which PhD students and faculty members present and discuss their ongoing work. Such forums provide an excellent opportunity to receive critical constructive feedback on your research and to develop academic, generic and transferable skills.

Applications

Applying for our mres/phd programme.

Entry requirements and admissions criteria:

Applicants to the MRes+PhD programme must hold a distinction in a master’s degree in Economics or a closely related subject. Applicants must demonstrate a high level of analytical and quantitative skills (such as in mathematics and statistics), evidenced by strong performance in relevant modules taken on previous degree programmes and/or through relevant standardised test performance (such as GRE Quantitative of at least 160). Submitting a GRE test result is encouraged but not compulsory and is only one of the components used to assess the strength of applications.

We only have a single intake in September. We accept applications throughout the year. Successful candidates who have submitted their MRes application by 31 January 2024 will receive a scholarship (full fee waiver plus a stipend). Successful candidates who have submitted their application after this date may receive a scholarship subject to availability, or will come with their own funding.

In your personal statement you are expected to suggest one or more faculty members as potential supervisors. On the application form you may see that it states that it is preferred that you contact potential supervisors beforehand. However, we strongly discourage applicants from contacting individual faculty members or potential supervisors when applying to our programme. All applications are first evaluated by a joint admissions committee, so contacting potential supervisors separately will not increase your chances.

We also require you to submit IELTS or TOEFL scores if English is not your first language. Our School requires a “Level 2” English language qualification which corresponds to:

IELTS: Overall grade of 7.0 with a minimum of 6.5 in each of the sub-tests.

TOEFL: Score of 96 overall, plus 24/30 in the reading and writing subtests and 22/30 in the listening and speaking subtests.

Application Deadline

The application window closes 31 January 2024 (17:00 UK time) and a late submission window closes on 05 April 2024 (17:00 UK time). We advise those interested in the programme to apply before 31 January 2024, as those applying in the late submission window will only be considered if there are still places remaining.

Application Procedure

Apply via UCL Postgraduate Admissions System here . When starting the application, you must select the MRes Financial Economics option. In addition to filling out the online application form, please upload a copy of the following documents:

Official Transcripts of Grades / Course marks
A 1 page personal statement that clearly indicates: (i) your research interests and preliminary research ideas, (ii) potential faculty member(s) you may want to work with (this is a suggested list, you don’t need to contact potential supervisors beforehand), and (iii) your motivation to do a PhD.
Your GRE score report, if you took the test.
Your IELTS/TOEFL score report, if English is not your first language.

Funding/Scholarships

We offer fully funded five year scholarships to all admitted students who apply before the 31 January 2024. The scholarship is open to all nationalities. It covers all tuition fees, and includes an annual stipend of £25,000 which is tax-free.

Successful candidates who have submitted their application after 31 January 2024 may receive a scholarship subject to availability or will come with their own funding.

Additional Costs

This programme does not have any compulsory additional costs outside of purchasing books or stationery, printing, thesis binding or photocopying. Students may have the opportunity to participate in conferences in the UK and internationally. The UCL School of Management provides MRes/PhD students with an annual budget for conferences, which students will use to cover the travel, accommodation, food and other costs whilst at conferences, in line with UCL’s expenses policy.

Further Information and Contact Details

The full-time MRes/PhD programme runs from September each academic year. Entrance is therefore every September. While we may accept applications until 05 April 2024 we encourage candidates to apply as early as possible. Our programme is very selective and we only admit a limited number of students, so applying before 31 January 2024 increases your chances.

How to Apply

For queries about the MRes/PhD Programme that are not addressed on our web pages, please contact [email protected] .

Video Library

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Frequently Asked Questions about the UCL School of Management MRes/PhD Programme

Programme Information

Application process, admissions requirements.

Students are required to possess a “Level 2” English language qualification if it is not their first language. This means: TOEFL: Score of 96, plus 24/30 in the reading and writing, and 22/30 in the listening and speaking subtests. IELTS: Overall grade of 7.0 with a minimum of 6.5 in each of the subtests.

Further Information

If you have any other questions regarding the programme that are not addressed on our web pages please email the programme team ( [email protected] )

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Economics (331)

Farahzadi, Shadi (2024) Essays on marriage, migration, and integration. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ningyuan, Jia (2024) Essays on trade and economic geography. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Barteska, Philipp (2024) Bureaucrats and the Korean export miracle. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Alakbarov, Rasif (2024) Essays in innovation and productivity. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Liao, Junyi (2023) Essays on macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Matcham, William Oliver (2023) Essays in household finance and innovation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Leonardi, Edoardo (2023) Essays on heterogeneity in macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Yi, Yu (2023) Essays on banking in macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Raja, Akash (2023) Essays in macro-finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kawakubo, Takafumi (2023) Essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Hui, Xitong (2023) Macro-finance and the open economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fisher, Jack Welcome (2023) Essays on applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bertolotti, Fabio (2023) Essays in economic growth and innovation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Minni, Virginia Magda Luisa (2023) Essays on the allocation, coordination, and selection of workers. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Brzustowski, Thomas (2023) Essays in the theory of contracts and organisations. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pillay, Derek (2022) Essays on the macroeconomics of climate change and structural transformation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Albuquerque, Daniel (2022) Essays in wealth inequality. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tabti, Bilal A. (2022) Essays in applied macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Chanut, Nicolas (2022) Essays in public and environmental economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dray, Sacha (2022) Essays in public finance and political economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Georgiadis-Harris, Alkiviadis (2022) Essays in information economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Desbuquois, Alexandre (2022) Essays in unemployment insurance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Coen, Jamie (2022) Essays on over-the-counter markets. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tan, Di Song (2022) Essays in law and urban economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dahlstrand Rudin, Vera Amanda Malin (2022) Essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zanella, Martina (2022) Essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sakthivel, Bhargavi (2021) Fiscal impact, immigration and productivity. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Minten, Thomas (2021) Essays in public and health economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Guennewig, Maximilian G. (2021) Essays in monetary economics and finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Vilares, Hugo Filipe Henriques de Almeida Esteves (2021) Collective bargaining, wage setting and downward adjustments in the continental European labour market: evidence from Portugal. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Xu, Mengshan (2021) Essays in semiparametric estimation and inference with monotonicity constraints. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Nyamdavaa, Tsogsag (2021) Essays on firms in developing countries. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zipfel, Céline (2021) Essays in development economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fontana, Nicola (2021) Essays in political economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kuroishi, Yusuke (2021) Essays in development economics, environmental economics and international trade. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Hönig, Tillman (2021) Essays on the economics of conflict. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fazio, Martina (2021) Essays on financial externalities. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Thysen, Heidi Christina (2021) Essays on misspecified models. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Nigmatulina, Dzhamilya (2021) Essays in macro and development economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Xiao, Kezhou (2021) Essays on political economy and development. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lee, Jay Euijung (2020) Essays in gender economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Alati, Andrea (2020) Essays on firms heterogeneity and business cycles. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Gao, Xijie (2020) Essays on firms, technology, and macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bandeira, Miguel (2020) Essays in macroeconometrics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ridinger, Wolfgang (2020) Sequential auctions and resale. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sun, Tiancheng (2020) Essays on capacity underutilization and demand driven business cycles. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Qiu, Chen (2020) Essays in semiparametric and high dimensional methods. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Coen, Patrick (2020) The industrial organisation of financial intermediation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bussy, Adrien (2020) Essays in applied economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Rossitti, Giuseppe (2020) Essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Jo, Kangchul (2020) Essays on labor markets and economic growth. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Citino, Luca (2020) Essays in labour and public economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Eckardt, Dita (2020) Training, occupations, and the specificity of human capital. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Moneke, Niclas (2020) Infrastructure and structural transformation: evidence from Ethiopia. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Schilter, Claudio Andrea Zeno (2019) Essays in applied microeconomics and microeconometrics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bovini, Giulia (2019) Essays in applied economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Delfino, Alexia (2019) Essays in development, gender and personnel economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Geiecke, Friedrich Christian (2019) Essays in economics and machine learning. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kösem, Sevim (2019) Essays on macro and international finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fernandez, Andres Barrios (2019) Essays in economics of education. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Laohakunakorn, Krittanai (2019) Essays on auctions, mechanism design, and repeated games. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Castillo Martinez, Laura (2019) Essays on international finance and monetary economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

He, Chao (2019) Essays on macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Chekmasova, Svetlana (2019) Studies in risk aversion and methods in economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tontivanichanon, Chutiorn (2019) Essays in financial markets. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Aman-Rana, Shan (2019) Discretion in a bureaucracy: evidence from Pakistan. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Giupponi, Giulia (2019) Essays in labor and public economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Shi, Xuezhu (2019) Essays on public and private welfare provisions in China. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Balboni, Clare Alexandra (2019) In harm's way? Infrastructure investments and the persistence of coastal cities. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Łukasz, Rachel (2019) Essays in applied macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Robles Garcia, Claudia (2019) Essays in household finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Minaudier, Clement (2019) Essays in information economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ek, Andreas K. H. (2019) Essays on the economics of culture. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Biermann, Marcus (2019) Essays in international trade and investment. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Koenig, Felix (2019) Studies of labor market data. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Nguyen, Kieu-Trang (2019) Essays on firms, innovation, and culture. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ding, Weihan (2019) Essays in information economics and political economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Cabrera, Carlo Antonio (2018) Essays in learning and information design. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dennery, Charles (2018) Essays on macroeconomic implications of the labour market. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Drechsel, Thomas (2018) Essays on macroeconomic fluctuations. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Walter, Torsten (2018) Misallocation of state capacity? PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

O’Keeffe, Thomas (2018) Development writ small. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Seibold, Arthur (2018) Essays on behavioral responses to social insurance and taxation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Staab, Manuel (2018) Essays on peer effects in social groups and information misperception. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sivropoulos-Valero, Anna (2018) Essays on skills, management and productivity. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Mavrokonstantis, Panos (2018) Essays on the economics of gender identity and behavioural responses to tax policy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Gu, Jiajia (2018) Three essays on macro labour economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Porcellacchia, Davide (2018) Three essays on money and banking: effects of monetary policy on liquidity risk. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Azulai, Michel Dummar (2018) The political economy of government formation and local public goods. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dong, Hao (2018) Essays in microeconometrics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kassem, Dana (2018) Electrification and industrial development in Indonesia. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Battiston, Diego (2018) Essays on communication, social interactions and information. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Liang, Yan (2018) Essays on institutions and economic performance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tokis, Konstantinos (2018) Essays on microeconomic theory. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Roel, Marcus (2018) Essays in behavioral economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Adusumilli, Karun (2018) Essays on inference in econometric models. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Huang, Hanwei (2018) Three essays on firms and international trade. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Benetton, Matteo (2018) Essays in household finance and banking. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sormani, Roberto Claudio (2018) Essays on cooperation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Roy, Sutanuka (2018) Economics of social, gender, and income inequalities. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Khatib-Shahidi, Milad (2018) Essays in public economics and development. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Huber, Kilian (2018) Finance and the real economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sannino, Francesco (2018) Essays in entrepreneurial finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Caramellino, Gianpaolo (2018) Essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pisch, Frank (2017) Essays in international trade and organisational economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Brue Perez, Albert (2017) Essays on the economics of energy efficiency policies. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Rossi, Federico (2017) Essays in applied macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lin, Yatang (2017) Essays on environmental and urban economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tam, Hiu Fung (2017) Essays on microeconomic incentives in public policies. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sevinc, Orhun (2017) Essays on tasks, technology, and trends in the labor market. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Blum, Florian (2017) Essays on public service delivery and agricultural development. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Espinosa Farfan, Miguel Andres (2017) Essays on the organizational economics of the lobbying market. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Maurer, Stephan (2017) Essays in applied economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Grinis, Inna (2017) Essays in applied computational economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Xu, Guo (2017) Essays in development and organizations. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Taylor, Luke (2017) Essays in nonparametric estimation and inference. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pinder, Jonathan (2017) Essays in applied macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Limodio, Nicola (2017) Essays in development, banking and organisations. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Yamasaki, Junichi (2017) Essays on development economics and Japanese economic history. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Windsteiger, Lisa Verena (2017) Essays on sorting and inequality. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Carreras Baquer, Oriol (2016) Essays in macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zane, Giulia (2016) Workers’ absences and productivity in the Indian registered manufacturing sector. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Roland, Isabelle (2016) Essays on financial frictions and productivity. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

de Ferra, Sergio (2016) Essays in international macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Alves, Pedro (2016) Essays on consumer learning and behavioural economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Squires, Munir (2016) Kinship taxation as a constraint on microenterprise growth. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lei, Yu-Hsiang (2016) Essays in political economics of development. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Jensen, Anders (2016) Essays in public finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bo, Shiyu (2016) Essays on development economics and Chinese economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Thwaites, Gregory (2016) Essays on the macroeconomics of the great recession. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Martınez, Luis (2016) Essays on the political economy of development. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

De Philippis, Marta (2016) Essays in economics of education. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Derksen, Laura (2016) Information, social interactions and health seeking behavior. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pinto, Pedro Franco de Campos (2016) Essays on financial macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

de Silva, Tiloka (2016) Essays on the economics of education and fertility. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Körber, Lena (2015) Essays in panel data econometrics with cross-sectional dependence. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Marden, Samuel (2015) Agriculture, development and structural change in reform-era China. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Deserranno, Erika (2015) Essays in development economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ytsma, Erina (2015) Performance pay in academia: effort, selection and assortative matching. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bryzgalova, Svetlana (2015) Essays in empirical asset pricing. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Metelli, Luca (2015) Essays in macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Clymo, Alex (2015) Essays in macroeconomics and finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Enkhbayar, Delger (2015) Identification of adverse selection and moral hazard: evidence from a randomised experiment in Mongolia. MPhil thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Moore, Alexander (2015) Infrastructure, market access and trade in developing countries. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Juhász, Réka (2015) Temporary protection, technology adoption and economic development: data and evidence from the age of revolution in France. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Garred, Jason (2015) Trade in raw materials and economic development. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sandford, Sarah (2015) Essays in agent motivation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Hodge, Andrew (2015) Essays on the social welfare effects of fiscal policy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Shanghavi, Amar (2015) Three essays in applied economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kawaguchi, Kohei (2015) Essays in industrial economics: applications for marketing and management decisions. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Palazzo, Francesco (2015) Essays in market microstructure. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zhang, Min (2015) Essays in social learning. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pessoa, Joao (2015) Essays in trade and labour markets. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

McDowall, Ana (2015) Essays on dynamic political economy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Winkler, Fabian (2015) Essays on financial markets and business cycles. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Riegler, Markus (2015) Essays on frictional labour markets with heterogeneous agents. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

de Souza, Pedro (2015) Essays on identification and estimation of networks. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pardo Reinoso, Oliver (2015) Essays on microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Chen, Xiaoguang (2015) Essays on the dispersion of effective VAT rates in China: causes and consequences. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lanteri, Andrea (2015) Three essays in macroeconomics: capital reallocation, capital utilization and optimal policy with partial information. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fetzer, Thiemo (2014) Of naxalites, pirates and microfinance borrowers: three essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Boehm, Johannes (2014) Essays on institutions and productivity. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Hofmann, Anett (2014) Commitment savings products: theory and evidence. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Mallucci, Enrico (2014) Essays in international finance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bagaria, Nitika (2014) Essays in labour economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Nica, Melania (2014) Essays in organisational economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Vesal, Mohammad (2014) Essays in public economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Osorio-Rodriguez, Daniel (2014) Essays on financial policy and macroeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Çeliktemur, Mustafa Can (2014) Essays on intermediation in trade problems. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pinna, Fabio (2014) Essays in applied microeconomics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Graetz, Georg (2014) Essays in labor economics. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

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Guillaume Paugam

August 19th, 2024, the new cleavages of household employment participation in europe.

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Estimated reading time: 6 minutes

Over the last four decades, rising employment rates among women in Europe have made the traditional “male breadwinner” model of households increasingly uncommon. Yet as Guillaume Paugam demonstrates, this general shift has been accompanied by a series of other changes within and between households that have significant policy implications.

Growth in the number of women in employment has driven an overall rise in employment rates in Europe over the last four decades. In a relatively short space of time, the role of women in labour markets has shifted drastically from a predominant focus on unpaid household work to employment participation that is moving ever closer to men’s. For heterosexual couples, the male breadwinner model has thus gradually given way to the “dual-earning couple”.

Figure 1: Evolution of couple employment participation over time on average in Europe

Note: EU-LFS data for all countries of the EU (including the UK but not Croatia) as early as 1983. See accompanying paper for more details.

These evolutions have tended to shift inequality in access to employment from within the couple, to across couples. Imagine a society with just four couples (eight individuals) and an employment rate of 50% (four people in employment, four workless). In a pure male breadwinner society, all these couples would have at least one person – the male partner – in employment. There would be no workless couples, but this even access to employment across couples is at the expense of the female partners, with none of them in work.

Academic literature tends to show that European societies have increasingly, as women’s employment has risen, been moving towards a radically different model: a polarised distribution of jobs across couples . In our example, this would be characterised by two dual-earning and two dual-workless couples. For the same number of jobs, the way these jobs are distributed shapes inequality in employment participation, and in the consequences of employment participation in terms of earned income, in radically different ways.

Polarisation across couples

A key mechanism behind this rise in polarisation is that women entering employment have been disproportionately likely to do it with a male partner also in employment . At the same time, deindustrialisation has disproportionately hit sole-male-breadwinners, leading to dual-earning couples on the one hand, and dual-worklessness on the other .

Past research clearly documents this polarisation for the 1980s and 1990s. But do we have reasons to doubt that it is as relevant for subsequent decades? Plotting the evolution of polarisation indicators (which capture the distribution of jobs across couples as introduced in the “four couples” example) suggests that we do, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Polarisation indicator for the distribution of employment across couples (1983-2019 evolution on average across Europe)

Note: EU-LFS data for all countries of the EU (including the UK but not Croatia) as early as 1983. More negative values indicate a distribution of employment that gets more even across couples and inegalitarian within couples (male-breadwinning societies). Higher positive values indicate a distribution of employment that gets less even across couples and more egalitarian within them. See accompanying paper for more details .

Yes, employment and non-employment cluster in couples more than 40 years ago. But this rise in polarisation happened entirely in the 1980s and 1990s. Since then, it has slowed down and even started to reverse, in a phenomenon strikingly common to most countries .

Over the past two decades, three key and mutually reinforcing changes have emerged. These are the sectoral transformation of economies, the increasing educational comparative advantage of women, and the substitution of non-standard employment for worklessness among low-skilled couples. The shock of the 2008 financial crisis helped accelerate these changes and the rise of the female-single-earning couple and non-standard-earning couple have embodied these evolutions.

Female single earning was a completely marginal phenomenon four decades ago. But for the first time, it has now overtaken dual-worklessness as a proportion of all couples on average in Europe. Its rise has accelerated in the last two decades, and the 50-percentage-point gap between the proportion of male and female-single-earning couples in 1983 has reduced to a 14-percentage-point gap.

Education and precarity

In most European couples, both partners share the same level of education, but this proportion has remained stable over time (around 64%) . Among couples in Europe during the 1990s where partners did not share the same level of education, the male partner was most often the most educated. Today, this situation has been reversed: on average, European women are more educated than their partner. These couples in which the female is more educated than the male have driven the recent rise in female single earning.

In the 1980s and 1990s, women who entered employment were typically highly educated and partnered with highly educated and employable men, with both partners disproportionately likely to work in the service sector. Early rising female employment disproportionately took place in couples where the male partner was also employed.

But this is no longer necessarily the case. The shifting educational profiles of working women, in absolute value and relative to their male partner, explains why rising female employment now also fuels female-single-earning, and why polarisation has slowed as a result.

Further, the distribution of industrial jobs in the 1980s was heavily skewed towards male-single-earners in heterosexual couples – hence why deindustrialisation led to workless couples. The labour market position of low-skilled men and men employed in industry has continued to depreciate since.

While males in industrial employment were typically partnered with a workless female in the 1980s, they are now more likely to be partnered with a female working in the service sector. The 2008 crisis led to large scale losses of industrial jobs, but unlike the 1980s, this did not lead to non-employment clustering in couples, as female service employment acted as a buffer . If anything, the 2008 crisis accelerated the rise in female-single-earning.

Finally, another long-run trend accelerated by the 2008 crisis and tightly linked to the rise of the service sector is the rise in non-standard employment, such as part-time, temporary and self-employment. This has fuelled the general rise in employment rates over the past four decades, particularly for women.

Strikingly, precariousness in employment participation for couples is shifting away from dual-worklessness , towards couples whose only source of labour income is from non-standard work. Non-standard employment, which used to primarily be a complement to a standard job in couples, increasingly clusters in couples as their sole source of work earnings. Such non-standard-earning arrangements disproportionately affect lower-skilled couples, much like dual-worklessness.

Policy implications

These changes have three main implications for policy. The first relates to policies aimed at increasing employment rates, which remains a key objective in Europe. Much of the shift towards active labour market policies in Europe aims to get groups of workers traditionally outside the labour force into work – typically economically inactive women.

This “stock” still exists, but is becoming much smaller, while low-skilled men are increasingly workless. Economically inactive women often went straight from economic inactivity to work – many did not lack the capacity to work but were constrained out of it by social norms and welfare systems.

Workless, low-skilled men may present a different profile, stuck in long-term involuntary worklessness. Most workless male partners in female-single-earning couples seek or want work , but the proportion of female-single-earning couples keeps increasing. More ambitious policies of reskilling may be needed.

The second implication relates to female-single-earning couples. There is much evidence from the literature that women’s share of household unpaid work has not decreased proportionally to their rising share of paid market work in heterosexual couples.

We need large-scale education policies aimed at engaging males in unpaid household work. In the shorter-term, policies relieving women of their double-burden, such as extensive public childcare provision, are more urgent than ever as they increasingly assume an important, if not the main, breadwinning role. Public health prevention strategies monitoring the mental health of double-burdened working women are also key.

The third implication relates to policies aimed at preventing poverty and alleviating income inequality. Precarious, low-skilled couples are increasingly not workless, and as such, may go under the radar of welfare states. Getting workless couples into work only goes so far if that work is precarious.

Policies improving employment quality and making sure that work pays are even more important if insecure or low-paid work is not a complement to a more secure job anymore, but the only source of labour income in the household. Otherwise, in-work poverty looms.

Poverty and inequality are household level outcomes, while official measures often concentrate on individual-level employment. Studying household-level employment participation is an indispensable bridge towards better policies. It is also necessary to capture the quality of jobs, rather than just the number of jobs in a household. The relevant cleavage increasingly is not working households versus workless households, but households in good quality employment versus households in precarious work.

For more information, see the author’s accompanying paper in the Socio-Economic Review

Note: This article gives the views of the author, not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy or the London School of Economics. Featured image credit: Andrei Nekrassov / Shutterstock.com

About the author

Guillaume Paugam is a labour economist in the City Intelligence Unit at the Greater London Authority. He recently completed a PhD in the Department of Social Policy and Intervention at the University of Oxford.

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Term: Academic Year 2023-24

Majors: Economics, Business Administration (Finance) and Religious Studies

London is really a diverse, inclusive, and exciting city. There are so many things going on in the city every day, and every day is different. My favorite things to do are going to theatres, parks, cafes, and Chinatown. In the UK, my friends and I visited Hastings, Dover, Edinburgh, Canterbury, and the Scottish highlands—these natural scenery and historical venues are unbelievably beautiful.

Studying in the LSE General Course allowed me to meet many talented general course students from different universities and nationalities and also integrate into the LSE student community. Spending a year really allows me to experience living in London. I sincerely appreciate the friendship, mentorship, and unforgettable experiences here.

Department of Economics Welcomes Business and Policy Fellows

We are delighted to announce our new Business and Policy Fellows. This initiative establishes a formal affiliation between the Department and distinguished professionals from the business and policy sectors. The goal is to harness their specialised knowledge, fostering a vital exchange of ideas between academia and industry.

This collaboration aims to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical application, enriching our community's understanding of real-world economic and policy issues.

We look forward to the innovative perspectives and valuable insights our Business and Policy Fellows will bring, as we continue to build stronger connections between the academic and corporate worlds.

Our Business and Policy Fellows:

Fiona Czerniawska, Business Fellow, Source

Founder and CEO of Source, Fiona is a leading voice in global professional services and consulting. She has 20 years of experience in marketing and strategy consulting, including roles at PwC and EY, and has authored several notable books on business consulting.

John Downie, Business Fellow, Accenture

John is a Senior Managing Director at Accenture, specialising in the Resources sector. With over 20 years of experience, he leads global management consulting and oil and gas practices. He holds degrees from Swinburne University and London Business School.

Rain Newton-Smith, Policy Fellow, CBI

Chief Executive of the CBI, Rain brings extensive experience in economic policy and sustainability. Formerly Chief Economist at the CBI and a senior leader at Barclays, she has also worked with the Bank of England and the IMF. Rain holds degrees from LSE and Oxford University.

Robin Nuttall, Business Fellow, McKinsey

Robin is an expert partner at McKinsey's London office, focusing on ESG and regulatory issues. He is a published author and respected figure in the field, holding a doctorate from Oxford and degrees from Cambridge and Harvard.

Joe Perkins, Policy Fellow, Compass Lexecon

Joe is the Senior Vice President and Head of Research at Compass Lexecon, where he addresses competition and regulation issues. He has a rich background in economic policy, including roles at Ofgem and the National Audit Office. Joe holds an MPhil in Economics from Oxford University.

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HOW TO GET INTO LSE FOR ECONOMICS || CAREER PLAN, ENTRY REQUIREMENTS, WORK EXPERIENCE
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London School Of Economics And Political Science Masters Degrees
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MRes/PhD Economics
MRes/PhD Economics, 2017 Germany. I came to the LSE in 2011 after having completed my MSc in Economics at the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics. Already during my undergraduate studies in St. Gallen, I had gotten hooked to economics and to the idea of doing a PhD, and my time in Barcelona further confirmed this.
MRes/PhD in Economics and Management
LSE Careers has a team dedicated to PhD students offering a wide range of resources and advice. You will receive regular updates on career events and workshops offered by LSE Careers and the LSE's PhD Academy. Research based employment opportunities are communicated to students in our newsletters and email updates.
Research
The LSE Economics PhD Programme is grounded in two years of rigorous coursework through the MRes component and by a strong research element. You can find information about the individual research courses offered through our programmes. As is the norm with top economic departments in the US, students entering the LSE PhD Economics programme are ...
PhD Economics admissions FAQs
PhD Economics admissions FAQs. LSE has a well-established infrastructure for admitting and funding PhD students in the Department of Economics. We have a Chair and committee for both PhD Admissions and PhD Recruitment. In addition we have a dedicated professional staff at School and Department level dealing with funding and admissions.
Applying for a PhD
use information on Find a PhD. book on to a LSE Careers further study event . talk through your options with a careers consultant . ... London School of Economics and Political Science. Houghton Street. London. WC2A 2AE. UK . LSE is a private company limited by guarantee, registration number 70527. +44 (0)20 7405 7686.
MRes/PhD Finance
Tuition fees 2024/25 for MRes/PhD in Finance. Home students: £4,786 for the first year. Overseas students: £22,632 for the first year. The fee is likely to rise over subsequent years of the programme. The School charges home research students in line with the level of fee that the Research Councils recommend.
PhD programmes
PhD programmes LSE is one of the world's leading social science research and teaching centres. Student life at LSE is cosmopolitan and challenging. We're set at the heart of a major city and surrounded by some of the best facilities for studying to be found anywhere in the world. ... MPhil/PhD Environmental Economics; MPhil/PhD Environmental ...
Department of Economics
Welcome to the Department of Economics at LSE, one of the leading economics departments in the world. We are a large department, ensuring all mainstream areas of economics are strongly represented in research and teaching. ... LSE Economics PhD Applicant Mentoring Programme.
MRes/PhD in Economics and Management
The MRes/PhD in Economics and Management is part of a rigorous and interdisciplinary graduate training programme. It is designed to stimulate critical thinking and provide you with the training to conduct research to advance the frontier of applied Economics in the field of Managerial Economics, broadly defined to include topics from organisational economics to personnel economics, to ...
Study
Study. We offer a range of Bachelors and Masters degrees, as well as a structured doctoral training in economics. The size of the Department ensures that all main fields of economics are represented in the teaching programme, and our strengths in research and policy formation feed through to the teaching programme. Undergraduate. Taught Masters.
MSc Economics
Approximately one third of students proceed to PhD programmes at LSE or other leading universities. In recent years, our MSc in Economics students have been placed at MIT, Princeton, Stanford, Chicago, Columbia, Yale, NYU, Northwestern, Penn, MIT Sloan, UCLA, Wisconsin-Madison, Cornell and many other top PhD programmes around the world.
Available programmes 2024/5
Please check back for 2025/6 entry. Not running in 2024/5. Please check back for 2025/6 entry. Be sure to check the funding and application deadlines for your chosen programme on the individual programme page. Check the availability of Graduate programmes at LSE, including Diplomas, Masters, PhDs, Executive programmes and Dual Degrees.
The PhD journey
To make an application for a replacement MPhil or PhD LSE degree certificate, please submit an enquiry. ... London School of Economics and Political Science. Houghton Street. London. WC2A 2AE. UK . LSE is a private company limited by guarantee, registration number 70527. +44 (0)20 7405 7686. Campus map.
PhD programme
Our faculty are world-renowned for their research and teaching expertise. Innovative business thinking. Globally recognised research. Representing many different nationalities, our faculty influence business leaders, managers and policy makers across the world. Learn more about our world-leading faculty.
Research
Research - PhD Programme. We offer our PhD students a vibrant and supportive environment in a world-class centre for economic history research. The Department of Economic History is committed to an individualised and contextual review of each application to the MPhil/PhD Economic History programme. As one of the largest Economic History ...
The Economics PhD Applicant Mentoring Programme
AMP mentors are economics PhD students at Cambridge, LSE, Oxford, UCL, or Warwick who volunteer their time for AMP. They are able to answer questions about and provide advice on the application process. This may include writing a strong statement of purpose or research proposal, highlighting strengths and explaining weaknesses in the applicant ...
PhD Academy
London School of Economics and Political Science. Houghton Street. London. WC2A 2AE. UK . LSE is a private company limited by guarantee, registration number 70527.
PhD
A PhD at London Business School sets you on the path to an excellent academic career and a faculty position at a world-class business school or university. ... Economics PhD Programme . The unique Economics programme is designed around two key features - a small number of focused courses provided in areas in which the subject area specialises ...
PhD in Finance at LSE
PhD in Finance at LSE. Our PhD in Finance is unique in its integration of finance and economics. As one of the largest finance departments in the world, we are able to offer opportunities for research in virtually any field in finance. A PhD in Finance from LSE is highly regarded by employers, and our graduates move on to positions at world ...
Postgraduate Study
The most common form of taught postgraduate study is a master's course. They usually take one year to complete, involving a mix of lectures, seminars, self-study and practical work, and either lead to a Master of Science (MSc), Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. If you don't want or need to take a full ...
MSc admissions FAQs
MSc admissions FAQs. Information on the process of application and admission to MSc programmes offered by the Department of Economics - 2024/5 entry. Applications are processed centrally through the Graduate Admissions Office. All applicants are advised to read the prospectus pages for our individual MSc programmes starting in 2024/5; these can ...
PhD Programme in Financial Economics
Why choose us What makes us different: Unlike many PhD Programmes in finance, our programme has a full anchor in economics and econometrics. Hence, we offer a unique world-class environment that combines the best of a leading business school, located in Canary Wharf, the heart of London's modern financial district, and the tradition of economic research and teaching of the Department of ...
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Economics (331) Number of items at this level: 331. Farahzadi, Shadi (2024) Essays on marriage, migration, and integration. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science. Ningyuan, Jia (2024) Essays on trade and economic geography. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.
LSE Philosophy Prizes 2024
We are pleased to announce the winners of Popper Prize and The John Watkins Memorial Prize 2024. Lea Bourguignon has been awarded the Watkins Prize for her paper "On the Possibility of Act Contractualism" (Australasian Journal of Philosophy).. Lorenzo Sartori has been awarded the Popper Memorial Prize for his paper "Model Organisms as Scientific Representations" (the British Journal ...
The new cleavages of household employment participation in Europe
Growth in the number of women in employment has driven an overall rise in employment rates in Europe over the last four decades. In a relatively short space of time, the role of women in labour markets has shifted drastically from a predominant focus on unpaid household work to employment participation that is moving ever closer to men's.
Cindy Yang at London School of Economics
The classes at LSE were very intense and challenging. It took discipline and effort to keep up with the higher-level courses, and I explored new fields like Competition Law and International Relations. I'd advise the students to really enjoy their time in London because the year flew by so fast. LSE and London offer so many great things.
Department of Economics Welcomes Business and Policy Fellows
Chief Executive of the CBI, Rain brings extensive experience in economic policy and sustainability. Formerly Chief Economist at the CBI and a senior leader at Barclays, she has also worked with the Bank of England and the IMF. Rain holds degrees from LSE and Oxford University. Robin Nuttall, Business Fellow, McKinsey