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How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples
How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples
Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .
Example: Hypothesis
Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.
Table of contents
What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.
A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.
A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).
Variables in hypotheses
Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .
An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.
If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias will affect your results.
In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .
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Step 1. ask a question.
Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.
Step 2. Do some preliminary research
Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.
At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.
Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis
Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.
4. Refine your hypothesis
You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:
The relevant variables
The specific group being studied
The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways
To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.
In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.
If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.
6. Write a null hypothesis
If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .
H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.
Research question
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
What are the health benefits of eating an apple a day?
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of doctor’s visits.
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will have no effect on frequency of doctor’s visits.
Which airlines have the most delays?
Low-cost airlines are more likely to have delays than premium airlines.
Low-cost and premium airlines are equally likely to have delays.
Can flexible work arrangements improve job satisfaction?
Employees who have flexible working hours will report greater job satisfaction than employees who work fixed hours.
There is no relationship between working hour flexibility and job satisfaction.
How effective is high school sex education at reducing teen pregnancies?
Teenagers who received sex education lessons throughout high school will have lower rates of unplanned pregnancy teenagers who did not receive any sex education.
High school sex education has no effect on teen pregnancy rates.
What effect does daily use of social media have on the attention span of under-16s?
There is a negative between time spent on social media and attention span in under-16s.
There is no relationship between social media use and attention span in under-16s.
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility
Statistics
Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution
Research bias
Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias
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A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).
Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.
Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.
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McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 30, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/
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Where Kamala Harris Stands on the Issues: Abortion, Immigration and More
She wants to protect the right to abortion nationally. Here’s what else to know about her positions.
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By Maggie Astor
Published July 21, 2024 Updated Aug. 24, 2024
With Vice President Kamala Harris having replaced President Biden on the Democratic ticket, her stances on key issues will be scrutinized by both parties and the nation’s voters.
She has a long record in politics: as district attorney of San Francisco, as attorney general of California, as a senator, as a presidential candidate and as vice president.
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COMMENTS
hypothesis
오류를 보고하거나 개선을 제안하세요. 동의어: theory, thesis, supposition, assumption, presumption, 더 보기…. Korean 포럼에서 "hypothesis"과의 토론을 찾을 수 없습니다. ...itself an implausible hypothesis... - English Only forum. 'if + past perfect' for a future hypothesis. - English Only forum.
Translate "HYPOTHESIS" from English into Korean
hypothesis. (haɪpɒθɪsɪs ) Word forms: hypotheses. variable noun. A hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible explanation for a particular situation or condition, but which has not yet been proved to be correct. [formal] 가설. Work will now begin to test the hypothesis in rats. 그 가설을 쥐로 실험하기 위한 ...
Korean translation of 'hypothesis'
Korean Translation of "HYPOTHESIS" | The official Collins English-Korean Dictionary online. Over 100,000 Korean translations of English words and phrases.
How to say "Hypothesis" in Korean.
Ready to learn "Hypothesis" and 19 other words for Science Lab in Korean? Use the illustrations and pronunciations below to get started.
HYPOTHESIS
ice cream parlor. ice cream soda. ice pack. ice rink. Moreover, bab.la provides the English-Xhosa dictionary for more translations. Translation for 'hypothesis' in the free English-Korean dictionary and many other Korean translations.
HYPOTHESIS
hypothesis. hy‧poth‧e‧sis AC /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs ǁ -ˈpɔθ-/ [명] (복수형 hypotheses /-siːz/) 1 《C》 가설 = theory hypothesis that • the hypothesis that unemployment causes sickness 실업이 병을 유발한다는 가설 support / test / confirm a hypothesis 가설을 뒷받침하다[검증하다, 입증하다] a working ...
HYPOTHESIS
Select the synonym for: disappointed. content disheartened reeking recent. SYNONYMS. Select the synonym for: tasty. modern breezy up-to-date palatable. Your score: 한 곳에서 "HYPOTHESIS"에 대해 알아야 할 모든 것: 정의, 발음, 동의어, 문법적인 통찰, 문장구, 예문 및 번역.
hypothesis: 뜻과 사용법 살펴보기
hypothesis: 핵심 요약. hypothesis [haɪˈpɒθəsɪs] 제한된 증거를 기반으로 제안된 설명으로 추가 조사를 위한 출발점 역할을 합니다. 과학 연구에 자주 사용되며 실험을 통해 테스트할 수 있습니다. 예를 들면 '지구가 태양 주위를 돈다는 가설'과 '외계인이 존재한다는 ...
hypothesis 뜻
en hypothesising. 출처: 위키낱말사전. 에서 한국어 내부, 우리는 어떻게 설명 할hypothesis영어 단어 그것은? hypothesis영어 단어는 다음과 같은 의미를 한국어 :가설 가설 가설 (假說)은 현실적 조건에서는 증명하거나 검증하기 어려운 사물, 현상의 원인 또는 합법칙성에 ...
hypothesis » English
Translate hypothesis from English to Korean using Glosbe automatic translator that uses newest achievements in neural networks.
How do you say hypothesis in Korean?
Generic synonyms for hypothesis in Korean: opinion: 의견 (uigyeon) Words people are searching for today: moteliers, concierges, dicrotic_wave, creepingly, ...
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Korean Phonetic Database
CJKI's Korean Phonetic Database (KPD) provides IPA phonetic transcriptions that accurately indicate how Korean words are pronounced in actual speech.Each of the over 120,000 entries is accompanied by various phonological and grammatical attributes. The transcriptions accurately indicating the complex phonetic changes occurring as a result of pachim, in both romanized and IPA transcriptions.
Korean language
The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo, ... Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre-Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric) were once distributed on the Korean peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. [22]
Hypothesis Definition & Meaning
The meaning of HYPOTHESIS is an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument. How to use hypothesis in a sentence. The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory Synonym Discussion of Hypothesis.
hypothesis
hypothesis (plural hypotheses) ( sciences) Used loosely, a tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation, investigation and/or experimentation. As a scientific term of art, see the attached quotation. Compare to theory, and quotation given there.
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
What is another word for hypothesis
Synonyms for hypothesis include premise, proposition, theory, supposition, thesis, assumption, postulate, postulation, presupposition and surmise. Find more similar ...
hypothesis
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Related topics: Philosophy hypothesis hy‧poth‧e‧sis / haɪˈpɒθəsɪs $ -ˈpɑː-/ AWL noun (plural hypotheses /-siːz /) 1 [countable] RP IDEA an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true SYN theory One hypothesis is that the ...
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS meaning: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
HYPOTHESIS definition in American English
noun Word forms: plural -ses (-ˌsiːz ) 1. a suggested explanation for a group of facts or phenomena, either accepted as a basis for further verification ( working hypothesis) or accepted as likely to be true. Compare theory (sense 5) 2. an assumption used in an argument without its being endorsed; a supposition.
How to Write a Strong Hypothesis
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve.
HYPOTHESIS definition
HYPOTHESIS meaning: a suggested explanation for something that has not yet been proved to be true. Learn more.
Effects of Task Complexity on Chinese EFL Learners' Language Production
To investigate task design in CMC settings, task complexity research inspired by Robinson's (2001) Cognition Hypothesis has been extended to SCMC contexts. ... Kim (2020) examined the effects of +-elements and +-reasoning on L2 oral production of intermediate-level Korean undergraduates. The participants narrated a series of pictures.
Where Kamala Harris Stands on the Issues: Abortion, Immigration and
With Vice President Kamala Harris having replaced President Biden on the Democratic ticket, her stances on key issues will be scrutinized by both parties and the nation's voters.. She has a long ...
My Hero Academia: You're Next (2024)
My Hero Academia: You're Next: Directed by Tensai Okamura. With Kaito Ishikawa, Yûki Kaji, Kenta Miyake, Mamoru Miyano. Izuku Midoriya, a U.A. High School student who aspires to be the best hero he can be, confronts the villain who imitates the hero he once admired.
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COMMENTS
오류를 보고하거나 개선을 제안하세요. 동의어: theory, thesis, supposition, assumption, presumption, 더 보기…. Korean 포럼에서 "hypothesis"과의 토론을 찾을 수 없습니다. ...itself an implausible hypothesis... - English Only forum. 'if + past perfect' for a future hypothesis. - English Only forum.
hypothesis. (haɪpɒθɪsɪs ) Word forms: hypotheses. variable noun. A hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible explanation for a particular situation or condition, but which has not yet been proved to be correct. [formal] 가설. Work will now begin to test the hypothesis in rats. 그 가설을 쥐로 실험하기 위한 ...
Korean Translation of "HYPOTHESIS" | The official Collins English-Korean Dictionary online. Over 100,000 Korean translations of English words and phrases.
Ready to learn "Hypothesis" and 19 other words for Science Lab in Korean? Use the illustrations and pronunciations below to get started.
ice cream parlor. ice cream soda. ice pack. ice rink. Moreover, bab.la provides the English-Xhosa dictionary for more translations. Translation for 'hypothesis' in the free English-Korean dictionary and many other Korean translations.
hypothesis. hy‧poth‧e‧sis AC /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs ǁ -ˈpɔθ-/ [명] (복수형 hypotheses /-siːz/) 1 《C》 가설 = theory hypothesis that • the hypothesis that unemployment causes sickness 실업이 병을 유발한다는 가설 support / test / confirm a hypothesis 가설을 뒷받침하다[검증하다, 입증하다] a working ...
Select the synonym for: disappointed. content disheartened reeking recent. SYNONYMS. Select the synonym for: tasty. modern breezy up-to-date palatable. Your score: 한 곳에서 "HYPOTHESIS"에 대해 알아야 할 모든 것: 정의, 발음, 동의어, 문법적인 통찰, 문장구, 예문 및 번역.
hypothesis: 핵심 요약. hypothesis [haɪˈpɒθəsɪs] 제한된 증거를 기반으로 제안된 설명으로 추가 조사를 위한 출발점 역할을 합니다. 과학 연구에 자주 사용되며 실험을 통해 테스트할 수 있습니다. 예를 들면 '지구가 태양 주위를 돈다는 가설'과 '외계인이 존재한다는 ...
en hypothesising. 출처: 위키낱말사전. 에서 한국어 내부, 우리는 어떻게 설명 할hypothesis영어 단어 그것은? hypothesis영어 단어는 다음과 같은 의미를 한국어 :가설 가설 가설 (假說)은 현실적 조건에서는 증명하거나 검증하기 어려운 사물, 현상의 원인 또는 합법칙성에 ...
Translate hypothesis from English to Korean using Glosbe automatic translator that uses newest achievements in neural networks.
Generic synonyms for hypothesis in Korean: opinion: 의견 (uigyeon) Words people are searching for today: moteliers, concierges, dicrotic_wave, creepingly, ...
Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.
CJKI's Korean Phonetic Database (KPD) provides IPA phonetic transcriptions that accurately indicate how Korean words are pronounced in actual speech.Each of the over 120,000 entries is accompanied by various phonological and grammatical attributes. The transcriptions accurately indicating the complex phonetic changes occurring as a result of pachim, in both romanized and IPA transcriptions.
The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo, ... Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre-Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric) were once distributed on the Korean peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. [22]
The meaning of HYPOTHESIS is an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument. How to use hypothesis in a sentence. The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory Synonym Discussion of Hypothesis.
hypothesis (plural hypotheses) ( sciences) Used loosely, a tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation, investigation and/or experimentation. As a scientific term of art, see the attached quotation. Compare to theory, and quotation given there.
HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
Synonyms for hypothesis include premise, proposition, theory, supposition, thesis, assumption, postulate, postulation, presupposition and surmise. Find more similar ...
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Related topics: Philosophy hypothesis hy‧poth‧e‧sis / haɪˈpɒθəsɪs $ -ˈpɑː-/ AWL noun (plural hypotheses /-siːz /) 1 [countable] RP IDEA an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true SYN theory One hypothesis is that the ...
HYPOTHESIS meaning: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
noun Word forms: plural -ses (-ˌsiːz ) 1. a suggested explanation for a group of facts or phenomena, either accepted as a basis for further verification ( working hypothesis) or accepted as likely to be true. Compare theory (sense 5) 2. an assumption used in an argument without its being endorsed; a supposition.
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve.
HYPOTHESIS meaning: a suggested explanation for something that has not yet been proved to be true. Learn more.
To investigate task design in CMC settings, task complexity research inspired by Robinson's (2001) Cognition Hypothesis has been extended to SCMC contexts. ... Kim (2020) examined the effects of +-elements and +-reasoning on L2 oral production of intermediate-level Korean undergraduates. The participants narrated a series of pictures.
With Vice President Kamala Harris having replaced President Biden on the Democratic ticket, her stances on key issues will be scrutinized by both parties and the nation's voters.. She has a long ...
My Hero Academia: You're Next: Directed by Tensai Okamura. With Kaito Ishikawa, Yûki Kaji, Kenta Miyake, Mamoru Miyano. Izuku Midoriya, a U.A. High School student who aspires to be the best hero he can be, confronts the villain who imitates the hero he once admired.