organizational structures essay

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9.3 Organizing Your Writing

Learning objectives.

Understand how and why organizational techniques help writers and readers stay focused.
Assess how and when to use chronological order to organize an essay.
Recognize how and when to use order of importance to organize an essay.
Determine how and when to use spatial order to organize an essay.

The method of organization you choose for your essay is just as important as its content. Without a clear organizational pattern, your reader could become confused and lose interest. The way you structure your essay helps your readers draw connections between the body and the thesis, and the structure also keeps you focused as you plan and write the essay. Choosing your organizational pattern before you outline ensures that each body paragraph works to support and develop your thesis.

This section covers three ways to organize body paragraphs:

Chronological order
Order of importance
Spatial order

When you begin to draft your essay, your ideas may seem to flow from your mind in a seemingly random manner. Your readers, who bring to the table different backgrounds, viewpoints, and ideas, need you to clearly organize these ideas in order to help process and accept them.

A solid organizational pattern gives your ideas a path that you can follow as you develop your draft. Knowing how you will organize your paragraphs allows you to better express and analyze your thoughts. Planning the structure of your essay before you choose supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and targeted research.

Chronological Order

In Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , you learned that chronological arrangement has the following purposes:

To explain the history of an event or a topic
To tell a story or relate an experience
To explain how to do or to make something
To explain the steps in a process

Chronological order is mostly used in expository writing , which is a form of writing that narrates, describes, informs, or explains a process. When using chronological order, arrange the events in the order that they actually happened, or will happen if you are giving instructions. This method requires you to use words such as first , second , then , after that , later , and finally . These transition words guide you and your reader through the paper as you expand your thesis.

For example, if you are writing an essay about the history of the airline industry, you would begin with its conception and detail the essential timeline events up until present day. You would follow the chain of events using words such as first , then , next , and so on.

Writing at Work

At some point in your career you may have to file a complaint with your human resources department. Using chronological order is a useful tool in describing the events that led up to your filing the grievance. You would logically lay out the events in the order that they occurred using the key transition words. The more logical your complaint, the more likely you will be well received and helped.

Choose an accomplishment you have achieved in your life. The important moment could be in sports, schooling, or extracurricular activities. On your own sheet of paper, list the steps you took to reach your goal. Try to be as specific as possible with the steps you took. Pay attention to using transition words to focus your writing.

Keep in mind that chronological order is most appropriate for the following purposes:

Writing essays containing heavy research
Writing essays with the aim of listing, explaining, or narrating
Writing essays that analyze literary works such as poems, plays, or books

When using chronological order, your introduction should indicate the information you will cover and in what order, and the introduction should also establish the relevance of the information. Your body paragraphs should then provide clear divisions or steps in chronology. You can divide your paragraphs by time (such as decades, wars, or other historical events) or by the same structure of the work you are examining (such as a line-by-line explication of a poem).

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that describes a process you are familiar with and can do well. Assume that your reader is unfamiliar with the procedure. Remember to use the chronological key words, such as first , second , then , and finally .

Order of Importance

Recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” that order of importance is best used for the following purposes:

Persuading and convincing
Ranking items by their importance, benefit, or significance
Illustrating a situation, problem, or solution

Most essays move from the least to the most important point, and the paragraphs are arranged in an effort to build the essay’s strength. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to begin with your most important supporting point, such as in an essay that contains a thesis that is highly debatable. When writing a persuasive essay, it is best to begin with the most important point because it immediately captivates your readers and compels them to continue reading.

For example, if you were supporting your thesis that homework is detrimental to the education of high school students, you would want to present your most convincing argument first, and then move on to the less important points for your case.

Some key transitional words you should use with this method of organization are most importantly , almost as importantly , just as importantly , and finally .

During your career, you may be required to work on a team that devises a strategy for a specific goal of your company, such as increasing profits. When planning your strategy you should organize your steps in order of importance. This demonstrates the ability to prioritize and plan. Using the order of importance technique also shows that you can create a resolution with logical steps for accomplishing a common goal.

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that discusses a passion of yours. Your passion could be music, a particular sport, filmmaking, and so on. Your paragraph should be built upon the reasons why you feel so strongly. Briefly discuss your reasons in the order of least to greatest importance.

Spatial Order

As stated in Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , spatial order is best used for the following purposes:

Helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it
Evoking a scene using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound)
Writing a descriptive essay

Spatial order means that you explain or describe objects as they are arranged around you in your space, for example in a bedroom. As the writer, you create a picture for your reader, and their perspective is the viewpoint from which you describe what is around you.

The view must move in an orderly, logical progression, giving the reader clear directional signals to follow from place to place. The key to using this method is to choose a specific starting point and then guide the reader to follow your eye as it moves in an orderly trajectory from your starting point.

Pay attention to the following student’s description of her bedroom and how she guides the reader through the viewing process, foot by foot.

Attached to my bedroom wall is a small wooden rack dangling with red and turquoise necklaces that shimmer as you enter. Just to the right of the rack is my window, framed by billowy white curtains. The peace of such an image is a stark contrast to my desk, which sits to the right of the window, layered in textbooks, crumpled papers, coffee cups, and an overflowing ashtray. Turning my head to the right, I see a set of two bare windows that frame the trees outside the glass like a 3D painting. Below the windows is an oak chest from which blankets and scarves are protruding. Against the wall opposite the billowy curtains is an antique dresser, on top of which sits a jewelry box and a few picture frames. A tall mirror attached to the dresser takes up most of the wall, which is the color of lavender.

The paragraph incorporates two objectives you have learned in this chapter: using an implied topic sentence and applying spatial order. Often in a descriptive essay, the two work together.

The following are possible transition words to include when using spatial order:

Just to the left or just to the right
On the left or on the right
Across from
A little further down
To the south, to the east, and so on
A few yards away
Turning left or turning right

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph using spatial order that describes your commute to work, school, or another location you visit often.

Collaboration

Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Key Takeaways

The way you organize your body paragraphs ensures you and your readers stay focused on and draw connections to, your thesis statement.
A strong organizational pattern allows you to articulate, analyze, and clarify your thoughts.
Planning the organizational structure for your essay before you begin to search for supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and directed research.
Chronological order is most commonly used in expository writing. It is useful for explaining the history of your subject, for telling a story, or for explaining a process.
Order of importance is most appropriate in a persuasion paper as well as for essays in which you rank things, people, or events by their significance.
Spatial order describes things as they are arranged in space and is best for helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it; it creates a dominant impression.

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The Importance of Organizational Design and Structure

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Knowledge Base

Organizational tips for academic essays

Published on November 10, 2014 by Shane Bryson . Revised on August 9, 2024.

This article presents some tips to help you figure out how best to structure your essay .

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Four tips for organization, other interesting articles.

In general, the purpose of the essay should dictate the organization of the essay—ask yourself what claims you need to establish in order for your reader to believe that your main claim is right. The claims that help establish your main claim are called “supporting claims.”

In many cases, each supporting claim will get a paragraph. When you’re outlining, try to phrase these supporting claims as rough topic sentences . In some cases, these supporting claims will also require some argument in order for your reader to believe them. If this happens, consider adding an additional argument or two in separate paragraphs to help establish your supporting claim.

Once you get a sense of the supporting claims that will form the basis of your paragraphs , consider the following tips:

Arguments usually proceed from the simplest claim to the most complex

In other words, the body of a good argumentative essay often begins with the more simple and widely accepted claims, and then moves to the more complex and contentious ones. There are a couple of reasons for this:

Often, a reader must understand the more basic claims before she can understand the more complex claims.
If you begin with a point your readers agree on without much trouble, you can build on this agreement to convince them of something more contentious.

Give the background early

If you have so much background information that it cannot be given precisely enough in the introduction , this information will usually lead the body of the essay , or the section that it is relevant to.

Define terms as needed

Technical language should be defined as or before it’s used—never wait very long to define a term you’ve used:

If you can, define your terms as you use them.
If you have so much technical language that defining terms as you use them is too interruptive, take a paragraph or so to define the terms and show how they relate to each other.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Organizing Your Argument

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How can I effectively present my argument?

In order for your argument to be persuasive, it must use an organizational structure that the audience perceives as both logical and easy to parse. Three argumentative methods —the Toulmin Method , Classical Method , and Rogerian Method — give guidance for how to organize the points in an argument.

Note that these are only three of the most popular models for organizing an argument. Alternatives exist. Be sure to consult your instructor and/or defer to your assignment’s directions if you’re unsure which to use (if any).

Toulmin Method

The Toulmin Method is a formula that allows writers to build a sturdy logical foundation for their arguments. First proposed by author Stephen Toulmin in The Uses of Argument (1958), the Toulmin Method emphasizes building a thorough support structure for each of an argument's key claims.

The basic format for the Toulmin Method is as follows:

Claim: In this section, you explain your overall thesis on the subject. In other words, you make your main argument.

Data (Grounds): You should use evidence to support the claim. In other words, provide the reader with facts that prove your argument is strong.

Warrant (Bridge): In this section, you explain why or how your data supports the claim. As a result, the underlying assumption that you build your argument on is grounded in reason.

Backing (Foundation): Here, you provide any additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant.

Counterclaim: You should anticipate a counterclaim that negates the main points in your argument. Don't avoid arguments that oppose your own. Instead, become familiar with the opposing perspective. If you respond to counterclaims, you appear unbiased (and, therefore, you earn the respect of your readers). You may even want to include several counterclaims to show that you have thoroughly researched the topic.

Rebuttal: In this section, you incorporate your own evidence that disagrees with the counterclaim. It is essential to include a thorough warrant or bridge to strengthen your essay’s argument. If you present data to your audience without explaining how it supports your thesis, your readers may not make a connection between the two, or they may draw different conclusions.

Example of the Toulmin Method:

Claim: Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution.

Data1: Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air-polluting activity.

Warrant 1: Due to the fact that cars are the largest source of private (as opposed to industrial) air pollution, switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting pollution.

Data 2: Each vehicle produced is going to stay on the road for roughly 12 to 15 years.

Warrant 2: Cars generally have a long lifespan, meaning that the decision to switch to a hybrid car will make a long-term impact on pollution levels.

Data 3: Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with a battery-powered electric motor.

Warrant 3: The combination of these technologies produces less pollution.

Counterclaim: Instead of focusing on cars, which still encourages an inefficient culture of driving even as it cuts down on pollution, the nation should focus on building and encouraging the use of mass transit systems.

Rebuttal: While mass transit is an idea that should be encouraged, it is not feasible in many rural and suburban areas, or for people who must commute to work. Thus, hybrid cars are a better solution for much of the nation's population.

Rogerian Method

The Rogerian Method (named for, but not developed by, influential American psychotherapist Carl R. Rogers) is a popular method for controversial issues. This strategy seeks to find a common ground between parties by making the audience understand perspectives that stretch beyond (or even run counter to) the writer’s position. Moreso than other methods, it places an emphasis on reiterating an opponent's argument to his or her satisfaction. The persuasive power of the Rogerian Method lies in its ability to define the terms of the argument in such a way that:

your position seems like a reasonable compromise.
you seem compassionate and empathetic.

The basic format of the Rogerian Method is as follows:

Introduction: Introduce the issue to the audience, striving to remain as objective as possible.

Opposing View : Explain the other side’s position in an unbiased way. When you discuss the counterargument without judgement, the opposing side can see how you do not directly dismiss perspectives which conflict with your stance.

Statement of Validity (Understanding): This section discusses how you acknowledge how the other side’s points can be valid under certain circumstances. You identify how and why their perspective makes sense in a specific context, but still present your own argument.

Statement of Your Position: By this point, you have demonstrated that you understand the other side’s viewpoint. In this section, you explain your own stance.

Statement of Contexts : Explore scenarios in which your position has merit. When you explain how your argument is most appropriate for certain contexts, the reader can recognize that you acknowledge the multiple ways to view the complex issue.

Statement of Benefits: You should conclude by explaining to the opposing side why they would benefit from accepting your position. By explaining the advantages of your argument, you close on a positive note without completely dismissing the other side’s perspective.

Example of the Rogerian Method:

Introduction: The issue of whether children should wear school uniforms is subject to some debate.

Opposing View: Some parents think that requiring children to wear uniforms is best.

Statement of Validity (Understanding): Those parents who support uniforms argue that, when all students wear the same uniform, the students can develop a unified sense of school pride and inclusiveness.

Statement of Your Position : Students should not be required to wear school uniforms. Mandatory uniforms would forbid choices that allow students to be creative and express themselves through clothing.

Statement of Contexts: However, even if uniforms might hypothetically promote inclusivity, in most real-life contexts, administrators can use uniform policies to enforce conformity. Students should have the option to explore their identity through clothing without the fear of being ostracized.

Statement of Benefits: Though both sides seek to promote students' best interests, students should not be required to wear school uniforms. By giving students freedom over their choice, students can explore their self-identity by choosing how to present themselves to their peers.

Classical Method

The Classical Method of structuring an argument is another common way to organize your points. Originally devised by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (and then later developed by Roman thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian), classical arguments tend to focus on issues of definition and the careful application of evidence. Thus, the underlying assumption of classical argumentation is that, when all parties understand the issue perfectly, the correct course of action will be clear.

The basic format of the Classical Method is as follows:

Introduction (Exordium): Introduce the issue and explain its significance. You should also establish your credibility and the topic’s legitimacy.

Statement of Background (Narratio): Present vital contextual or historical information to the audience to further their understanding of the issue. By doing so, you provide the reader with a working knowledge about the topic independent of your own stance.

Proposition (Propositio): After you provide the reader with contextual knowledge, you are ready to state your claims which relate to the information you have provided previously. This section outlines your major points for the reader.

Proof (Confirmatio): You should explain your reasons and evidence to the reader. Be sure to thoroughly justify your reasons. In this section, if necessary, you can provide supplementary evidence and subpoints.

Refutation (Refuatio): In this section, you address anticipated counterarguments that disagree with your thesis. Though you acknowledge the other side’s perspective, it is important to prove why your stance is more logical.

Conclusion (Peroratio): You should summarize your main points. The conclusion also caters to the reader’s emotions and values. The use of pathos here makes the reader more inclined to consider your argument.

Example of the Classical Method:

Introduction (Exordium): Millions of workers are paid a set hourly wage nationwide. The federal minimum wage is standardized to protect workers from being paid too little. Research points to many viewpoints on how much to pay these workers. Some families cannot afford to support their households on the current wages provided for performing a minimum wage job .

Statement of Background (Narratio): Currently, millions of American workers struggle to make ends meet on a minimum wage. This puts a strain on workers’ personal and professional lives. Some work multiple jobs to provide for their families.

Proposition (Propositio): The current federal minimum wage should be increased to better accommodate millions of overworked Americans. By raising the minimum wage, workers can spend more time cultivating their livelihoods.

Proof (Confirmatio): According to the United States Department of Labor, 80.4 million Americans work for an hourly wage, but nearly 1.3 million receive wages less than the federal minimum. The pay raise will alleviate the stress of these workers. Their lives would benefit from this raise because it affects multiple areas of their lives.

Refutation (Refuatio): There is some evidence that raising the federal wage might increase the cost of living. However, other evidence contradicts this or suggests that the increase would not be great. Additionally, worries about a cost of living increase must be balanced with the benefits of providing necessary funds to millions of hardworking Americans.

Conclusion (Peroratio): If the federal minimum wage was raised, many workers could alleviate some of their financial burdens. As a result, their emotional wellbeing would improve overall. Though some argue that the cost of living could increase, the benefits outweigh the potential drawbacks.

Module 6: The Writing Process

Essay organization, learning objectives.

Examine the basic organization of traditional essays

What are some ways that you can organize your essays in college. One standard structure for expository essays is to offer the main idea or assertion early in the essay, and then offer categories of support.

One way to think about this standard structure is to compare it to a courtroom argument in a television drama. The lawyer asserts, “My client is not guilty.” Then the lawyer provides different reasons for lack of guilt: no physical evidence placing the client at the crime scene, client had no motive for the crime, and more.

In writing terms, the assertion is the thesis sentence , and the different reasons are the topic sentences . Consider this following example:

Topic Sentence (reason) #1: Workers need to learn how to deal with change.
Topic Sentence (reason) #2: Because of dealing with such a rapidly changing work environment, 21st-century workers need to learn how to learn.
Topic Sentence (reason) #3: Most of all, in order to negotiate rapid change and learning, workers in the 21st century need good communication skills.

As you can see, the supporting ideas in an essay develop out of the main assertion or argument in the thesis sentence.

The structural organization of an essay will vary, depending on the type of writing task you’ve been assigned, but they generally follow this basic structure: The thesis and the topic sentences are all concerned with workers and what they need for the workforce.

Introduction

The introduction provides the reader with context about your topic. You may be familiar with the cliché about how first impressions are important. This is true in writing as well, and you can think of your introduction as that first impression. The goal is to engage the readers, so they want to read on. Sometimes this involves giving an example, telling a story or narrative, asking a question, or building up the situation. The introduction should almost always include the thesis statement.

Body Paragraphs

The body of the essay is separated into paragraphs. Each paragraph usually covers a single claim or argues a single point, expanding on what was introduced in the thesis statement. For example, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, the two main causes of schizophrenia are genetic and environmental. Thus, if you were writing about the causes of schizophrenia, then you would have a body paragraph on genetic causes of schizophrenia and a body paragraph on the environmental causes.

A body paragraph usually includes the following:

Topic sentence that identifies the topic for the paragraph
Several sentences that describe and support the topic sentence

Figure 1 . College instructors require more than just “the end” at the close of a paper. Take the time to revisit your thesis statement, bringing all of your claims and evidences together in your conclusion.

Remember that information from outside sources should be placed in the middle of the paragraph and not at the beginning or the end of the paragraph so that you have time to introduce and explain the outside content
Quotation marks placed around any information taken verbatim (word for word) from the source
Summary sentence(s) that draws conclusions from the evidence
Transitions or bridge sentences between paragraphs.

If you began with a story, draw final conclusions from that story in your conclusion. If you began with a question, refer back to the question and be sure to provide the answer.

A concluding paragraph:

summarizes final conclusions from the key points
provides a brief comment on the evidence provided in the paper
ties in the introduction
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Essay Structure. Authored by : Marianne Botos, Lynn McClelland, Stephanie Polliard, Pamela Osback . Located at : https://pvccenglish.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/eng-101-inside-pages-proof2-no-pro.pdf . Project : Horse of a Different Color: English Composition and Rhetoric . License : CC BY: Attribution
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Home — Essay Samples — Business — Organizational Structure — Organizational Structure: Types and Efficiency

Organizational Structure: Types and Efficiency

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Organization Strategies

One important aspect that is often overlooked in the writing process is the structure and order that ideas will appear in the paper. Depending on what you will be writing, there are different organizational structures that may strengthen or weaken your writing based on which you select. This page is designed to give an over view of different organization patterns that are explored in depth in other handouts linked below.

So you’ve picked your topic, you’ve brainstormed, you’ve researched, and you’re ready to write. How do you decide how to organize your information into paragraphs? Every paper is going to be different, and every topic will likely have a preferred mode of organization. We have described three main categories: Logical , Chronological , and Hierarchical . Check out the linked pages for more information to select the structure that best fits your writing!

NOTE: While all these structures have examples, not every single organizational structure is covered in depth. We have reviewed some of the more common organization structures in UIS’s academic context, but other structures like classification/division, definition, and description are not expanded upon in detail.

When the points need to be explained in a particular order to logically move from one to the next to make sense, organizing according to that logical progression will lend your paper clarity and credibility. For example, if you have to write a problem/solution essay, it is helpful to first learn about the problem (causes, scope, consequences) before outlining a solution (implementation, feasibility, gains). On the Logical Organization Strategies page, structures like cause and effect , compare and contrast , problem/solution , and process are described further in depth with examples.

Chronological

Sometimes, you will have a topic that needs to be organized in chronological order. If you’re writing a biography of a person or detailing a historical event or period of time, you likely should write about those things from their earliest point to their latest point in time. However, these events can become confusing especially in narrative writing. In the Chronological Organization Strategies handout, these structures are described with examples to show how to prevent your reader from becoming lost in your writing.

Hierarchical

Some topics don’t have a linear, logical, or Point A to Point B organization at hand to use for your paper. In those cases, you can organize your body paragraphs according to value. You can follow this organization style in two ways: low to high or high to low . The Hierarchical Organization Strategies handout demonstrates how these progressions work with sample writing.

Essay on Organizational Structures

An organization’s organizational structure provides the framework for running and planning its activities. The hierarchy, organizational structure, and channels for communication and decision-making make up an organization (“ Organizational Structure ,” 2012). An organization’s performance and capacity to adapt to environmental changes are impacted by its organizational structure. This essay will contrast the benefits and drawbacks of mechanical and organic organizational structures. The gauge, discover, and reflect framework will also be covered.

Mechanistic Structure

The conventional method of organizational design is the mechanical structure. A hierarchical structure with distinct lines of authority and control characterizes it. It is an extremely organized, centralized process in which tasks are divided into distinct roles and responsibilities. The mechanical structure is ideal for organizations with a highly specialized workforce because it emphasizes efficiency and control.

Efficiency: Mechanistic structures divide work into manageable, efficiently completed components to maximize efficiency and productivity, making it possible to make decisions quickly and help prevent wasting time on useless pursuits. A system in place enables tasks to be completed quickly and efficiently, increasing the organization’s overall effectiveness. It also ensures that resources are used as effectively as possible and that the final product is of the highest caliber.

Control: By giving one person or group complete control and decision-making power, an organization can have much control over its actions, enabling the adoption of strict standards and the upkeep of output consistency. This structure ensures that those in charge can more effectively implement their vision and goals because decisions are made from the top down (“ Organizational Structure ,” 2012). Mechanistic structures help ensure the organization’s success.

Stability: Mechanistic structures are highly organized and structured, giving the organization a higher level of stability. As a result, they are less susceptible to disturbances and changes from the outside world, which enables the organization to maintain stability and consistency. Due to its structural design, the organization is protected from outside influences and disruption to the greatest extent possible. This stability enables the organization to carry on operating without the need for significant modifications or changes.

Disadvantages

Rigidity: Mechanistic structures are rigid and highly structured, and they can be challenging to alter or adapt to changing conditions. As a result, the company might become inert and need help to seize fresh opportunities.

Inefficiency: If the structures are appropriately managed, they may result in efficiency. Tasks not broken down into manageable parts may take longer than necessary and require more departmental coordination.

Lack of Innovation: Organizational structures may need more innovation by making the company too committed to upholding the status quo and closed to novel concepts, potentially leading to a lack of creativity and making it harder for the company to remain competitive.

Organic Structure

An alternative to the mechanical structure is the organic structure. A decentralized structure with adaptable roles and responsibilities best describes it. It is a flexible strategy emphasizing employee innovation and creativity (“ Organizational Structure ,” 2012). The organic structure prioritizes cooperation and teamwork and is ideal for businesses demanding innovation.

Flexibility: Organic structures are designed to be more flexible, allowing for greater autonomy and creativity and enabling the organization to quickly adapt to changing circumstances and take advantage of new opportunities.

Innovation: Greater innovation can result from organic organizational structures because they are more flexible and unrestricted by strict rules and regulations. Greater creativity may result from this, supporting the company’s ability to compete.

Collaboration: Roles and responsibilities need to be more clearly defined in organic structures, which can increase departmental collaboration. Increased communication and problem-solving may result from this.

Inefficiency: If organic structures are appropriately managed, they can result in efficiency. With clearly defined roles and responsibilities, tasks might be finished on time, and departmental coordination might improve.

Lack of Control: Organic organizational structures can lack control because they are less centralized and less concerned with upholding the status quo. This results in inconsistent output and a lack of organization-wide discipline.

Uncertainty: There may be uncertainty as the organization needs to be more structured and unpredictable with organic structures, resulting in the absence of predictability and making it challenging to make long-term plans.

Gauge, Discover, and Reflect Framework

The gauge, discover and reflect framework creates an effective organizational structure. Three steps make up the procedure: gauge, discover, and reflect. Organizations assess their current environment and gain an understanding of their current situation in the first step (“ Organizational Structure ,” 2012). Organizations identify the ideal situation and plan to get there in the second step. Organizations review their progress in the third step and make any necessary modifications.

The gauge, discover and reflect framework’s primary benefit is its future-oriented approach. Organizations can use the process to plan and create strategies to reach their objectives. The process also encourages organizations to evaluate their performance and adjust as necessary, encouraging ongoing development and keeping businesses on course.

The main disadvantage of the gauge, discover and reflect framework is its complexity. The process requires significant time and resources and may not be feasible for smaller organizations. The process also requires organizations to clearly understand their current situation and desired state, which can take time.

Organizational Chart

A sample organizational chart for a Pharmaceutical Company with a Functional Departmentalization Structure is shown in Figure 7.6. An overview of the Pharmaceutical organization’s structure, including its hierarchy and lines of authority, is given in this chart. The organization’s three primary levels comprise the board of directors, senior management, mid-management, and line management (“ Organizational Structure ,” 2012). Each level contributes to the organization’s success and has distinct roles and responsibilities.

A hospital organizational chart is shown in Figure 7.7. This diagram gives a broad overview of the hospital’s organizational structure, including its hierarchies and power relationships. The organization’s four primary levels are the Board of Directors, the Medical Director, the Nursing Director, and the Clinical Staff (“ Organizational Structure ,” 2012). Each level has specific tasks and obligations, and they all work together to make the hospital successful.

Any organization must have a clear organizational structure. Performance and the organization’s capacity to adapt to environmental changes are impacted. This essay has contrasted the benefits and drawbacks of mechanical and organic organizational structures. The gauge, discover, and reflect framework has also been covered. Finally, two examples of organizational charts have been given, one for a hospital and the other for a school district. To ensure their success, organizations must carefully consider their organizational structure.

Organizational Structure . (2012). 2012books.lardbucket.org. https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/management-principles-v1.1/s11-02-organizational-structure.html

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151 Organizational Structure Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best organizational structure topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on organizational structure, 🥇 most interesting organizational structure topics to write about, ✍️ organizational structure topics for college, ❓ research questions on organizational structure.

Ford Organizational Structure Report (Assessment) The structure of the Ford Motors Company has the Chairman at the apex followed by the President-cum-CEO-cum-Director, then followed by the Executive Vice President.
Organizational Structure of Nokia Nokia is an international phone company that is currently leading in the phone segment of the electronic market in the world; the company’s organizational structure has enabled it to command the success it has attained.
MAC Cosmetics Business Plan Case Study The business strategies and founding principles of MAC are extremely simple yet very effective in terms of contributing to the success of the company.
The Nestle Organizational Structure Case Study This system called for a change in the way employees related with management and vice versa which necessitated a change in the organizational structure of the company.
Adidas Company Organizational Structure An organizational structure is a framework that specifies how various operations within an enterprise are coordinated to meet its objectives. Joseph and Gaba (2020) enumerated that these operations may include regulations, positions, and obligations. Additionally, the management chart impacts how information moves between firm levels. In a centralized system, for instance, choices flow from the […]
Advantages and Disadvantages of Formalization in Organizational Structure Essay One of the key advantages of formalization is the fact that formal organization have easy to fathom leadership structures that are placed in concert by the given rules and regulations thereby eliminating the question of […]
The Organizational Structure in Kraft Foods Group It is imperative to note that the organization structure is the one that influences communication within the organization. One of the secrets to the organization’s success is the depth and quality of its employees.
Siemens Company’s Internal Organizational Structure Also, the topics discussed within the frame of the assignment include the structure of the organization and signs indicating that it is a bureaucracy.
Hewlett-Packard Firm’s Organizational Structure The company’s current CEO is Enrique Lores and the CFO is Marie Myers. This aspect emphasizes that he is trying to develop and maintain a certain vision in the company.
Toyota’s Organizational Structure Throughout its entire market history, Toyota Corporation has been referred to as the flagship of the automobile industry due to the genuine quality of its produce.
Boeing Company Organizational Structure One can argue that the operations of the company can be viewed as the main force that determines the organizational structure of this company. This is one of the issues that can be distinguished.
Organizational Structure: W.L. Gore & Associates It can be stated that the main factor in the formation of organizational structures is the desire to control the production and the manufacturing process, the division of labour, and the occurrence of management functions.
Organizational Structure and Behavioral Implications The functional structure of an organization is developed in such a way that every section of it is grouped on the basis of functions and tasks that it performs.
Uniqlo Organizational Structure Evaluation Essay The commitment of the UK government to enhance the country’s economic recovery is likely to improve the consumer’s purchasing power and this trend is likely to lead to improvement in Uniqlos’ sales volume in the […]
General Motors Company’s Organizational Structure The organizational structure of an entity is a critical aspect of management. In Europe, the GM subsidiary now adopts this structure to complement the overall structure of the organization.
Mechanistic vs. Organic Organizational Structure Formalization of an organization can be defined as the degree by which it relies on the procedures and the rules which monitor the behavior of the employees.
Bombas Firm’s Organizational Structure and Culture The company has taken the route of giving back as an essential principle of its culture and mission, engaging in charity work and encouraging employees to be proactive in helping and supporting needy people. Thus, […]
Divisional Organizational Structure: Pros and Cons The divisional structure, also known as the decentralized one, improves the motivation of employees and control of operations in different locations.
Thika Road Project Organizational Structure To attain project goals and objectives, the project management team needs to be constituted in the right for the benefit of the entire project.
Microsoft Corporation’s Organizational Structure The aim of this paper is to analyze Microsoft Corporation, the agency problems facing the company, its job design and compensation packages to its executives and the employees.
Organizational Structures The rationale for choosing this type of organizational structure for the company 1 is that each of the workers in this company has a specific task to perform depending on the specialization.
A Church’s Organizational Structure and Behavior These systems contribute to the wellbeing of the society through various means, for example, they bring together resources in order to accomplish a society’s needs, help to facilitate innovation, they facilitate easy accommodation of ongoing […]
Walmart Organizational Structure There are a total of 41 Walmart regions, each with it’s own Regional Vice-President who works out of Bentonville.
Lack of Organizational Structure in Business Management, its Causes and Possible Solutions Organizational structure can be defined as the manner in which a company allocates its management responsibilities and how different activities are coordinated within the firm.
Walmart Company Organizational Design and Structure The Chief Executive Officer and the representatives of the annual shareholders general meeting are responsible for making strategic decisions in the organization, which are then implemented by the board of directors.
Samsung Group: Organizational Structure Samsung Group is one of the leading companies in the global electronics industry. Samsung began to market its diverse products to different consumers in every part of the world.
Matrix Organizational Structure The unit managers may in some instances report to the vice president who in turn reports to the president or the chief executive officer.
Consulting Business: Organizational Structure Organizational structure can have a significant influence on the effectiveness of the consulting business. The drawback of this structure is that misunderstanding between team members may hinder projects.
Preferred Organizational Structure: Functional Organizational Structure One of the vital advantages of the functional organizational structure is the fact that functions are run on the basis of expertise, which allows for maximum productivity of each individual because they are engaging in […]
Volkswagen Company: Applying Organizational Structure The strained relationship between the CEO, Martin Winterkorn, and the chairman of the board revealed the managerial challenges affecting the corporation.
Organizational Structure and Departmentalization By examining a company’s size, values, product, markets, and customers, one can understand how and why a particular type of departmentalization has developed in a company.
McDonald’s Burger: Evaluating Organizational Structure The organizational structure is influenced by the objectives of the company and tailored by its marketing strategy.
Organic and Mechanistic Organizational Structures In this regard, a bureaucratic organizational structure is viewed as a network of tasks and not people, as is the case in an organic organizational structure.
Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure The top bracket in the chain of command consists of the five company board of directors who report to the chairman of the company.
Organizational Structure at Starbucks Starbucks’ Organizational Structure Intense competition has forced the company to adopt and implement organizational structure to allow it respond more quickly to rapid changes in the business environment.
Freshii: Flat Organizational Structure By giving employees a share in the company the heads of departments and CEO ensure their effectiveness. Franchises of Freshii are interested in making big profit because they are a business organization, therefore they guarantee […]
Nursing Rehabilitation Center Organizational Structure At the top of the organizational structure is the owner who has the full control of the facility. The nursing director takes care of the nurses and the nursing services in the facility.
Company Profile and Organizational Structure Vermont Teddy Bear In the customer relationship management paradigm, the management of customer data in eCommerce is necessary, and this is facilitated by the creation and adherence to distinct IT policies. In support of the VTB, the role […]
Coca-Cola’s, Nestle’s, Toyota’s Organizational Structure Coca-Cola is the name of one of the best products of the business and the most popular, giving the company its brand name.
Air Canada’s Organizational Structure: A Case Study Background & statement of the problems/issues The company in the case study is Air Canada, involved in air travel. Increased competition in the airline industry has been a serious problem to the operations of Air […]
Pfizer Company: Organizational Structure It is based on the principle of double subordination of performers: on the one hand, to the direct head of the active service, on the other hand, to the project manager.
Public Transport Organization: Functional Organizational Structure Apple is one of the companies that has used the functional organizational structure and has managed to become one of the most innovative firms around the world.
Starbucks Coffee’s Organizational Structure and Its Characteristics The first aspect of Starbucks’ policies is related to the people working for the company since the management put much effort into the improvement of their situation.
Human Service Organizations, Structures, Processes The organization is a state agency that builds the community by providing child support, catering for the welfare of children, offering assistance to families, and other children and families related programs.
Watson Engine Company Organization Structure and Teamwork The organization structure of the company is old fashioned and hierarchical in nature that minimizes the influence of the employees in the running of the organization.
Avon Hospital: Organizational Structure The board of directors counsels the executive team, and the IT manager is also on the hospital’s leader board. The board of directors counsels the executive team, and the IT manager is also on the […]
Organizational Structure in American Police Analysis Supreme Court of Appeal- In respect to all matters this is the highest court and it constitutes of the president, his deputy, and several judges of appeal who are appointed by an Act of parliament.
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Four Types of Organizational Structures in Business An organizational structure is a concept which shows how integrated entities in an organization interact to achieve an organization’s goals and objectives.
Aspects of New Organizational Structure Additionally, they make sure that everyone is held accountable for their particular tasks and that the team is working together successfully and efficiently. Encourage team members to offer their thoughts and work toward the group’s […]
Communicating Change in Organizational Structure A grid structure helps the organization to be more adaptive and flexible in response to changing conditions. The change from a functional to a matrix organizational framework will necessitate that employees operate more efficiently and […]
Organizational Structure in Business They may reorganize the business to address the communication challenges between teams and the entire organization because many managers and project managers are not interacting with one another and are not distributed effectively.
Information Systems and Organizational Structure Increases in the aging workforce affect the practice setting and add to the risks of clinicians’ failure to account for new evidence in decision-making, and a CDSS would reduce these threats to the minimal level.
A Matrix Organizational Structure of Starbucks The technical team of specialists is necessary to promptly and competently respond to threats that the company may receive. A trained team of specialists will be aware of possible dangers and will be able to […]
Organizational Structures and Processes When the workload per employee is reduced through the division of labor, it will reduce the time taken to complete vital operations, and the business will be productive.
Organizational Structure & Applied Improvement Project In this regard, the knowledge of organizational structure is immensely valuable since it allows us to understand which internal stakeholders can assist in the successful implementation of the project. In summary, the knowledge of organizational […]
Types of Organizational Structure for Business For example, authorized leaders have to make sure that action is aligned with the objectives and strategy of the firm. As mentioned above, all operations and decisions of McDonald’s are controlled by a small group […]
Al Habtoor Group’s Organizational Structure and Hierarchy A firm should be capable of engaging the public regularly to popularize the brand and develop a close relationship with the customers.
Homeboy Industries Organization’s Structure and Aim There is a variety of services and classes in Homeboy Industries that can be divided into two categories. I believe that religious services and classes would also contribute to the Homeboy Industries cause.
Corporate Entrepreneurship: Organizational Structure In essence, these are the features of a system which are imperative for open system theorists in explaining the organizational structure and functioning.
U.S. Healthcare System and Organizational Structures Full rollout to the ICU unit and other areas will begin in the third month and continue for three months, after which data will be collected to evaluate the efficacy of the project.
“Effect of Organizational Structure on Strategy Implementation”: Organization Structure and Design Therefore, the reconsideration of the organizational structure and the effects that its design has on the creation and implementation of strategic management is critical to a company’s performance.
Health Care Organization Delivery Structure: Pain Medicine The traditional hospital structure restricts the natural process of development reasoned by the development of the organization.
Lee Memorial Health System’s Organizational Structure & Function The nurse leader will provide a detailed account of the organizational structure of the company; how the organizational structure influences daily operations; how the organizational structure affects its ability to function efficiently; and finally, how […]
Organizational Structure and Culture Within Hospital The organization’s administration act as collaboration between the governing board and clinical staff, and is answerable for implementing a strategic scheme for sustaining the task and objectives of the institution.
Kraft Foods Group: Organizational Structure Its annual revenue is about $ 18 billion, and it expects to be the best food and beverage company in North America by producing consumer-based goods, motivating employees, and increasing the value of its shares […]
Modern Management and Organizational Structure Definitely the modern concept of organization boundary-less is not intended to do away with these distinct functions but to make them more porous and flexible to the changes taking place in the modern day business […]
Organizational Culture and Physical Structure According to Griswold, ontology is a philosophical study that involves gaining knowledge on the nature of being, the existence of a given phenomenon or a reality about something, and the categorization of the being and […]
Burton Menswear Company: Organizational Structure To begin with, the world of management is full of different innovations which are additionally emphasized due to the flow of scientific thought in the world.
Human Services Organizations Structures and Policy Taking into account healthcare field and the experience of a human service in the field of aged care, there is no conflict between these concepts because the nursing functions and duties involve and imply caring […]
The Concept of Organizational Structures An example of this is an incorrect organizational structure which may get in the way of cooperation and hence, obstruct the completion of the orders in a specific period of time as well as the […]
“Organizational Structures and Perceived Cultures of Community Charter Schools in Ohio” by J. Fox To know actually if the charter system was of any much different or contribution to the betterment of students and teachers performance, the researcher would have carried out similar research with the traditional system schools […]
Fundamental of Organizational Structure There should also be a supervisor to ensure that the work done by the designer is in line with those of the client.
NATO Organization Civilian & Military Structures Internal lettering is of the formal character, and is not always available for the reader, as it is of no interest for the inhabitant. It may be of scientific interest only for the researcher, and […]
Organizational Structures for Effective Management Thus, the analysis of the size and management techniques that can be applied to ensure that tasks are accomplished is necessary to create an appropriate structure.
Organizational Structures and Leadership in Hospitals The combination of these structures results in centralized decision making, focusing the attention of the staff on the influence of formal leadership, leading to informal leaders feeling undervalued as a result.
The Concept of Functional and Divisional Organizational Structure For instance, in a functional structure, the most common formation, the business seeks to group workers in line with a specialized or comparable set of duties. Organizational structures may influence the activities of a company […]
State Court Organization and Structure The advantages of the unified model are in the fact that they are operationally efficient because of the centralized regulation, effective use of resources, and the efficient approach to organizing the court operations.
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Lobo’s Restaurant’s Organizational Structure and Team The Restaurant Manager will ensure efficient and effective operations of the restaurant and ensure profitability. He / She will be responsible for monitoring and controlling restaurant activities, setting budgets, planning, resolving disputes, hiring and firing […]
The Impact of Organizational Structures The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of organizational structures and hierarchies on employee motivation and morale. A hallmark of a well-structured retail company is the ability to adapt to the ever-evolving […]
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BEC’s Organizational Structure Before & After 2006 In the process, the company’s few employees were forced to multitask on numerous projects. This would enable departmental managers to assign tasks by the needs of the company without causing conflict with project managers.
Nuestra Family’s Organizational Structure One of the differences is in the organizational structure of Nuestra as compared to the Mexican Mafia. In comparison, there can be a leader of the entire organization when it comes to the Nuestra family.
Sinai Hospital Baltimore: Organizational Structure and Improvement The vision of the hospital is to emerge as a model of comprehensive health care providers in the country through strengthening its Jewish heritage, outstanding clinical strength, and its record of service.
Formal Organization Structure One of the potent examples of such a formal organization is that of the army. Therefore, many researchers believe that formal organizations, in modern world are expected to lose their bureaucracy and hierarchy and have […]
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The Organization’s Structure, Mission and Role The structure of an organization refers to both the formal and informal way that duties and responsibilities, channels of authority, avenues of communication, and levels of power are developed and coordinated in an organization.
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The Ultimate Guide To Structuring Your Essay Effectively

Posted by: Carl Goldman in Featured Stories August 19, 2024 - 6:20 am 0 27 Views

To do well in school or college, you need to write organized essays. Write a clear, logical essay. It will impress your professor. It will also convey your ideas and arguments. This guide will inspect the key components of effective essay structure. It will give you tactics to plan, organize, and write your essay like a professional.

The Basics of Essay Structure

Nowadays, students often go online to get help with their essays. They search for things like “ write my essay online ” to get it done. These services can help students who need to structure their essays. If you wish to improve your writing and tackle this challenge alone, keep reading. You’ll find tips for structuring your essay.

Every essay has a basic structure. It has three parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. This applies to all essays, no matter their length or complexity. The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It presents your thesis and a roadmap for the paper. The body paragraphs develop your main arguments, each focusing on a specific point. The conclusion ties everything together. It encapsulates your core points and leaves an enduring impression on the reader.

Crafting a Compelling Introduction and Structuring Your Body Paragraphs

Your essay’s introduction is crucial. It’s like a first date. Here, readers decide to stay or leave. So, make it engaging. These are the steps you need to follow:

start with a hook;
provide background information;
present your thesis statement.

Seize the reader’s focus with a hook that hits hard. It could be something that leads to thoughtful consideration, a crazy fact, or a story that matches. For an essay on climate change, start with a mind-blowing stat. Here is an example: “The World Meteorological Organization reports that the last decade was the hottest, ever.”

After the hook, provide some context about your topic. This helps the reader understand the significance of the issue at hand. For instance, you might explain the causes of climate change and its global impact.

Get to the point and state your main idea clearly. That’s your thesis statement. It should demonstrate completely what you’re disputing for or what you think. A strong thesis could be, “We must act now to combat climate change. It poses a severe threat to ecosystems and human health.”

After the introduction, it’s time to structure the body paragraphs. Your essay’s body paragraphs are where the real action happens. Here, you present your evidence and reasoning. The main things to do here are:

focus on one Idea per paragraph;
support with evidence;
use transitions.

Every paragraph should cover one main idea or argument. Start with a sentence that says exactly what you’re trying to say. For example, “One of the most meaningful impacts of climate change is the rise in intense weather events.”

Present evidence from your research. This could be data, expert quotes, or examples. Let’s say you use a study as proof. It seems like hurricanes are getting worse and worse every year. Link your thoughts together with transitions. This helps readers follow your point. Phrases like “In addition,” “Furthermore,” or “Conversely” can aid your writing’s flow.

Some students may feel swamped by the writing process. They may think, “I need someone to write my essay .” This is a common sentiment among students facing tight deadlines or complex topics. Seeking help can be a good strategy. It helps students focus on the material. They also get guidance on how to structure their essays.

Organizing Essay Content and Effective Planning

Plan your essay before you dive in. Try making an outline and using headings and subheadings. It helps you stay on track.

An outline organizes your essay into parts. It helps you stay on track and ensures a smooth flow. Think of it as a roadmap. It has a starting point (the intro), stops along the way (body paragraphs with their own arguments), and a final destination (the conclusion).

Organizing your outline with headings and subheadings makes it easier to follow. This structure helps you see how your arguments connect. It ensures you cover all necessary points.

Having in mind essay planning strategies is indispensable to writing an effective essay. Set aside time to generate ideas, do research, and align your thoughts. Procedures like mind mapping and freewriting can aid you. They can generate ideas and identify your main arguments. Set a timeline for your writing. Allow time for drafting, revising, and proofreading. This helps you manage your time effectively and reduces last-minute stress.

Guidelines for Structuring Your Argument

Make a strong case. Structure your points so they make sense. Make your ideas connect smoothly from one to the next. This helps readers follow your ideas and grasp your message. When you do this, you’re more likely to persuade them to see things your way.

State Your Thesis Clearly : Start with a clear statement of your main point in the intro. This sets the stage for the essay. It gives your reader a clear view of your position.
Present Evidence Logically : Use your body paragraphs to present your evidence and reasoning. Do it in a logical order. Each paragraph should build on the previous one, creating a cohesive argument.
Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge and refute opposing views. This not only strengthens your position but also demonstrates critical thinking. For example, in a climate change discussion, address and counter any arguments that downplay its importance.
Restate Your Thesis in the Conclusion : Finally, restate your thesis in your conclusion. Then, emphasize your argument’s importance. This reinforces your main points and leaves a lasting impression on your reader.

Essay Organization Tips

Here are certain tips to help you arrange your essay in a more effective way:

Implement parallel formatting in your sentences and paragraphs.
Alter your sentence structure to keep your composition appealing and evade monotony.
Utilize transition words and phrases to direct the reader through your argument.
Sustain a steady tone and voice during your essay.
Proofread your essay. It must voice your ideas undoubtedly and be faultless.

Summary and Insights

Structuring your essay effectively is essential for academic success. You can write a strong essay. First, know its basic structure. Then, plan, organize, and write using effective strategies. This will help you convey your ideas and arguments. Hone your craft through persistent effort. Write often, polish relentlessly, and watch your skills flourish. If you’re contesting with writing your essay, don’t doubt it, but seek help. Many learners turn to online paper writing services for assistance. These services can craft an expertly written essay. They can also help with specific parts of the writing process, like research, outlining, or editing.

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10.1 Organizational Structures and Design

What are mechanistic versus organic organizational structures?

First, an organizational structure is a system for accomplishing and connecting the activities that occur within a work organization. People rely on structures to know what work they should do, how their work supports or relies on other employees, and how these work activities fulfill the purpose of the organization itself.

Second, organizational design is the process of setting up organizational structures to address the needs of an organization and account for the complexity involved in accomplishing business objectives.

Next, organizational change refers to the constant shifts that occur within an organizational system—for example, as people enter or leave the organization, market conditions shift, supply sources change, or adaptations are introduced in the processes for accomplishing work. Through managed change , leaders in an organization can intentionally shape how these shifts occur over time.

Finally, organizational development (OD) is the label for a field that specializes in change management. OD specialists draw on social science to guide change processes that simultaneously help a business achieve its objectives while generating well-being for employees and sustainable benefits for society. An understanding of OD practices is essential for leaders who want to maximize the potential of their organizations over a long period of time.

Together, an understanding of these concepts can help managers know how to create and direct organizations that are positioned to successfully accomplish strategic goals and objectives. 1

To understand the role of organizational structure, consider the experience of Justin, a young manager who worked for a logistics and transportation company. Their success at leading change in the United States gave their leaders the confidence that Justin could handle a challenging assignment: organize a new supply chain and distribution system for a company in Northern Europe. Almost overnight, Justin was responsible for hiring competent people, forming them into a coherent organization, training them, and establishing the needed infrastructure for sustained success in this new market.

If you were given this assignment, what would you do? How would you organize your employees? How would you help them understand the challenge of setting up a new organization and system? These are the kinds of questions that require an understanding of organizational structure, organizational design, organizational change, and organizational development.

One of the first issues Justin will need to address deals with how they will organize the system. “The decisions about the structure of an organization are all related to the concept of organizational design. There are two fundamental forms of structure to remember when designing an organization.

To address these questions, we need to be familiar with two fundamental ways of building an organization.

The formal organization is an officially defined set of relationships, responsibilities, and connections that exist across an organization. The traditional organizational chart, as illustrated in Exhibit 10.2 , is perhaps the most common way of depicting the formal organization. The typical organization has a hierarchical form with clearly defined roles and responsibilities.

When Justin sets up the formal organization, they will need to design the administrative responsibilities and communication structures that should function within an organizational system. The formal systems describe how flow of information and resources should occur within an organization. To establish the formal organization, they will identify the essential functions that need to be part of the system, and they will hire people to fill these functions. They will then need to help employees learn their functions and how these functions should relate to one another.

The informal organization is sometimes referred to as the invisible network of interpersonal relationships that shape how people actually connect with one another to carry out their activities. The informal organization is emergent, meaning that it is formed through the common conversations and relationships that often naturally occur as people interact with one another in their day-to-day relationships. It is usually complex, impossible to control, and has the potential to significantly influence an organization’s success.

As depicted in Exhibit 10.3 , the informal organization can also be mapped, but it is usually very different than the formal organization. The chart you see in this example is called a network map, because it depicts the relationships that exist between different members of a system. Some members are more central than others, and the strength of relationships may vary between any two pairs or groups of individuals. These relationships are constantly in flux, as people interact with new individuals, current relationships evolve, and the organization itself changes over time. 2

The informal organization in Justin’s design will form as people begin interacting with one another to accomplish their work. As this occurs, people will begin connecting with one another as they make sense of their new roles and relationships. Usually, the informal organization closely mirrors the formal organization, but often it is different. People quickly learn who the key influencers are within the system, and they will begin to rely on these individuals to accomplish the work of the organization. The informal organization can either help or hinder an organization’s overall success.

In sum, the formal organization explains how an organization should function, while the informal organization is how the organizational actually functions. Formal organization will come as Justin hires and assigns people to different roles. They can influence the shape of the informal organization by giving people opportunities to build relationships as they work together. Both types of structures shape the patterns of influence, administration, and leadership that may occur through an organizational system.

As we continue our discussion of structure and design, we will next examine different ways of understanding formal structure.

Types of Formal Organizational Structures

Now, Justin will need to choose and implement an administrative system for delegating duties, establishing oversight, and reporting on performance. They will do this by designing a formal structure that defines the responsibilities and accountability that correspond to specific duties throughout an organizational system. In this section, we’ll discuss the factors that any manager should consider when designing an organizational structure.

Bureaucracy

One of the most common frameworks for thinking about these issues is called the bureaucratic model . It was developed by Max Weber, a 19th-century sociologist. Weber’s central assumption was that organizations will find efficiencies when they divide the duties of labor, allow people to specialize, and create structure for coordinating their differentiated efforts, usually within a hierarchy of responsibility. He proposed five elements of bureaucracy that serve as a foundation for determining an appropriate structure: specialization, command-and-control, span of control, centralization, and formalization. 3

Specialization

The degree to which people are organized into subunits according to their expertise is referred to as specialization —for example, human resources, finance, marketing, or manufacturing. It may also include specialization within those functions. For instance, people who work in a manufacturing facility may be well-versed in every part of a manufacturing process, or they may be organized into specialty units that focus on different parts of the manufacturing process, such as procurement, material preparation, assembly, quality control, and the like.

Command-and-Control

The next element to consider is the reporting and oversight structure of the organization. Command-and-control refers to the way in which people report to one another or connect to coordinate their efforts in accomplishing the work of the organization.

Span of Control

Another question addresses the scope of the work that any one person in the organization will be accountable for, referred to as span of control . For instance, top-level leaders are usually responsible for all of the work of their subordinates, mid-level leaders are responsible for a narrower set of responsibilities, and ground-level employees usually perform very specific tasks. Each manager in a hierarchy works within the span of control of another manager at a level of the organization.

Centralization

The next element to consider is how to manage the flows of resources and information in an organization, or its centralization . A highly centralized organization concentrates resources in only one or very few locations, or only a few individuals are authorized to make decisions about the use of resources. In contrast, a diffuse organization distributes resources more broadly throughout an organizational system along with the authority to make decisions about how to use those resources.

Formalization

The last element of bureaucracy, formalization , refers to the degree of definition in the roles that exist throughout an organization. A highly formalized system (e.g., the military) has a very defined organization, a tightly structured system, in which all of the jobs, responsibilities, and accountability structures are very clearly understood. In contrast, a loosely structured system (e.g., a small, volunteer nonprofit) relies heavily on the emergent relationships of informal organization.

Mechanistic and Organic Structures

Using the principles of bureaucracy outlined above, managers like Justin have experimented with many different structures as way to shape the formal organization and potentially to capture some of the advantages of the informal organization. Generally, the application of these principles leads to some combination of the two kinds of structures that can be seen as anchors on a continuum (see Table 10.1 ).

Elements of Organizational Structure and Their Relationship to Mechanistic and Organic Forms
Mechanistic		Organic
Highly formalized		Low
High/Narrow		Low/Broad
Centralized		Decentralized
Functional		Divisional

On one end of the continuum is mechanistic bureaucratic structure . This is a strongly hierarchical form of organizing that is designed to generate a high degree of standardization and control. Mechanistic organizations are often characterized by a highly vertical organizational structure , or a “tall” structure, due to the presence of many levels of management. A mechanistic structure tends to dictate roles and procedure through strong routines and standard operating practices.

In contrast, an organic bureaucratic structure relies on the ability of people to self-organize and make decisions without much direction such that they can adapt quickly to changing circumstances. In an organic organization, it is common to see a horizontal organizational structure , in which many individuals across the whole system are empowered to make organizational decision. An organization with a horizontal structure is also known as a flat organization because it often features only a few levels of organizational hierarchy.

The principles of bureaucracy outlined earlier can be applied in different ways, depending on the context of the organization and the managers’ objectives, to create structures that have features of either mechanistic or organic structures.

For example, the degree of specialization required in an organization depends both on the complexity of the activities the organization needs to account for and on the scale of the organization. A more organic organization may encourage employees to be both specialists and generalists so that they are more aware of opportunities for innovation within a system. A mechanistic organization may emphasize a strong degree of specialization so that essential procedures or practices are carried out with consistency and predictable precision. Thus, an organization’s overall objectives drive how specialization should be viewed. For example, an organization that produces innovation needs to be more organic, while an organization that seeks reliability needs to be more mechanistic.

Similarly, the need for a strong environment of command-and-control varies by the circumstances of each organization. An organization that has a strong command-and-control system usually requires a vertical, tall organizational administrative structure. Organizations that exist in loosely defined or ambiguous environments need to distribute decision-making authority to employees, and thus will often feature a flat organizational structure.

The span of control assigned to any specific manager is commonly used to encourage either mechanistic or organic bureaucracy. Any manager’s ability to attend to responsibilities has limits; indeed, the amount of work anyone can accomplish is finite. A manager in an organic structure usually has a broad span of control, forcing her to rely more on subordinates to make decisions. A manager in a mechanistic structure usually has a narrow span of control so that they can provide more oversight. Thus, increasing span of control for a manager tends to flatten the hierarchy while narrowing span of control tends to reinforce the hierarchy.

Centralization addresses assumptions about how an organization can best achieve efficiencies in its operations. In a mechanistic structure, it is assumed that efficiencies will occur in the system if the resources and decisions flow through in a centralized way. In an organic system, it is assumed that greater efficiencies will be seen by distributing those resources and having the resources sorted by the users of the resources. Either perspective may work, depending on the circumstances.

Finally, managers also have discretion in how tightly they choose to define the formal roles and responsibilities of individuals within an organization. Managers who want to encourage organic bureaucracy will resist the idea of writing out and tightly defining roles and responsibilities. They will encourage and empower employees to self-organize and define for themselves the roles they wish to fill. In contrast, managers who wish to encourage more mechanistic bureaucracy will use tools such as standard operating procedures (SOPs) or written policies to set expectations and exercise clear controls around those expectations for employees.

When a bureaucratic structure works well, an organization achieves an appropriate balance across all of these considerations. Employees specialize in and become highly advanced in their ability to perform specific functions while also attending to broader organizational needs. They receive sufficient guidance from managers to stay aligned with overall organizational goals. The span of control given to any one manager encourages them to provide appropriate oversight while also relying on employees to do their part. The resources and decision-making necessary to accomplish the goals of the organization are efficiently managed. There is an appropriate balance between compliance with formal policy and innovative action.

Business Structures

Aside from the considerations outlined above, organizations will often set structures according to the functional needs of the organization. A functional need refers to a feature of the organization or its environment that is necessary for organizational success. A business structure is designed to address these organizational needs. There are two common examples of functional structures illustrated here.

Product structures exist where the business organizes its employees according to product lines or lines of business. For example, employees in a car company might be organized according to the model of the vehicle that they help to support or produce. Employees in a consulting firm might be organized around a particular kind of practice that they work in or support. Where a functional structure exists, employees become highly attuned to their own line of business or their own product.

Geographic structures exist where organizations are set up to deliver a range of products within a geographic area or region. Here, the business is set up based on a territory or region. Managers of a particular unit oversee all of the operations of the business for that geographical area.

In either functional structure, the manager will oversee all the activities that correspond to that function: marketing, manufacturing, delivery, client support systems, and so forth. In some ways, a functional structure is like a smaller version of the larger organization—a smaller version of the bureaucracy that exists within the larger organization.

One common weakness of a bureaucratic structure is that people can become so focused on their own part of the organization that they fail to understand or connect with broader organizational activities. In the extreme, bureaucracy separates and alienates workers from one another. These problems can occur when different parts of an organization fail to communicate effectively with one another.

Some organizations set up a matrix structure to minimize the potential for these problems. A matrix structure describes an organization that has multiple reporting lines of authority. For example, an employee who specializes in a particular product might have both the functional reporting line and a geographic reporting line. This employee has accountability in both directions. The functional responsibility has to do with her specialty as it correlates with the strategy of the company as a whole. However, her geographic accountability is to the manager who is responsible for the region or part of the organization in which she is currently working. The challenge is that an employee may be accountable to two or more managers, and this can create conflict if those managers are not aligned. The potential benefit, however, is that employees may be more inclined to pay attention to the needs of multiple parts of the business simultaneously.

Concept Check

What is an organizational structure?
What are different types of organizational structures?
What is organizational design?
What concepts should guide decisions about how to design structures?

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Book title: Principles of Management
Publication date: Mar 20, 2019
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Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/1-introduction
Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/10-1-organizational-structures-and-design

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Organization and Structure
Whole-Essay Structure IMRAD. While organization varies across and within disciplines, usually based on the genre, publication venue, and other rhetorical considerations of the writing, a great deal of academic writing can be described by the acronym IMRAD (or IMRaD): Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion.
9.3 Organizing Your Writing
The way you structure your essay helps your readers draw connections between the body and the thesis, and the structure also keeps you focused as you plan and write the essay. Choosing your organizational pattern before you outline ensures that each body paragraph works to support and develop your thesis. This section covers three ways to ...
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The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body. This article provides useful templates and tips to help you outline your essay, make decisions about your structure, and ...
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Organizing an Essay. Organizing ideas and information clearly and logically in an essay, so that readers will understand and be able to follow the writer's thinking, is an essential stage of the writing process, but one that often proves to be more difficult than it sounds. When people write, ideas tend to come out in whatever order they occur ...
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10.1 Organizational Structures and Design
An organization with a horizontal structure is also known as a flat organization because it often features only a few levels of organizational hierarchy. The principles of bureaucracy outlined earlier can be applied in different ways, depending on the context of the organization and the managers' objectives, to create structures that have ...
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9.3 Organizing Your Writing

Chronological Order

Writing at Work

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Spatial Order

Key Takeaways

The Importance of Organizational Design and Structure

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Organizing Your Argument

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Organizational Structure: Types and Efficiency

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10.1 Organizational Structures and Design

Types of Formal Organizational Structures

Bureaucracy

Specialization

Command-and-Control

Span of Control

Centralization

Formalization

Mechanistic and Organic Structures

Business Structures

Concept Check

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