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The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research

Norman K. Denzin - University of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign, USA
Yvonna S. Lincoln - Texas A&M University, USA
Description

ISBN: 9781483349800	Hardcover	Suggested Retail Price: $160.00	Bookstore Price: $128.00
ISBN: 9781506365442	Electronic Version	Suggested Retail Price: $128.00	Bookstore Price: $102.40

See what’s new to this edition by selecting the Features tab on this page. Should you need additional information or have questions regarding the HEOA information provided for this title, including what is new to this edition, please email [email protected] . Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html .

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New contributors offer 19 completely new chapter topics , including indigenous methodologies, methodologies in an age of new technologies, queer/quare theory, ethnodrama, data and its problematics, triangulation, collaborative inquiry, digital ethnography, the global audit culture, and much more.
Substantial revisions from returning authors provide reinvigorated content resulting in very different chapters.
Content on a wide range of key topics, diverse perspectives, and current controversies derived from members of an international and interdisciplinary editorial board ensure the timeliest revision.
Six classic chapters cover topics from paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences, to performance ethnography, writing as a method of inquiry, strategies for composition, and creating narratives and research reports.
Contributions from well-known international scholars allow readers to study the differences in approach among European, Australian, and American practitioners and theoreticians, as well as to hear the voices of non-Western authors.
Coverage of state-of-the-art t opics include critical social science, critical pedagogy, mixed methods, narrative inquiry, qualitative research and technology, online ethnography, oral history, human rights, disability communities, queer theory, and performance ethnography.
Discussions on a wide range of methods expand the reader's repertoire of methodologies, enlarging the range of data that can be brought to bear on social and educational issues.

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BUNDLE: Denzin: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research 5E + Plano Clark: Mixed Methods Research

Qualitative Research Methods

Monique Hennink - Emory University, USA
Inge Hutter - Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
Ajay Bailey - University of Utrecht, Netherlands
Description

Practical and straightforward, this book is a multidisciplinary introduction to the process of planning, conducting and analysing qualitative research, from selecting appropriate methods to publishing your findings. Built around the authors’ Qualitative Research Cycle – consisting of the design, data collection and analytic cycles – this pragmatic guide clearly demonstrates the steps you need to take to ensure your research is rigorous and robust. Drawing on decades of experience teaching workshops, the book is packed with techniques and tools to help you turn theory and method into research practice. This second edition:

Showcases the importance of linking research design to data analysis, helping you avoid potential pitfalls and get the most out of your data
Highlights the relevance and wide application of qualitative methods with an array of international examples of real field research and interdisciplinary case studies
Gives clear guidance on writing qualitative research, including how to respond to critiques of qualitative methods
Has a renewed focus on evaluating quality in qualitative research, ensuring your work is valid, reflexive and ethical

Offering tried and tested research tools like interview guides that you can apply to your own projects and supported by online resources including checklists and reflective questions, this book is the perfect companion for anyone looking to complete a successful project using qualitative research methods.

Supplements

This introductory textbook presents a useful framework of three interconnected cycles – the design cycle, the data collection cycle and the analytic cycle – to guide students through the process of conducting qualitative research. Engaging examples illustrate each step from start to completion.

Hennink, Hutter and Bailey provide a highly practical overview of all stages in the qualitative research process, linking clearly the cycles of design, data collection and data analysis. Excellent case studies illustrate qualitative research in practice. The authors’ clarity and coherence throughout the text makes this book a valuable read for all qualitative researchers.

Written from a situated epistemological perspective, this handbook nicely blends theory with method and method with practical examples. A valuable guide for early career researchers in need of clear and simple answers to deal with complex phenomena and common critiques.

It might be valuable for any analysis done douring the class.

I have used it as the main textbook which offers an outstanding understanding of qualitative research with easy to follow and ample examples from the field.

This is essential for degree students who are focusing on a qualitative research project.

Excellent guide for students choosing to undertake qualitative research.

a useful and contemporary guide to qualitative research that will be appropriate to both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

It is always good to get an update to a book and this update is welcome ten years after the first edition.

I like to direct student to books that are readable and add value to their own learning, irrespective of their learning style. I think this book will appeal to a wide audience.

For me, take the time to also access the online resources, do not just use the book. Start at the glossary flash cards, a good place to help with some tricky terminology for people new to research.

Use book and online resources to get the most out of this publication

This is a very good resource

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12 Good Books on Qualitative Research

By Med Kharbach, PhD | Published: June 20, 2023 | Updated: June 6, 2024

In today’s list, I am sharing with you some of the most impactful books that helped shape my understanding of qualitative research. These books are more than just academic texts; they are powerful tools that unlocked the secrets of data analysis, the art of crafting impactful narratives, and the science of asking the right questions.

Of all the wonderful resources listed, if I had to recommend just one indispensable guide, it would undoubtedly be John W. Creswell’s “ Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches “. This book offers an invaluable roadmap for any researcher, irrespective of their level of expertise, and forms the backbone of a successful research project. Creswell’s ingenious blend of methodologies is not just about theoretical knowledge; it instills the reader with a practical sense of how to design a robust and compelling research project.

For those of you interested in quantitative research, make sure to check out my other post entitled best books on quantitative research .

Books on Qualitative Research

Here are my picks for best books on qualitative research:

1. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, by John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell

This widely recognized book offers a comprehensive study of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research methodologies. Its distinguishing feature is its juxtaposition of all three research designs, making it a valuable resource for both new and experienced researchers. The authors provide a meticulous guide that starts with a fundamental understanding of philosophical suppositions, essential aspects of the research process, literature review, theory application in research, and the significance of writing and ethics in academic inquiry.

The updated edition includes a detailed discussion on research proposal design and research study steps. It sheds light on the positioning of epistemological and ontological views in relation to the selected research question and methodology. It also delves into the transformative worldview and features expanded insights into case studies, participatory action research, visual methods, and action research in mixed methods.

Find it: Amazon | Bookshop

2. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, by Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, Michael D. Giardina, Gaile S. Cannella (Editors)

The Sixth Edition of The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research is virtually a new volume, delivering an enriching dialogue on the discipline, practices, and conduct of qualitative inquiry. This edition pioneers fresh perspectives and techniques, with 27 out of 34 chapters focused on innovative topics or approaches not covered in the previous version.

The novel areas of study include intersectionality, critical disability research, postcolonial and decolonized knowledge, diffraction and intra-action, and social media methodologies. Other new chapters explore thematic analysis, collaborative inquiry from the borderlands, qualitative inquiry’s relationship with public health science, co-production and the politics of impact, qualitative research publishing, and academic survival.

3. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation, by Sharan B. Merriam, Elizabeth J. Tisdell

The fourth edition of this bestselling guide provides an in-depth understanding of qualitative research, from conceptualization to presentation. Emphasizing the importance of theoretical frameworks in designing a study, the book offers practical guidance in an accessible, jargon-free style that caters to both new and seasoned researchers.

The latest edition includes expanded coverage of mixed methods, action research, arts-based research, and online data sources. It also presents the newest developments in data analysis, encompassing both software packages and narrative and poetic analysis techniques. In addition, it offers a new section on diverse ways of presenting qualitative research findings, making it an indispensable resource for effective communication of results.

4. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish , by Robert K. Yin

This insightful book offers a comprehensive understanding of the practice of qualitative research. It guides readers through all significant research phases, from startup and design to data collection, analysis, and composition, covering newly emerging trends in the field. The unique aspect of the book is its portrayal of qualitative research as an adaptive craft, offering readers an array of methodological choices to tailor their studies according to different worldviews and genres.

The new edition provides an enhanced discussion on different worldviews, including constructivism, postpositivism, and pragmatism, and how these relate to methodological choices. There is a clearer emphasis on executing a generalized qualitative study while acknowledging the existence of 12 specialized genres, such as action-based research, arts-based research, autoethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and others. The book also features expanded discussions of diverse qualitative study samples and mixed methods.

5. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, by Joseph A. Maxwell

Joseph A. Maxwell’s third edition of Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach offers a user-friendly, step-by-step guide to planning qualitative research. The book’s main strength is its interactive approach, which highlights the interplay among the various components of research design.

The author provides a strategic framework for creating coherent and viable relationships among these components, emphasizing key design issues. The book’s language is informal and free of heavy jargon, making it accessible to a broad range of readers.

The book is sprinkled with real-world examples and hands-on exercises designed to reinforce the concepts discussed and to provide practical insights into the planning and execution of qualitative research. This comprehensive guide is an invaluable resource for both students and researchers embarking on their qualitative research journey.

Find it: Amazon | Bookshop

6. Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological, by Sharon M. Ravitch, Nicole Mittenfelner Carl

The second edition of Qualitative Research emphasizes the harmonization of theoretical, methodological, and conceptual dimensions, providing deeper insights into their interplay in qualitative research. This comprehensive resource equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills to conduct rigorous, valid, and respectful qualitative research.

The book serves as an effective learning tool for both newcomers and those already familiar with qualitative research, helping students develop a comprehensive understanding of a research approach that seeks, designs for, and engages in criticality.

The new edition has amplified and relocated the discussion on research ethics to a prominent position, reflecting its importance in students’ inquiry. It offers more insights on reflexivity in data collection and specific methods for qualitative data collection. There is a more detailed chapter on coding and other types of qualitative data analysis. Additionally, the resource sections have been expanded, including links to the comprehensive appendices to further aid students on their qualitative research journey.

7. Qualitative Research , by David Silverman (Editor)

This edition of Qualitative Research serves as a comprehensive guide, providing students with a holistic view of qualitative research. It not only explains the rationale behind such research but also provides practical advice on how to get started, select appropriate methods, conduct research, and perform data analysis. Each chapter, akin to a masterclass from a leading scholar in qualitative research, comes with practical tips, summaries, exercises, and further reading to assist in understanding and application.

The fourth edition has been streamlined to guide readers through the research process in a step-by-step manner. A significant new section with four chapters has been added, focusing on the collection and analysis of online data. A new chapter on reflexive ethnography is also included, offering insights into this nuanced qualitative research method.

8. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design , by John W. Creswell, Cheryl N. Poth

The revised Fourth Edition of this best-selling text is a comprehensive exploration of the philosophical foundations, historical development, and crucial elements of five qualitative inquiry approaches: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study.

The Fourth Edition is enhanced with new content, articles, pedagogical features, and references. It provides a broader discussion on research ethics and serves as an excellent introduction to the theories, strategies, and practices of qualitative inquiry. This book is an ideal resource for those embarking on their qualitative research journey, offering nuanced understanding and practical strategies for choosing among these five significant approaches in qualitative research.

9. Qualitative Research Methods, by Sarah J. Tracy

This comprehensive guide brings together both theoretical underpinnings and practical applications of qualitative research in a way that is engaging and accessible. The book adopts a phronetic-iterative approach, leading readers through every phase of a qualitative research project, from design to data collection and analysis, through to theory development and effective communication of results.

The book provides in-depth coverage of a variety of topics, including qualitative theories, research ethics, sampling techniques, interviewing methods, and ensuring quality in qualitative research. Practical advice on fieldwork is also included, offering clear and concise guidance on how to design and conduct robust research projects.

Find it: Amazon | Bookshop

10. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, by Michael Quinn Patton

Drawing from over 40 years of applied social science research and program evaluation experience, author Michael Quinn Patton presents the most systematic and comprehensive book on qualitative research and evaluation methods available. In this fourth edition, he offers a more balanced view of applied research and evaluation.

The book shines a light on all facets of qualitative inquiry, using new examples, stories, cartoons, and over a hundred new summarizing and synthesizing exhibits. For the first time, it includes full case studies that illustrate extended research and evaluation examples. Additionally, each chapter contains an in-depth “rumination” about a core issue of persistent debate and controversy, which is intended to be both emphatic and engaging.

12. Qualitative Data Collection Tools, by Felice D. Billups

This unique supplementary text guides students and new researchers to design, develop, and apply qualitative tools to gather qualitative data. This essential aspect of qualitative research, often overlooked in general textbooks, forms the backbone of the data collection process. Felice D. Billups uses her experience as a qualitative researcher and in teaching and advising students about qualitative research to develop the templates in this book as a starting point for those conducting original qualitative research.

The book briefly describes each method of data collection and offers readers suggestions for using and adapting the qualitative instrument templates within the text. The text is filled with templates for interview protocols, focus group moderator guides, content analysis tools, document analysis tools, reflective questionnaires, diary and journal logs, and observational rubrics.

Final thoughts

If you’re new to qualitative, consider this list your foundational toolkit. And for seasoned researchers, may these books provide fresh insights or perhaps remind you of important tenets you may have forgotten. The beauty of qualitative research is its ever-evolving nature, and these books offer lenses through which you can appreciate its many facets.

And don’t just stop at qualitative research. If your work leans into the quantitative side of things, make sure to circle back to my other post on the best books for quantitative research . It’s all about having a well-rounded toolset, right?

Meet Med Kharbach, PhD

Dr. Med Kharbach is an influential voice in the global educational landscape, with an extensive background in educational studies and a decade-long experience as a K-12 teacher. Holding a Ph.D. from Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax, Canada, he brings a unique perspective to the educational world by integrating his profound academic knowledge with his hands-on teaching experience. Dr. Kharbach's academic pursuits encompass curriculum studies, discourse analysis, language learning/teaching, language and identity, emerging literacies, educational technology, and research methodologies. His work has been presented at numerous national and international conferences and published in various esteemed academic journals.

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SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata)

Varieties of Qualitative Research Methods

Selected Contextual Perspectives

© 2023
Janet Mola Okoko ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-6793 0 ,
Scott Tunison ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-1830 1 ,
Keith D. Walker ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1692-6230 2

Department of Educational Administration, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

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Department of Educational Administration, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Covers place and context sensitive, as well as universally applied qualitative research methods
Speaks to the different ways of knowing and inquiry with integrity, rigor and relevance
Focuses on the introduction of various methods and means of inquiry

Part of the book series: Springer Texts in Education (SPTE)

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About this book

What is “Qualitative” in Qualitative Research? Why the Answer Does not Matter but the Question is Important

Qualitative Methods and Analysis

Unsettling definitions of qualitative research.

qualitative research concepts
social sciences and humanities
historical background of qualitative research concepts
strengths and limitations of qualitative research concepts
foundational research courses
universally applied qualitative research methods
Indigenous qualitative research methods
qualitative research methods in sociology
qualitative research methods in social work
qualitative research methods in health sciences
qualitative research methods in psychology
qualitative research methods in kinesiology
qualitative research methods in business studies
research inquiry
qualitative research methods in human and social sciences

Table of contents (76 chapters)

Front matter, introduction to a variety of qualitative research methods.

Janet Mola Okoko, Scott Tunison, Keith D. Walker

Action Research

Janet Mola Okoko

Actor-Network Theory

Marguerite Koole

Affinity Research Approach

Mary A. Otieno

Appreciative Inquiry

Keith D. Walker

Archival Research

Connor Brenna

Arts‐Based Inquiry

Asset mapping, autoethnography.

Lee B. Murray

Biographic Narrative Interpretive Method

Benjamin Kutsyuruba, Bernadette Mendes
Thomas Ndame

Coding Qualitative Data

Marla Rogers

Comparative Analysis

Kenisha Blair-Walcott

Content Analysis

Scott Tunison

Critical Ethnography

Janet Mola Okoko, Nana Prempeh

Critical Race Theory

Maha Kumaran

Critical Theory

Michael Cottrell

Cultural Domain Analysis

Laila Albughayl, Wilfred Beckford

Decolonizing Methodologies: A Pacific Island Lens

Cherie Chu-Fuluifaga

Editors and Affiliations

Janet Mola Okoko, Scott Tunison

About the editors

Janet Okoko is an Associate Professor in the department of Educational Administration, College of Education at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. Her research focuses on school leadership preparation and development. She has used qualitative research approaches such as case studies and phenomenology, with contextualized methods that incorporate interviews, focus group, mind mapping, transect walk, and photo elicitation, to study school leadership problems in various African countries and in Canada. She is currently studying teacher leadership, as well as school and system leaders’ preparation for work with culturally and linguistically diverse Newcomer/ Migrants. She has published work on school leadership preparation and development in Kenya, and on the experiences of Canadian school leaders with newcomers. In addition, she has co-authored a cross-cultural analysis of school principals’ preparation in Kenya, South Africa, and development for Canada.Her recent publication reports on the framing of school leadership preparation and development for Kenya and the essence of school leaders’ work with newcomer families in Saskatchewan, Canada. Scott Tunison

is an Assistant Professor in the department of Educational Administration, College of Education at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. His research focuses on evidence-informed leadership practice, strategic planning, and Indigenous education. He uses a broad range of qualitative research methods on their own and as part of mixed-methods investigations. He is currently studying district- and school-wide uptake of citizenship education instructional materials, models of district assessments of the efficacy of their support of Indigenous students and families, and school teams’ use of data as evidence of progress. He has published an authored book on processes to enhance K-12 leaders’ use of academic research to inform their practice. His other publications focus on reframing research ethics frameworks as guides for education systems’ use of data, K-12 leaders’ perspectives on honouring the best interests of children, educational administrators’ views of the value of academic research to guide their practice, developing community in online learning contexts, and processes for fostering and inspiring change and improvement in educational systems.

Keith Walker is a Professor in the Department of Educational Administration at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada, where he has served for about 30 years. His academic interests, expertise, and activity revolve around positive leadership and organizational development, follower and community well-being, research methodologies, governance and decision making together with applied ethics in education, public administration and not-for-profit sectors. He most identifies with his roles as husband, father, grand-father, teacher-scholar, apprentice, colleague,mentor and friend. His formal education has been in several disciplines and fields of study, including physical education, theology, philosophy, education and educational administration. He has supervised over 100 graduate students to completion and has authored and co-authored over 150 chapters, books, and refereed articles

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Varieties of Qualitative Research Methods

Book Subtitle : Selected Contextual Perspectives

Editors : Janet Mola Okoko, Scott Tunison, Keith D. Walker

Series Title : Springer Texts in Education

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04394-9

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Education , Education (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-031-04396-3 Published: 14 January 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-3-031-04394-9 Published: 01 January 2023

Series ISSN : 2366-7672

Series E-ISSN : 2366-7680

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XVII, 495

Number of Illustrations : 3 b/w illustrations, 98 illustrations in colour

Topics : Research Methods in Education , Education, general , Higher Education

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Home » Research Methods » Qualitative Methods "How-To" Guides

Qualitative Methods "How-To" Guides Edited by Patricia Leavy

This series provides researchers and students with step-by-step, practical instruction on established and emerging qualitative methods. Authors are leaders in their respective areas of expertise who demystify the research process and share innovative practices and invaluable insider advice. The basics of each method are addressed, including philosophical underpinnings, and guidance is offered on designing studies; generating, analyzing, interpreting, and representing data; and evaluating the quality of research. With accessible writing, robust examples, and ample pedagogical features, books in this series are ideal for use in courses or by individual researchers.

10 Best Research Books For Qualitative And Quantitative Research

Research books are designed to help you improve your research skills and conduct studies more effectively. So, if you’re on the hunt for research materials, check out our collection of the best research books!

Research methodology comes in many shapes and forms. Regardless of whether you are interested in qualitative or quantitative research, it is essential to find a book that can help you plan your research project adequately.

Research design can vary from hard sciences to social sciences, but data analysis following a case study is usually similar. Therefore, you need a practical guide that can help you complete a research project and finish your research paper—interested in this field of topic? You’ll love our round-up of the best books for quantum physics !

1. Qualitative Research: A Guide To Design And Implementation, 4th Edition

2. research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 4th edition, 3. the research methods knowledge base, 3rd edition, 4. the craft of research, 5. doing your research project: open up study skills, 5th edition, 6. qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches, 3rd edition, 7. the essential guide to doing your research project, 2nd edition, 8. introducing research methodology: a beginner’s guide to doing a research project, 2nd edition, 9. the sage handbook of qualitative research, 5th edition, 10. research methods in education, 7th edition, the final word on the best research books, what is the difference between quantitative research and qualitative research, how do i figure out which academic journal to publish my research in.

Unlimited access to more than 5,500 nonfiction bestsellers. Free trial available.

Books About Research FAQs

Quantitative research focuses more on numbers and statistics. This type of research is more common in hard sciences such as biology, chemistry, and physics.

Qualitative research focuses more on overall meanings and concepts. This type of research is more common in social sciences such as anthropology, archaeology, and research topics focusing on social justice.

It would help compare prior articles in that academic journal to the article you have written. Most academic journals focus on a specific field, and you need to submit your article to a publication that shares research articles similar to your own. Be sure to consider the prestige of the journal before submitting your paper.

If you enjoyed this round-up of the best research books, you might also like our top 11 essay writing tips for students .

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Introduction to Qualitative Methods (513X8)

15 credits, Level 7 (Masters)

Autumn teaching

This module is designed for all postgraduate students in the social sciences and related professional disciplines. It aims to:

introduce you to the nature and characteristics of qualitative social research and its applications in a range of contexts
equip you with some key personal and practical skills relevant to successful qualitative research.

The module introduces the variety of methodological positions and research practices associated with qualitative research strategies. Three key research approaches to data collection are explored in more depth. The module includes:

a session considering the nature of ethnographic fieldwork and provides critical contexts for its exploration. Participant observation is discussed as a key social science research method
a session exploring narratives and life-histories as particular types of qualitative data
a session looking at the key data collection method of interviewing. You are set a practical interviewing task on which you report back to the groups. This exercise is used as a starting point to discuss a range of practical and theoretical issues around interviewing
a session considering issues of data analysis, representation and writing. In this session, issues of ethics and the politics of research and writing are addressed.

Contact hours and workload

We regularly review our modules to incorporate student feedback, staff expertise, as well as the latest research and teaching methodology. We’re planning to run these modules in the academic year 2024/25. However, there may be changes to these modules in response to feedback, staff availability, student demand or updates to our curriculum. We’ll make sure to let you know of any material changes to modules at the earliest opportunity.

Home » Blog » Comprehensive Guide to Research Methodology – Design | Methods | Best Practices

Comprehensive Guide to Research Methodology – Design | Methods | Best Practices

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Table of Contents

Introduction
Steps in Research Process
Classification of Research Design

1. Introduction

This article describes the research process and different research designs in detail. Management and social science research, like other forms of scientific inquiry, require a structured sequence of highly interrelated steps (Zigmund et al., 2010). The research process involves a series of steps or actions essential for the smooth conduct of any research. The figure below illustrates the sequence of the research process. It is to be noted that these steps are not a road map to all kinds of research. Basically, it is applicable for deductive or functionalist research, and it can or needs to be revised to suit the requirements of a specific project. The research process doesn’t need to be followed successively; rather, the steps overlap frequently and are interrelated. The research process offers a comprehensive guideline that can be referred to for any management and social science research. It may happen that later stages can be accomplished before the earlier stages.

The steps involved in the research process are neither mutually exclusive nor separate and distinct. The selection of a research topic at the outset, defining the research problem and objectives, influences the selection of a sample and data collection. The sample selection may affect the design of questionnaire items. For example, suppose an organization wants to know the cause of attrition among lower-category employees with low educational qualifications. In that case, the wording for the questionnaire will be easier than for people in top management positions with professional educational qualifications. The steps may differ based on the objectives of the research. However, research based on deductive logic should follow the steps outlined below:

2. Steps in Research Process

Problem Identification
Literature Review
Formulating Research Questions
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Conclusions and Report Writing.

The quest for research must always be triggered by the longing to explore and gain more knowledge and understanding. The management dilemma encourages the need for a decision. The need may arise owing to the cause that the researchers want to discover or reestablish certain relationships. The orientation might be to solve immediate management issues, discover something new, or have purely academic intentions. For instance, in an organization, the manager may want to know the reason for high attrition and lack of job satisfaction, or a retail store may survey the post-purchase satisfaction among the customers.

2.1 Research Problem Identification

Defining the research problem is the first step in the research process. The researchers get the proper direction to conduct their research by first understanding the research problems. Hence, a well-defined research problem is crucial. When the problem is discovered, researchers and management can take further steps to define the problem clearly and precisely. A problem defined with accuracy and conscience helps the researchers utilize the available resources effectively. It is imperative for researchers to explore what exactly is the problem and what are the objectives of the research. The rule generally followed to define the research problem is that the definition should permit the researchers to acquire all details required to address the managerial issues and show guidelines for finding a solution. The researcher should be careful not to define the problem too broadly or narrowly. Examples of broad managerial problems are defining a strategy for enhancing organizational performance and a strategy to elevate the organization’s brand equity. An example of a narrow definition of a problem is how to match competitors’ recruitment strategies. To overcome the possibility of both errors while defining the research problem, the researchers must define the problem with broad, popular terms and devise its components. The broad general statement helps the researchers get a sound perspective on the research problem and avoid the error of defining the problem narrowly. On the other side, the specific component helps to identify the key aspects of the research problem, extend a transparent guideline to proceed further and avoid the error of defining the problem too broadly. In management and social science research, broad management problems need to be converted to information-oriented research problems that focus more on the cause than the symptoms. Some examples of managerial problems converted to research problems are presented in Table below. The conversion of management dilemma to managerial questions and further to research questions can be carried out through exploratory research. Such research incorporates an examination of past research studies, a review of extant literature and organizational records and interviewing experts (Cooper et al., 2016).


Employees are leaving the organization.	What are the reasons for attrition and motivation to stay in an organization?
Training transfer is very low in the organization.	What factors will enhance training transfer (actual use of training) in organizations?
Attitude impacts financial investment decision.	Does attitude influence the financial investment decisions of employees?

2.2 Literature Review

Exploring the existing literature is critical in the research process. Researchers must explore and investigate extant literature to observe whether other researchers have already addressed the identified research problem. A literature review is a systematic search of published work, including periodicals, books, journal papers (conceptual and empirical), and reports, representing theory and empirical work about the research problem and topic at hand. A survey of existing literature is customary in applied research and is an elementary requirement of a basic research report. The internet, electronic databases, websites, and e-library help the researcher to carry out literature surveys systematically and easily.

The literature review aims to study the existing state of knowledge in the domain of interest, to picture key authors, theories, methods, topics, and findings in that domain, and to explore the gaps in knowledge in that domain. A literature review conducted systematically reveals whether initial research questions have already gained substantial attention in the extant literature, whether more interesting newer research questions are available, whether past studies have consistent findings or contradictions exist, flaws in the body of research that the researchers can address, and whether the initial research questions need to be revised as per the findings of the literature review. Furthermore, the review can answer the proposed research questions and help identify theories used in previous studies to address similar research questions. For example, for an organization interested in determining the true cause of turnover, the researcher will study extensively the existing literature on attrition and its causes. By studying relevant journal articles, books, and book chapters, the researcher will discover the causes of attrition in general, find out the existing gaps, and suggest the management carry forward the research to find causes specific to the organization.

As deductive research primarily involves theory testing, the researchers must identify one or more theories that can illuminate the proposed research questions. Through an extensive literature review, researchers may uncover various concepts and constructs related to the phenomenon of interest. A theory will extend support to constructs/variables that are logically relevant to the chosen phenomenon. In the deductive approach, researchers use theory/theories as the logical basis for hypothesis testing. However, researchers must carefully select the theories appropriate for the identified problem to be studied. The hypotheses need to be logically formulated and connected to the research objectives.

2.3 Formulating Research Questions

After problem identification and clarification, with or without an exploratory research approach, the researchers should derive the research objectives. Cautious attention to problem definition helps the researchers devise proper research objectives. Research objectives are the goal to be achieved through research. The research objective drives the research process further. A well-devised research objective enhances the possibility of gathering, relevant information and avoiding unwanted information. The research objectives can be properly developed with the consensus of the researchers and management on the actual managerial and business problems. The researcher should ensure that the research objectives are clearly stated, appropriate, and will yield germane information. The research objective may involve exploring the likelihood of venturing into a new market or may necessitate examining the effect of a new organizational policy on employee performance. The nature and types of objectives lead to choosing an appropriate research design.

Research Objectives: Research objectives represent the goal of the research the researchers want to accomplish.

2.3.1 Suitable Research Questions

Research questions are important to conduct effective research. Without a clear research question, the researcher may face the risk of unfocused research and will not be sure of what the research is about. Research questions are refined descriptions of the components of the research problem. These are questions related to behavior, events or phenomena of interest that the researchers search for answers in their research. Examples include what factors motivate the employees in an organization to apply the gained knowledge back to their jobs or what needs to be done to enhance the creativity of school-going students. Research questions can best state the objectives of the research. Each component of the research problem needs to be broken down into sub-parts or research questions. Research questions inquire about the information essential concerning the problem components. Properly answered research questions will lead to effective decision-making. While formulating research questions, researchers should be guided by the problem statement, theoretical background, and analytical framework.

Sources of Research Questions

Extant Literature
Personal experience
Societal issues
Managerial problems
New theories
Technological advancement
Empirical cases
Contradictory finding

2.3.1.1 Significance of Research Questions

Research questions are critical because they guide scientific and systematic literature search, the decision about appropriate research design, the decision about data collection and target audience, data analysis, selection of right tools and techniques and overall to move in the right direction.

The researcher can utilize different sources for formulating research questions, such as extant literature, personal experience, societal issues, managerial problems, new theories, technological advancement, and contradictory findings. The research question must portray certain attributes. Research questions in quantitative research are more specific compared to qualitative research. Sometimes, some qualitative research follows an open approach without any research questions. The main steps involved in formulating research questions are illustrated in Figure below.

Criteria of Effective Research Questions

Rateability
Systematic and logical
Significant
Fascinating
Logical association among variables

The sequence in selecting research questions suggests that the researchers are engrossed in a process of progressive focusing down when developing the research questions. It helps them to slide down from the general research area to research questions. While formulating the research questions, the researchers should understand that ending a research question with a question mark is essential. Without a question mark, a statement cannot be considered as a research question. It is quite possible that the researchers may not get answers to all research questions. The research questions need to be related to each other.

2.4 Planning the Research Design

After formulating research problems and literature surveys, the next stage in the research process is to develop the research design. Research design is the blueprint of research activities to answer research questions. It is a master plan that includes research methods and procedures for gathering and analyzing the relevant information with minimum cost, time, and effort. A research design extends a plan for carrying out the research. The researchers need to decide the source to collect information, the techniques of research design (survey or experiment), sampling techniques, and the cost and schedule of the research. The success of these objectives depends on the purpose of the research. Usually, research purposes are segregated into four types: exploration, description, diagnosis, and experimentation.

There are varied designs, such as experimental or non-experimental hypotheses testing (details of different research designs are outlined in section 2.3 in this chapter). There are four primary research methods for descriptive and causal research: survey, experiments, secondary data, and observations. The selection of an appropriate research method relies on the research objectives, available data sources, the cost and effort of collecting data, and the importance of managerial decisions. If the research objective is exploration, a flexible research design can extend better opportunities to investigate different aspects of the research problem. On the other hand, if the intention is simply to describe any situation or phenomena of interest to examine the relationship between two or more variables, the appropriate design should prioritize minimizing bias and maximizing reliability in data collection and analysis. For example, suppose a researcher wants to conduct exploratory research to know the different types of arthritis common in India. In that case, it may require a flexible design relying on secondary data from hospital records or discussions with doctors or other experts to reach conclusions. However, to invent COVID-vaccination and medicine for the COVID-19 virus, the researchers conducted varied experiments to reach a conclusion.

2.4.1 Hypotheses Development

Exploratory research helps the researchers define the research questions, key variables, and theoretical underpinnings and formulate hypotheses if required in the research. The hypotheses must be logically derived based on the research questions and linked to research objectives. A hypothesis is a tentative proposition regarding a research phenomenon. It may be a tentative statement that indicates an association between two or more variables, guided by any supportive theory, theoretical framework, or analytical model. It is a viable answer to the research questions framed by the researchers. Hypotheses are statements of relationships or propositions that are declarative and can be tested with empirical data. Some examples are:

H 1 : Training influences organizational performance.

H 2 : Training enhances employee performance.

For two more research questions i.e., “to what extent does brand love determine purchase intention?” and “does age and family background moderate the relationship?”, the hypotheses are:

H 1 : Brand love is related to purchase intention.

H 2 : Age and Family status moderate the association between brand love and purchase intention. Figure below provides a pictorial representation of the hypotheses drawn.

However, it is not always feasible for researchers to formulate hypotheses in all situations. Sometimes, researchers may lack all relevant information, and theoretical support may not be available to formulate the hypotheses.

2.5 Sampling Design

This stage of the research process involves an investigation of the population under study. A complete investigation of the population under study is known as a census inquiry. Usually, in census investigation, all units or items of the population are studied with high accuracy and reliability. However, it is usually not practicable and feasible for the researchers to study the entire population. Researchers usually prefer to investigate small, representative subgroups from the population known as sample. The procedure to select the sub-groups/samples is called sampling design. Sampling entails the process of drawing conclusions based on a subgroup of the population. Hence, the sample is a subset of the population. The first question that needs to be addressed in sampling is “who is to be included in the sample?” and this requires the identification of the target population under study. It is difficult for the researcher to define the population and sampling unit. For example, if a researcher wants to investigate the financial savings and vehicle loan association survey. In that case, individuals with existing accounts will be taken, and this sample unit represents the existing customers and not the potential customers. Hence, it is critical in sampling design to determine the specific target population.

Secondly, the issue that concerns the researchers in sampling design is selecting an appropriate sample size, and the third concern is selecting the sampling units. Researchers need to address these concerns to justify the research. Samples can be selected either using probability sampling techniques or non-probability sampling techniques. There are four types of probability sampling such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling includes convenience, judgmental, quota, and snowball sampling. Depending on the objective, researchers should select the appropriate sampling techniques for their study.

2.6 Fieldwork and Gathering Data

After the formalization of the sampling plan, the fieldwork and data-gathering stage begins. The researcher gathers data after finalizing what to research, among whom, and which method to use. Data gathering involves the process of information collection. Different data collection instruments are available for researchers to collect information or data. Broadly, there are two ways to collect data, such as primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data include data collected firsthand and are original. Varied methods are available for primary data collection, such as structured and unstructured interviews, focused group discussion, observation, and survey using a structured questionnaire. The data can be collected offline or online. Secondary data included information collected from published or unpublished sources that were already available. Some secondary data collection sources are articles, magazines, company records, expert opinion survey data, feedback of customers, government data, and past research on the subject. For example, to conduct a survey of job satisfaction in an organization, the researcher may circulate a printed questionnaire offline or mail the questionnaire to the selected respondents following an appropriate sampling technique.

Another example could be a study that investigates the purchase preference for luxury cars, and the base model demands primary and empirical information. However, another study that intended to describe the financial investment behavior of existing customers will use secondary data. At this stage, the researchers need to ensure the reliability and validity of the data obtained for the study.

2.7 Data Processing and Analysis

After data gathering, the data needs to be converted or properly coded to answer the research question under study. The information gathered in the data collection phase should be mined from the primary raw data. Data processing starts with data editing, coding, and tabulation. First, it is vital for the researchers to check the data collection forms for missing data, clarity, and consistency in categorization. The editing process involves problems associated with data, such as respondents’ response errors. Editing improves the quality of the data and makes the data usable for tabulation, analysis, and interpretation. Tabulation is a technical process in which classified data are presented in tables. Researchers use computers to feed data to a computer spreadsheet for data analysis. The preparation of a spreadsheet also requires lots of expertise and experience.

After coding the data, the next step is to analyze the data. Data analysis is the utilization of reasoning to make sense of data gathered. Ample statistical techniques are available for the researchers to analyze the data. Based on the research questions, objectives, study types, sampling framework used, data types, and degree of accuracy involved in the research, one can choose from parametric or non-parametric techniques for data analysis. Researchers may adopt univariate, bi-variate or multi-variate methods for data analysis. The analysis may include simple frequency analysis, multiple regression, or structural equation modeling. Different techniques are available for qualitative data, presented in Part 3 of this book.

2.8 Drawing Conclusion and Preparing a Report

After data analysis, the final stage in the research process is the interpretation of the results. The researcher requires analytical skills to interpret the statistical results, link the output with the research objectives, and state the implications of the result.

Research Design: Research design is the blueprint/systematic steps to carry out research smoothly

Finally, researchers must communicate the result in the form of a report. The preparation of the final report needs to be done with the utmost care. The final report should include the identified research questions, research approach, data collection method, data analysis techniques, study findings, and implications for theory and practice. The structure of the report will be discussed in the last section of this book. The report should be prepared comprehensively to be usable by management or organizations for decision-making.

3. Classification of Research Design

This section highlights the classification of research design. As mentioned in the previous section, research design is the framework for carrying out management and other research. After the identification of a problem, the researchers formulate the research design. A good research design ensures the effectiveness of the research work. The choice of selecting an appropriate design relies on the research objectives. The broad categorization of research design with sub-categorization is detailed in various sub-sections.

3.1 Exploratory Research Design

Methods to Conduct Exploratory Research

Literature survey
Secondary sources of data
Experience survey
Focused group discussions
Observations
Structured and unstructured interviews
Pilot surveys
Case Studies

Exploratory research design is the simplest form of research design. The researchers explore the true nature of the problem. When researchers aim to study a new area or examine a new interest, exploratory design is a good option. This research design is flexible and versatile in approach. The information required by the researchers is defined loosely and unstructured. Researchers carrying out qualitative research usually adopt exploratory research design. Exploratory research design serves three purposes (a) it helps the researchers to address their inquisitiveness and quest for better understanding (b) to assess the practicality of carrying out border research (c) and devise methods for further studies.

Methods to Conduct Descriptive Research

Self-administered survey
Phone survey
Mail survey/online survey
Observation
Personal interview
Telephone interview

Exploratory research design has paramount significance in management and social science research. They are crucial for researchers who want to study something new. To cite an example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, physical health, mental health, and safety of school and college-going children were a concern for most people. The online education system was the new normal at that time. Research studying the impact of digitalization, long time spent in online studies on students’ health and mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, is of an exploratory kind. One of the disadvantages of exploratory research design is that researchers rarely get specific answers to the research questions.

3.2 Descriptive Research Design

The prime objective of descriptive research design is to describe certain situations or events. This type of design provides an extensive explanation of the research phenomena under study. In descriptive research, the researchers possess prior knowledge about the problem situations. The information is defined with clarity. This kind of research is preplanned and more structured than exploratory research. Researchers must formulate research questions properly and have clarity regarding the types of data needed and the procedure to be followed to achieve the research objectives. Researchers have the luxury of covering a large representative sample. Researchers must answer five Ws and one H – what, who, when, where, why, and how of research issues. What kind of information is required for the research, who are the target respondents, when the information will be collected, where to interact with the respondents, why information is collected from the respondents and how to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive research studies can be cross-sectional or longitudinal. The major objectives for the following descriptive research are given below.

To explain the characteristics of certain groups such as the Indian population, employees, students, marketing personnel, organizations, sales persons. For example, a university to design a customized online higher studies course for working professionals needs a holistic profile of the interested population.
To evaluate the portion of individuals in a specific population portraying a typical behavior. For instance, when a researcher is inclined to know the percentage of employees not interested in an online platform introduced for them in their organization.
To predict for future. For instance, to know the future of physical retail stores due to the widespread expansion of online stores.
To examine the extent to which management research variables relate to each other. For example, to what extent does work-life balance, salary, and conducive work environment enhance employee job satisfaction?

3.3 Causal Research Design

Usually, causal research design is adopted by researchers to explain causal relationships among phenomena under study. Causal research examines cause-and-effect relationships among variables. Causal research has certain criteria, as already discussed in Chapter 1. Causal research follows a planned and structured design like descriptive research. Though the magnitude of the relationship among variables is examined in descriptive research, the causal association cannot be explained through such research. Experimentation is one of the methods for carrying out causal research.

In causal research, the researchers usually examine the impact of one variable on another. The researchers try to explore the cause-and-effect relationship (nomothetic explanation). How can the researcher know whether cause and effect are associated? There are three criteria for a nomothetic causal relationship when (1) two or more variables are correlated, (2) the cause precedes the effect and (3) the absence of a plausible alternative explanation for the effect other than the proposed cause (Babbie, 2020). First, without establishing a correlation among two or more variables, causation cannot exist. Second, the cause should happen before the effect in time. For instance, it is more sensible to say that children’s religious affiliation is caused by their parents than to reflect that parents’ religious affiliation is due to children; even in some cases, it is plausible that children may convert to other religions later with their parent’s permission. The third significant condition for a causal relationship is that the effect cannot be attributed to any external third variable for establishing causation.

To cite one classic example, there is a causal association between sales of ice cream and death owing to drowning. Intake of more ice creams in summer does lead to a higher death rate due to drowning. The third intervening variable that causes higher death is season or temperature. In summer, higher deaths occur due to swimming and not because of taking ice-creams. The intervening variable season or temperature causes a higher death rate.

To establish a reliable causal relationship among two or more variables, other influencing variables must be controlled to neutralize their impact on the studied variables. For example, to study the effect of factors influencing training transfer in soft skill training, the other intervening variables such as age, gender, and educational qualification need to be controlled. This kind of research sometimes demands experimentation to establish causality. In most cases, causal research is quantitative and needs statistical hypothesis testing.

3.4 Experimental Research Design

Experimental research aims to examine the cause-effect relationship in a controlled setting by isolating the cause from the effect in time. The three criteria suggested by John Stuart Mill mirror in experimental research. In experimental research, the cause is administered to one group of subjects, known as the treatment group and not to the control group, and the researchers observe the difference in mean effect among the subjects of both groups. Whether variation in the cause is connected to variation in effect is observed. To be more specific, the researcher manipulates the independent variable and examines the change in the dependent variable, keeping other variables constant. Researchers used varied methods during the experiments to reduce the plausible effect of other explanations for the effect, along with ancillary methods to investigate the plausibility of those that cannot be ruled out. It is vital in experimental studies to control the extraneous and confounding variables while carrying out the experiments. Ignorance of such variables may lead to spurious relationships among studied variables. However, bringing many of the variables under experimental control is impossible. For example, personal characteristics of the subject like age, sex, intelligence, beliefs and persona. In such cases, the researchers must observe natural variations in the variables of concern. Then, statistical procedures are used to rule out the plausible impact of uncontrolled factors.

Experimental Research Design: An experiment is a method of collecting evidence to indicate the effect of one variable on another.

Experimental research design can be conducted in a laboratory setting (laboratory experiment) or in a field setting (field experiments) where the phenomena of research interest happen. As an example, one of the most talked about and controversial experiments conducted on understanding human behavior has been the Stanford Prison Experiments, which took place at Stanford University in 1971. The experiments were funded by the US Office of Naval Research, and the principal investigator for the same was Prof Phillip Zimbardo. The major purpose of these experiments was to understand how norms develop and social expectations about roles shape group behavior. Experimental studies are segregated into four categories such as pre-experimental, true-experimental, quasi-experimental and statistical design.

3.4.1 Correlation, Causation and Cofounds

Correlation cannot be treated as causation, and correlation does not always prove causation. In correlation, it is unclear which variable comes first or whether any alternative explanation exists for the assumed effect. Two variables may be correlated due to chance. Correlation is symmetric, while causation is asymmetric. Two variables may be co-related, but their relationship may be affected by a third variable called cofounds. For example, let’s say that high salary and high educational qualifications are correlated. It is difficult to say with confirmation which comes first. Whether a high educational qualification leads to a high salary, or a high salary leads to a high educational qualification. Both possibilities can hold true and necessitate further investigation. Until researchers conclude through their investigation, a mere correlation among these two variables will not give a clear picture of their causal relationship. There is also the possibility of an alternative explanation for the relationship between high salary and high educational qualifications. The link may be due to a third variable called intellect, which results in high salary and high educational qualifications.

In management research, social science, and natural science, three significant pairs of components are required for experimentation: Experimental and control group, independent and dependent variable, and pre-test and post-test.

3.4.1.1 Experimental and Control Group

The group in which an experimental treatment is administered is known as the experimental or treatment group. In contrast, the group in which no experiment is administered is known as the control group. Using control groups enables the researchers to assess the experiment’s effects. For example, suppose a researcher wants to study the impact of rewards on employee productivity in an organization. In that case, the researcher can experiment with two groups of employees. One group will be given external rewards, known as the experimental group, and the other group (control group) will provide no external rewards. Then, the researcher can investigate the causal association between rewards on employees’ productivity through this experiment. The use of a control group is quite common in medical science research. In social science and management research, the use of control groups and experimental studies became popular with several experiments conducted in the late 1920s and early 1930s by F. J. Roethlisberger and W. J. Dickson (1939) to discover the changes required in working conditions to enhance employee satisfaction and productivity. Their series of experiments resulted in the Hawthorne effect.

3.4.1.2 Independent and Dependent Variables

In experimental research, the researchers study the impact of an independent variable on the dependent variable. Usually, experimental stimuli, whether present or absent, are considered independent variables. Independent variables are manipulated in the study, and their effects are assessed and compared. The researchers compare outcomes when the stimulus is present and not present. Hence, the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent variable is the presumed effect. It is to be noted that the independent variable in one study may serve as a dependent variable in another study. For example, an experiment intends to explore the causality between high salary and job satisfaction, job satisfaction is the dependent variable. However, in another experiment designed to explore the causality between job satisfaction and employee productivity, job satisfaction is the independent variable.

3.4.1.3 Pre- and Post-test

In an experiment, the experimenters measure the variable before conducting the experiment on the group known as the pre-test and measure the variable after conducting the experiments is called as post-test. Hence, subjects are exposed to a stimulus called a dependent variable (pre-testing), then exposed to a stimulus, i.e., independent variable, and again assessed with a dependent variable (post-testing). Any discrepancies between the two measurements of dependent variables are ascribed to the independent variable.

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Open access
Published: 15 September 2024

Exploring academic and clinical nurses’ perspectives on evidence-based nursing course for undergraduates from perspectives of academic-practice partnerships: a qualitative study

Guiyun Wang 1 ,
Yuting Xia 2 ,
Qirong Chen 2 ,
Xirongguli Halili 2 &
Hui Huang 3

BMC Nursing volume 23 , Article number: 657 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

To explore nurses’ perceptions of evidence-based nursing courses for undergraduates through academic-practice partnerships.

A deductive thematic analysis based on the practice-academic logic model.

Fifteen academic and clinical nurses were interviewed between November and December 2023, either online or through face-to-face meetings. Each interview lasted 20–30 min. The interview outline was constructed based on the practice-academic partnership logic model, which was followed during the process of recorded, analyzed, and checked.

Themes identified include inputs (e.g., stakeholder commitment), activities (e.g., communication), outputs (e.g., nursing projects), and outcomes (e.g., improved competence). These themes highlight the various aspects and outcomes of academic-practice partnerships in evidence-based nursing courses.

Effective academic-practice partnerships are crucial for developing evidence-based nursing courses, leading to positive educational and professional outcomes.

Nurses’ perceptions provide valuable guidelines for developing effective evidence-based nursing courses.

Patient or public contribution

No patient or public users participated in this study.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Evidence-based nursing (EBN) is a systematic approach to addressing clinical questions that combines research findings, clinicians’ expertise, and patients’ values [ 1 ]. Conducting evidence-based nursing practices (EBNP) has a significant effect on improving the quality of nursing care and reducing healthcare expenses [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Over the past decade, researchers have emphasized the importance of EBNP [ 5 ]. However, limited EBNP projects has been conducted in clinical nursing [ 6 ]. The main reason for the insufficient implementation of EBNP is the lack of EBN knowledge, competence, resources, and adherence to complete processes and pathways by nurses [ 7 ]. Conducting high-quality EBN education is a key measure to improve the EBN competence of nurses [ 8 ]. Undergraduate nursing students are the future of the nursing workforce [ 9 , 10 ]. Undergraduate nursing students will have the competence to conduct EBNP projects to promote the development of nursing care towards a more professional and scientific direction [ 11 ]. American Medical Association has pointed out that conducting EBP education for undergraduate nursing students is the key to equipping them with EBN competence and enabling them to conduct EBNP [ 12 ].

Nevertheless, there is limited studies focused on developing of EBN education for undergraduate nursing students [ 11 ]. Existing studies have shown that EBN education for undergraduate nursing students mainly focuses on lectures, interactive, and blended online and offline teaching and the EBNP education for undergraduate nursing students were conducted by clinical nurses [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. However, most of the clinical nurses lacked of time to provide systematic EBN theory education for undergraduate, which caused the undergraduate nursing student with low level of EBN knowledge and ability [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The separation of theory and practice is the main drawback of existing EBN education for undergraduate nursing students [ 13 , 14 ]. However, theory and practice are two essential and complementary components of EBN [ 18 ].

Academic-practice partnerships (APPs) refers to the establishment of strategic relationships between academic and clinical institutions, fully utilizing the advantages of both sides, and promoting common vision in teaching, practice, and research [ 19 ]. Conducting APPs in EBN (APPs-EBN) education will overcome the key obstacle of the existing EBN education for undergraduate nursing students [ 12 , 20 ]. To understand the content of APPs-EBN education, the steps of existing research of APPs-EBN training program for nursing students was shown as following [ 21 , 22 ]: (1) clinical nurses to identify their needs; (2) academic nurses assigned nursing students specific topics, provide reading materials and videos; (3) nursing students formulated EBNP questions (PICOs, including participants, interventions, comparison, outcomes, and study design [ 23 ]. PICOs were the important content of EBNP questions [ 23 ].); (4) academic nurses, clinical nurses and nursing students discussed the accuracy of EBNP questions (PICOs); (5) nursing students submitted their homework and received their grades with feedback; (6) academic and clinical nurses chose a final EBNP question (PICOs) that was befitting for each student group.

Academic nurses and clinical nurses should be the core of APPs-EBN education for undergraduate nursing students, actively participating in all stages of EBN education process [ 22 ]. Moreover, conducting APPs-EBN education must be achieved through individual-level partnerships of academic nurses and clinical nurses [ 20 , 24 ]. However, existing studies focused on discussing APPs-EBN practice at institutional level, with limited studies focused on the individual perspectives of APPs-EBN education, especially for the undergraduate nursing student’s EBN education [ 19 , 20 , 25 ]. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the perceptions of academic and clinical nurses on APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students to provide information for improving the quality of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. However, there is a lack of individual-level evidence on specific perceptions of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students.

Practice-academic partnership logic model was designed for APPs program. Given the efficacy of this model has been approved in the aspect of APPs and its appropriateness for this qualitative study to deductive specific and essential content during the process of APPs, further to provide basis for researchers conduct APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students [ 22 ]. This model emphasizes that having specific inputs and conducting specific activities in the process of APPs may result in corresponding outputs and outcomes (inputs and activities → outputs and outcomes). Inputs encompass the necessary investments in the APPs-EBN education program, including partnership champions, compatible philosophies, common vision, key stakeholder commitment, formalized partnership agreement, shared goals and accountabilities and dedicated time and resources [ 22 , 26 ]. Activities involve specific actions or processes that must be undertaken to yield desired outcomes from the APPs, including open, ongoing communications, shared decision-making and professional development [ 22 , 26 ]. Outputs are the tangible and immediate deliverables stemming from the inputs and activities, including action plans and strategic plans [ 22 , 26 ]. Outcomes, both short-term and long-term, denote the changes or impacts that arise from the APPs, including successful completion of short-term (action plan) goals and successful completion of long-term (strategic) goals [ 22 , 26 ]. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and interpret the perceptions on APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students among the academic nurses and clinical nurses based on the partnership-academic partnership logic model. This study will provide a valuable information for further constructing APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students.

This qualitative study used deductive thematic analysis by using the practice-academic logic model [ 27 ]. The qualitative study was reported following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist [ 28 ].

Participants

Considering that academic and clinical nurses were the main stakeholders in APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students, this study conducted qualitative interviews with these two groups of people. Inclusion criteria for academic nurses was that academic nurses had experience in teaching EBN course for undergraduate and/or graduate nursing students. Inclusion criteria for clinical nurses were as follows: (1) clinical nurses were responsible for providing direct care to patients in a hospital unit. (2) clinical nurses have the experience in EBNP.

Data collection

The data were collected between November and December 2023. The interviews were conducted through online videoconferencing meetings or face-to-face meetings in participants’ offices. Each participant underwent a single interview session, with each interview lasting approximately 20–30 min. The interviews were conducted by the corresponding author (Y.X.) who was a female master’s nursing student and has completed qualitative research training.

The sampling method employed was purposive sampling, which can consciously select some participants who understand the research questions and provide rich information in the interviews [ 29 ]. The interview outline was constructed based on the practice-academic partnership logic model, which mainly includes what support did we need from both the organizational and individual levels to conduct APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students? What activities could be conducted in APPs-EBN course to improve teaching effectiveness? What were the outputs of conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students? What were the outcomes for conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students?

Before conducting the formal interview, the researchers contacted the interviewees through WeChat (the social media most commonly used in China) to introduce the purpose, significance, and methods of this part of the research. After obtaining consent from the participants, the interview schedule was arranged to accommodate their availability. Before commencing the formal interviews, the researchers reiterated the research’s purpose, significance, and methodologies to the interviewees, while also ensuring the protection of their privacy. Detailed explanations were provided concerning the recording procedures, and the interviewees were requested to sign an informed consent form before the interviews officially commenced, including the recording process. The semi-structured interview outline served as a comprehensive guide throughout the interview process, ensuring that the interview content remained closely aligned with the research objectives. All the interviews were recorded. Any questions that arose during the interview were promptly addressed to maintain clarity and depth of the responses.

Data analysis

Within 24 h after the interview, two researchers (Y.X. and H.H) converted 15 interview recordings into written materials and listened to the recordings multiple times to ensure the accuracy of the transcription results. The interview transcriptions were analyzed in NVivo 12.0. The corresponding author (Y.X.) followed the following steps to code the perspectives of participants: immersing in the data, developing an initial thematic template, organizing the data based on the template, condensing data and reflecting, comparing and contrasting data within similar participant categories, and comparing and contrasting data with different participant categories [ 20 ]. After completing the initial encoding of all data, the corresponding author (Y.X.) shared and validated the encoding results with other members of the research team to form the final encoding result [ 30 ].

Ethic considerations

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of a nursing school in Hunan Province in March 2023 (review number: E202313). All the recorded data are only used for this study and were backed up in an encrypted computer without Internet connection.

Nine academic nurses participated in this study, two males and seven females, with an average age of (38.00 ± 8.00) years. Among them, eight academic nurses have a doctoral degree, and one academic nurse has a master’s degree. The nine academic nurses were from five different school of nursing in China and both of them have the experience in participating the APP-EBN courses for nurses or graduate nursing students. Six clinical nurses participated in this study, all of them were females and have a master’s degree, with an average age of (37.17 ± 4.26) years. And six clinical nurses were from four different comprehensive hospital in China and three clinical nurses have the experience in participating the APP-EBN projects.

Four themes with 16 subthemes were generated based on practice-academic partnership logic model (Table 1 ), including inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes.

All participants considered the multilevel contents of inputs were the necessary investment of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students.

Key stakeholder commitment

A few participants noted that academic and clinical institutions needed to form formal partnership before developed APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students, which was beneficial for promoting APPs-EBN course. As the opinion by one participant, “The first step of developing APPs-EBN course is to reach a consensus and sign a partnership agreement between academic and clinical leadership , and vigorously promote developing APPs-EBN course.” (Participant 14 , Clinical nurse) Developing a teaching team was one of the important aspects of achieving key stakeholder commitment of APPs. “How to attract clinical nurses to participate in the teaching team requires the academic and clinical institutions to sign some partnership agreements.” (Participant 2 , Academic nurse).

Key stakeholder commitment was an important input for developing APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students and further promoting common interests in EBN education, practice, and research [ 31 ].

Shared mission

Some participants believed that shared mission was an important input for developing of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. As a participant mentioned, “It is necessary to consider shared mission. For example , if the goal is to implement EBNP projects in clinical settings after the course , plans must be made to enhance these projects while developing the course.” (Participant 2 , Academic nurse) Academic and clinical institution had shared mission was conducive to making the partnerships process smoother [ 26 ]. For example, “The leadership is very important during the process of APPs. Leaderships of the academic and the nursing department of the clinical focus on a shared mission to develop this course , which may have a significant impact (on the development of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students).” (Participant 3 , Academic nurse) .

EBN training

Participants mentioned that EBN training was necessary for academic and clinical nurses to improve their EBN competence and acquire the newest knowledge about EBN.

“From organizational level , it is necessary to regularly provide EBNP training opportunities for clinical nurses or provide more updates and lectures on this EBN to academic nurses.” (Participant 3 , Academic nurse) . “If there is such specialized EBN training , it would be best for academic and clinical nurses to participate in systematic learning.” (Participant 5 , Academic nurse) . “Regular training for academic and clinical nurses is necessary. Academic nurses primarily participate in training programs related to EBNP and teaching ability , while clinical nurses primarily participate in training programs related to teaching ability.” (Participant 8 , Academic nurse) .

Developing and conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students required academic and clinical nurses to input a significant amount of time in communication and preparing for teaching APPs-EBN course.

“For some (academic and clinical) nurses , time may be the biggest problem , as building the APPs-EBN course requires partnerships between academic and clinical nurses , including spending time on partnership and individual lesson preparation.” (Participant 10 , Clinical nurse) . “It is difficult for clinical nurses to participant in teaching APPs-EBN course for undergraduate student during their own rest.” (Participant 7 , Academic nurse) . “Developing the APPs-EBN course demands a substantial investment of time from both academic and clinical nurses. From a clinical perspective , the success of this endeavor largely hinges on the level of support from nursing leaders. If nursing leaders truly value this course , they will ensure that clinical nurses have sufficient time to contribute to its teaching.” (Participant 14 , Clinical nurse) .

Instructional design

According to the characteristics of the target population (undergraduate nursing students), the development of APPs-EBN course instructional design (including learning objectives, learning contents, learning methods, and learning resources) was the cornerstone of developing and implementing EBN education [ 32 ]. “The learning objectives is actually your initial origin of instructional design. Firstly , it is necessary to analyze what abilities undergraduate nursing students need to possess in the future clinical nursing , what kind of foundation they need nurses (academic and clinical nurses) to lay for them during their learning period , and what kind of (EBN) knowledge and skills they need to be taught.” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

Comprehensive and systematic educational resources form the foundation for promoting the acquisition of EBN knowledge among undergraduate nursing students [ 33 , 34 ]. Evidence retrieval is a crucial prerequisite for evidence implementation, and ample database resources can significantly enhance the teaching of evidence retrieval in APPs-EBN courses for these students [ 35 ]. Several participants highlighted that database resources are essential for developing APPs-EBN courses for undergraduate nursing students.

“Provide them (undergraduate nursing students) with database resources to access relevant databases for retrieval.” (Participant 8 , Academic nurse) . “Sometimes , we use databases from other universities , because our university actually doesn’t have any databases about evidence-based nursing. It is necessary for university to support more database resources.” (Participant 5 , Academic nurse) .

The participants stated that universities and hospitals provide incentives for academic and clinical nurses, which could enhance the teaching engagement of these professionals.

“The clinical nurses who participated in this course (APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students) have some corresponding incentives , including establishing some educational reform projects and funding.” (Participant 5 , Academic nurse) . “Perhaps there should be time support and performance rewards for nurses (academic and clinical nurses) to participate in this course (APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students). Especially for clinical nurses , they should be provided more time support and performance rewards and honors for the engagement in EBNP education.” (Participant 8 , Academic nurse) . “It is necessary that both the academic and clinical institutions provide clear incentives. If you participate in APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students , it will be beneficial for evaluating professional titles. In addition , it is basic to provide academic and clinical teachers more salary.” (Participant 10 , Clinical nurse) .

Mutual trust

Mutual respect was a key condition for developing of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students [ 26 ]. As participants said that, “It is important to establish a good relationship between academic and clinical nurses , as well as to have some communication during the teaching process.” (Participant 1 , Academic nurse) “Academic and clinical nurses definitely need to fully respect each other’s suggestions and skills , which is actually a very important prerequisite for partnerships.” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

Leadership support

Leadership support was an important input in developing of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. Academic and clinical nurses participating in teaching were more familiar with the characteristics of nursing undergraduate students. The leadership of academic and clinical institutions should provide these professionals with greater rights in developing of APPs-EBN course. “Because this (APPs-EBN course) is intended for students (undergraduate nursing students). It is necessary for leaderships of academic and clinical institutions to provide them (academic and clinical nurses) full freedom to design or optimize this course on their own. ” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

In addition, the time for participating in the teaching of APPs-EBN course the requires the leadership-level support. Leaders should provide academic and clinical nurses with more opportunities to conduct EBNP.

“The support of leaders is essential. For example , if undergraduate nursing students come to a hospital for internships , nursing leaders need to provide them with sufficient support to conduct EBNP projects or participate in the application of clinical guidelines.” (Participant 8 , Academic nurse) . “It is necessary to have the support of the nursing teaching and research department , as this department could identity clinical nurses (with EBNP experience). In addition , the support of nursing leaders is also very important , they could arrange the scheduling and teaching tasks for clinical nurses.” (Participant 15 , Clinical nurse) .

Participants considered activities were essential part during the process of developing of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing student. The effective activities included ongoing communication and share decision-making.

Ongoing communication

Ongoing communications between academic and clinical teachers were beneficial for them to jointly develop and optimize the course, and clarified the teaching tasks of both sides.

“Academic and clinical nurses need to engage in lesson preparation collaboratively. While academic nurses may primarily teach theoretical courses , clinical nurses should work with them to monitor the course’s progress and integrate clinical questions into practical sessions. Both groups should discuss and coordinate to define the teaching tasks effectively.” (Participant 1 , Academic nurse) . “Academic and clinical nurses may need to discuss with both sides about how to better integrate the theory knowledge into the practical course. Firstly , partnership lesson preparation is a part of the teaching process in which both sides are aware of each other’s teaching tasks…… Some partnership discussions and feedback are also important.” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

Share decision-making

Academic and clinical nurses shared decision-making to each other during the teaching process of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students, which was beneficial to APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students [ 26 ]. For example, “Clinical nurses need to provide timely feedback to academic nurses on any suggestions they may have during the implementation of the course. Academic nurses should also observe if there are some problems that effect teaching quality that require optimization. In other words , adjustments need to be made through regular discussions and feedback between both sides , in order to optimize the course in a timely manner” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

Participants described that APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students may could form outputs.

EBNP projects

More EBNP projects could be conducted in the future. “In the future , academic and clinical nurses could establish partnerships channels , and more EBNP projects may generated.” (Participant 1 , Academic nurse) .

EBN manuals

EBN manuals may be the important output of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. “If academic and clinical nurses collaborate to develop EBN course , they could create some manuals including case reports , teaching manuals or reference books to ensure teaching quality and homogeneity.” (Participant 5 , Academic nurse) .

Almost all the participants considered that six positive outcomes were short-term and long-term goals of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students.

Improved EBN awareness

Improving EBN awareness among undergraduate nursing students was a crucial learning objective of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. As a participant mentioned, “Improving EBN awareness among undergraduate nursing students and ensuring they recognize its significance and value is crucial.” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

Improving EBN awareness among undergraduate nursing students would be beneficial for them to conduct EBNP in future clinical nursing work. “They (undergraduate nursing students) should understand the process of EBN. For example , they know what the meaning of evidence transformation. When they work in clinical nursing , they may encounter some clinical problems. At that time , they could conduct evidence retrieval instead of judging just based on experience.” (Participant 7 , Academic nurse) .

Improved EBN competence

Undergraduate nursing students could master the basic knowledge and skills of EBP through participating in APPs-EBN course.

“Undergraduate nursing students are able to develop PICO questions for clinical questions and conduct evidence implementation projects.” (Participant 8 , Academic nurse) . “Through this course , students (undergraduate nursing students) will master some EBN basic knowledge and technical skills , and then be able to apply these methods and competences in practice.” (Participant 2 , Academic nurse) .

Increased EBN projects

The EBN knowledge and skills would be improved for undergraduate nursing students after participating in APPs-EBN course. Undergraduate nursing students may conduct more EBNP projects in clinical nursing in the future.

“They (nursing undergraduate students) will have the skills to conduct EBNP projects in the future , especially the project of evidence implementation. This is the EBNP skill they need to possess after working in clinical nursing in the future.” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) . “The long-term goal is that undergraduate nursing students can conduct EBNP projects in clinical nursing in the future , and to improve their existing clinical nursing practices.” (Participant 5 , Academic nurse) .

Improved quality of nursing care

Participants considered that undergraduate nursing students would conduct EBNP projects in clinical nursing, which was beneficial for improving patient satisfaction and quality of nursing care.

“Maybe these (EBNP) projects will bring some benefits to patients and improve the quality of nursing care.” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) . “In the long-term goal , it may be that undergraduate nursing students could apply the methods of EBN into clinical nursing in clinical nursing in the future. These results of EBNP projects may improve the quality of nursing care and patients’ satisfaction.” (Participant 6 , Academic nurse) .

Improved professional identity

Participants mentioned that undergraduate nursing students would have professional identity improvement after conducting EBNP projects. “After conducting EBNP projects , many of undergraduate nursing students actually have a sense of feedback and value. Therefore , it may also enhance their professional identity and their own sense of value” (Participant 9 , Academic nurse) .

This study aimed to explore the academic and clinical nurses’ perceptions on APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students based on practice-academic partnership logic model. In this study, the specific contents of inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes could further enriching the theoretical framework for developing APPs-EBN education and provide the details for developing of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students [ 22 ].

The specific content of inputs in this study validates and supplements the results of this scoping review (including key stakeholder commitment, shared mission, time, instructional design, mutual trust, leadership support) [ 22 ]. The results of this study indicated the significance of EBN training and incentives in facilitating the implementation of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students, which was similar with existing study conducted by Dr. Chen [ 20 ]. Notably, most academic nurses a lack of nursing care experience, leading to a limited understanding of specific process and challenges associated with EBNP projects [ 36 ]. Some clinical nurses a lack of theoretical knowledge of EBN, others were inadequately prepared to engage in teaching EBN courses [ 5 , 31 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], potentially impacting the learning outcomes of undergraduate nursing students participated in EBN courses [ 40 , 41 ]. Therefore, strengthening the training of academic nurses in EBNP and clinical nurses in EBN theoretical knowledge was crucial for improving their basic knowledge, competences, and teaching quality of EBN course.

Developing and conducting of an APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students requires active participation from both academic and clinical nurses in the teaching of APPs-EBN course [ 31 , 42 ]. Sufficient incentives have promoting effect on the participation of academic and clinical nurses in the teaching of APPs-EBN course, which similar with the results of existing research [ 20 , 43 ]. Academic and clinical institutions should develop incentives such as professional title promotion and performance rewards for academic and clinical nurses to promote partnerships in developing and implementing APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. Effective incentives may help academic and clinical nurses overcome obstacles related to develop APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students, such as lack of time [ 20 ].

The results of this study indicated that developing and conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students needed academic and clinical nurses conduct activities of ongoing communication and share decision making, which was consistent with the results of a scoping review [ 22 ]. Academic and clinical nurses participate in developing APPs-EBN course and conduct ongoing communication and shared decision making through meetings or group discussions during the stages of course planning, course commencement, and evaluation are crucial for refining APPs-EBN course [ 44 ]. Continuous activities between both sides can also promote partnerships between academic and clinical nurses, which may strengthen the connection between academic and clinical sides [ 20 ].

EBNP projects and EBN manuals were the outputs in this study, which was similar with the results of the EBNP quality improvement initiative from the perspective of APPs-EBN [ 45 ]. After conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students, academic and clinical nurses would establish stable cooperative relationships and more nursing undergraduate students have the awareness and ability to conduct EBNP projects. This may lead to more EBNP projects conducted by academic nurses, clinical nurses, and nursing undergraduate students in the future [ 20 ]. In addition, academic and clinical nurses could create EBN manuals related to APPs-EBN courses for undergraduate nursing students based on teaching experiences and insights gained from conducting this course. EBN manuals may provide a theoretical foundation, enabling more nursing schools domestically and internationally to conduct APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students.

Conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students could yield various positive outcomes, aligning with the results of the scoping review [ 22 ]. Short-term goals of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students may include improved EBN awareness and improved EBN, as high-quality EBN education stands as a crucial measure to attain these goals [ 8 ]. Undergraduate nursing students who possess awareness of and competence in EBN are better prepared to incorporate EBN methodologies into nursing practice. This preparation is crucial for advancing long-term goals such as increasing EBN projects, enhancing the quality of nursing care, and strengthening professional identity [ 46 , 47 ]. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing educators to provide comprehensive inputs and actively participate in activities when conducting APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students. This approach could lead to the generation of outputs and realization of desired outcomes.

Strength and limitation

The participants involved in this study came from four distinct regions in China, all of them with different educational features. This diversity contributes to the universality of the results of this study.

The limitation of this study was that not all participants have experience in APPs-EBN. This is primarily from the scarcity of nursing colleges in China providing EBN courses for undergraduate students. Consequently, it becomes challenging to recruit academic and clinical nurses with sufficient experience in APPs-EBN to participate in this study. In addition, all of the clinical nurses in this study have master’s degree, primarily because the study was conducted in China. Most nursing schools at various universities in China have developed EBN courses only for graduate students, while undergraduate nursing students typically do not receive systematic EBN course [ 48 ]. In the future, it would be beneficial to target recruitment towards both academic and clinical nurses with adequate experience in APPs-EBN and varying education levels for further interviews. This approach aims to garner additional insights and refine the theoretical framework and specific APPs-EBN course.

In addition, the interviews were conducted through online videoconferencing meetings or face-to-face meetings due to the limitations of time and space. For the online videoconferencing meeting, we turned on the camera during the online interview and recorded it with the informed consent of the participants. However, the continuity and fluency of the interview were affected to some certain extent due to network interruption.

Conclusions

Developing and conducting of APPs-EBN course for undergraduate nursing students involves investing inputs (Key stakeholder commitment, Shared mission, EBN training, Time, Instructional design, Incentive, Mutual trust, Leadership support) and conducting activities (Ongoing communication and Share decision-making) may lead to outputs (Educational resource) and outcomes (Improved EBN awareness, Improved EBN competence, Increased EBN projects, Improved quality of nursing care, Improved professional identity).

Data availability

All the original data were shown in the results section of the maunscript.

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This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No.2022JJ40642) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 72104250).

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Study design: YX, HH, QC; Literature searching: YX, XH; Quality Appraisal: YX, HH, QC; Data extraction: YX, GW, QC; Study supervision: QC, GW, HH; Manuscript drafting: YX; Critical revisions for important intellectual content: YX, QC, HH, GW.

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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of school of nursing of Central South university, China (review number: E202313). Detailed explanations were provided concerning the recording procedures, and the interviewees were requested to sign an informed consent form before the interviews officially commenced, including the recording process.

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Wang, G., Xia, Y., Chen, Q. et al. Exploring academic and clinical nurses’ perspectives on evidence-based nursing course for undergraduates from perspectives of academic-practice partnerships: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 23 , 657 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02223-1

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Received : 16 April 2024

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02223-1

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Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact is a comprehensive guide on both the theoretical foundations and practical application of qualitative methodology. Adopting a phronetic-iterative approach, this foundational book leads readers through the chronological progression of a qualitative research project, from designing a study and collecting ...
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Practical and straightforward, this book is a multidisciplinary introduction to the process of planning, conducting and analysing qualitative research, from selecting appropriate methods to publishing your findings. Built around the authors' Qualitative Research Cycle - consisting of the design, data collection and analytic cycles - this ...
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12 Good Books on Qualitative Research

Books on Qualitative Research

1. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, by John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell

2. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, by Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, Michael D. Giardina, Gaile S. Cannella (Editors)

3. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation, by Sharan B. Merriam, Elizabeth J. Tisdell

4. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish , by Robert K. Yin

5. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, by Joseph A. Maxwell

6. Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological, by Sharon M. Ravitch, Nicole Mittenfelner Carl

7. Qualitative Research , by David Silverman (Editor)

8. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design , by John W. Creswell, Cheryl N. Poth

9. Qualitative Research Methods, by Sarah J. Tracy

10. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, by Michael Quinn Patton

12. Qualitative Data Collection Tools, by Felice D. Billups

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What is “Qualitative” in Qualitative Research? Why the Answer Does not Matter but the Question is Important

Qualitative Methods and Analysis

Table of contents (76 chapters)

Action Research

Actor-Network Theory

Affinity Research Approach

Appreciative Inquiry

Archival Research

Arts‐Based Inquiry

Biographic Narrative Interpretive Method

Coding Qualitative Data

Comparative Analysis

Content Analysis

Critical Ethnography

Critical Race Theory

Critical Theory

Cultural Domain Analysis

Decolonizing Methodologies: A Pacific Island Lens

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10 Best Research Books For Qualitative And Quantitative Research

1. Qualitative Research: A Guide To Design And Implementation, 4th Edition

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Introduction to Qualitative Methods (513X8)

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Comprehensive Guide to Research Methodology – Design | Methods | Best Practices

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1. Introduction

2. Steps in Research Process

2.1 Research Problem Identification

2.2 Literature Review

2.3 Formulating Research Questions