called a hook or a grabber.
I don’t want to close my eyes; it makes me feel awkward and exposed to be in a group of people with my eyes closed. Because of that, I keep my eyes open. The problem is when I keep my eyes open, I feel like some sort of horrible nonconformist rebel. I feel awkward with my eyes closed and I feel guilty if they are open. Either way, I just feel bad. Besides, half of the time when speakers tell audience members to close their eyes, they forget to tell us when we can open them. If you are wanting me to imagine a story, just tell me to imagine it, don’t make me close my eyes (rant over).
You should plan your opening to be intentional and with power. “Can everybody hear me” is a weak and uncertain statement and this is not the first impression you want to leave. Do a microphone check before the audience members arrive and have someone stand in different corners of the room to make sure you can be heard. Don’t waste your valuable speech time with questions that you should already know the answer to.
You should know that before you begin. Even if the presentations for the day are running over and you are the last speaker, you should ask the MC before you begin. Always plan your first words with power.
You should make your slides big, really big. Test out your slides in advance of your speech, walk all around the room and make sure you can read them. Have a friend check them out as well. You should know they are big enough because you planned for it and tested it.
People really hate having things taken away, not to mention that your audience may want to take notes on their devices. Chances are you are speaking to adults, let them determine if it is appropriate to have out their technology.
Stop apologizing! Stop making excuses! While these lines may be true, they just come of as excuses and can make the audience either feel like you don’t want to be there, or they just feel sorry for you.
Talking about your nervousness will make you more nervous and will make them look for signs of your nervousness. Just start your speech.
Do not start with hesitation. Plan the first words, memorize the first words, practice the first words. Do not start with “Ok, so um, now I’d like…” Plan strong and start strong.
Do Not Discuss Your Business with People Watching…Really! I Mean It! Many of us are giving and listening to presentations in an online format. I have attended numerous presentations this year through Zoom where I have to sit and watch while the organizers engage in personal small talk or deal with the details of the presentation. This is how the speech I recently attended began. “Donna, you are going to share your screen, right?” “Yes. I have my PowerPoint ready to go. Will you push “record” when I give the signal?” “Sure. Where did you say that button is again? Do you think we should wait five more minutes, I think we had more who were coming? Dave, what was the total we were expecting?” “Yeah, we had 116 sign up, but the reminders went out late so this may be all we have. We can give them a few more minutes to log on.” “Donna, How is your dog? Is she still struggling with her cone since her spay surgery? My dog never would wear the cone –she tore her stitches out and broke her wound open. It was terrible. Well, it looks like it is about time to begin, thank you everyone for coming.” If you are organizing an event online, hosting a speech online, giving a presentation online–please keep it professional. Most platforms will allow you to keep the audience in a waiting room until it is time to start. If you have a business to deal with, keep the audience out until you have everything ready to go. Once the audience is in the meeting, you should engage the audience in group-type small talk or you should just start the presentation. In professional settings, you should start the meeting on time. Why punish those who showed up on time to wait for those who aren’t there yet?
I asked my long-time friend, Bill Rogers, to write an excerpt to add to the book. I met Bill when he was the Chief Development Officer for a hospital in Northwest Arkansas and I met him again when he was reinventing himself as a college student getting a Master’s Degree in the theater. He would love to share a symbolic cup of coffee with you and give you advice about public speaking.
Perfect morning for a walk, isn’t it? Join me for a cup of coffee? Wonderful. Find us a table and I’ll get our coffee.
There you go; just like you like it. There’s nothing like a great cup of coffee on the patio of your neighborhood coffee shop, is there?
Now that you’re settled in your favorite chair, take a sip, and let that glorious caffeine kick in and do its stuff. Okay, let’s talk.
So, you were asking me about public speaking.
Well, let’s see. Where do we begin?
One of the first pieces of advice I ever received was to imagine that every member of your audience is sitting there in their underwear! Yeah, right. That never worked for me. I tried it once with a local civic group of community leaders both male and female. If the intent of that tidbit is to make you relax, it certainly didn’t work for me. It just made me more self-conscious…and more nervous. I not only got distracted, but I also lost my train of thought, I started sweating, and, of course, imagined myself standing there without clothes. Needless to say, that speech was a disaster and I’ve never used it again. I suggest you don’t either.
In the early days, I also relied very heavily on my typed-up speech. Now, there’s nothing wrong with that unless you find yourself reading it word for word as I did. Nothing is more boring nor puts an audience to sleep quicker than a speaker with their nose down reading a speech. There’s no connection and connection with your audience is key.
As you know, I love theatre and I’ve done a bit of acting over the years. Early on, I learned that the quicker I learned my lines, the more I could play, experiment, and shape my character. It relaxed me and gave me enormous freedom. It led me to find a mantra for myself: “With discipline comes freedom.” This freedom will allow you to improvise as your audience or situation dictates while still conveying the core message of your presentation. That discipline and its resulting freedom apply to public speaking of any kind and, I think, will serve you well.
Another old adage we’ve all heard is Aristotle’s advice. You know the one. No? Well, roughly, it’s to tell your audience what you’re going to say, say it, and then tell them what you just said. That’s the basic formula for public speaking. And it works as a good place to start.
However, effective speaking is much more and, to me, it starts with a story or even a simple sentence.
You know the feeling you get when you read the first sentence of a good book and it just reaches out and grabs you? That should be your goal with every presentation. One sentence to capture your audience’s attention. Something that causes them to lean forward. Something that sparks their imagination.
It doesn’t have to be all that profound either. It can be something very simple. A personal story that relates to your topic. A relevant fact or statistic that defines or illustrates the issue or subject matter at hand.
A couple of classics come to mind. The first is Alice Walker’s, “The Color of Purple.”
“You better not tell nobody but God.”
And the second one is from my favorite novel, “To Kill A Mockingbird,” by Harper Lee.
“When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm broken at the elbow.”
Both sentences hook you immediately. A few simple words speak volumes. After reading or hearing those words, you naturally lean in. You want to learn more. You want to find out what happens next. Every effective speech or presentation does the same thing.
Of course, make sure that the first and last thing you say to your audience is both relevant and appropriate. I share this out of an abundance of caution. I once worked for an internationally recognized and well-respected children’s research hospital and I was given the privilege to speak at a national educational convention. The room was filled wall to wall with teachers. I thought I’d be cute and add a little levity. I opened my presentation with this line, “You know, I’ve had nightmares like this…” Instead of the roars of laughter, I was expecting, a wave of silence ensued. Not only was the line not funny, but it was also wholly inappropriate and I immediately lost my audience. Not my best day. Learn from my mistakes.
Finally, let’s touch on the importance of approaching a speech as a conversation. You and I are sitting here enjoying our coffee and having a friendly, relaxed conversation. Strive for that every chance you get. You may not always have that luxury. Some speeches and presentations simply demand formality. But even in those cases, you can usually make it somewhat conversational. I always try to write my speeches in a conversational style. Like I’m talking to a friend…or trying to make a new one.
So, to recap: tell a story, learn your lines, hook your audience with a simple sentence, close with a question or call to action, use repetition, keep it conversational, treat your audience as a friend, and give yourself permission to relax.
Above all, be yourself. Allow yourself to be as relaxed as you are with those closest to you. If you’re relaxed, if you try to think of your audience as a friend, then, in most cases, they too will relax and they will root for you. Even if they disagree with what you are telling them, they will respect you and they will listen.
How about another cup?
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Advanced Public Speaking Copyright © 2021 by Lynn Meade is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
The introduction and conclusion of a speech are essential. The audience will remember the main ideas even if the middle of the speech is a mess or nerves overtake the speaker. So if nothing else, get these parts down!
The introduction gives the audience a reason to listen to the remainder of the speech. A good introduction needs to get the audience’s attention, state the topic, make the topic relatable, establish credibility, and preview the main points. Introductions should be the last part of the speech written, as they set expectations and need to match the content.
The first few sentences of a speech are designed to catch and maintain the audience’s attention. Attention getters give the audience a reason to listen to the rest of the speech. Your attention getter helps the audience understand and reflect on your topic.
Once the audience is invested in the speech, logical orientation tells the audience how the speaker will approach and develop the topic.
Like the logical orientation of a speech, the psychological orientation is also going to provide the audience with a map for how and why the topic is being presented.
Both the logical and psychological orientations give the audience a road map for the speech ahead as well as cues for what to listen to. This will help the audience transition from the introduction to the main points of the speech.
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By: Susan Dugdale
- an easily followed format for writing a great speech
Did you know writing a speech doesn't have be an anxious, nail biting experience?
Unsure? Don't be.
You may have lived with the idea you were never good with words for a long time. Or perhaps giving speeches at school brought you out in cold sweats.
However learning how to write a speech is relatively straight forward when you learn to write out loud.
And that's the journey I am offering to take you on: step by step.
Take all the time you need. This speech format has 7 steps, each building on the next.
Walk, rather than run, your way through all of them. Don't be tempted to rush. Familiarize yourself with the ideas. Try them out.
I know there are well-advertised short cuts and promises of 'write a speech in 5 minutes'. However in reality they only truly work for somebody who already has the basic foundations of speech writing in place.
These steps are the backbone of sound speech preparation. Learn and follow them well at the outset and yes, given more experience and practice you could probably flick something together quickly. Like any skill, the more it's used, the easier it gets.
In the meantime...
Are you in a hurry? Without time to read a whole page? Grab ... The Quick How to Write a Speech Checklist And come back to get the details later.
The best way to make sure you deliver a perfect speech is to start by carefully completing a speech outline covering the essentials: WHO, WHY, WHAT and HOW.
Beginning to write without thinking your speech through is a bit like heading off on a journey not knowing why you're traveling or where you're going to end up. You can find yourself lost in a deep, dark, murky muddle of ideas very quickly!
Pulling together a speech overview or outline is a much safer option. It's the map you'll follow to get where you want to go.
Click the link to find out a whole lot more about preparing a speech outline . ☺ You'll also find a free printable blank speech outline template. I recommend using it!
Before you begin to write, using your completed outline as a guide, let's briefly look at what you're aiming to prepare.
If you think of a speech as a sandwich you'll get the idea.
The opening and ending are the slices of bread holding the filling (the major points or the body of your speech) together.
You can build yourself a simple sandwich with one filling (one big idea) or you could go gourmet and add up to three or, even five. The choice is yours.
But whatever you choose to serve, as a good cook, you need to consider who is going to eat it! And that's your audience.
So let's find out who they are before we do anything else.
Understanding your audience.
Did you know a good speech is never written from the speaker's point of view? ( If you need to know more about why check out this page on building rapport .)
Begin with the most important idea/point on your outline.
Consider HOW you can explain (show, tell) that to your audience in the most effective way for them to easily understand it.
To help you write from an audience point of view, it's a good idea to identify either a real person or the type of person who is most likely to be listening to you.
Make sure you select someone who represents the "majority" of the people who will be in your audience. That is they are neither struggling to comprehend you at the bottom of your scale or light-years ahead at the top.
Now imagine they are sitting next to you eagerly waiting to hear what you're going to say. Give them a name, for example, Joe, to help make them real.
Writing oral language.
Write down what you want to say about your first main point as if you were talking directly to Joe.
If it helps, say it all out loud before you write it down and/or record it.
(Click to download The Characteristics of Spoken Language as a pdf.)
You do not have to write absolutely everything you're going to say down * but you do need to write down, or outline, the sequence of ideas to ensure they are logical and easily followed.
Remember too, to explain or illustrate your point with examples from your research.
( * Tip: If this is your first speech the safety net of having everything written down could be just what you need. It's easier to recover from a patch of jitters when you have a word by word manuscript than if you have either none, or a bare outline. Your call!)
The focus of this step is re-working what you've done in Step 2 and 3.
You identified who you were talking to (Step 2) and in Step 3, wrote up your first main point. Is it right? Have you made yourself clear? Check it.
How well you complete this step depends on how well you understand the needs of the people who are going to listen to your speech.
Please do not assume because you know what you're talking about the person (Joe) you've chosen to represent your audience will too. Joe is not a mind-reader!
Check for jargon too. These are industry, activity or group exclusive words.
For instance take the phrase: authentic learning . This comes from teaching and refers to connecting lessons to the daily life of students. Authentic learning is learning that is relevant and meaningful for students. If you're not a teacher you may not understand the phrase.
The use of any vocabulary requiring insider knowledge needs to be thought through from the audience perspective. Jargon can close people out.
We use whole sentences and part ones, and we mix them up with asides or appeals e.g. "Did you get that? Of course you did. Right...Let's move it along. I was saying ..."
Click for more about the differences between spoken and written language .
Repeat this process for the remainder of your main ideas.
Because you've done the first one carefully, the rest should follow fairly easily.
Providing links or transitions between main ideas.
Between each of your main ideas you need to provide a bridge or pathway for your audience. The clearer the pathway or bridge, the easier it is for them to make the transition from one idea to the next.
If your speech contains more than three main ideas and each is building on the last, then consider using a "catch-up" or summary as part of your transitions.
Is your speech being evaluated? Find out exactly what aspects you're being assessed on using this standard speech evaluation form
A link can be as simple as:
"We've explored one scenario for the ending of Block Buster 111, but let's consider another. This time..."
What follows this transition is the introduction of Main Idea Two.
Here's a summarizing link/transition example:
"We've ended Blockbuster 111 four ways so far. In the first, everybody died. In the second, everybody died BUT their ghosts remained to haunt the area. In the third, one villain died. His partner reformed and after a fight-out with the hero, they both strode off into the sunset, friends forever. In the fourth, the hero dies in a major battle but is reborn sometime in the future.
And now what about one more? What if nobody died? The fifth possibility..."
Go back through your main ideas checking the links. Remember Joe as you go. Try each transition or link out loud and really listen to yourself. Is it obvious? Easily followed?
Keep them if they are clear and concise.
For more about transitions (with examples) see Andrew Dlugan's excellent article, Speech Transitions: Magical words and Phrases .
The ideal ending is highly memorable . You want it to live on in the minds of your listeners long after your speech is finished. Often it combines a call to action with a summary of major points.
Example 1: The desired outcome of a speech persuading people to vote for you in an upcoming election is that they get out there on voting day and do so. You can help that outcome along by calling them to register their support by signing a prepared pledge statement as they leave.
"We're agreed we want change. You can help us give it to you by signing this pledge statement as you leave. Be part of the change you want to see!
Example 2: The desired outcome is increased sales figures. The call to action is made urgent with the introduction of time specific incentives.
"You have three weeks from the time you leave this hall to make that dream family holiday in New Zealand yours. Can you do it? Will you do it? The kids will love it. Your wife will love it. Do it now!"
A clue for working out what the most appropriate call to action might be, is to go back to your original purpose for giving the speech.
Ask yourself what you want people to do as a result of having listened to your speech.
Visit this page for more about how to end a speech effectively . You'll find two additional types of speech endings with examples.
Write your ending and test it out loud. Try it out on a friend, or two. Is it good? Does it work?
Once you've got the filling (main ideas) the linking and the ending in place, it's time to focus on the introduction.
The introduction comes last as it's the most important part of your speech. This is the bit that either has people sitting up alert or slumped and waiting for you to end. It's the tone setter!
Ideally you want an opening that makes listening to you the only thing the 'Joes' in the audience want to do.
You want them to forget they're hungry or that their chair is hard or that their bills need paying.
The way to do that is to capture their interest straight away. You do this with a "hook".
Hooks come in as many forms as there are speeches and audiences. Your task is work out what specific hook is needed to catch your audience.
Go back to the purpose. Why are you giving this speech?
Once you have your answer, consider your call to action. What do you want the audience to do, and, or take away, as a result of listening to you?
Next think about the imaginary or real person you wrote for when you were focusing on your main ideas.
Here's an example from a fictional political speech. The speaker is lobbying for votes. His audience are predominately workers whose future's are not secure.
"How's your imagination this morning? Good? (Pause for response from audience) Great, I'm glad. Because we're going to put it to work starting right now.
I want you to see your future. What does it look like? Are you happy? Is everything as you want it to be? No? Let's change that. We could do it. And we could do it today.
At the end of this speech you're going to be given the opportunity to change your world, for a better one ...
No, I'm not a magician. Or a simpleton with big ideas and precious little commonsense. I'm an ordinary man, just like you. And I have a plan to share!"
And then our speaker is off into his main points supported by examples. The end, which he has already foreshadowed in his opening, is the call to vote for him.
Experiment with several openings until you've found the one that serves your audience, your subject matter and your purpose best.
For many more examples of speech openings go to: how to write a speech introduction . You'll find 12 of the very best ways to start a speech.
That completes the initial seven steps towards writing your speech. If you've followed them all the way through, congratulations, you now have the text of your speech!
Although you might have the words, you're still a couple of steps away from being ready to deliver them. Both of them are essential if you want the very best outcome possible. They are below. Please take them.
This step pulls everything together.
Go through your speech really carefully.
On the first read through check you've got your main points in their correct order with supporting material, plus an effective introduction and ending.
On the second read through check the linking passages or transitions making sure they are clear and easily followed.
On the third reading check your sentence structure, language use and tone.
Now go though once more.
This time read it aloud slowly and time yourself.
If it's too long for the time allowance you've been given make the necessary cuts.
Start by looking at your examples rather than the main ideas themselves. If you've used several examples to illustrate one principal idea, cut the least important out.
Also look to see if you've repeated yourself unnecessarily or, gone off track. If it's not relevant, cut it.
Repeat the process, condensing until your speech fits the required length, preferably coming in just under your time limit.
You can also find out how approximately long it will take you to say the words you have by using this very handy words to minutes converter . It's an excellent tool, one I frequently use. While it can't give you a precise time, it does provide a reasonable estimate.
And NOW you are finished with writing the speech, and are ready for REHEARSAL .
Please don't be tempted to skip this step. It is not an extra thrown in for good measure. It's essential.
The "not-so-secret" secret of successful speeches combines good writing with practice, practice and then, practicing some more.
Go to how to practice public speaking and you'll find rehearsal techniques and suggestions to boost your speech delivery from ordinary to extraordinary.
Before you begin writing you need:.
Split your time allowance so that you spend approximately 70% on the body and 15% each on the introduction and ending.
TEST before presenting. Read aloud several times to check the flow of material, the suitability of language and the timing.
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Speech introduction generator.
The power of a compelling speech introduction is undeniable. It sets the tone, captures the audience’s attention, and paves the way for a memorable presentation. Crafting a captivating speech introduction can be challenging, but with the right techniques, anyone can deliver an engaging opening that leaves a lasting impression. In this article, we will explore what a speech introduction is, provide step-by-step guidance on how to write one, address frequently asked questions, and offer valuable examples to help you master this crucial skill.
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A speech introduction is the opening segment of a speech or presentation that aims to draw the audience’s attention and create an immediate connection with the topic. It serves as the gateway to your main ideas, allowing you to present your message effectively. A well-crafted speech introduction can establish the context, highlight the importance of the subject matter, and engage the audience’s curiosity.
Welcome to the step-by-step guide on crafting a captivating speech introduction! Whether you’re preparing for a formal presentation, a persuasive talk, or simply want to engage your audience effectively, this guide will walk you through the essential elements and techniques to create an attention-grabbing opening. Let’s dive in and learn how to captivate your listeners from the very beginning!
Before diving into crafting your speech introduction, take the time to observe your audience. Consider their interests, knowledge level, and preferences. Tailor your introduction to resonate with them, making it relatable and engaging. Understanding your audience will allow you to choose the right tone, language, and examples that best suit their needs.
Define the purpose of your speech introduction. Are you trying to inspire, inform, or persuade? Knowing your objective will help you create a focused and impactful opening. Your purpose will also guide the structure and content of your introduction, ensuring that every word contributes to your overall message.
Begin your speech with a hook that captures the audience’s attention immediately. You can use a surprising statistic, an intriguing question, a relevant quote, or a compelling story. The key is to pique their curiosity and make them eager to hear more. The opening should be concise and powerful, setting the stage for the rest of your presentation.
After the attention-grabbing opening, present a clear and concise outline of your speech. This roadmap gives the audience an overview of what to expect, guiding them through the main points you’ll be addressing. Outline formats can vary, but make sure it’s easy for the audience to follow and understand the structure of your speech.
A compelling speech introduction captivates the audience, making them more likely to pay attention throughout the presentation. It sets the context, establishes your credibility, and sparks interest in your message.
Using literary devices like metaphors, similes, or anecdotes can add flair and memorability to your introduction. However, use them judiciously, considering the context and your audience’s preferences.
Yes, varying your sentence structure adds rhythm and flow to your speech. Combine simple sentences for clarity with compound sentences for complexity and impact.
In conclusion, crafting an effective speech introduction requires careful consideration of your audience, purpose, and content. By following the step-by-step guide and incorporating attention-grabbing elements, you can deliver a compelling opening that leaves a lasting impression. Remember to use appropriate verbs and common nouns to keep your introduction clear and concise. By mastering this art, you set the stage for a powerful presentation that will undoubtedly resonate with your listeners.
Text prompt
Write a Speech Introduction for a keynote speaker at a conference.
Create a Speech Introduction for a guest lecturer in a university class.
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Learning objectives.
Erin Brown-John – puzzle – CC BY-NC 2.0.
Once you have captured your audience’s attention, it’s important to make the rest of your introduction interesting, and use it to lay out the rest of the speech. In this section, we are going to explore the five remaining parts of an effective introduction: linking to your topic, reasons to listen, stating credibility, thesis statement, and preview.
After the attention-getter, the second major part of an introduction is called the link to topic. The link to topic is the shortest part of an introduction and occurs when a speaker demonstrates how an attention-getting device relates to the topic of a speech. Often the attention-getter and the link to topic are very clear. For example, if you look at the attention-getting device example under historical reference above, you’ll see that the first sentence brings up the history of the Vietnam War and then shows us how that war can help us understand the Iraq War. In this case, the attention-getter clearly flows directly to the topic. However, some attention-getters need further explanation to get to the topic of the speech. For example, both of the anecdote examples (the girl falling into the manhole while texting and the boy and the filberts) need further explanation to connect clearly to the speech topic (i.e., problems of multitasking in today’s society).
Let’s look at the first anecdote example to demonstrate how we could go from the attention-getter to the topic.
In July 2009, a high school girl named Alexa Longueira was walking along a main boulevard near her home on Staten Island, New York, typing in a message on her cell phone. Not paying attention to the world around her, she took a step and fell right into an open manhole. This anecdote illustrates the problem that many people are facing in today’s world. We are so wired into our technology that we forget to see what’s going on around us—like a big hole in front of us.
In this example, the third sentence here explains that the attention-getter was an anecdote that illustrates a real issue. The fourth sentence then introduces the actual topic of the speech.
Let’s now examine how we can make the transition from the parable or fable attention-getter to the topic:
The ancient Greek writer Aesop told a fable about a boy who put his hand into a pitcher of filberts. The boy grabbed as many of the delicious nuts as he possibly could. But when he tried to pull them out, his hand wouldn’t fit through the neck of the pitcher because he was grasping so many filberts. Instead of dropping some of them so that his hand would fit, he burst into tears and cried about his predicament. The moral of the story? “Don’t try to do too much at once.” In today’s world, many of us are us are just like the boy putting his hand into the pitcher. We are constantly trying to grab so much or do so much that it prevents us from accomplishing our goals. I would like to show you three simple techniques to manage your time so that you don’t try to pull too many filberts from your pitcher.
In this example, we added three new sentences to the attention-getter to connect it to the speech topic.
Once you have linked an attention-getter to the topic of your speech, you need to explain to your audience why your topic is important. We call this the “why should I care?” part of your speech because it tells your audience why the topic is directly important to them. Sometimes you can include the significance of your topic in the same sentence as your link to the topic, but other times you may need to spell out in one or two sentences why your specific topic is important.
People in today’s world are very busy, and they do not like their time wasted. Nothing is worse than having to sit through a speech that has nothing to do with you. Imagine sitting through a speech about a new software package you don’t own and you will never hear of again. How would you react to the speaker? Most of us would be pretty annoyed at having had our time wasted in this way. Obviously, this particular speaker didn’t do a great job of analyzing her or his audience if the audience isn’t going to use the software package—but even when speaking on a topic that is highly relevant to the audience, speakers often totally forget to explain how and why it is important.
The next part of a speech is not so much a specific “part” as an important characteristic that needs to be pervasive throughout your introduction and your entire speech. As a speaker, you want to be seen as credible (competent, trustworthy, and caring/having goodwill). As mentioned earlier in this chapter, credibility is ultimately a perception that is made by your audience. While your audience determines whether they perceive you as competent, trustworthy, and caring/having goodwill, there are some strategies you can employ to make yourself appear more credible.
First, to make yourself appear competent, you can either clearly explain to your audience why you are competent about a given subject or demonstrate your competence by showing that you have thoroughly researched a topic by including relevant references within your introduction. The first method of demonstrating competence—saying it directly—is only effective if you are actually a competent person on a given subject. If you are an undergraduate student and you are delivering a speech about the importance of string theory in physics, unless you are a prodigy of some kind, you are probably not a recognized expert on the subject. Conversely, if your number one hobby in life is collecting memorabilia about the Three Stooges, then you may be an expert about the Three Stooges. However, you would need to explain to your audience your passion for collecting Three Stooges memorabilia and how this has made you an expert on the topic.
If, on the other hand, you are not actually a recognized expert on a topic, you need to demonstrate that you have done your homework to become more knowledgeable than your audience about your topic. The easiest way to demonstrate your competence is through the use of appropriate references from leading thinkers and researchers on your topic. When you demonstrate to your audience that you have done your homework, they are more likely to view you as competent.
The second characteristic of credibility, trustworthiness, is a little more complicated than competence, for it ultimately relies on audience perceptions. One way to increase the likelihood that a speaker will be perceived as trustworthy is to use reputable sources. If you’re quoting Dr. John Smith, you need to explain who Dr. John Smith is so your audience will see the quotation as being more trustworthy. As speakers we can easily manipulate our sources into appearing more credible than they actually are, which would be unethical. When you are honest about your sources with your audience, they will trust you and your information more so than when you are ambiguous. The worst thing you can do is to out-and-out lie about information during your speech. Not only is lying highly unethical, but if you are caught lying, your audience will deem you untrustworthy and perceive everything you are saying as untrustworthy. Many speakers have attempted to lie to an audience because it will serve their own purposes or even because they believe their message is in their audience’s best interest, but lying is one of the fastest ways to turn off an audience and get them to distrust both the speaker and the message.
The third characteristic of credibility to establish during the introduction is the sense of caring/goodwill. While some unethical speakers can attempt to manipulate an audience’s perception that the speaker cares, ethical speakers truly do care about their audiences and have their audience’s best interests in mind while speaking. Often speakers must speak in front of audiences that may be hostile toward the speaker’s message. In these cases, it is very important for the speaker to explain that he or she really does believe her or his message is in the audience’s best interest. One way to show that you have your audience’s best interests in mind is to acknowledge disagreement from the start:
Today I’m going to talk about why I believe we should enforce stricter immigration laws in the United States. I realize that many of you will disagree with me on this topic. I used to believe that open immigration was a necessity for the United States to survive and thrive, but after researching this topic, I’ve changed my mind. While I may not change all of your minds today, I do ask that you listen with an open mind, set your personal feelings on this topic aside, and judge my arguments on their merits.
While clearly not all audience members will be open or receptive to opening their minds and listening to your arguments, by establishing that there is known disagreement, you are telling the audience that you understand their possible views and are not trying to attack their intellect or their opinions.
A thesis statement is a short, declarative sentence that states the purpose, intent, or main idea of a speech. A strong, clear thesis statement is very valuable within an introduction because it lays out the basic goal of the entire speech. We strongly believe that it is worthwhile to invest some time in framing and writing a good thesis statement. You may even want to write your thesis statement before you even begin conducting research for your speech. While you may end up rewriting your thesis statement later, having a clear idea of your purpose, intent, or main idea before you start searching for research will help you focus on the most appropriate material. To help us understand thesis statements, we will first explore their basic functions and then discuss how to write a thesis statement.
A thesis statement helps your audience by letting them know “in a nutshell” what you are going to talk about. With a good thesis statement you will fulfill four basic functions: you express your specific purpose, provide a way to organize your main points, make your research more effective, and enhance your delivery.
To orient your audience, you need to be as clear as possible about your meaning. A strong thesis will prepare your audience effectively for the points that will follow. Here are two examples:
The weak statement will probably give the impression that you have no clear position about your topic because you haven’t said what that position is. Additionally, the term “academic cheating” can refer to many behaviors—acquiring test questions ahead of time, copying answers, changing grades, or allowing others to do your coursework—so the specific topic of the speech is still not clear to the audience.
The strong statement not only specifies plagiarism but also states your specific concern (loss of creative learning interaction).
A thesis statement should appear, almost verbatim, toward the end of the introduction to a speech. A thesis statement helps the audience get ready to listen to the arrangement of points that follow. Many speakers say that if they can create a strong thesis sentence, the rest of the speech tends to develop with relative ease. On the other hand, when the thesis statement is not very clear, creating a speech is an uphill battle.
When your thesis statement is sufficiently clear and decisive, you will know where you stand about your topic and where you intend to go with your speech. Having a clear thesis statement is especially important if you know a great deal about your topic or you have strong feelings about it. If this is the case for you, you need to know exactly what you are planning on talking about in order to fit within specified time limitations. Knowing where you are and where you are going is the entire point in establishing a thesis statement; it makes your speech much easier to prepare and to present.
Let’s say you have a fairly strong thesis statement, and that you’ve already brainstormed a list of information that you know about the topic. Chances are your list is too long and has no focus. Using your thesis statement, you can select only the information that (1) is directly related to the thesis and (2) can be arranged in a sequence that will make sense to the audience and will support the thesis. In essence, a strong thesis statement helps you keep useful information and weed out less useful information.
If you begin your research with only a general topic in mind, you run the risk of spending hours reading mountains of excellent literature about your topic. However, mountains of literature do not always make coherent speeches. You may have little or no idea of how to tie your research all together, or even whether you should tie it together. If, on the other hand, you conduct your research with a clear thesis statement in mind, you will be better able to zero in only on material that directly relates to your chosen thesis statement. Let’s look at an example that illustrates this point:
Many traffic accidents involve drivers older than fifty-five.
While this statement may be true, you could find industrial, medical, insurance literature that can drone on ad infinitum about the details of all such accidents in just one year. Instead, focusing your thesis statement will help you narrow the scope of information you will be searching for while gathering information. Here’s an example of a more focused thesis statement:
Three factors contribute to most accidents involving drivers over fifty-five years of age: failing eyesight, slower reflexes, and rapidly changing traffic conditions.
This framing is somewhat better. This thesis statement at least provides three possible main points and some keywords for your electronic catalog search. However, if you want your audience to understand the context of older people at the wheel, consider something like:
Mature drivers over fifty-five years of age must cope with more challenging driving conditions than existed only one generation ago: more traffic moving at higher speeds, the increased imperative for quick driving decisions, and rapidly changing ramp and cloverleaf systems. Because of these challenges, I want my audience to believe that drivers over the age of sixty-five should be required to pass a driving test every five years.
This framing of the thesis provides some interesting choices. First, several terms need to be defined, and these definitions might function surprisingly well in setting the tone of the speech. Your definitions of words like “generation,” “quick driving decisions,” and “cloverleaf systems” could jolt your audience out of assumptions they have taken for granted as truth.
Second, the framing of the thesis provides you with a way to describe the specific changes as they have occurred between, say, 1970 and 2010. How much, and in what ways, have the volume and speed of traffic changed? Why are quick decisions more critical now? What is a “cloverleaf,” and how does any driver deal cognitively with exiting in the direction seemingly opposite to the desired one? Questions like this, suggested by your own thesis statement, can lead to a strong, memorable speech.
When your thesis is not clear to you, your listeners will be even more clueless than you are—but if you have a good clear thesis statement, your speech becomes clear to your listeners. When you stand in front of your audience presenting your introduction, you can vocally emphasize the essence of your speech, expressed as your thesis statement. Many speakers pause for a half second, lower their vocal pitch slightly, slow down a little, and deliberately present the thesis statement, the one sentence that encapsulates its purpose. When this is done effectively, the purpose, intent, or main idea of a speech is driven home for an audience.
Now that we’ve looked at why a thesis statement is crucial in a speech, let’s switch gears and talk about how we go about writing a solid thesis statement. A thesis statement is related to the general and specific purposes of a speech as we discussed them in Chapter 6 “Finding a Purpose and Selecting a Topic” .
The first step in writing a good thesis statement was originally discussed in Chapter 6 “Finding a Purpose and Selecting a Topic” when we discussed how to find topics. Once you have a general topic, you are ready to go to the second step of creating a thesis statement.
One of the hardest parts of writing a thesis statement is narrowing a speech from a broad topic to one that can be easily covered during a five- to ten-minute speech. While five to ten minutes may sound like a long time to new public speakers, the time flies by very quickly when you are speaking. You can easily run out of time if your topic is too broad. To ascertain if your topic is narrow enough for a specific time frame, ask yourself three questions.
First, is your thesis statement narrow or is it a broad overgeneralization of a topic? An overgeneralization occurs when we classify everyone in a specific group as having a specific characteristic. For example, a speaker’s thesis statement that “all members of the National Council of La Raza are militant” is an overgeneralization of all members of the organization. Furthermore, a speaker would have to correctly demonstrate that all members of the organization are militant for the thesis statement to be proven, which is a very difficult task since the National Council of La Raza consists of millions of Hispanic Americans. A more appropriate thesis related to this topic could be, “Since the creation of the National Council of La Raza [NCLR] in 1968, the NCLR has become increasingly militant in addressing the causes of Hispanics in the United States.”
The second question to ask yourself when narrowing a topic is whether your speech’s topic is one clear topic or multiple topics. A strong thesis statement consists of only a single topic. The following is an example of a thesis statement that contains too many topics: “Medical marijuana, prostitution, and gay marriage should all be legalized in the United States.” Not only are all three fairly broad, but you also have three completely unrelated topics thrown into a single thesis statement. Instead of a thesis statement that has multiple topics, limit yourself to only one topic. Here’s an example of a thesis statement examining only one topic: “Today we’re going to examine the legalization and regulation of the oldest profession in the state of Nevada.” In this case, we’re focusing our topic to how one state has handled the legalization and regulation of prostitution.
The last question a speaker should ask when making sure a topic is sufficiently narrow is whether the topic has direction. If your basic topic is too broad, you will never have a solid thesis statement or a coherent speech. For example, if you start off with the topic “Barack Obama is a role model for everyone,” what do you mean by this statement? Do you think President Obama is a role model because of his dedication to civic service? Do you think he’s a role model because he’s a good basketball player? Do you think he’s a good role model because he’s an excellent public speaker? When your topic is too broad, almost anything can become part of the topic. This ultimately leads to a lack of direction and coherence within the speech itself. To make a cleaner topic, a speaker needs to narrow her or his topic to one specific area. For example, you may want to examine why President Obama is a good speaker.
Once you’ve narrowed your topic to something that is reasonably manageable given the constraints placed on your speech, you can then formalize that topic as a complete sentence. For example, you could turn the topic of President Obama’s public speaking skills into the following sentence: “Because of his unique sense of lyricism and his well-developed presentational skills, President Barack Obama is a modern symbol of the power of public speaking.” Once you have a clear topic sentence, you can start tweaking the thesis statement to help set up the purpose of your speech.
This function only applies if you are giving a speech to persuade. If your topic is informative, your job is to make sure that the thesis statement is nonargumentative and focuses on facts. For example, in the preceding thesis statement we have a couple of opinion-oriented terms that should be avoided for informative speeches: “unique sense,” “well-developed,” and “power.” All three of these terms are laced with an individual’s opinion, which is fine for a persuasive speech but not for an informative speech. For informative speeches, the goal of a thesis statement is to explain what the speech will be informing the audience about, not attempting to add the speaker’s opinion about the speech’s topic. For an informative speech, you could rewrite the thesis statement to read, “This speech is going to analyze Barack Obama’s use of lyricism in his speech, ‘A World That Stands as One,’ delivered July 2008 in Berlin.”
On the other hand, if your topic is persuasive, you want to make sure that your argument, viewpoint, or opinion is clearly indicated within the thesis statement. If you are going to argue that Barack Obama is a great speaker, then you should set up this argument within your thesis statement.
Once you have written a first draft of your thesis statement, you’re probably going to end up revising your thesis statement a number of times prior to delivering your actual speech. A thesis statement is something that is constantly tweaked until the speech is given. As your speech develops, often your thesis will need to be rewritten to whatever direction the speech itself has taken. We often start with a speech going in one direction, and find out through our research that we should have gone in a different direction. When you think you finally have a thesis statement that is good to go for your speech, take a second and make sure it adheres to the criteria shown in Table 9.1 “Thesis Checklist”
Table 9.1 Thesis Checklist
Instructions: For each of the following questions, check either “yes” or “no.” | Yes | No | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Does your thesis clearly reflect the topic of your speech? | ||
2. | Can you adequately cover the topic indicated in your thesis within the time you have for your speech? | ||
3. | Is your thesis statement simple? | ||
4. | Is your thesis statement direct? | ||
5. | Does your thesis statement gain an audience’s interest? | ||
6. | Is your thesis statement easy to understand? | ||
7. | Does your thesis statement introduce a clear argument? | ||
8. | Does your thesis statement clearly indicate what your audience should do, how your audience should think, or how your audience should feel? | ||
Scoring: For a strong thesis statement, all your answers should have been “yes.” |
The final part of an introduction contains a preview of the major points to be covered within your speech. I’m sure we’ve all seen signs that have three cities listed on them with the mileage to reach each city. This mileage sign is an indication of what is to come. A preview works the same way. A preview foreshadows what the main body points will be in the speech. For example, to preview a speech on bullying in the workplace, one could say, “To understand the nature of bullying in the modern workplace, I will first define what workplace bullying is and the types of bullying, I will then discuss the common characteristics of both workplace bullies and their targets, and lastly, I will explore some possible solutions to workplace bullying.” In this case, each of the phrases mentioned in the preview would be a single distinct point made in the speech itself. In other words, the first major body point in this speech would examine what workplace bullying is and the types of bullying; the second major body point in this speech would discuss the common characteristics of both workplace bullies and their targets; and lastly, the third body point in this speech would explore some possible solutions to workplace bullying.
Stand up, Speak out Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
Maybe you know this: you may or must give a speech, but how do you start? Whether you’re giving a speech as an employer or to your colleagues, or you’re an external keynote speaker, the principles are always the same. Likewise, your preparation is not much different: whether it’s a keynote at a kick-off event , the festive speech at the company Christmas party , a motivational speech at a team event or even a laudatory speech at an awards ceremony – the search for the right begining should not be left to chance.
How do you get your audience’s attention so that they want to listen and can follow you easily? How do you sound interesting? In this article you will get the necessary tips for your ideal start for your next speech to inspire your audience. I have collected these speech introductions and examples in my work in the field of public speaking as a presenter and keynote speaker in front of over 5 million people.
Why is the beginning, i.e. the first few minutes of a presentation, so important? This is where the first impression is being made. Your audience intuitively decides within a few seconds whether they like the speaker and want to follow. After that, you still have up to three minutes to pick up your audience with the content of your speech.
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There’s a saying that goes, “ There’s no second chance for a first impression. ” It takes between 100 milliseconds and 7 seconds for your audience to get the same impression of you. If you as a speaker fail to make that first impression, no matter how impressive your speech, it will be very difficult to pick up your audience.
US comedian Jerry Seinfeld , one of the most famous American comedians of the 90s, said that his fame only gives him a starting bonus for the first three minutes – at the latest then he has to deliver. If you don’t enjoy the celebrity bonus in your speeches, that means you have to deliver right from the get go to win over your audience.
Before you can wow people as a speaker and give any thought to content, you need to set the stage. If you want to give a good speech and move your audience from A to B, two things are essential: you need to know where you want to go and where your audience is coming from .
If you don’t know in which direction you want to move your audience, then no amount of tips will get you there. So before you tinker with the ideal introduction, you need to be clear about what your outcome is .
What feeling do you want the audience to have when you leave the stage? What impression do you want to convey as a speaker? Even more public speaking tips you can find here.
If you want to catch a fish, you have to use a bait that tastes good to the fish, not to the fisherman . The same applies to presentations: who decides what is a top speech? That is, of course, in the eye of your audience. Therefore, it is all the more important to know who the people are, listening to your speech.
An American proverb says that your audience doesn’t care how much you know until they know how much you care. Your audience won’t pay attention to you until they see that your speech is relevant to them. As a speaker, do you bring examples and tips and answer questions in your main points that matter to the audience? Do your main ideas strike a cord?
Tip: Try to find out as much as possible to know in advance what moves your audience and why people are here today. If you have the opportunity, use the time for successful networking and listen to their needs.
Only after you know your outcome and your audience you can focus on how to start your presentation, because now you know as a speaker in which direction your ship should sail. If you want to give a speech, you need to get your audience interested in you and your main points. For this to happen, you need the attention of your audience.
Speaker Tip: First create attention , then develop interest in your message and your main points to make it worth listening for your audience.
Now let’s look at tips and examples of how you as a speaker can inspire your audience. These tips should give you a guideline from where you can successfully transition from your chosen introduction to the main part and final part of your speech.
An elegant way to begin a speech is with a question . The goal is to engage your listener directly in your opening and generate interest. In order for the question to be effective, it must be tailored to your target audience. The question may be provocative, surprising or even make you smile, but it must be relevant.
For example, if you’re speaking to a group of retirees, a question like “Which one of you went to a disco last weekend?” would be just as out of place as asking a group of Wall street brokers “Which one of you has been involved in stocks?”. Your audience needs to feel like you know who you’re dealing with.
“Who remembers what they did last Saturday night?” was an opening I chose many years ago when giving a speech. Of course, after that, there was a story about my Saturday night that fit right in with the theme of my speech. People were immediately involved and everyone was thinking. Because just about everybody did something last Saturday and so it was relevant… even if many didn’t even remember it.
With questions that fit the topics, you are sure to get the attention of the participants. However, always pay attention to what you trigger in your audience with a question and, if requested, also provide the appropriate answer.
Another speaking tip: When you ask a question, give your audience time to respond . Whether out loud, with a show of hands, or silently, people need time for what you say to have an impact. Of course, questions can also be used during your speech.
Using the words of another person in your speech is a proven way. The art of building a good speech is to pick up your audience where they are. A pointed quote that gets to the heart of your ideas or the occasion is the basic premise for choosing someone else’s statement as your lead-in. If people are familiar with the name of the person you are quoting, it gives you added credibility as a speaker.
Very similar to a quote is using a proverb to start your speech. Again, there is often a deeper wisdom behind it. Link this to the idea of your speech and you have a great introduction.
Again, I’ll give you an example from my own experience when I was asked to give a presentation on the topic of corporate mission statements many years ago. I decided to start with a quote, but the number of quotes on this topic are manageable. However, the corporate mission statement compares very well with the soul for people, and so on this occasion I found a quote on the subject of the soul and then drew the analogy with the corporate mission statement. “Outside the box” solutions are also the speaker’s friend.
A particularly powerful way to start is to share a story or personal real life experience with your audience at the beginning of your presentation. With a personal story, you create compelling moments and build an emotional connection with your audience. However, this is also where the biggest danger lies: your story must absolutely correspond to the facts and at the same time should have a connection to the topic of the event. The audience has a good nose for it, if you serve them a “suitably made” story.
Of course, storytelling is not limited to stories you have experienced yourself. You can also draw on a current or even historical event. Important, as mentioned above, is the connection to the goal of your presentation. Also, make sure that you start right in the relevant event and do not begin with Adam and Eve. Especially extroverted people like to get into narration and then it can happen that you lose the drive to your actual presentation and your audience is no longer on the point.
One of my stage coaching clients, for example, took his audience into a situation right at the beginning of his speech when he was at the start of his first triathlon. He immediately built up a tension, because he put his audience directly into it instead of talking about preparation and planning for the triathlon. Because he also found the right tone, the speech went down great. Bonus tip for your speech: Stories absolutely need to be rehearsed and tailored to your audience and the occasion. This does not mean, as already mentioned, that you add things, but that you leave out unnecessary things. Don’t just tell from memory, but really practice.
Starting with an open loop is something like the supreme discipline. Here, you start with a story, but don’t finish telling it until the end of your speech . This type of introduction is certainly a bit unusual and, in my opinion, more suitable for experienced speakers, especially to keep the tension high.
You start with the open loop in the same way as with storytelling and take your audience along until the point where the tension is at its highest. Instead of the resolution, you lead into the topic of your speech and then come to the main part, where the content is presented with further examples. Only at the end do you pick up the ball of your introductory story again and close the open loop.
As an example, I start one of my keynote speeches with such an open loop: I take the audience on my experience at the New York City Marathon. Since my preparation for it was far from ideal due to injuries, I wasn’t sure until the start how far I would run that day. My speech started with the thoughts going through my head at the start, with my uncertainty but also anticipation. The start of the marathon was then the Open Loop, which I only resolved at the end of the speech.
A parable is a very short to short story which might not even have a plot of its own. While a parable can be told with action, as if something has actually taken place, it can also be about something hypothetical: “Imagine…” or “Suppose…”. In both cases, the point is that we want to make a connection to the content.
The purpose of parables is to pick up the audience as they enter your presentation and provide an emotional experience that immediately introduces them to the topic through your words.
The FFS introduction is particularly useful if you have facts, figures or statistics that are not familiar to your audience and are also unusual. In addition, it must of course fit your topic and possibly support your thesis. A personalized statistic works best to meet your audience’s needs.
When we were designing the outline for one of my Executive Legacy Coaching clients’ investor pitch, we made a conscious decision to start with a number that would probably come as a surprise to many listeners. To back up the pain point that his product solves, he asked the panel how much they thought that an unhappy employee costs a company per year. Starting with that number was so effective because the audience’s estimates were all substantially lower than the true number, creating an a-ha effect.
Another way to start your speech is with a look back . This variant is particularly suitable if you are to give a speech on the occasion of an anniversary or birthday. In your preparation, you should pay special attention to who is sitting in your audience: what connection do they have to the person or the company or the occasion and, above all, have they experienced the period themselves.
Some time ago, I had the privilege of being on stage at a company’s 20th anniversary. In order to give the audience as emotional an experience as possible, I first had to find out who was in the audience. Have people lived through these last 20 years, and are they likely to remember the moment from 20 years ago? Since my audience was mostly over 35 years old I assumed that was the case. Thus I dove into the world of 20 years ago: how did the world look and what moved people at the time? Immediately the people were in the emotions of the memories and from that I could then draw a bow to the company anniversary: “much has changed, but one thing has remained the same…”.
Jokes are for comedians.
There are talented joke tellers and there are those who always flub the punch line. If you feel uncomfortable in the role of the joker, don’t do it. However, that doesn’t mean you can’t spice up the introduction with a little humor. Humor arouses positive emotions and loosens the atmosphere. A humorous introduction, which also works without a joke, signals to the participants that the event will not be dry as dust and that it is worth staying for.
Bonus tip: Humor is different in different regions and works best when you approach your audience with respect and humility.
A provocative introduction is like riding on a razor blade: very dangerous. You have to have an incredible ace up your sleeve to win your audience back. As a rule, I would strongly advise you not to use provocative introductions. If your audience perceives you as an unsympathetic person, no matter how ingenious the content of your speech, it will not bring the desired success.
Some insecure speaker starts his speech with an apology for his insecurity or God knows what else. Please don’t do that. For one thing, the audience usually doesn’t notice it anyway, and for another, it immediately takes something away from your first impression. You might get sympathy for it, but in the rarest cases you will get the attention for your speech.
One of the most important tips I once received was that your audience wants you to win . That’s right, you read that correctly. Your audience wants you to be good. No one sits in the audience hoping for a boring speaker to come on now. Your audience wants you to do your job well. If you feel anxiety on the way to the stage, keep reading.
The key to a perfect introduction lies not only in the preparation for your speech, but also in the emotional preparation in the moments before public speaking. Especially if you are nervous or even feel speech anxiety , it is even more important that you, to present convincingly, are in an ideal state.
Take a deep breath just before your performance, send positive emotions to your audience and off you go. Many speakers also like to take index cards with their notes to be prepared in case of an emergency. The phrase for the introduction as well as for the conclusion I would always write in full. For the main points, keywords are enough here.
When you finally arrive on stage, at first be aware of your audience . Before you begin, start with eye contact and confident body language to radiate stage presence . Only then, when you feel the attention of your audience, you start to talk. This confidence will automatically boost your credibility.
Bonus tip: if you’re unsure about your voice, a little voice training will help.
Of course, the principles for your ideal start also apply at virtual events. So if you hold a webinar or a virtual presentation or are on stage at a hybrid event , nothing will change in the structure of your preparation. The main point in the virtual space is that you have to speak in front of the camera and this should be practiced. The specific elements of structuring your presentation stay the same.
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In this article you have learned how to start your speech in an ideal way. Do you already have an idea which structure you like best? Remember that you always start with your outcome and your audience before you create a thread for your presentation.
The tone makes the music. Former American writer Maya Angelou summed it up this way: “Your audience won’t remember exactly what you said, but they’ll always remember how it made them feel.” Whatever the occasion, take your audience on an emotional journey.
If you feel that you still need help for your next speech or keynote , feel free to contact me or just write me an e-mail ! Together many things are easier.
Which introduction appeals to you the most? Which start to a speech have you learned about here and would like to try out for your next performance? Please leave a comment below and share this article with someone who you think will profit from it. All the best for your next speeches.
There is no second chance for a first impression . The first impression is created in the first few seconds of perception and is crucial to whether your audience perceives you as likeable or unlikeable. If you mess up the first impression, the next few minutes will be a steep uphill climb to get the audience back on your side.
First, take three deep breaths and consciously put a smile on your face. Stand up straight, shoulders back, head up and visualize your audience and your goal. The important thing here is to move as quickly as possible from an internal focus (thinking about you) to an external focus (thinking about your audience). Imagine how your audience will benefit from your speech. For even more tips, I recommend you read my blog post Persuasive presentations: 3 Steps to Your Ideal State in Front of an Audience.
Ideally, you were introduced by a presenter who has also given some interesting background information about you to the audience. However, it always makes sense to leave nothing to chance here and, on the one hand, to discuss your introduction with the presenter upfront and, on the other hand, to include the most important points in your speech. I would always start with an introduction into the topic to get the audience interested and then introduce myself. The best way to find the right introduction is to read this article.
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The speech introduction is the first part of a speech and the first opportunity to grab the audience’s attention. The speaker should state the topic, make it relatable to the audience, establish credibility and preview the main points. You should write or finalize your introduction at the end so that it reflects what you actually said.
Listen up, audience!
No matter whether you are giving an informative speech to enlighten an audience about a certain topic or a persuasive speech aims to convince the crowd to adopt a particular viewpoint. But whichever type of speech you’re writing or delivering, one thing is true: You must create an attention-grabbing speech introduction.
Table of Contents
Whether in speech writing or public speaking, the role of a good intro cannot be understated. It is your best chance to captivate your audience’s attention and entice them to be with you until the rest of your speech.
It’s also your opportunity to introduce the topic and thesis statement and set up the points you’ll discuss later. So, keep in mind that you emphasize the relevance of your subject matter to the audience and contextualize it properly.
These are some of the best ways to make a compelling introduction speech.
When you look at intro samples and templates on the web, you’ll find that effective speech introductions contain key elements. And one of the most important is your attention-grabber, which will compel your audience to listen to your speech and narrative.
You must also introduce your speech topic and indicate why it matters to your audience. You should also share something about yourself, especially your credibility, to discuss a particular subject matter.
Once you’ve laid out these foundations, state your central idea or thesis statement. Tell the audience members the point of view you want them to adopt, and give them a preview of the main points you’re discussing if you’re giving a persuasive speech. If you’re writing or delivering an informative one, you can provide them with a brief speech outline or the key points you’ll touch upon throughout the body of the speech.
One of the most common public speaking tips you’ll encounter is to have a good introduction. To help you capture the audience’s attention, here are some ideas you can use in your speech.
Whether you’re a first-time speaker or a veteran, how you approach introducing yourself in a speech is important in establishing your credibility. To avoid getting called boring, you might want to shy away from the usual “Hi, everyone. I’m (your name). I (your credentials), and today I will be talking about (points of the speech).”
Usually, someone else may have given your name and background. This gives you the liberty to begin your speech more interestingly.
You can start by stating any of the introduction lines listed above, then transition to why listening to you will matter to them. For example, if you’re talking about mental health and depression, you can follow up a surprising statistic with something like, “I know because I was a part of that statistic. Now, I’ve studied to become a therapist myself.”
To further create an air of authority, you must be mindful of your body language (taking a deep breath before speaking can help you shake off your nervousness and tension). Additionally, you must make eye contact and speak words clearly.
Now, if you’re tasked to introduce the one who will deliver the speech, it’s your responsibility to set the right atmosphere and build excitement.
One of the first things to do is know how to pronounce the speaker’s name and ensure that what you’ll say about the speaker’s credibility is factual. Since you’re only introducing the speaker, keep things simple and concise. If you want to enrich your introduction, you can ask the speaker what they want to be highlighted (Do they have a new book? Which prestigious groups are they affiliated with?).
Like what the speaker would do, you must also make eye contact to engage the audience. Practice and have a run-through before you take the stage to guarantee a smooth delivery.
Speakers and speech writers know how challenging it is to grab an audience’s attention. Here’s a good example of an introductory speech that uses statistics. This is from English restaurateur Jamie Oliver who delivered a TED Talk about food:
“Sadly, in the next 18 minutes when I do our chat, four Americans that are alive will be dead from the food that they eat.
My name’s Jamie Oliver. I’m 34 years old. I’m from Essex in England, and for the last seven years, I’ve worked fairly tirelessly to save lives in my own way. I’m not a doctor; I’m a chef, I don’t have expensive equipment or medicine. I use information, education.”
Looking for inspiration for a good introduction where your topic is bullying? Check out this sample intro from actress and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Millie Bobby Brown during World Children’s Day in 2019:
“In world capitals — in buildings like this — adults talk about children’s rights. But today, young people don’t want to be talked about. They want to do the talking.
Millions of people responded to UNICEF surveys and petitions about what the Convention on the Rights of the Child meant to them. In the words of one young person: ‘Be an active voice. Don’t let things go unnoticed. So today, I want to talk about an issue that is very personal to me. Something that so often goes unnoticed — but causes real suffering. Bullying.”
Below are some more speech introduction examples you can take inspiration from.
“How great leaders inspire action” by Simon Sinek : “How do you explain when things don’t go as we assume? Or better, how do you explain when others are able to achieve things that seem to defy all of the assumptions?”
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You’ve heard the saying, “First impressions are lasting; you never get a second chance to create a good first impression” — right?
The same is true when talking about how to start a speech…
The truth is, when you start your speech, you must focus everything on making a positive first impression on your audience members (especially if you are doing the presentation virtually ). Capturing the audience’s attention from the very beginning is crucial to prevent them from being distracted, losing interest, or forming negative opinions.
The introduction is the formal greeting for speeches, so let’s be sure to get this right to hook the audience. Understanding the importance of speech openings can significantly impact making a strong first impression. Planning and delivering the first words with confidence and relevance is essential, as they set the tone for the entire presentation and ensure you deliver a professional start, free from hesitation or irrelevance.
Here are 15 different ways to start a speech as well as 2 extra BONUS tips at the end.
You can start by thanking the audience for coming and thanking the organization for inviting you to speak.
Refer to the person who introduced you or to one or more of the senior people in the organization in the audience.
This compliments them, makes them feel proud and happy about your presence, and connects you to the audience like an electrical plug in a socket.
A presentation tip at the start is to tell the audience members how much they will like and enjoy what you have to say.
For example, you might say:
“You’re really going to enjoy the time we spend together this evening. I’m going to share with you some of the most important ideas that have ever been discovered in this area.”
Remember that speaking is an art, so be an artist and take complete control of your performance,
You can begin by complimenting the audience members sincerely and with great respect.
Smile as if you are really glad to see them as if they are all old friends of yours that you have not seen for quite a while.
You can tell them that it is a great honor for you to be here, that they are some of the most important people in this business or industry, and that you are looking forward to sharing some key ideas with them.
You could say something like:
“It is an honor to be here with you today. You are the elite, the top 10 percent of people in this industry. Only the very best people in any field will take the time and make the sacrifice to come so far for a conference like this.”
Use a current event front-page news story to transition into your subject and to illustrate or prove your point. You can bring a copy of the newspaper and hold it up as you refer to it in your introduction.
This visual image of you holding the paper and reciting or reading a key point rivets the audience’s attention and causes more people to lean forward to hear what you have to say.
For many years, I studied military history…
Especially the lives and campaigns of the great generals and the decisive battles they won. One of my favorites was Alexander the Great. Standing in the symbolic shadow of such historical figures can provide a powerful and engaging start to any speech, especially when drawing parallels to contemporary challenges.
One day, I was asked to give a talk on leadership principles to a roomful of managers for a Fortune 500 company.
I decided that the campaign of Alexander the Great against Darius of Persia would make an excellent story that would illustrate the leadership qualities of one of the great commanders in history.
I opened my talk with these words:
“Once upon a time there was a young man named Alex who grew up in a poor country. But Alex was a little bit ambitious. From an early age, he decided that he wanted to conquer the entire known world. But there was a small problem.
Most of the known world was under the control of a huge multinational called the Persian Empire, headed by King Darius II. To fulfill his ambition, Alex was going to have to take the market share away from the market leader, who was very determined to hold on to it.
This is the same situation that exists between you and your major competitors in the market today. You are going to have to use all your leadership skills to win the great marketing battles of the future.”
You can start by quoting a well-known person or publication that recently made an interesting or important statement.
One of the subjects I touch upon regularly is the importance of continual personal development.
I will say something like:
“In the twenty-first century, knowledge and know-how are the keys to success. As basketball coach Pat Riley said, ‘If you are not getting better, you are getting worse.’”
Start by telling a story about a recent conversation with someone in attendance.
For instance, I might say:
“A few minutes ago, I was talking with Tom Robinson in the lobby. He told me that this is one of the very best times to be working in this industry, and I agree.”
You can start your talk by making a shocking statement of some kind.
For example, you might say something like:
“Here’s a startling fact: According to a recent study, there will be more change, more competition, and more opportunities in this industry in the next year than ever before. And 72 percent of the people in this room will be doing something different within two years if they do not rapidly adapt to these changes.”
Click here If you want to learn more techniques to wow your audience.
You can start by quoting a relevant, recent research report.
One example is:
“According to a story in a recent issue of Businessweek, there were almost 11 million millionaires in America in 2018, most of them self-made.”
The French philosopher Gustav Le Bon once wrote, “The only religion of mankind is, and always has been hope.”
When you speak effectively, you give people hope of some kind.
Remember, the ultimate purpose of public speaking, is to inspire people to do things that they would not have done in the absence of your comments.
Everything you say should relate to the actions you want people to take and the reasons that they should take those actions.
Bill Gove used to walk onto the stage after his introduction if he had just finished talking to someone on the side and was breaking off to give his talk to the group.
The audience got the feeling that his entire talk was one continuous conversation, devoid of meaningless filler words .
Bill would often go to the edge of the stage and then drop his voice in a conspiratorial way, open his arms, and beckon the audience members to come a little closer.
He would say, “Come here, let me tell you something,” and then he would wave them forward as though he was about to tell a secret to the entire room.
The amazing thing was that everyone in the room would lean forward to hear this “secret” that he was about to share. People would all suddenly realize what they were doing and break out in laughter. It was a wonderful device to get the audience into the palm of his hands.
You can open by making a positive statement and then pose a rhetorical question to engage your audience and set the stage for your presentation.
Try something like this:
“This is a great time to be alive and in business in America. But let me ask you, what does it truly mean to be self-employed in today’s economy?”
Raise your hand to indicate what you want people to do. I have used this line, and after a moment of thought, I then say to someone who looks intrigued in the front, “How many people here feel truly self-employed?”
Invariably, someone will say, “We all do!”
I then compliment and affirm the answer: “You’re right! We are all self-employed, from the time we take our first jobs to the day that we retire; we all work for ourselves, no matter who signs our paychecks.”
Similarly, a 17-year-old science fair winner effectively engaged their audience with a question at the beginning of their TED Talk, showcasing the power of this technique.
You can start with a problem that must be solved. If it is a problem that almost everyone has in common, you will immediately have the audience’s complete and undivided attention.
For example, you could say:
“Fully 63 percent of baby boomers are moving toward retirement without enough money put aside to provide for themselves for as long as they are going to live. We must address this problem and take action immediately to ensure that each person who retires will be able to live comfortably for the rest of his or her natural life.”
Introducing a new idea at this point can be a powerful way to engage your audience further, by promising a solution that is both innovative and beneficial.
You can start by making a strong and powerful statement and then ask a question. You then follow with an answer and ask another question. This gets people immediately involved and listening to your every word.
Here’s an example:
“Twenty percent of the people in our society make 80 percent of the money. Are you a member of the top 20 percent? If not, would you like to join the top 20 percent or even the top 10 percent? Well, in the next few minutes, I am going to give you some ideas to help you become some of the highest-paid people in our society. Would that be a good goal for our time together today?”
You can start your talk with a personal story. Some of the most powerful words to capture the complete attention of the audience and make a personal connection are, “Once upon a time…”
From infancy and early childhood, people love stories of any kind. When you start off a presentation with a personal anecdote using the words, “Once upon a time…” you tell the audience that a relatable story is coming. People immediately settle down, become quiet, and lean forward, eager to hear how your experience might mirror their own or offer them new insights.
When I conduct full-day seminars and I want to bring people back to their seats after a break, I will say loudly, “Once upon a time there was a man, right here in this city…”
As soon as I say these words, people hurry back to their seats and begin to listen attentively, connecting with the story on a personal level.
Incorporating a personal story is very effective.
In fact, it’s probably one of the best public speaking tips I’ve learned to this day.
Very often, I will start a serious speech or presentation to a business, sales, or entrepreneurial group by saying:
“I started off without graduating from high school. My family had no money. Everything I accomplished in life I had to do on my own with very little help from anyone else.”
It is amazing how many people come up to me after a talk that began with those words and tells me that was their experience as well.
They tell me that they could immediately identify with me because they too had started with poor grades and limited funds, as most people do. As a result, they were open to the rest of my talk, even a full-day seminar, and felt that everything I said was more valid and authentic than if I had been a person who started off with a successful background.
Building a bridge like this is very helpful in bringing the audience onto your side.
You can ask people to turn to the person next to them to discuss a particular point.
For instance, you could say:
“Tell the person next to you what you would like to learn from this seminar.”
Whatever you ask your audience members to do, within reason, they will do it for you. Your commands and your thought leadership will easily influence them, as long as you ask them with confidence.
By following any one of these tips for starting your speech, you are sure to grab your audience’s attention every time. How do you start a speech? Let me know in the comments.
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About Brian Tracy — Brian is recognized as the top sales training and personal success authority in the world today. He has authored more than 60 books and has produced more than 500 audio and video learning programs on sales, management, business success and personal development, including worldwide bestseller The Psychology of Achievement. Brian's goal is to help you achieve your personal and business goals faster and easier than you ever imagined. You can follow him on Twitter , Facebook , Pinterest , Linkedin and Youtube .
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By Status.net Editorial Team on December 12, 2023 — 10 minutes to read
Finding the perfect opening line for your speech is important in grabbing your audience’s attention. A strong opening line sets the stage for the points you want to make and helps you establish a connection with your listeners.
1. Start with a question
Engage your audience from the very beginning by asking them a thought-provoking question related to your topic. This approach encourages them to think, and it can create a sense of anticipation about what’s coming next.
2. Share a personal story
A relatable personal story can create an emotional connection with your audience. Make sure your story is short, relevant to your speech, and ends with a clear point.
3. Use a quote or a statistic
Incorporate a powerful quote or an intriguing statistic at the outset of your speech to engage your audience and provide context for your topic.
4. Make them laugh
Injecting a little humor into your opening line puts everyone at ease and makes your speech more memorable. Just make sure your joke is relevant and doesn’t offend your audience.
5. Paint a mental picture
Draw your audience in by describing a vivid scene or painting an illustration in their minds. This creates an immersive experience that makes it easier for your audience to follow your speech.
Sharing a personal story can be a highly effective way to engage your audience from the very beginning of your speech. When you open your talk with a powerful, relatable story, it helps create an emotional connection with your listeners, making them more invested in what you have to say.
Think about an experience from your life that is relevant to the topic of your speech. Your story doesn’t have to be grand or dramatic, but it should be clear and vivid. Include enough detail to paint a picture in your audience’s minds, but keep it concise and on point.
The key to successfully using a personal story is to make it relatable. Choose a situation that your audience can empathize with or easily understand. For example, if you’re giving a speech about overcoming adversity, you could talk about a time where you faced a seemingly insurmountable challenge and overcame it.
Make sure to connect your story to the main point or theme of your speech. After sharing your experience, explain how it relates to the topic at hand, and let your audience see the relevance to their own lives. This will make your speech more impactful and show your listeners why your personal story holds meaning.
Starting your speech with a shocking statement can instantly grab your audience’s attention. This technique works especially well when your speech topic relates to a hot-button issue or a controversial subject. Just make sure that the statement is relevant and true, as false claims may damage your credibility.
For example, “Believe it or not, 90% of startups fail during their first five years in the market.” This statement might surprise your listeners and make them more receptive to your ideas on how to avoid pitfalls and foster a successful business.
So next time you’re crafting a speech, consider opening with a powerful shocking statement. It could be just the thing to get your audience sitting up and paying full attention. (Try to keep your shocking statement relevant to your speech topic and factual to enhance your credibility.)
Humor can be an excellent way to break the ice and grab your audience’s attention. Opening your speech with a funny story or a joke can make a memorable first impression. Just be sure to keep it relevant to your topic and audience.
A good joke can set a light-hearted tone, lead into the importance of effective time management, and get your audience engaged from the start.
When using humor in your speech, here are a few tips to keep in mind:
When you want to start your speech with a powerful quote, ensure that the quote is relevant to your topic. Choose a quote from a credible source, such as a famous historical figure, a well-known author, or a respected expert in your field. This will not only grab your audience’s attention but also establish your speech’s credibility.
For example, if you’re giving a speech about resilience, you might use this quote by Nelson Mandela: “The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
Once you’ve found the perfect quote, integrate it smoothly into your speech’s introduction. You can briefly introduce the source of the quote, providing context for why their words are significant. For example:
Nelson Mandela, an inspirational leader known for his perseverance, once said: “The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
When you’re incorporating a quote in your speech, practice your delivery to ensure it has the intended impact. Focus on your tone, pace, and pronunciation. By doing so, you can convey the quote’s meaning effectively and connect with your audience emotionally.
Connect the quote to your main points by briefly explaining how it relates to the subject matter of your speech. By creating a natural transition from the quote to your topic, you can maintain your audience’s interest and set the stage for a compelling speech.
In our resilience example, this could look like:
“This quote by Mandela beautifully illustrates the power of resilience. Today, I want to share with you some stories of remarkable individuals who, like Mandela, overcame obstacles and rose every time they fell. Through their experiences, we might learn how to cultivate our own resilience and make the most of life’s challenges.”
Opening your speech with a question can be a great way to engage your audience from the start. This strategy encourages your listeners to think and become active participants in your presentation. Your opening question should be related to your core message, sparking their curiosity, and setting the stage for the following content. Here are a few examples:
When choosing the right starting question, consider your audience. You want to ask something that is relevant to their experiences and interests. The question should be interesting enough to draw their attention and resonate with their emotions. For instance, if you’re presenting to a group of entrepreneurs, gear your question towards entrepreneurship, and so on.
To boost your question’s impact, consider using rhetorical questions. These don’t require a verbal response, but get your audience thinking about their experiences or opinions. Here’s an example:
After posing your question, take a moment to let it sink in, and gauge the audience’s reaction. You can also use a brief pause to give the listeners time to think about their answers before moving on with your speech.
When starting a speech, you can acknowledge the occasion that brought everyone together. This helps create a connection with your audience and sets the stage for the rest of your speech. Make sure to mention the event name, its purpose, and any relevant individuals or groups you would like to thank for organizing it. For example:
“Hello everyone, and welcome to the 10th annual Charity Gala Dinner. I’m truly grateful to the fundraising committee for inviting me to speak tonight.”
After addressing the event itself, include a brief personal touch to show your connection with the topic or the audience. This helps the audience relate to you and gain interest in what you have to say. Here’s an example:
“As a long-time supporter of this cause, I am honored to share my thoughts on how we can continue making a difference in our community.”
Next, give a brief overview of your speech so the audience knows what to expect. This sets the context and helps them follow your points. You could say something like:
“Tonight, I’ll be sharing my experiences volunteering at the local food bank and discussing the impact of your generous donations.”
What are some effective opening lines for speeches.
A powerful opening line will grab your audience’s attention and set the stage for the rest of your speech. Some effective opening lines include:
Different speech styles will resonate with different audiences. Some styles to consider include:
Establishing a connection with your listeners is key to delivering an impactful speech. Some ways to connect with your audience include:
To maintain a friendly and professional tone in your speeches, consider these tips:
Last Updated: June 27, 2024 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by Gale McCreary and by wikiHow staff writer, Kyle Hall . Gale McCreary is the Founder and Chief Coordinator of SpeechStory, a nonprofit organization focused on improving communication skills in youth. She was previously a Silicon Valley CEO and President of a Toastmasters International chapter. She has been recognized as Santa Barbara Entrepreneurial Woman of the Year and received Congressional recognition for providing a Family-Friendly work environment. She has a BS in Biology from Stanford University. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 156,275 times.
A persuasive speech is meant to convince an audience to agree with your point of view or argument relating to a specific topic. While the body of your persuasive speech is where the bulk of your argument will go, it’s important that you don’t overlook the introduction. A good introduction will capture your audience’s attention, which is crucial if you want to persuade them. Fortunately, there are some simple rules you can follow that will make the introduction to your persuasive essay more engaging and memorable.
Tip: If you know how long your speech is going to be before you write it, make the first draft of your introduction the right length so you don’t have to add or delete a lot later.
Tip: An easy way to make your writing more concise is to start your sentences with the subject. Also, try to limit the number of adverbs and adjectives you use.
To write an introduction for a persuasive speech, start with a hook that will grab your audience's attention, like a surprising statistic or meaningful quote. Then, introduce your thesis statement, which should explain what you are arguing for and why. From here, you'll need to demonstrate the credibility of your argument if you want your audience to believe what you're saying. Depending on if you are an expert or not, you should either share your personal credentials or reference papers and studies by experts in the field that legitimize your argument. Finally, conclude with a brief preview of the main points you'll cover in your speech, so your audience knows what to expect and can follow along more easily. For more tips from our co-author, including how to polish your introduction, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Ever stood at a podium, your palms sweaty as you look out over a crowd? In this case, though, you’re not the main attraction — just the person who gets to introduce the star of the show. That moment before you introduce a speaker is crucial. It’s not just about saying names right or getting the titles in order. Knowing h ow to introduce a speaker can set the tone for their entire presentation and potentially shape the audience’s perception from the get-go.
A well-crafted introduction does more than inform; it engages the crowd and draws them in to pay attention to the upcoming speech. A poor one, on the other hand, falls flat, sounding more like a dry reading of someone’s LinkedIn profile rather than an exciting prelude to what’s ahead. But a good speaker introduction is powerful — transforming that brief moment into a perfect kickoff of the main event. You might feel overwhelmed trying to write your introduction, but don’t stress about it! With some insight into human psychology and strategic communication techniques, we’re here to guide you.
Introducing a guest speaker is more than just reading off a script. It’s about setting the stage and grabbing the attention of the audience. A good guest speaker introduction builds anticipation, connects the dots for your audience, and sets up the speaker and their topic — all in 60-90 seconds.
To achieve this, you first need to know your crowd . Are they tech geeks at a Silicon Valley conference? Or maybe they’re teachers eager to soak up new ways of engaging their students? Understanding who is in your audience will help you create an introduction that resonates with your listeners.
As you begin your introduction, it’s important to grab the audience’s attention . Start with a thought-provoking statement or question that relates to the topic and prepares the audience for what’s to come. For example, you could ask “Have you ever wondered how technology will shape our future?” before introducing a tech speaker.
Next, be sure to mention the speaker’s credibility . Share the speaker’s education, experience, and provide specific examples of their expertise. It’s also helpful to mention notable achievements or awards related to their main topic.
As you continue, it’s often helpful to preview the topic . Give the audience a quick overview of what the speaker will be talking about. You can also explain why the topic is important to the audience and what they can expect to learn.
Finally, as the speaker joins you on stage, make them feel welcome . Smile, be energetic and enthusiastic, and ask the crowd to give them a warm welcome. You can also compliment the speaker and share something special about them.
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Before you can introduce a speaker, you first have to know who they are. In some cases, you can request a short bio from the speaker, but in other cases you may have to prepare one yourself. As a result, a little research is in order. As you compose your speaker bio, make sure it’s clear why your speaker is credible. Even if you don’t explicitly state it, you want your audience to know that they’re about to hear from someone who knows their stuff.
First things first: dig deep into who the speaker is. What have they achieved? What about their journey inspires? To gather this information, dive into their professional background. Depending on how well-known the speaker is, there might be articles or interviews that they’ve featured in. Scan these for insights into their achievements as well as their personality. Remember to cross-check sources to ensure you have your facts straight. Mispronouncing names or getting details wrong can quickly undo all your good work.
As you research your speaker, aim to understand why they matter to your audience at this particular point in time. The accomplishments that you mention in your introduction should align closely with what your audience values or finds intriguing. In addition, tie these accomplishments directly to the speech topic—why is what they’ve done informing what they’ll say?
Weaving together a narrative of accomplishments with reasons why it matters creates more than just interest—it builds respect. You’re telling everyone present: “This person knows their stuff, and you’re going to want to listen.” It turns “just another talk” into one people couldn’t stop thinking about. That’s how powerful the right introduction can be.
Ever heard the saying, “You never get a second chance to make a first impression”? Well, when it comes to introducing speakers, this couldn’t be more true. The initial moments can either set the stage for success or lead to an uphill battle for your speaker’s attention and respect.
But why does credibility matter so much right off the bat? It’s simple. Before someone decides if they like what you have to say, they need to buy into why they should listen. That’s where speaker credibility kicks in. It essentially bridges the gap between an audience’s initial hesitation and their eventual engagement.
In essence, a strong start fueled by credibility doesn’t just introduce; it captivates, making sure everyone leans in closer rather than tuning out. Your role is to elevate that sense of anticipation.
When preparing to introduce a speaker, it helps to have some examples to look at. Below we have just that: two examples of speeches that you can tweak for your own personal use.
“Ladies and gentlemen, imagine someone who’s not just mastered their field but reshaped it. This evening, we’re graced with the presence of an individual whose brilliance has not only illuminated their field but also redefined it. Meet [speaker’s name] , the brain behind groundbreaking innovations in [speaker’s field] . With a career spanning over two decades, [he/she] has earned accolades like [specific achievement] , transforming challenges into triumphs. Today, [he/she]’ll dive deep into [speech topic or title] , offering insights that promise to change the way you think about this important subject.”
“I’ll never forget the day I stumbled upon an article by our next speaker; my perspective on [topic related to speech] was forever changed. Fast forward to today, and I’m thrilled beyond words to introduce you all to [speaker’s name] . Not only is [he/she] a titan in the realm of [professional title or industry] , but also someone with heartwarming resilience facing personal hurdles head-on and emerging victorious. Brace yourselves as [he/she] shares [topic or name of speech] , enlightening us on overcoming obstacles while chasing dreams.”
In these introductions, did you catch how we used a bit of storytelling to introduce the guest speakers? That wasn’t just fluff. Storytelling helps grab attention instantly while connecting the audience with the speaker even before they’ve started speaking. So when you’re introducing a speaker, don’t just rattle off achievements. Find a way to highlight what makes your speaker an interesting person, someone worth knowing and listening to. Storytelling is one great way to achieve this.
If you’ve been chosen to introduce a guest speaker, then you definitely want to practice what you’re going to say beforehand. Thanks to AI, doing so is now a bit easier. For those tired of rehearsing in front of a mirror or roping in an unenthusiastic roommate as your practice partner, there’s now an alternative. With AI tools designed for speech practice, it’s like having a personal coach who’s always ready when you are. Take a look at some additional benefits below.
It’s more than smoothly navigating an opener; it’s about leaving a lasting imprint with your words. Thanks to AI tools like Orai or Speeko, and even VR tools like VirtualSpeech , you can introduce your speaker with confidence.
As the big day approaches, there are a few more things to consider for your speaker introduction. For instance, how will you start it? How important is it to keep it brief? And will you use humor? We have the answers to all these questions below.
When introducing a speaker, it’s best to start strong. A thought-provoking question or statement can be just what you need to grab the audience’s attention from the get-go. It sets up not only your speaker but also primes your audience for what’s about to unfold. For instance, asking “Have you ever wondered how technology will shape our future?” could lead into introducing a tech visionary. Similarly, saying something like “Imagine achieving all your goals without sacrificing happiness” is perfect for setting up a motivational speaker .
The goal here is to craft an opening that resonates with every person sitting there, making them think, “This is going to be good.”
Speaker introductions can be tricky because they must be both concise and engaging . Here’s the secret: It’s not about stuffing every accolade or achievement into those first few sentences. Instead, it’s about sparking curiosity, establishing credibility, and making a connection—fast. Remember, you only have about 60-90 seconds, so you want each word to count. The trick lies in choosing each word carefully so every sentence serves multiple purposes—it informs, intrigues, and invites.
Before you add humor to your speaker introduction, it’s important to first consider your audience. Who all is attending and are they the sort of people to appreciate a little humor? If so, how much and what type? The setting will also help you gauge whether humor is appropriate. For instance, a somber conference room isn’t usually the place for stand-up comedy routines. If you do decide to crack a joke or two, ensure your humor aligns with both the topic at hand and doesn’t stray into offensive territory.
Humor has its place. When used correctly, it can create an instant connection between speaker and audience. But if in doubt, play it safe. The goal here is to make them anticipate your guest speaker, not leave them puzzled or offended. So read the room before you decide your move.
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After you’ve introduced your speaker, it’s time to welcome them onstage. As you transition, there are a few important things to take care of as the speaker steps up to the podium.
Ensuring a smooth transition isn’t rocket science. It just requires checking off a few important steps before you step offstage. That way, the audience brimming with anticipation for what’s coming next.
Together, we’ve explored the art of introducing a speaker. This journey isn’t just about listing facts; it’s about connecting an audience with a speaker, preparing them for what the speaker has to share. To achieve this, it’s important to research your speaker. You want to be able to explain why this speaker is credible without sounding like a Wikipedia page, building interest for your guest speaker’s presentation. Using our examples (and maybe a little AI help), you can nail a speaker introduction that is brief, humorous, and thought-provoking. Transitioning over to the event speaker doesn’t have to be nerve-wracking either. With these insights, you’re all set to connect your audience with a speaker they’ll anticipate.
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TODAY’S TOPIC:
Intros are important. They’re the first thing the audience hears about you. Don’t bore them with your résumé. Get them excited.
This month it’s all about the intro.
Because I’m tired of sitting through introductions that sound like the speaker is trying to impress his mom .
The audience cares about your topic; not every single article you’ve published since 2005.
Similarly, I don’t love it when the introducer is unprepared. I’ve got tips for when your boss tells you, “We’ve got a trainer coming in; introduce her and that’ll kick off the training.” Introducing someone else is a simple, easy, and straightforward process.
If you’re the introducer, and no one has provided you with any information to go on, find the speaker before start time, ask them for a few sentences, and write them down to use as the introduction.
Some introducers, when in a bind, will pull up the speaker’s website, and read from it. I’m not a fan of this method, as it reads as “unprepared.” Plus, with scrolling, it’s too easy to lose your place and fumble, thus setting a bad tone for your upcoming speaker.
And also, when you introduce someone - don’t wing it. Talk to the speaker. Get their name right. Write it out phonetically if you have to.
And don’t rely on your memory for a fun factoid. I was once introduced as “a comedian” because my introducer saw “Second City graduate” in my bio. (I’m not a comedian. I studied improv, not stand-up.)
Your speaker doesn’t want to take the stage and start with an explanation of why she’s not a comedian.
Too often, speakers put everything into their intro. Your aim is to whet the audience’s appetite for your topic; not bore them with a list of every accomplishment. Here’s the right way to write your speaker intro.
Bonus: See/hear the time Randy Ford and I discussed writing a better bio (aka, your intro).
Speaking at a conference? Delivering a training to a roomful of strangers? Write your intro for the person introducing you.
Always write your own introduction. Don’t leave it up to the person who will introduce you.
Hear why, along with pro tips for the best way to format your speaker intro.
Your boss has asked you to introduce the consultant delivering today’s training. Or maybe you’re introducing your star employee before she receives a huge award at the all-hands meeting. Here’s how to do it right.
When you’re asked to introduce the speaker, make sure you talk to them first. Do you have the correct pronunciation of their name? What about the other bio points? Listen:
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What to say to get your audience’s attention.
As a professional speaker and facilitator for over 20 years, I’ve been introduced more than a thousand times, by countless meeting planners, conference organizers, and team leaders. Nevertheless, most of the introductions have fallen into one of four categories:
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The idea of a presentation is relaying a message. To make that happen you need your audience's attention! This is why you need to start your speech strong with an attention-grabbing speech introduction.
If you feel a little bit lost in the matter, fear not! This tutorial is here to help you out. We'll go over:
Having the right tools can help you produce a riveting introduction and an even better presentation. Turn to Envato Elements , the ultimate subscription service to find premium digital assets.
Whether you're in need of presentation templates , logo stings , infographics , and more, you can get it all for a low monthly fee!
Jump to content in this section:
First, let's go over the basics.
But what makes a speech introduction good? An effective opener serves a few purposes:
Moreover, the introduction sets the tone for the rest of the presentation. It's in those first minutes when the audience will decide if this is worth paying attention to. O ne main purpose of a speech introduction is to get your audience's attention.
Wondering how to write a speech introduction? The simplest way to begin is to answer the basic questions:
As you start answering those questions, there are a few things to consider. When preparing a speech introduction you should usually think about:
Finally, a good introduction isn't just about the information you share. To make a good impression with your introduction, you should:
All these pointers will set the foundation on which to build a great introduction to your speech.
If you followed the steps above, that means you’ve worked hard on your presentation. You've spent time and energy gathering information, structuring precisely, and creating engrossing slides.
Keep your audience’s attention away from their phones. Follow these effective attention getters for speeches and presentations:
We're highly visual beings. Moving images can catch our eyes and attention easily. For this reason, one of the best ways to introduce your speech is to play a video.
This way you'll add voices to your presentation and assist in illustrating the subject you're about to present. Plus, it will give you a chance to take a deep breath before you begin.
To make the process of creating a video for your presentation easier, you can turn to premium assets. For instance, video templates , stock video , logo stings and royalty-free music can allow you to explore your creativity and come up with a fascinating audiovisual product.
If it is, it could have the opposite effect of what you're trying to achieve.
Are you unsure of how to embed videos to your PowerPoint presentations? Here you go:
Expanding on the tip above, make sure you have powerful visuals in your presentation slides, especially in the title slide. A p rofessional, clean, and appealing title slide will pull people in.
To make your presentation slides a success , employ the tools at your disposal. Use high-quality photos and readable, concise text.
Add interesting design elements, like a logo, shapes and the use of color. Increase the slide's appeal and present your message better.
You don't have to stress about your presentation's look and feel if you don't want to. Save time and energy and focus on the content with premium presentation templates from Envato Elements.
Work with professionally designed and easily customizable templates to make creating a presentation a breeze.
You can even learn to convert PPT to Google Slides to use the presentation software you feel most comfortable with. Take a look at this quick tutorial:
Even today, our brains are constantly seeking for and creating narratives to understand the world around us better. Why wouldn’t you want to work with this to your advantage?
Introduce your subject with a story. It can be a personal story, a historical passage, a made-up narrative, a well-known story, and even a joke. Regardless, people will be more likely to remember it than a list of facts. Stories engage emotions, which facilitates connection.
Of course, you will need to find a way to tie the story to your presentation. As a speech introduction example, if you're talking about how to reach a goal, the popular story of the tortoise and the hare can be useful.
Just don't get carried away with the story! Word it well so you don't get lost on details and divert too far from the point you're trying to make.
Do you want to make sure people are paying attention?
Ask them to participate from the get-go! "Show of hands", asking questions, and inserting your audience into "what ifs," "imagine thats," and hypothetical situations will get them involved with your presentation.
As a speech introduction example, a presentation about dehydration can benefit from asking the audience if they've already drank their eight glasses of water that day.
Keep this section short and sweet, so you can move on to your actual presentation. Additionally, avoid questions or situations that invite too much audience participation. They could result in the audience forgetting the main idea.
Shock the audience with compelling hard data: numbers, statistics, and percentages.
Enthralling tidbits of hard data will bring abstract concepts to the real world, which can make them easier to digest. Plus, they'll be memorable and attention-grabbing.
Infographics , maps, timelines, graphics, and charts will give the eyes something to focus on and help the audience visualize your ideas more clearly.
For example, if you're looking for investors, open your speech by telling them the growth percentage of the area you work on. Or if you're talking about the environment you could work with graphic elements to create an infographic like the ones below:
Learn to make great infographics easily in PowerPoint and Google Slides with these tutorials:
We’ve all sat through classes or presentations from people who were too nervous, unprepared, or simply weren’t great speakers. Those were masterclasses on what not to do if you want to get people interested in your presentation.
And a big way of doing that is through your non-verbal communication and body language.
Non-verbal communication refers to your voice (its volume, tone, and rhythm), eye contact, how you move around the space, hand gestures, facial expressions, how you stand, and more. You should be aware and in control of these aspects as you give your speech.
To improve your body language, record yourself going through your presentation. This way, you'll see what you look like and how you sound. With that information, you can find areas you can work on. Turning to friends and family and listening to their feedback can also be incredibly helpful.
Finally, you may want to read this tutorial to learn more about the subject and how to master your body language:
“To be or not to be.” “Be the change you want to see in the world.” “Imagine all the people…” “E equals MC square.”
These are powerful quotes that anybody could identify with. And they can be a great ice breaker.
Harness the power of these sayings and use them to start your presentation. If you’re working with a popular saying, you’ll get the added advantage that people will know it by heart and will probably finish the quote with you. This means you'll increase engagement.
Find ways to link those quotes to your subject so you can get into it in a seamless way. Cliché quotes that don't make sense in the context will only lead to confusion and a disconnected audience.
Need help putting together a great quote presentation slide? We've got you covered:
Think back to Steve Jobs and the times he unveiled a new Apple device. He didn't just sit on his hands and gave a long, detailed description on how it looked, what it did, and how it worked. He grabbed the iPhone and showed the audience.
This goes to show the advantages of using props that relate to your presentation. They'll make complicated subjects easier to understand. An external element can also make the presentation more fun and entertaining.
As a speech introduction example, if you're in finance, illustrate the concepts you'll be going over with a piggy bank and coins. This adds something special to your speech, which will keep all eyes on you.
Here's another example. In the image below, a doctor employs a mannequin and a volunteer for a CPR demonstration:
Finally, this is a tip we mentioned before but it bears repeating. Start by answering the main question: why should your audience pay attention? Are you trying to solve a problem? Do you have a request?
On that subject, be sure to answer the question, “ who? ” Not only, why is the presentation important, but why should they listen to you? What makes you an expert on it? This gives you and your presentation some validity.
It's a simple tip, but if you do it right, you can engage your audience.
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Envato Elements has a unique and unbeatable offer. For a low monthly fee, you get access to thousands of premium digital assets. This means you can download as many presentation attention getters as you want!
And here are just a few examples of the type of professional and premium digital items from Envato Elements. These can take your presentation to the next level:
One of the best ways to get people interested in what you want to say is by sharing informative graphics. Instead of telling them what they want to know, show it to them with a premium infographic template like this one! Here are its features:
If you're presenting a project or business that's in the creative sphere, you need to show that through your slides. Letting your personality shine through will help you reach the audience effectively. For instance, this template has interesting shapes, colors, elements, and features that help it stand out:
Some chill, subdued music can add to your presentation without overwhelming the audience. A royalty-free song like this one can even make any videos or logo stings you may have more powerful.
This main track comes in MP3 and is 2:24 long. It doesn't have any vocals that could interfere with your speech and can be looped as many times as you want.
If what you want to do is mesmerize your audience, make sure to do it with your logo! Share who you are in an impactful way with a logo reveal template like this one. You can easily customize it in After Effects, and you don't need any plugins to do it.
Finally, here's another premium example of the power that can come from having the right presentation template by your side. In this case, we're looking at a minimal, modern, smart slide deck. Muro has:
We went through a bunch of good attention fetters for speech introductions, A speech introduction can be tough to get right. It has to capture the attention of the audience and make them want to hear more.
Hopefully, you’ll be a step closer to success with this tutorial and the ideas we shared:
Be sure to mix the tips up and play around with them to find the attention getters for speech introductions that work best for you.
Home Blog Presentation Ideas How to Write a Presentation Script
Delivering a successful presentation is a combination of a confident speech and professional-quality graphics. The first element is sometimes neglected, as presenters rely mostly on the slides and add an improvisation element to the speech. Truth is, if you aim to hone your presentation skills, you need to work on the speech. And for that to be a powerful asset, the answer is to learn how to write an effective presentation script.
This article will detail how to create a presentation script, which elements it should contain, how to relate the script to the presenter’s notes, and much more.
Table of Contents
How do you start a presentation script, how do you write a presentation script, how to connect a presentation script with presenter notes, recommended ppt templates to write a presentation script, final words.
A presentation script is a written guide that outlines what a speaker will say during a presentation. It includes the key points, transitions, and supporting details needed to communicate the message clearly and effectively. The script helps the speaker stay on track, ensuring the presentation is organized, concise, and delivered within the allotted time. It often integrates cues for visual aids and other presentation elements.
Every effective presentation script starts with clearly understanding its purpose and objectives. Defining these elements early ensures your script remains focused, relevant, and aligned with your desired outcomes.
Your core message is the central idea you want your audience to take away from your presentation. It should be clear, concise, and memorable. To define your core message, ask yourself:
Once you have a clear core message, everything in your script for a speech should support and reinforce it. This focus will help you avoid straying into irrelevant topics and ensure your presentation remains cohesive.
Next, the presenter should establish clear objectives for the talk. Objectives must be specific, measurable outcomes you want to achieve with your presentation. They give you a clear direction and help you measure the success of your presentation. Objectives can be:
For example, suppose your core message is about the importance of cybersecurity. In that case, your objectives might include informing the audience about common threats, persuading them to adopt better security practices, and instructing them on implementing them.
Check our article on SMART goal setting for a practical approach to defining measurable goals.
Once you’ve defined your core message and objectives, your script should be structured to achieve these outcomes. This involves:
By defining the purpose and objectives of your presentation script, you set the stage for a focused, effective, and impactful delivery.
In this section, we’ll explore section by section how to write a presentation script. The following image is a guideline of presentation script examples on how to create icebreakers for each section
The introduction is your opportunity to capture the audience’s attention and set the tone for the rest of the presentation. It should be engaging and clearly overview what the audience can expect.
If you are wondering how to start a presentation , key elements of a strong introduction include:
Let’s say your presentation is about digital marketing trends. In that case, you might start with a surprising statistic about the growth of AI technology usage, followed by a statement about the importance of staying ahead of digital trends, and then outline the specific trends you will discuss in an upcoming slide.
The body of your script is where you present your main content. It should be organized logically, with each section building on the previous one to reinforce your core message.
Break down your content into clear, manageable sections. Each section should cover a specific point or idea. Smooth transitions between sections help maintain the flow of your presentation and keep the audience engaged . Phrases like “building on that idea,” “another important factor,” or “let’s now shift our focus to” can help guide the audience through your presentation.
Use data, examples, case studies , and visuals to support your points. This will strengthen your argument and make your presentation more engaging.
For instance, in a presentation about social media’s impact on consumer behavior, you might organize the body into sections on social media usage trends, the psychology of social media influence, and case studies of successful social media campaigns.
One of the most effective ways to make your presentation engaging and relatable is by incorporating stories and examples. These elements help illustrate your points, making them more memorable and impactful.
Consider the following strategies:
You can learn more about this technique with our article on storytelling for presentations .
The conclusion is your final opportunity to reinforce your core message and leave a lasting impression on your audience.
A strong conclusion should:
If your presentation was about the importance of innovation in business, you might conclude by summarizing its key benefits, restating that innovation is crucial for long-term success, and ending with a call to action for the audience to start thinking about how they can innovate in their roles.
Get more insights on how to end a presentation with our article.
Although the presentation script is a fantastic resource for preparing your presentation and also for rehearsal, presenters cannot bring lengthy text pages with them and start reading if they feel lost. This is where presenter notes come in handy, and in this section, we’ll learn how to turn the presentation script into presenter notes.
The first step in this process is to go through the detailed script a couple of times, highlighting the main ideas, data, and messages to convey to the audience. You can follow the process as with meeting notes and apply the strategies explained in that article.
Now, we need to condense the information into simpler sentences, direct phrases, or keywords that trigger memory recall. These phrases will be added to the slides in the format of speaker notes linked to each slide. It’s crucial to mark the transitions from one topic to another in the presentation so we can articulate the speech or remember to emphasize a point.
Remember, if we suddenly need to include last-minute details, we can use visual cues or a printed version of our slides with extra handwritten notes.
Before we conclude this article, we want to recommend some PowerPoint templates that can help the presentation script creation process, especially for team collaboration, where the presentation goes through multiple iterations. Remember these designs also serve as Google Slides templates .
Say you need to create a sample script for a presentation or work with your team for a department presentation: this is where this best PPT template is beneficial. We can summarize processes or points that we intend the presentation to cover into six actionable steps that can be discussed within the team. The icons included help us to connect concepts with the steps we’re describing.
Use This Template
In sales and product presentations, we need to contextualize the dates on which we expect things to happen. By using this timeline PPT template as a visual aid, presenters can carry a printed version or digital version on another device to remind themselves of the milestones that a product or service is due in the near future.
Although this template is tailored to sales presentations, this slide deck is ideal for writing a recap of the presentation script. You can add facts, questions, numeric data, and more.
This diagram template for PowerPoint and Google Slides is a highly visual 3D aid intended for defining the steps to write the script or to present processes. Use this staircase design template to summarize key information about your presentation speech.
Creating a detailed, professional presentation script doesn’t have to be a daunting process. As long as we understand the basis of how to structure what we intend to say, questions and answers about which content to include shall arise.
Follow the steps shown in this article and you will master the process to create your own presentation scripts in no time.
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This perspective article explores the challenges and potential of using speech as a biomarker in clinical settings, particularly when constrained by the small clinical datasets typically available in such contexts. We contend that by integrating insights from speech science and clinical research, we can reduce sample complexity in clinical speech AI models with the potential to decrease timelines to translation. Most existing models are based on high-dimensional feature representations trained with limited sample sizes and often do not leverage insights from speech science and clinical research. This approach can lead to overfitting, where the models perform exceptionally well on training data but fail to generalize to new, unseen data. Additionally, without incorporating theoretical knowledge, these models may lack interpretability and robustness, making them challenging to troubleshoot or improve post-deployment. We propose a framework for organizing health conditions based on their impact on speech and promote the use of speech analytics in diverse clinical contexts beyond cross-sectional classification. For high-stakes clinical use cases, we advocate for a focus on explainable and individually-validated measures and stress the importance of rigorous validation frameworks and ethical considerations for responsible deployment. Bridging the gap between AI research and clinical speech research presents new opportunities for more efficient translation of speech-based AI tools and advancement of scientific discoveries in this interdisciplinary space, particularly if limited to small or retrospective datasets.
Introduction.
Recently, there has been a surge in interest in leveraging the acoustic properties (how it sounds) and linguistic content (what is said) of human speech as biomarkers for various health conditions. The underlying premise is that disturbances in neurological, mental, or physical health, which affect the speech production mechanism, can be discerned through alterations in speech patterns. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on developing AI models that use speech for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of conditions such as mental health 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , cognitive disorders 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , and motor diseases 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , among others.
The development of clinical speech AI has predominantly followed a supervised learning paradigm, building on the success of data-driven approaches for consumer speech applications 16 , 17 . For instance, analysis of published speech-based models for dementia reveals that most models rely on high-dimensional speech and language representations 18 , either explicitly extracted or obtained from acoustic foundation models 19 , 20 and language foundation models 21 , 22 , to predict diagnostic labels 9 , 23 , 24 , 25 ; a similar trend is observed for depression 5 , 26 . The foundational models, initially pre-trained on data from general populations, are subsequently fine-tuned using clinical data to improve predictive accuracy for specific conditions. While data-driven classification models based on deep learning have worked well for data-rich applications like automatic speech recognition (ASR), the challenges in high-stakes clinical speech technology are distinctly different due to a lack of data availability at scale. For example, in the ASR literature, speech corpora can amount to hundreds of thousands of hours of speech samples and corresponding transcripts upon which models can be robustly trained in supervised fashion 16 , 17 . In contrast, currently available clinical datasets are much smaller, with the largest samples in the meta-analysis 9 , 24 , 25 consisting of only tens to hundreds of minutes of speech or a few thousand words. This is because clinical data collection is inherently more challenging than in other speech-based applications. Clinical populations are more diverse and present with variable symptoms that must be simultaneously collected with the speech samples, ensuring proper sampling from relevant strata.
Compounding the data problem is the fact that the ground truth accuracy of diagnostic labels for different conditions where speech is impacted varies from 100% certainty to less than 50% certainty, particularly in the early stages of disease when mild symptoms are nonspecific and present similarly across many different diseases 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 . Retrospective data often used to train published models does not always report diagnostic label accuracy or the criteria used to arrive at a diagnosis. Collecting representative, longitudinal speech corpora with paired consensus diagnoses is time-intensive and further impedes the development of large-scale corpora, which are required for developing diagnostic models based on supervised learning. Unfortunately, supervised models built on smaller-scale corpora often exhibit over-optimistic performance in controlled environments 35 and fail to generalize in out-of-sample deployments 36 , 37 . This begs the question of how we can successfully harness the power of AI to advance clinical practice and population health in the context of data availability constraints.
Here we propose that the clinical data constraints provide an opportunity for co-design of new analytics pipelines with lower sample complexity in collaboration with the clinical speech science community. The clinical speech science community has long studied the correlational and causal links between various health conditions and speech characteristics 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 . This research has focused on the physiological, neurological, and psychological aspects of speech production and perception, primarily through acoustic analysis of the speech signal, and linguistic analysis of spoken language. They involve interpretable and conceptually meaningful attributes of speech, often measured perceptually 43 , via functional rating scales 15 , or self-reported questionnaires 44 . Contributions from speech scientists, neuroscientists, and clinical researchers have deepened our understanding of human speech production mechanisms and their neural underpinnings, and particularly how neurodegeneration manifests as characteristic patterns of speech decline across clinical conditions 43 , 45 .
A co-design of a new explainable analytics pipeline can intentionally integrate scientific insights from speech science and clinical research into existing supervised models. We hypothesize that this will reduce timelines to translation, therefore providing an opportunity to grow clinical data scale through in-clinic use. As data size grows, data-driven methods with greater analytic flexibility can be used to discover new relations between speech and different clinical conditions and to develop more nuanced analytical models that can be confidently deployed for high-stakes clinical applications.
Bridging the gap between speech AI and clinical speech research leads to new opportunities in both fields. There is a clear benefit to the development of more sensitive tools for the assessment of speech for the clinical speech community. Existing instruments for assessment of speech exhibit variable within-rater and between-rater variability 46 . Developing objective proxies for these clinically-relevant constructs has the potential for increased sensitivity and reduced variability. More sensitive objective measures can also catalyze scientific discovery, enabling the identification of yet-to-be-discovered speech patterns across different clinical conditions. Conversely, effectively connecting speech AI research with clinical research enables AI developers to prioritize challenges directly aligned with clinical needs and streamline model building by leveraging domain-specific knowledge to mitigate the need for large datasets. To date, model developers have often overlooked feasibility constraints imposed by the inherent complexity of the relationship between speech production and the condition of interest. For example, recent efforts in clinical speech AI have focused on the cross-sectional classification of depression from short speech samples 5 , 26 . Given the well-documented variability in speech production 47 , the limitations of existing instruments for detecting depression 40 , and the heterogeneity in the manifestation of depression symptoms 48 , it is unlikely that stand-alone speech-based models will yield high-accuracy diagnostic models. Other studies have proposed using speech to predict conditions like coronary artery disease 49 or diabetes 50 . However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no substantial literature supporting the hypothesis that speech changes are specific enough to these conditions to serve as stand-alone indicators. In working with small data sets, understanding the approximate limits of prediction is critical for resource allocation and avoiding unwarranted conclusions that could lead to premature model deployment.
This perspective article advocates for a stronger link between the speech AI community and clinical speech community for the development of scientifically-grounded explainable models in clinical speech analytics. We begin by presenting a new framework for organizing clinical conditions based on their impact on the speech production mechanism (see Fig. 1 ). We believe such a framework is important to facilitate a shared understanding of the impact of clinical conditions on speech and stimulate interdisciplinary thought and discussion. It is useful in categorizing health conditions by the complexity and uncertainty they present for speech-based clinical AI models and provides a mental model for considering the inherent limitations of speech-based classification across different conditions. It orients researchers to consider the challenges posed by limited clinical datasets during model development, and helps prevent frequent methodological errors. This has the potential to expedite progress and further foster collaboration between the speech AI community and the clinical speech community. We then explore various contexts of use for speech analytics beyond cross-sectional classification, highlighting their clinical value and the value they provide to the clinical speech research community (see Fig. 2 ). The discussion further examines how the selected context of use influences model development and validation, advocating for the use of lower-dimensional, individually-validated and explainable measures with potential to reduce sample size requirements (see Fig. 3 ). The paper concludes with a discussion on ethical, privacy, and security considerations, emphasizing the importance of rigorous validation frameworks and responsible deployment (see Fig. 4 ).
The production of spoken language is a complex, multi-stage process that involves precise integration of language, memory, cognition, and sensorimotor functions. Here we use the term ‘speech production’ to refer broadly to the culmination of these spoken language processes. There are several extant speech production models, each developed to accomplish different goals (see, for example 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ). Common to these models is that speech begins with a person conceptualizing an idea to be communicated, formulating the language that will convey that idea, specifying the sensorimotor patterns that will actualize the language, and then speaking 56 :
Conceptualization: the speaker forms an abstract idea that they want to verbalize (Abstract idea formulation) and the intention to share through speech (Intent to speak).
Formulation: the speaker selects the words that best convey their idea and sequences them in an order allowed by the language (Linguistic formulation). Then they plan the sequence of phonemes and the prosodic pattern of the speech to be produced (Morphological encoding). Next, they program a sequence of neuromuscular commands to move speech structures (Phonetic encoding).
Articulation: the speaker produces words via synergistic movement of the speech production system. Respiratory muscles produce a column of air that drives the vocal folds (Phonation) to produce sound. This sound is shaped by the Articulator movements to produce speech. Two feedback loops (Acoustic feedback and Proprioceptive feedback) refine the neuromuscular commands produced during the Phonetic encoding stage over time.
Figure 1 introduces a hierarchy, or ordering, of health conditions based on how direct their impact is on the speech production mechanism. This hierarchy, motivated by initial work on speech and stress 57 , roughly aligns with the three stages of speech production and has direct consequences for building robust clinical speech models based on supervised learning.
The production of spoken language is a complex, multi-stage process that involves precise integration of language, memory, cognition, and sensorimotor functions. The three stages are Conceptualization, Formulation, and Articulation. This figure introduces a hierarchy, or ordering, of health conditions based on how direct their impact is on the speech production mechanism.
This hierarchy compels researchers to ask and answer three critical questions prior to engaging in AI model development for a particular health condition. First, how directly and specifically does the health condition impact speech and/or language? In general, the further upstream the impact of a health condition on speech, the more indeterminate and nuanced the manifestations become, making it challenging to build supervised classification models on diagnostic labels. As we move from lower to higher-order health conditions, there are more mediating variables between the health condition and the observed speech changes, making the relationship between the two more variable and complex.
The second question the model compels researchers to ask and answer is what are the sensitivity and specificity of ground truth labels for the health condition? In general (but with notable exceptions), the objective accuracy of ground truth labels for the presence or absence of a health condition generally becomes less certain from lower to higher-order conditions, adding noise and uncertainty to any supervised classification models built upon the labels. High specificity of ground truth labels is critical for the development of models that distinguish between health conditions with overlapping speech and language symptoms. The answers to these two questions provide a critical context for predicting the utility of an eventual model prior to model building.
Finally, the hierarchy asks model developers to consider the relevant clinical speech symptoms to be considered in the model. In Table 1 , we provide a more complete definition of each level in the hierarchy, a list of example conditions associated with the hierarchy, and primary speech symptoms associated with the condition. The list is not exhaustive and does not consider second and third-order impacts on speech. For example, Huntington’s disease (HD) has a first-order impact on speech causing hyperkinetic dysarthria (e.g. see Table 1 ). But it also has a second- and third-order impact to the extent one experiences cognitive issues and personality changes with the disease. Nevertheless, the table serves as a starting point for developing theoretically-grounded models. Directly modeling the subset of primary speech symptoms known to be impacted by the condition of interest may help reduce sample size requirements and result in smaller models that are more likely to generalize.
Zeroth-order conditions have direct, tangible effects on the speech production mechanism (including the structures of respiration, phonation, articulation, and resonance) that manifest in the acoustic signal, impacting the Articulation stage in our model in Fig. 1 . This impact of the physical condition on the acoustic signal can be understood using physical models of the vocal tract and vocal folds 58 that allow for precise characterization of the relationship between the health condition and the acoustics. As an example, benign vocal fold masses increase the mass of the epithelial cover of the vocal folds, thereby altering the stiffness ratio between the epithelial cover and the muscular body. The impact on vocal fold vibration and the resulting acoustic signal are amenable to modeling. These types of conditions are physically verifiable upon laryngoscopy, providing consistent ground truth labeling of the condition; and the direct relationship between the condition, its impact on the physical apparatus, and the voice acoustics is direct and quantifiable (although, note that differential diagnosis of vocal fold mass subtype is more difficult, see refs. 59 , 60 ). Thus, zeroth-order health conditions directly impact the speech apparatus anatomy and often have verifiable ground-truth labels.
First-order conditions interfere with the transduction of neuromuscular commands into movement of the articulators (e.g. dysarthria secondary to motor disorder). As with zeroth-order conditions, first-order conditions also disturb the physical speech apparatus and the Articulation stage in our model, however the cause is indirect. Injury or damage to the cortical and subcortical neural circuits and nerves impacts sensorimotor control of the speech structures by causing weakness, improper muscle tone and/or mis-scaling and incoordination of speech movements 61 . The sensorimotor control of speech movements is mediated through five neural pathways and circuits, each associated with a set of cardinal and overlapping speech symptoms: Upper and lower motor neuron pathways; the direct and indirect basal ganglia circuits; and the cerebellar circuit . Damage to these areas causes distinct changes in speech:
The lower motor neurons (cranial and spinal nerves, originating in brainstem and spinal cord, respectively) directly innervate speech musculature. Damage to lower motor neurons results in flaccid paralysis and reduced or absent reflexes in the muscles innervated by the damaged nerves, and a flaccid dysarthria when cranial nerves are involved.
The upper motor neurons originate in the motor cortex and are responsible for initiating and inhibiting activation of the lower motor neurons. Damage to upper motor neurons supplying speech musculature results in spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia, and a spastic dysarthria.
The basal ganglia circuit is responsible for facilitating and scaling motor programs and for inhibiting involuntary movements. Damage to the direct basal ganglia circuit causes too little movement (hypokinesia, as in Parkinson’s disease), resulting in a hypokinetic dysarthria; while damage to the indirect basal ganglia circuit causes too much movement (hyperkinesia, as in Huntington’s disease), resulting in a hyperkinetic dysarthria.
The cerebellar circuit is responsible for fine-tuning movements during execution. Damage to the cerebellar circuits result in incoordination, resulting in an ataxic dysarthria.
Speech symptoms are characteristic when damage occurs to any of these (or multiple) neural pathways, although there is symptom overlap and symptoms evolve in presence and severity as the disease progresses 61 . The diagnostic accuracy and test-retest reliability (within and between raters) of dysarthria speech labels from the speech signal alone (i.e., without knowledge of the underlying health condition) is known to be modest, except for expert speech-language pathologists with large and varied neurology caseloads 62 . Diagnosis of the corresponding health conditions relies on a physician’s clinical assessment and consideration of other confirmatory information beyond speech. Diagnostic accuracy is impacted by the physician’s experience and expertise, whether the symptoms presenting in the condition are textbook or unusual, and whether genetic, imaging, or other laboratory tests provide supporting or confirmatory evidence is available. For example, unilateral vocal fold paralysis is a first-order health condition with direct impact on the speech apparatus (impaired vocal fold vibration) and high-ground truth accuracy and specificity (can be visualized by laryngoscopy). In contrast, Parkinson’s disease (PD) has a diffuse impact on the speech apparatus (affecting phonation, articulation, and prosody) which is hard to distinguish from healthy speech or other similar health conditions (e.g., progressive supranuclear palsy) in early disease. The reported ground-truth accuracy of the initial clinical diagnosis ranges from 58% to 80%, calling into question clinical labels in early stage PD 28 .
Second-order conditions move away from the speech production mechanism’s structure and function and into the cognitive (i.e., memory and language) and perceptual processing domains. These conditions impact the Formulation stage of speaking and manifest as problems finding and sequencing the words to convey one’s intended message and may include deficits in speech comprehension. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a second-order condition that deserves particular attention because of the burgeoning efforts in the literature to develop robust supervised classification models 63 . AD disrupts the Formulation stage of speaking with word-finding problems, and the tendency to use simpler and more general semantic and syntactic structures. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques have been used to characterize these patterns and acoustic analysis has identified speech slowing with greater pausing while speaking, presumably because of decreased efficiency of cognitive processing and early sensorimotor changes 9 , 24 , 25 .
While the clinical study of speech and language in AD has consistently found evidence of such pattern changes in individuals diagnosed with probable AD, progress toward developing generalizable speech-based supervised learning clinical models for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD has been relatively slow despite optimistic performance results reported in the literature 35 , 63 . We posit that this can be explained by answers to the first two questions that model in Fig. 1 compels researchers to consider. First, there is a lack of specificity of early speech and language symptoms to MCI and AD, given that the output is mediated by several intermediate stages and the variability associated with speech production. Mild and nonspecific speech and language symptoms will always pose a challenge for the development of clinical early detection/diagnostic speech tools until sufficient training data can result in the identification of distinct signatures (if they exist). Furthermore, given the current difficulty in accurately diagnosing MCI and AD, models based on supervised learning may be unwittingly using mislabeled training data and testing samples in their models. At present, AD is a clinical diagnosis, often preceded by a period of another clinical diagnosis of MCI. MCI is extremely difficult to diagnose with certainty, owing to variability in symptoms and their presentation over time, the overlap of speech and language symptoms with other etiologies, and the diagnostic reliance on self-report 33 . With the current absence of a definitive ground truth label for MCI or early Alzheimer’s disease, and the lack of specificity in speech changes, supervised learning models trained on small, questionably labeled data likely will continue to struggle to generalize to new data.
Third-order conditions impact the Conceptualization stage of speech production and include mental health conditions affecting mood and thought. These conditions can manifest in significant deficits and differences in speech and language, and this has been well-characterized in the literature 4 . For example, acoustic analysis can reveal rapid, pressed speech associated with mania, as well as slowed speech without prosodic variation that might accompany depression. Natural language processing can reveal and quantify disjointed and incoherent thought in the context of psychiatric disorders 64 . Despite this, the impact of these mood and thought conditions on the speech apparatus and language centers in the brain may be indirect and nonspecific relative to low-order conditions. Mental health conditions frequently cause a mixture or fluctuation of positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, mania) and negative symptoms (e.g., despondence, depression), which can present chronically, acutely, or intermittently. The associated speech and language patterns can be attributed to any number of other reasons (fatigue, anxiety, etc.) With regard to ground-truth accuracy and specificity, studies have shown that around half of schizophrenia diagnoses are inaccurate 65 . This problem has resulted in a push to identify objective biomarkers to distinguish schizophrenia from anxiety and other mood disorders 66 , 67 . This complicates the development of models for health condition detection and diagnosis; however, machine-learning models may be developed to objectively measure speech and language symptoms associated with specific symptomatology. For example, distinguishing between negative versus positive disease symptoms may be achievable with careful construction of speech elicitation tasks and normative reference data, given the central role that language plays in the definition of these symptoms 68 , 69 .
Across all health conditions, extraneous and comorbid factors can exert meaningful influence on speech production. For example, anxiety, depression, and fatigue, perhaps even as a consequence of an underlying illness, are known to impact the speech signal. It would not be straightforward to distinguish their influence from those of primary interest, adding complexity and uncertainty for models based on supervised learning, regardless of the health condition’s order. However, the increased variability in both data and diagnostic accuracy for many higher-order conditions makes speech-based models trained using supervised learning on small datasets vulnerable to reduced sensitivity and specificity. This is not merely a matter of augmenting the dimensionality of speech features or enlarging the dataset; it reflects the intrinsic variability in how humans generate speech. Finally, the accuracy and specificity of ground truth labels for health conditions are critical to consider in assessing the feasibility of interpretable model development. Unlike the static link between speech and the health condition, as diagnostic technologies advance and criteria evolve, the accuracy of these labels is expected to improve over time, thereby potentially enabling more robust model development.
As mentioned before, most published clinical speech AI development studies are based on supervised learning where developers build AI models to distinguish between two classes or to predict disease severity. This approach generally presumes the same context of use for clinical speech analytics across different applications: namely, the cross-sectional detection of a specific condition or a prediction of clinical severity based on a speech sample. As we established in the foregoing discussion, this approach, when combined with limited training data, is less likely to generalize.
Nevertheless, there are a number of use cases, in which speech analytics and AI can provide more immediate value and expedite model translation. These are outlined in Fig. 2 , where we explore these applications in greater depth. Focusing on these use cases will reduce timelines to translation, providing an opportunity to grow clinical data scale through in-clinic collection. With increased data size and diversity, researchers will better characterize currently-unknown fundamental limits of prediction for speech-based classification models for higher-order conditions (e.g. how well can we classify between depressed and non-depressed speech); and can bring to bear more advanced data-driven methods to problems that provide clinical value.
A listing of different contexts of use for the development and validation of clinical tools based on speech AI.
Despite rapid advancements in biomedical diagnostics, the majority of neurodegenerative diseases are diagnosed by the presence of cardinal symptoms on clinical exams. As discussed previously and as shown in Table 1 , many health conditions include changes in speech as a core symptom. For example, diagnosis of psychiatric conditions involves analysis of speech and language attributes, such as coherence, fluency, and tangentiality 70 . Likewise, many neurodegenerative diseases lead to dysarthria, and a confirmatory speech deficit pattern can be used to support their diagnoses 61 . Tools for the assessment of these speech deficit patterns in the clinical setting typically depend on the clinical judgment or on scales reported by patients themselves. There is a large body of evidence indicating that these methods exhibit variable reliability, both between different raters and within the same rater over time 46 , 62 . Clinical speech analytics has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy by providing objective measures of clinical speech characteristics that contribute to diagnosis, such as hypernasality, impaired vocal quality, and articulation issues in dysarthria; or measures of coherence and tangentiality in psychosis. These objective measures can provide utility for manual diagnosis in clinic or can be used as input into multi-modal diagnostic systems based on machine learning.
While differential diagnosis based on speech alone is likely not possible for many conditions, progressive and unremitting changes in certain aspects of speech within an individual can be a sign of an underlying illness or disorder 61 . Clinical speech analytics can be used to develop tools that track changes in speech along specific dimensions known to be vulnerable to degradation in different conditions. This could provide value as an early-warning indicator, particularly as the US health system moves toward home-based care and remote patient monitoring. Such a tool could be used as a non-specific risk assessment tool triggering additional tests when key speech changes reach some threshold or is supported by changes in other monitored modalities.
In many conditions, important symptoms can be tracked via speech post-diagnosis. For example, tracking bulbar symptom severity in ALS, as a proxy for general disease progression, can provide insights on when AAC devices should be considered or to inform end-of-life planning 71 . In Parkinson’s disease, longitudinal tracking of speech symptoms would be beneficial for drug titration 72 , 73 . In dementia, longitudinal tracking of symptoms measurable via speech (e.g. memory, cognitive-linguistic function) can provide valuable information regarding appropriate care and when changes need to be made.
Speech is our principal means of communication and social interaction. Conditions that impair speech can severely hinder a patient’s communicative abilities, thereby diminishing their overall quality of life. Current methods for assessing communication outcomes include perceptual evaluations, such as listening and rating, or self-reported questionnaires 61 , 69 . In contrast to the use case as a solitary diagnostic tool, employing clinical speech analytics to objectively assess communicative abilities is inherently viable across many conditions. This is due to the direct correlation between the construct (communicative ability) and the input (speech). For instance, in dysarthria, clinical speech analytics may be utilized to estimate intelligibility, the percentage of words understood by listeners, which significantly affects communicative participation 74 . In psychosis, speech analytics can facilitate the creation of objective tools for assessing social competencies; these competencies are closely tied to quality of life indicators 69 . Similarly, in dementia, a decline in social interaction can lead to isolation and depression, perhaps hastening cognitive decline 75 . A related emerging use case in Alzheimer’s disease is providing context for blood-based diagnostics. As new biomarkers with confirmatory evidence of pathophysiology emerge, there will likely be an increase in Alzheimer’s diagnoses without co-occurring clinical-behavioral features. The group of patients with AD diagnoses, but without symptoms, will require context around this diagnosis. Speech analytics will be important as measures of behavioral change that are related to quality of life.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prioritizes patient-relevant measures as endpoints in clinical trials. They have also identified speech and communication metrics as particularly underdeveloped for orphan diseases 76 . Objective and clinically-meaningful measures based on speech analytics that are collected more frequently can result in an improved sensitivity for detecting intervention effects. Such measures have the potential to decrease the required sample sizes for drug trials, enable more efficient enrollment, or to ascertain efficacy with greater efficiency 77 .
There has been significant recent interest in development of digital therapeutics for various neurological and mental health conditions. Several of these devices target improving the patients’ social skills or communication abilities 78 . In this evolving space, introducing concrete digital markers of social competence allows for more efficient evaluation of efficacy and precision approaches for customizing therapeutics for the patient.
The context of use profoundly influences the development of clinical speech AI models, shaping their design, validation, and implementation strategies. For example, for contexts of use involving home monitoring, robustness to background noise, variability in recording conditions and usability are essential. For longitudinal monitoring, developed tools must be sensitive to subtle changes in speech characteristics relevant to the progression of the condition being monitored. This necessitates longitudinal data collection for development and validation to ensure stability and sensitivity over time. Screening tools in diverse populations require a training dataset that captures demographic variability to avoid bias. Solutions based on noisy diagnostic labels may require uncertainty modeling through Bayesian machine learning or ensemble methods that quantify prediction confidence 79 . Concurrently, techniques like label smoothing 80 and robust loss functions 81 can enhance model resilience under label noise.
Each context of use presents a custom development path to address the unique challenges and a parallel validation strategy that spans hardware, analytical validation, and clinical validation - see Fig. 3 . The current approach focused on data-driven supervised learning on diagnostic labels limits the development and understanding of new models and makes model validation challenging. While there are many validation metrics for evaluating AI model performance, the prevalent metrics in published speech-based models primarily focus on estimating “model accuracy” (e.g. what percent of the time does the model correctly classify between Healthy and Dementia labels based on speech) using a number of methods (e.g. cross-validation, held-out test accuracy). However, accurately estimating the model accuracy of high-dimensional supervised learning models is challenging, and current methods are prone to overoptimism 35 . In addition, many supervised machine learning models are sensitive to input perturbations, which is a significant concern for speech features known for their day-to-day variability 82 . Consequently, model performance diminishes with any temporal variation in the data.
The development of clinical speech AI models begins with a context of use. The context of use informs downstream development and validation of resulting models. The Verification, Analytical Validation, and Clinical Validation (V3) framework has been proposed as a conceptual framework for the initial validation of biometric monitoring technologies.
A starting point for clinical model validation is the Verification/Analytical Validation/Clinical Validation (V3) framework, a framework for validating digital biometric monitoring technologies. The original version of the framework proposes a structured approach with three evaluation levels: Verification of hardware, Analytical Validation, and Clinical Validation 83 . This framework has roots in principles of Verification and Validation for software quality product management and deployment 84 . While these existing validation systems are designed to confirm that the end system accurately measures what it purports to measure, the V3 framework adds the additional step of confirming that the clinical tools are meaningful to a defined clinical population. To that end, Verification ascertains the sensor data’s fidelity within its intended environment. Analytical validation examines the accuracy of algorithms processing sensor data to yield behavioral or physiological metrics, and clinical validation evaluates clinical model outputs with clinic ground truths or established measures known to be meaningful to patients. This includes existing clinical scales like the PHQ-9 (depression) or the UPDRS (Parkinson’s disease). In Fig. 3 we provide a high-level overview of the end-to-end development and validation process for clinical speech AI. It is important to note that the V3 is a conceptual framework that must be specifically instantiated for the validation of different clinical speech applications. While it can help guide the development of a validation plan, it does not provide one out of the box. Furthermore, this level of validation is only a starting point as the FDA suggests constant model monitoring post-deployment to ensure continued generalization 85 .
Supervised learning approaches based on uninterpretable input features and clinical diagnostic labels make adoption of the complete V3 framework challenging. Analytical validation is especially challenging as it’s difficult to ensure that learned speech representations are measuring or detecting physiological behaviors of interest. For example, in Parkinson’s disease, both the speaking rate and the rate of opening and closing of vocal folds is impacted. Uninterpretable features have unknown relationships with these behavioral and physiological parameters. As an alternative, model developers can use representations that are analytically validated relative to these constructs. This would lead to more interpretable clinical models. Validation should be approached end-to-end during the development process, with different stages (and purposes of analysis) employing different validation methods. Small-scale pilot tests may focus on parts of this framework. However, for work with deployment as a goal, ensuring generalizability and clinical utility requires validating the hardware on which the speech was collected, ensuring that intermediate representations are valid indicators of behavioral and physiological measures (e.g speaking rate, articulatory precision, language coherence), and clinical models developed using these speech measures are associated with existing clinical ground truths or scales that are meaningful to patients 86 .
Interpretable, clinically-important measures based on speech are currently missing from the literature. Clinically-relevant feature discovery and model performance evaluation in speech analytics are challenged by the high-dimensionality of speech, complex patterns, and limited datasets. Table 1 highlights several speech constructs that have been studied relative to various conditions; however, most of these constructs do not have standardized operational definitions in the clinical speech analytics literature. Instead, model developers rely on high-dimensional representations that have been developed for other purposes. For example, adopted from the ASR literature, many clinical models use representations based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients or mel-spectra 18 ; or representations learned by pre-trained foundation models 19 , 20 . However, these features are not interpretable, making analytical and clinical validation challenging.
Development of a clinically-tailored speech representation could significantly refine the development process, favoring smaller, individually validated, and clinically-grounded features that allow scientists to make contact with the existing literature and mitigate model overfitting and variability. This field would benefit from a concerted and synergistic effort in the speech AI community and the speech science community to operationalize and validate a measurement model for the intermediate constructs like those listed in Table 1 87 . For example, in our previous work, we made progress in this direction by developing measurement models for the assessment of hypernasality and consontant-vowel transitions and used it to evaluate cleft lip and palate and dysarthria 88 , 89 ; several measures of volition and coherence for schizophrenia 69 ; and measures of semantic relevance for dementia 10 . Individually-validated interpretable measures allow for easier alignment to different contexts of use, integration within larger multi-modal systems, and establish a more direct link to the existing clinical literature. Furthermore, they can be used as a way of explaining the operation of larger, more complex models via bottleneck constraints 90 or they can be combined with new methods in causal machine learning for development of explainable models 91 .
Finally, clinically-interpretable representations can also play a pivotal role in integrating the patient’s perspective into the design of algorithms. The idea is that by aligning closely with the lived experiences and symptoms important to patients, these representations ensure that algorithmic outcomes resonate with the quality of life impact of health conditions. The hypothesis is that this patient-centric approach could have the added benefit of reinforcing patient trust and engagement in digital health.
The deployment and regulation of clinical speech models in healthcare present multiple challenges and risks. Prematurely launched models (without robust validation) risk delivering clinically inaccurate results and potentially causing patient harm, while biases in model training can lead to skewed performance across diverse populations. Moreover, the use of speech data for health analytics raises significant privacy and security concerns. We outline these considerations in Fig. 4 and expand on them below.
An overview of key risks and corresponding mitigation strategies for the development of clinical speech AI models.
A primary risk of prematurely-deployed models is that they will provide clinically inaccurate output. As discussed in previous work 35 , current strategies to validate AI models are insufficient and produce overoptimistic estimates of accuracy. Several studies have highlighted this as a more general problem in AI-based science 92 , 93 . However, reported accuracy metrics carry much weight when presented to the public and can lead to premature deployment. There is considerable risk that these models will fail if deployed and potentially harm patients 94 . For example, consider the Cigna StressWaves Test model, deployed after only internal evaluation and no public efficacy data. This model analyzes a user’s voices to predict their stress level and is publicly available on the Cigna Website. Independent testing of the model reveals that it has poor test-retest reliability (measured via intraclass correlation) and poor agreement with existing instruments for measuring stress 37 .
An additional risk of clinical speech-based models stems from the homogeneity of the data often used to train these models. Biological and socio-cultural differences contribute significantly to the variation in both the speech signal and the clinical conditions (impacting aspects from risk factors to treatment efficacy). Careful consideration of these differences in model building necessitates robust experiment design and representative stratification of data. However, a recent study demonstrates that published clinical AI models are heavily biased demographically, with 71% of the training data coming from only three states: California, Massachusetts, and New York, with 34 of the states not represented at all 95 . Similarly, analysis of clinical speech datasets indicates a significant skew towards the English language, overlooking the linguistic diversity of global populations. To accurately capture health-related speech variations, it’s essential to broaden data collection efforts to include a more representative range of the world’s native languages as health-related changes in speech can be native language-specific 96 . It becomes challenging to determine how models trained on unrepresentative data would perform when deployed for demographic groups for which they were not trained.
Speech and language data is widely available and, as we continue to interact with our mobile devices, we generate an ever-growing personal footprint of our health status. Previous studies have shown that this data (speeches, social media posts, interviews) can be analyzed for health analytics 97 , 98 , 99 . There is a risk that similar data on an even larger scale and over longer periods of time can be accessed by technology companies to make claims about the health or emotional state of their users without their permission or by national or international adversaries to advance a potentially false narrative on the health of key figures. The risks to the privacy of this type of analysis, if used outside of academic research, is considerable, with national and international political ramifications. Internally, political adversaries can advance a potentially false narrative on the health of candidates. Internationally, geopolitical adversaries could explore this as an additional dimension of influence in elections.
There is no silver bullet to reduce these risks, however, there are several steps that can be taken as mitigation strategies. With the public availability of speech technology, building AI models has become commoditized; however, the bottleneck remains prospective validation. Thorough validation of the model based on well-accepted frames such as the V3 framework is crucial prior to deployment 83 . This validation must extend beyond initial data sets and include diverse demographic groups to mitigate biases. Moreover, developers should engage in continuous post-deployment monitoring to identify and rectify any deviations in model performance or emergent biases. Transparency in methodology and results, coupled with responsible communication to the public, can reduce the risks of misperceived model accuracy.
On the privacy front, there are emerging technical solutions to parts of this problem based on differential privacy and federated learning 100 , 101 , 102 ; however, a complete socio-technical solution will require stringent data protection regulations and ethical guidelines to safeguard personal health information. First, it is wise to reconsider IRB review protocols in light of new technologies and publicly available data; in industry, proactive collaboration with regulatory bodies (e.g. FDA) can help establish clear guidelines. This is clear for companies focused on clinical solutions, however, the regulation of AI-based devices for technology companies, particularly those focused on wellness, is less well-defined. Recent guidance from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) advising companies to only make evidence-backed claims about AI-driven products is a step in the right direction 103 .
There is no data associated with this manuscript as it is a perspectives article centered around a theoretical framework.
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This work is funded in part by the John and Tami Marick Family Foundation, NIH NIA grant 1R01AG082052-01, NIH NIDCD grants R01DC006859-11 and R21DC019475, and NIH NIDCR grant R21DE026252-01A.
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School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering and College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Visar Berisha
College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Julie M. Liss
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V.B. and J.M.L. both made substantial contributions to the conception or design of this work and they helped draft and revise the manuscript. Berisha is the corresponding author: [email protected].
Correspondence to Visar Berisha .
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The Authors declare no Competing Non-Financial Interests but the following Competing Financial Interests: Berisha and Liss are founders of and previously held equity in Aural Analytics, a clinical speech analytics company.
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Berisha, V., Liss, J.M. Responsible development of clinical speech AI: Bridging the gap between clinical research and technology. npj Digit. Med. 7 , 208 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01199-1
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Received : 23 November 2023
Accepted : 19 July 2024
Published : 09 August 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01199-1
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COMMENTS
8. An empathetic question, aligning yourself with the audience and eliciting a response. These questions bring speaker and audience together, establishing a common ground, a mutual understanding, which is an effective way to ease into a speech. If your question 'works' you'll see heads nodding in agreement. Examples:
Write down any relevant achievements, expertise, or credentials to include in your speech. Encourage the audience to connect with you using relatable anecdotes or common interests. Rehearse and Edit. Practice your introduction speech to ensure it flows smoothly and stays within the time frame.
Example: "Good afternoon, everyone.". 2. Self-Introduction (if introducing yourself) State your name and your role or position. Example: "My name is [Your Name], and I am [your position, e.g., 'the new marketing manager'].". 3. Purpose of the Speech. Explain why you are speaking and the context of the event.
Analyze their response and tweak the joke accordingly if necessary. Starting your speech with humour means your setting the tone of your speech. It would make sense to have a few more jokes sprinkled around the rest of the speech as well as the audience might be expecting the same from you. 4. Mohammed Qahtani.
In the introduction of a speech, we deliver a preview of our main body points, and in the conclusion, we deliver a review. Let's look at a sample preview: ... Another way a speaker can conclude a speech powerfully is to offer a solution to the problem discussed within a speech. For example, perhaps a speaker has been discussing the problems ...
See the examples below to give you an idea of how to introduce yourself while still having effective attention-getters (e.g., a rhetorical question, an anecdote, a statistic, or a bold statement). "Good morning/afternoon/evening. I'm X, and I'm here to talk about Y. To begin, I'd like to share a story…".
Typical Patterns for Speech Openings. Get the audience's attention-called a hook or a grabber. Establish rapport and tell the audience why you care about the topic of why you are credible to speak on the topic. Introduce the speech thesis/preview/good idea. Tell the audience why they should care about this topic.
Introduction speech example Let's put the speech in context to help you make sense of it. The setting for this fictitious introduction speech is a conference for an organization called "Women in Leadership". The audience are primarily women drawn together through an interest in leadership roles. ...
1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557. William N. Pennington Student Achievement Center, Mailstop: 0213. [email protected]. (775) 784-6030. Get tips for creating a great introduction to your speech from the Writing & Speaking Center at the University of Nevada, Reno.
Tell them what you're going to tell them (Introduction) Tell them (Body of your speech - the main ideas plus examples) Tell them what you told them (The ending) TEST before presenting. Read aloud several times to check the flow of material, the suitability of language and the timing. Return to top.
Step 1: Understand Your Audience. Before diving into crafting your speech introduction, take the time to observe your audience. Consider their interests, knowledge level, and preferences. Tailor your introduction to resonate with them, making it relatable and engaging. Understanding your audience will allow you to choose the right tone ...
However, some attention-getters need further explanation to get to the topic of the speech. For example, both of the anecdote examples (the girl falling into the manhole while texting and the boy and the filberts) need further explanation to connect clearly to the speech topic (i.e., problems of multitasking in today's society).
3. Inspire your audience with storytelling. A particularly powerful way to start is to share a story or personal real life experience with your audience at the beginning of your presentation. With a personal story, you create compelling moments and build an emotional connection with your audience.
What Are Some Other Examples Of Speech Introductions? Below are some more speech introduction examples you can take inspiration from. "Three things I learned while my plane crashed" by Ric Elias: "Imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft. Imagine a plane full of smoke.Imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack.
1) Thank the Organizers and Audience. You can start by thanking the audience for coming and thanking the organization for inviting you to speak. Refer to the person who introduced you or to one or more of the senior people in the organization in the audience. This compliments them, makes them feel proud and happy about your presence, and ...
Here are 26 different techniques for beginning your speech: 1. Use a quote. One method of starting a speech and gaining the audience's attention is to use a famous or relatable quote. This approach can give your audience context for your topic and connect it to something they recognize. For instance, if you plan to give a speech on a political ...
4. Make them laugh. Injecting a little humor into your opening line puts everyone at ease and makes your speech more memorable. Just make sure your joke is relevant and doesn't offend your audience. Example: "They say an apple a day keeps the doctor away, but if the doctor is cute, forget the fruit!". 5.
Tip: An easy way to make your writing more concise is to start your sentences with the subject. Also, try to limit the number of adverbs and adjectives you use. 3. Tailor your writing to your audience. Being aware of your audience while you're writing will help you craft a more persuasive message.
Share the speaker's education, experience, and provide specific examples of their expertise. It's also helpful to mention notable achievements or awards related to their main topic. As you continue, it's often helpful to preview the topic . Give the audience a quick overview of what the speaker will be talking about.
The best way to introduce a speaker, and pro tips for when you have to provide or write your own introduction. Public Speaking Coach Marianna gives you easy, straightforward methods for both. ... 2-Minute Tips: How to Introduce Yourself (and Other People) Before a Speech. Pro Tips Public Speaking Presentation Skills 2-Minute Tips Voice Memos ...
Full Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLALQuK1NDrgwpES8nSyafhfg6MOAhk7k--Watch more Public Speaking Training videos: http://www.howcast.com/v...
How to Memorably Introduce Another Speaker. by. Deborah Grayson Riegel. October 18, 2016. As a professional speaker and facilitator for over 20 years, I've been introduced more than a thousand ...
9 Good Attention Getters for Speech Introductions. If you followed the steps above, that means you've worked hard on your presentation. You've spent time and energy gathering information, structuring precisely, and creating engrossing slides. Keep your audience's attention away from their phones.
The following image is a guideline of presentation script examples on how to create icebreakers for each section. These introductory phrases can serve as an icebreaker for each section Crafting a Compelling Introduction. The introduction is your opportunity to capture the audience's attention and set the tone for the rest of the presentation.
For example, in the ASR literature, speech corpora can amount to hundreds of thousands of hours of speech samples and corresponding transcripts upon which models can be robustly trained in ...
A Fundamental End-to-End Speech Recognition Toolkit and Open Source SOTA Pretrained Models, Supporting Speech Recognition, Voice Activity Detection, Text Post-processing etc. - FunASR/examples/README.md at main · modelscope/FunASR