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Definition of experiment

 (Entry 1 of 2)

Definition of experiment  (Entry 2 of 2)

intransitive verb

• experimentation

Examples of experiment in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'experiment.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English, "testing, proof, remedy," borrowed from Anglo-French esperiment, borrowed from Latin experīmentum "testing, experience, proof," from experīrī "to put to the test, attempt, have experience of, undergo" + -mentum -ment — more at experience entry 1

verbal derivative of experiment entry 1

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

1787, in the meaning defined above

Phrases Containing experiment

• control experiment
• controlled experiment
• experiment station
• pre - experiment
• thought experiment

Articles Related to experiment

This is the Difference Between a...

This is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory

In scientific reasoning, they're two completely different things

Dictionary Entries Near experiment

experiential time

experimental

Cite this Entry

“Experiment.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/experiment. Accessed 22 Aug. 2024.

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Medical Definition of experiment  (Entry 2 of 2)

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Experiment Definition in Science – What Is a Science Experiment?

In science, an experiment is simply a test of a hypothesis in the scientific method . It is a controlled examination of cause and effect. Here is a look at what a science experiment is (and is not), the key factors in an experiment, examples, and types of experiments.

Experiment Definition in Science

By definition, an experiment is a procedure that tests a hypothesis. A hypothesis, in turn, is a prediction of cause and effect or the predicted outcome of changing one factor of a situation. Both the hypothesis and experiment are components of the scientific method. The steps of the scientific method are:

• Make observations.
• Ask a question or identify a problem.
• State a hypothesis.
• Perform an experiment that tests the hypothesis.
• Based on the results of the experiment, either accept or reject the hypothesis.
• Draw conclusions and report the outcome of the experiment.

Key Parts of an Experiment

The two key parts of an experiment are the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the one factor that you control or change in an experiment. The dependent variable is the factor that you measure that responds to the independent variable. An experiment often includes other types of variables , but at its heart, it’s all about the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

Examples of Experiments

Fertilizer and plant size.

For example, you think a certain fertilizer helps plants grow better. You’ve watched your plants grow and they seem to do better when they have the fertilizer compared to when they don’t. But, observations are only the beginning of science. So, you state a hypothesis: Adding fertilizer increases plant size. Note, you could have stated the hypothesis in different ways. Maybe you think the fertilizer increases plant mass or fruit production, for example. However you state the hypothesis, it includes both the independent and dependent variables. In this case, the independent variable is the presence or absence of fertilizer. The dependent variable is the response to the independent variable, which is the size of the plants.

Now that you have a hypothesis, the next step is designing an experiment that tests it. Experimental design is very important because the way you conduct an experiment influences its outcome. For example, if you use too small of an amount of fertilizer you may see no effect from the treatment. Or, if you dump an entire container of fertilizer on a plant you could kill it! So, recording the steps of the experiment help you judge the outcome of the experiment and aid others who come after you and examine your work. Other factors that might influence your results might include the species of plant and duration of the treatment. Record any conditions that might affect the outcome. Ideally, you want the only difference between your two groups of plants to be whether or not they receive fertilizer. Then, measure the height of the plants and see if there is a difference between the two groups.

Salt and Cookies

You don’t need a lab for an experiment. For example, consider a baking experiment. Let’s say you like the flavor of salt in your cookies, but you’re pretty sure the batch you made using extra salt fell a bit flat. If you double the amount of salt in a recipe, will it affect their size? Here, the independent variable is the amount of salt in the recipe and the dependent variable is cookie size.

Test this hypothesis with an experiment. Bake cookies using the normal recipe (your control group ) and bake some using twice the salt (the experimental group). Make sure it’s the exact same recipe. Bake the cookies at the same temperature and for the same time. Only change the amount of salt in the recipe. Then measure the height or diameter of the cookies and decide whether to accept or reject the hypothesis.

Examples of Things That Are Not Experiments

Based on the examples of experiments, you should see what is not an experiment:

• Making observations does not constitute an experiment. Initial observations often lead to an experiment, but are not a substitute for one.
• Making a model is not an experiment.
• Neither is making a poster.
• Just trying something to see what happens is not an experiment. You need a hypothesis or prediction about the outcome.
• Changing a lot of things at once isn’t an experiment. You only have one independent and one dependent variable. However, in an experiment, you might suspect the independent variable has an effect on a separate. So, you design a new experiment to test this.

Types of Experiments

There are three main types of experiments: controlled experiments, natural experiments, and field experiments,

• Controlled experiment : A controlled experiment compares two groups of samples that differ only in independent variable. For example, a drug trial compares the effect of a group taking a placebo (control group) against those getting the drug (the treatment group). Experiments in a lab or home generally are controlled experiments
• Natural experiment : Another name for a natural experiment is a quasi-experiment. In this type of experiment, the researcher does not directly control the independent variable, plus there may be other variables at play. Here, the goal is establishing a correlation between the independent and dependent variable. For example, in the formation of new elements a scientist hypothesizes that a certain collision between particles creates a new atom. But, other outcomes may be possible. Or, perhaps only decay products are observed that indicate the element, and not the new atom itself. Many fields of science rely on natural experiments, since controlled experiments aren’t always possible.
• Field experiment : While a controlled experiments takes place in a lab or other controlled setting, a field experiment occurs in a natural setting. Some phenomena cannot be readily studied in a lab or else the setting exerts an influence that affects the results. So, a field experiment may have higher validity. However, since the setting is not controlled, it is also subject to external factors and potential contamination. For example, if you study whether a certain plumage color affects bird mate selection, a field experiment in a natural environment eliminates the stressors of an artificial environment. Yet, other factors that could be controlled in a lab may influence results. For example, nutrition and health are controlled in a lab, but not in the field.
• Bailey, R.A. (2008). Design of Comparative Experiments . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521683579.
• di Francia, G. Toraldo (1981). The Investigation of the Physical World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29925-X.
• Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments. Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9.
• Holland, Paul W. (December 1986). “Statistics and Causal Inference”.  Journal of the American Statistical Association . 81 (396): 945–960. doi: 10.2307/2289064
• Stohr-Hunt, Patricia (1996). “An Analysis of Frequency of Hands-on Experience and Science Achievement”. Journal of Research in Science Teaching . 33 (1): 101–109. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199601)33:1<101::AID-TEA6>3.0.CO;2-Z

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experiment noun

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What does the noun experiment mean?

There are 13 meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun experiment , five of which are labelled obsolete. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

How common is the noun experiment ?

How is the noun experiment pronounced?

British english, u.s. english, where does the noun experiment come from.

Earliest known use

Middle English

The earliest known use of the noun experiment is in the Middle English period (1150—1500).

OED's earliest evidence for experiment is from before 1382, in Bible (Wycliffite, early version) .

experiment is of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin.

Etymons: French experiment ; Latin experīmentum .

Nearby entries

• experiencing, adj. 1697–
• experiency, n. 1556
• experient, adj. & n. ?1440–
• experiential, adj. 1658–
• experientialism, n. 1865–
• experientialist, n. 1866–
• experientially, adv. 1647–
• experiential philosopher, n. 1866–
• experiential philosophy, n. 1848–
• experiently, adv. 1473–1849
• experiment, n. a1382–
• experiment, v. 1481–
• experimental, adj. & n. c1449–
• experimental archaeology | experimental archeology, n. 1961–
• experimental farm, n. 1739–
• experimentalism, n. 1808–
• experimentalist, n. & adj. 1677–
• experimentalize, v. 1751–
• experimentalizer, n. 1831–
• experimentalizing, n. 1809–1929
• experimentally, adv. a1460–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, compounds & derived words, entry history for experiment, n..

experiment, n. was revised in March 2024.

experiment, n. was last modified in June 2024.

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Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into experiment, n. in June 2024.

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Citation details

Factsheet for experiment, n., browse entry.

Look up a word, learn it forever.

/ɛkˈspirɪmɪnt/, /ɛkˈspɛrɪmənt/.

Other forms: experiments; experimenting; experimented

If you see your science-loving neighbor headed home with a power cord, a handful of test tubes, a stopwatch, and a bag of potatoes, there’s probably no need to be alarmed. There’s a good chance he’s only conducting an experiment , a scientific test conducted under controlled conditions.

To refer to a scientific test, use the noun experiment . If you want to describe the work done in conducting such a test, experiment will do the trick as well, since it can also act as a verb, as in "scientists experiment with helium." You can also use it more generally to describe trying a new method or idea. For example, you could experiment with a new hairstyle or different routes to get to school or work.

• noun the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation synonyms: experimentation see more see less types: show 4 types... hide 4 types... testing the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works trial and error experimenting until a solution is found Michelson-Morley experiment a celebrated experiment conducted by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley; their failure to detect any influence of the earth's motion on the velocity of light was the starting point for Einstein's theory of relativity control experiment an experiment designed to control for variables affecting the results of another experiment type of: research project , scientific research research into questions posed by scientific theories and hypotheses
• noun the testing of an idea “it was an experiment in living” synonyms: experimentation see more see less types: show 7 types... hide 7 types... pilot experiment a preliminary experiment whose outcome can lead to a more extensive experiment test , trial , trial run , tryout trying something to find out about it field test , field trial a test of the performance of some new product under the conditions in which it will be used alpha test (computer science) a first test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by the developer beta test (computer science) a second test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by an outside organization road test a test to insure that a vehicle is roadworthy trial balloon a test of public opinion type of: enquiry , inquiry , research a search for knowledge
• noun a venture at something new or different “as an experiment he decided to grow a beard” see more see less type of: venture any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome
• verb conduct a test or investigation “We are experimenting with the new drug in order to fight this disease” synonyms: try out try something new, as in order to gain experience see more see less type of: investigate , look into investigate scientifically
• verb try something new, as in order to gain experience “The composer experimented with a new style” synonyms: try out

Vocabulary lists containing experiment

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Meaning of experiment in English

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• Don't forget to try out the equipment before setting up the experiment.
• In the second experiment they obtained a very clear result .
• For the experiment to be valid , it is essential to record the data accurately .
• The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.
• Our experiment worked better than we could have expected , and soon the baby was happy to sleep in her own bed .
• as an experiment
• background check
• experimental
• experimentally
• experimentation
• experimenter
• put someone/something through their/its paces idiom
• put something to the test idiom
• reinspection
• try something out
• uncheckable
• welfare check
• The young film-makers were given free rein to experiment with new themes and techniques .
• I like to experiment with different light filters on my camera .
• For a while the poet experimented with the idea of chanting his poems to music .
• The artist experimented with different pigments and mediums , often with disastrous results .
• I'd be very nervous about letting a trainee hairdresser experiment with my hair .

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Experiment | intermediate english, examples of experiment, collocations with experiment.

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• experiment (noun)
• experiment (verb)
• Students will carry out simple laboratory experiments .
• perform/conduct/do/run an experiment
• a failed experiment
• They did some experiments with magnets.
• a series of experiments on rats [=done to rats]
• These theories have not yet been confirmed by experiment .
• I'd like to paint the room a different color, just as an experiment . [=to see if it looks good or not]
• an experiment in living more frugally
• the city's experiment with a longer school year
• They experimented with magnets.
• researchers experimenting on rats
• an artist who's always experimenting [=trying new things]
• He's been experimenting with various materials.
• She experimented with different kinds of weaving.
• The school is experimenting with a longer school year.
• teenagers experimenting with drugs [=using illegal drugs to find out if they like them]

— experimentation

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• artistic experimentation

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• Experiment | Definition & Meaning

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Basics of an Experiment 

Controlled variables, independent variable, dependent variable, types of experiments, experiment|definition & meaning.

An experiment is a series of procedures and results that are carried out to answer a specific issue or problem or to confirm or disprove a theory or body of knowledge about a phenomenon.

Figure 1: Illustration of an Experiment

The scientific method, a methodical approach to learning about the world around you, is founded on the concept of the experiment . Even while some experiments are conducted in labs, you can conduct an experiment at every time and everywhere.

• The key stages of the scientific process are as follows:
• Keenly Observe things.
• Develop a hypothesis .
• Create and carry out an experiment to verify Your hypothesis.
• Analyze the findings of your experiment.
• Based on the analysis of your results, approve or refute your hypothesis.
• Create a new hypothesis , if required, and evaluate it.

Types of Variables in an Experiment

A variable is, to put it simply, everything that can be altered or managed throughout an experiment. Humidity, the length of the study, the structure of an element, the intensity of sunlight, etc. are typical examples of variables. In any study, there are 3 major types of variables :

• Controlled variables (c.v)
• Independent variables (i.v)
• Dependent variables (d.v).

Figure 2: Illustration of Types of Variables

Variables that are maintained constant or unchangeable are known as controlled variables, sometimes known as constant variables. For instance, if you were evaluating the amount of fizz emitted by various sodas, you may regulate the bottle size to ensure that all soda manufacturers were in 12- ounce bottles. If you were conducting an experiment on the effects of spraying plants with various chemicals, you will attempt to keep a similar pressure and perhaps a similar amount when spraying the plants.

The only variable that  you can modify  is the independent variable. It is one factor as you typically try to adjust one element at a time in experiments. As a result, measuring and interpretation of data are made quite simple. For instance, if you’re attempting to establish whether raising the temperature makes it possible to solvate more amount of sugar in the water, the water temperature is the independent variable. This is the factor that you are consciously in control of.

The variable that is  monitored  to determine whether or not your independent variable has an impact is known as the dependent variable. For instance, in the case where you raise the water temperature to observe if it has an impact on the solubility of sugar in it, the weight or volume of sugar (depending on which one you want to calculate) will be the dependent variable.

There are three main types of experiments. Each has its own pros and cons and is carried out according to the nature of the given scenario and desired outcomes. Following are the names of these three types.

Quasi Experiment

Controlled experiment, field experiment.

Figure 3: Illustration of Types of Experiments

Each of these experiments is discussed below along with their strengths and weaknesses.

These are often conducted in a natural environment and involve measuring the impact of one object on another to determine its impact (D.V.). In Quasi-experiments, the research is simply assessing the impact of an event that is already occurring because there is no intentional modification of the variable in this instance; rather, it is changing naturally.

Owing to the unavailability of the researcher, variables occur   naturally , allowing for easy generalization of results to other (real-life) situations, which leads to greater ecological validity.

Absence of control – Quasi-experiments possess poor internal validity since the experimenter cannot always precisely analyze the impact of the independent variable because there is no influence over the environment or other supplementary variables.

Non-repeatable – Because the researcher has no control over the research process, the validity of the findings cannot be verified.

Controlled experiments are also known as lab experiments . Controlled experiments are carried out under carefully monitored conditions, with the researcher purposefully altering one variable (Independent Variable) to determine how it affects another (dependent Variable).

Control – lab studies have a higher level of environmental and other extrinsic variable control, which allows the scientist to precisely examine the impact of the Independent Variable, increasing internal validity.

Replicable – because of the researcher’s greater degree of control, research techniques may be replicated so that the accuracy of the findings can be verified.

Absence of ecological validity — results are difficult to generalize to other (real-life) situations because of the researcher’s participation in modifying and regulating variables, which leads to poor external validity.

A field experiment could be a controlled or a Quasi-experiment. Instead of taking place in a laboratory, it occurs in the actual world. An illustration of a field experiment could be one that involved an organism in its natural environment.

Validity : Because field experiments are carried out in a natural setting and with a certain level of control, they are considered to possess adequate internal and external validity.

Internal validity is believed to be poorer because there is less control than in lab trials, making it more probable that uncontrollable factors would skew results.

An Example of Identifying the Variables in an Experiment

A farmer wants to determine the effect of different amounts of fertilizer on his crop yield. The farmer does not change the amount of water given to the crop for different amounts of fertilizer applied to the field. Determine which of the variables is the controlled variable, independent variable, and independent variable. Also, mention the reasons behind it.

Figure 4: Illustration of the Example

Controlled variable : The amount of water given to the crop is a controlled variable since it is not changed when different amounts of fertilizer are applied.

Independent variable : The amount of fertilizer added to crops is the independent variable. This is because it is the variable which is being manipulated to determine its impact on crop yield.

Dependent variable : Crop yield is the dependent variable in this example. This is because it is the variable on which the impact of the independent variable (Amount of fertilizer) is being monitored .

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Event Definition < Glossary Index > Exponent Definition

Experimental Design

• Living reference work entry
• First Online: 28 August 2020
• Cite this living reference work entry

• Kim Koh 2  

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Experiments ; Randomized clinical trial ; Randomized trial

In quality-of-life and well-being research specifically, and in medical, nursing, social, educational, and psychological research more generally, experimental design can be used to test cause-and-effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

Description

Experimental design was pioneered by R. A. Fisher in the fields of agriculture and education (Fisher 1935 ). In studies that use experimental design, the independent variables are manipulated or controlled by researchers, which enables the testing of the cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. An experimental design can control many threats to internal validity by using random assignment of participants to different treatment/intervention and control/comparison groups. Therefore, it is considered one of the most statistically robust designs in quality-of-life and well-being research, as well as in...

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Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research . Chicago: Rand MçNally & Company.

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Fisher, R. A. (1935). The design of experiments . Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research (4th ed.). Belmont: Cengage Learning.

Schneider, B., Carnoy, M., Kilpatrick, J., Schmidt, W. H., & Shavelson, R. J. (2007). Estimating causal effects: Using experimental designs and observational design . Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

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Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

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Correspondence to Kim Koh .

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Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy

Filomena Maggino

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Department of ECPS & Intitute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Bruno Zumbo

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Koh, K. (2020). Experimental Design. In: Maggino, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_967-2

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Definition of experiment verb from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary

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• 3 [ intransitive ] experiment with something to try something such as drugs or sex to find out what it is like He experimented with drugs when he was in college.

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