introduction to physics essay

Introductory essay

Written by the educators who created The Edge of Knowledge, a brief look at the key facts, tough questions and big ideas in their field. Begin this TED Study with a fascinating read that gives context and clarity to the material.

Particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious. And the aim of particle physics is to understand what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together. And by everything I mean, of course, me and you, the Earth, the Sun, the 100 billion suns in our galaxy and the 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe. Absolutely everything. Brian Cox

To the outside observer, it may seem that physics is in some ways the opposite of art and that physicists must sacrifice their artistic intelligence to make way for cold rationality and logic. But nothing could be farther from the truth: Each step forward in our understanding of the universe could not have been conceived without an enormous dose of intuition and creativity.

Physicists are on a quest to figure out how nature works at the most fundamental level. This is a romantic story, penned in what may seem the least emotive of languages: mathematics. What's surprising is that the immeasurable beauty of the world is far from lost once its inner workings are expressed in this abstract language. Moreover, there remains something deeply intriguing about the fact that the universe is governed by the rules of mathematics in the first place. As we'll hear from Murray Gell-Mann in the first of the TEDTalks in The Edge of Knowledge, these beautiful mathematical laws are "not merely a conceit of the human mind" — instead, they're an intrinsic part of nature.

Many successful ideas in science can be described as beautiful and very often this is a reference to the simplicity and conciseness of nature's laws. Einstein's special and general theories of relativity, which describe how space, time and gravity behave, are based on only three brief postulates. The laws of electromagnetism, which govern every aspect of how we experience the worldthrough sight, sound, smell, taste or touch, are so concise thatthey can be written on the front of a T-shirt. The Standard Model of Particle Physics, which describes all of the known particles and three of the four forces that act between them, fits on the side of a coffee mug. As we will hear from Garrett Lisi, looking for beauty in the patterns that emerge in the laws of physics can tell us about how the universe works at the most fundamental level.

Science is a collaborative discipline and a global one too. It is the extent to which scientists cooperate that allows science to move at an incredible pace. The majority of the ideas presented in these TEDTalks have been around no longer than 50 years; some less than a decade. Since these speakers featured in The Edge of Knowledge delivered their TEDTalks, scientists working in global collaborations have developed and implemented several new experimental measurements. Most recently, the European Space Agency's Planck satellite has made precise measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): the results are in agreement with the predictions of the Standard Cosmological Model, which describes how the universe evolved from the Big Bang to what we see today. In Brian Cox's TEDTalk, we'll hear about the search for new elementary particles at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, encompassing the work of over 10,000 physicists from over 100 countries. This search is underway, and appears already to have yielded one of the most important scientific results of the 21st century: the discovery of the Higgs boson, the final ingredient predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Notwithstanding the significance of these recent discoveries and their agreement with predictions, our picture of the fundamental structure of the universe is far from complete: a number of big mysteries remain in both particle physics and cosmology. As we'll hear from Patricia Burchat, many of these mysteries link together the physics of the smallest elementary particles and the largest distances of the cosmos. One of the most enduring mysteries is how to reconcile a complete theory of gravity with our understanding of the fundamental particles. From Brian Greene, we'll hear about the potential of string theory to solve this problem and the possible existence of tiny, curled up, extra spatial dimensions.

However, fundamental laws are not enough on their own. Aristotle said that "all human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsion, habit, reason, passion, and desire." It's the first of these — chance — that is not decided by the laws of physics; in fact, chance is not decided at all. The fundamental laws of physics cannot predict what will happen; they can only tell us what might happen. This uncertainty is built into the laws of quantum mechanics.

As we'll hear from Aaron O'Connell, the most striking feature of quantum mechanics is that it's weird. For example, we're challenged to contemplate the possibility that a thing can be in more than one place at the same time. It's quantum mechanics, more than any other idea in fundamental physics, which forces us to question our intuition about how everyday objects behave. For the microscopic constituents of the universe, our everyday observations simply do not hold. In spite of its counter-intuitiveness, quantum mechanics has come to define our modern world through the technologies that it underpins. From the tiny switches crammed by the billions onto microchips to medical scanners and laser therapies, all rely upon the weirdness of quantum mechanics.

Ultimately, science remains an empirical discipline. Thinking up beautiful theories is not enough on its own: every theory must stand up to the experimental observations of how nature actually works. If it doesn't, then the theory can't be correct and we must try again. If, on the other hand, our observations and predictions agree, then we're encouraged and — if the evidence is sufficient — we might even dare to claim some measure of understanding.

Through our human creativity, expressed in a process of trial and improvement, incremental advances in our understanding accumulate and scientific progress is made. As the chess grandmaster Gary Kasparov puts it, our success is "the ability to combine creativity and calculation...into a whole that is much greater than the sum of its parts." With each of these steps forward, science closes one more door and moves on to try one of the many, many doors that remain open.

This series of TEDTalks discusses some of the toughest questions and the most profound ideas in fundamental physics. The concepts not only challenge us to think objectively and rationally, but also require us to put aside many of our everyday preconceptions and intuitions about how nature works. Be prepared to re-watch the talks and re-read the supporting material; trying to get your head around 13.8 billion years of the universe's history isn't something you can do in an afternoon!

Let's begin with CalTech physicist Murray Gell-Mann for an introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics and the quest for a unified theory.

Murray Gell-Mann

Beauty, truth and ... physics, relevant talks.

Aaron O'Connell

Making sense of a visible quantum object.

CERN's supercollider

Brian Greene

Making sense of string theory.

Garrett Lisi

An 8-dimensional model of the universe.

Patricia Burchat

Shedding light on dark matter.

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• The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction - Physics
• University of Toronto - Department of Physics - The Origin of Physics
• K12 LibreTexts - Introduction To Physics
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What is physics?

Physics is the branch of science that deals with the structure of matter and how the fundamental constituents of the universe interact. It studies objects ranging from the very small using quantum mechanics to the entire universe using general relativity .

Physicists and other scientists use the International System of Units (SI) in their work because they wish to use a system that is agreed upon by scientists worldwide. Since 2019 the SI units have been defined in terms of fundamental physical constants, which means that scientists anywhere using SI can agree upon the units they use to measure physical phenomena.

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physics , science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable universe . In the broadest sense, physics (from the Greek physikos ) is concerned with all aspects of nature on both the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels. Its scope of study encompasses not only the behaviour of objects under the action of given forces but also the nature and origin of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields. Its ultimate objective is the formulation of a few comprehensive principles that bring together and explain all such disparate phenomena.

(Read Einstein’s 1926 Britannica essay on space-time.)

Physics is the basic physical science . Until rather recent times physics and natural philosophy were used interchangeably for the science whose aim is the discovery and formulation of the fundamental laws of nature. As the modern sciences developed and became increasingly specialized, physics came to denote that part of physical science not included in astronomy , chemistry , geology , and engineering . Physics plays an important role in all the natural sciences, however, and all such fields have branches in which physical laws and measurements receive special emphasis, bearing such names as astrophysics , geophysics , biophysics , and even psychophysics . Physics can, at base, be defined as the science of matter , motion , and energy . Its laws are typically expressed with economy and precision in the language of mathematics .

Both experiment, the observation of phenomena under conditions that are controlled as precisely as possible, and theory, the formulation of a unified conceptual framework, play essential and complementary roles in the advancement of physics. Physical experiments result in measurements, which are compared with the outcome predicted by theory. A theory that reliably predicts the results of experiments to which it is applicable is said to embody a law of physics. However, a law is always subject to modification, replacement, or restriction to a more limited domain, if a later experiment makes it necessary.

The ultimate aim of physics is to find a unified set of laws governing matter, motion, and energy at small (microscopic) subatomic distances, at the human (macroscopic) scale of everyday life, and out to the largest distances (e.g., those on the extragalactic scale). This ambitious goal has been realized to a notable extent. Although a completely unified theory of physical phenomena has not yet been achieved (and possibly never will be), a remarkably small set of fundamental physical laws appears able to account for all known phenomena. The body of physics developed up to about the turn of the 20th century, known as classical physics, can largely account for the motions of macroscopic objects that move slowly with respect to the speed of light and for such phenomena as heat , sound , electricity , magnetism , and light . The modern developments of relativity and quantum mechanics modify these laws insofar as they apply to higher speeds, very massive objects, and to the tiny elementary constituents of matter, such as electrons , protons , and neutrons .

The scope of physics

The traditionally organized branches or fields of classical and modern physics are delineated below.

Mechanics is generally taken to mean the study of the motion of objects (or their lack of motion) under the action of given forces. Classical mechanics is sometimes considered a branch of applied mathematics. It consists of kinematics , the description of motion, and dynamics , the study of the action of forces in producing either motion or static equilibrium (the latter constituting the science of statics ). The 20th-century subjects of quantum mechanics, crucial to treating the structure of matter, subatomic particles , superfluidity , superconductivity , neutron stars , and other major phenomena, and relativistic mechanics , important when speeds approach that of light, are forms of mechanics that will be discussed later in this section.

In classical mechanics the laws are initially formulated for point particles in which the dimensions, shapes, and other intrinsic properties of bodies are ignored. Thus in the first approximation even objects as large as Earth and the Sun are treated as pointlike—e.g., in calculating planetary orbital motion. In rigid-body dynamics , the extension of bodies and their mass distributions are considered as well, but they are imagined to be incapable of deformation . The mechanics of deformable solids is elasticity ; hydrostatics and hydrodynamics treat, respectively, fluids at rest and in motion.

The three laws of motion set forth by Isaac Newton form the foundation of classical mechanics, together with the recognition that forces are directed quantities ( vectors ) and combine accordingly. The first law, also called the law of inertia , states that, unless acted upon by an external force , an object at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, it continues to move in a straight line with constant speed . Uniform motion therefore does not require a cause. Accordingly, mechanics concentrates not on motion as such but on the change in the state of motion of an object that results from the net force acting upon it. Newton’s second law equates the net force on an object to the rate of change of its momentum, the latter being the product of the mass of a body and its velocity. Newton’s third law, that of action and reaction, states that when two particles interact, the forces each exerts on the other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Taken together, these mechanical laws in principle permit the determination of the future motions of a set of particles, providing their state of motion is known at some instant, as well as the forces that act between them and upon them from the outside. From this deterministic character of the laws of classical mechanics, profound (and probably incorrect) philosophical conclusions have been drawn in the past and even applied to human history.

Lying at the most basic level of physics, the laws of mechanics are characterized by certain symmetry properties, as exemplified in the aforementioned symmetry between action and reaction forces. Other symmetries, such as the invariance (i.e., unchanging form) of the laws under reflections and rotations carried out in space , reversal of time, or transformation to a different part of space or to a different epoch of time, are present both in classical mechanics and in relativistic mechanics, and with certain restrictions, also in quantum mechanics. The symmetry properties of the theory can be shown to have as mathematical consequences basic principles known as conservation laws , which assert the constancy in time of the values of certain physical quantities under prescribed conditions. The conserved quantities are the most important ones in physics; included among them are mass and energy (in relativity theory, mass and energy are equivalent and are conserved together), momentum , angular momentum , and electric charge .

Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion

Chapter outline.

Motion draws our attention. Motion itself can be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces needed to achieve spectacular motion, such as that of a dolphin jumping out of the water, or a pole vaulter, or the flight of a bird, or the orbit of a satellite. The study of motion is kinematics, but kinematics only describes the way objects move—their velocity and their acceleration. Dynamics considers the forces that affect the motion of moving objects and systems. Newton’s laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws provide an example of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions. They are also universal laws in that they apply to similar situations on Earth as well as in space.

Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) laws of motion were just one part of the monumental work that has made him legendary. The development of Newton’s laws marks the transition from the Renaissance into the modern era. This transition was characterized by a revolutionary change in the way people thought about the physical universe. For many centuries natural philosophers had debated the nature of the universe based largely on certain rules of logic with great weight given to the thoughts of earlier classical philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BC). Among the many great thinkers who contributed to this change were Newton and Galileo.

Galileo was instrumental in establishing observation as the absolute determinant of truth, rather than “logical” argument. Galileo’s use of the telescope was his most notable achievement in demonstrating the importance of observation. He discovered moons orbiting Jupiter and made other observations that were inconsistent with certain ancient ideas and religious dogma. For this reason, and because of the manner in which he dealt with those in authority, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition and punished. He spent the final years of his life under a form of house arrest. Because others before Galileo had also made discoveries by observing the nature of the universe, and because repeated observations verified those of Galileo, his work could not be suppressed or denied. After his death, his work was verified by others, and his ideas were eventually accepted by the church and scientific communities.

Galileo also contributed to the formation of what is now called Newton’s first law of motion. Newton made use of the work of his predecessors, which enabled him to develop laws of motion, discover the law of gravity, invent calculus, and make great contributions to the theories of light and color. It is amazing that many of these developments were made with Newton working alone, without the benefit of the usual interactions that take place among scientists today.

It was not until the advent of modern physics early in the 20th century that it was discovered that Newton’s laws of motion produce a good approximation to motion only when the objects are moving at speeds much, much less than the speed of light and when those objects are larger than the size of most molecules (about 10 − 9 m 10 − 9 m in diameter). These constraints define the realm of classical mechanics, as discussed in Introduction to the Nature of Science and Physics . At the beginning of the 20 th century, Albert Einstein (1879–1955) developed the theory of relativity and, along with many other scientists, developed quantum theory. This theory does not have the constraints present in classical physics. All of the situations we consider in this chapter, and all those preceding the introduction of relativity in Special Relativity , are in the realm of classical physics.

Making Connections: Past and Present Philosophy

The importance of observation and the concept of cause and effect were not always so entrenched in human thinking. This realization was a part of the evolution of modern physics from natural philosophy. The achievements of Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and others were key milestones in the history of scientific thought. Most of the scientific theories that are described in this book descended from the work of these scientists.

This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's permission.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units

• Authors: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: College Physics 2e
• Publication date: Jul 13, 2022
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/4-introduction-to-dynamics-newtons-laws-of-motion

© Jul 9, 2024 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.

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Physics: A Very Short Introduction

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Physics, the fundamental science of matter and energy, encompasses all levels of nature from the sub-atomic to the cosmic, and underlies much of the technology around us. Physics: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of how this pervasive science came to be and how it works. It presents the theories and outcomes of pure and applied physics from ideas of the Greek natural philosophers to modern quantum mechanics, cosmology, digital electronics, and energy production. Considering its most consequential experiments, including recent results in elementary particles, gravitational waves, and materials science, it also discusses the effects of physics on society, culture, and humanity’s vision of its place in the universe.

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Ultimate Guide to a stellar IB Physics Extended Essay (EE): Tips, Tricks and Expert Guidance!

Ultimate Guide to the IB Physics Extended Essay

Are you preparing to tackle your IB Physics Extended Essay and looking for impactful topics, insightful writing tips, and expert guidance? You've landed in the right place! This post will provide you with essential information and strategies to help you craft a compelling IB Physics EE.

As an IB Physics student, the task of writing a 4000-word extended essay (EE) is an exciting yet formidable challenge. Selecting a topic that is engaging and manageable is crucial to ensuring your EE stands out. In this blog post, I will walk you through a clear, step-by-step method to develop the perfect IB Physics EE research question.

Guide to Develop Your IB Physics EE Ultimate Research Question:

Choose a Broad Topic : Begin with a wide-ranging area of interest, such as the physics of sound.

Generate a Starter Question : Use this question to spark ideas for narrowing your focus.

Formulate Your Research Question : Concentrate on one independent variable and one dependent variable.

Sketch Out a Research Plan : Outline the methods you'll use to explore your research question.

Envision a Potential Outcome : Predict the possible results or conclusions of your study.

Once you’ve completed these steps, you will have a comprehensive plan ready to discuss with your Physics EE supervisor. They will offer further guidance on conducting your practical experiments in your school’s lab facilities.

Choosing Your IB Physics EE Topics

The first step in your EE journey is selecting a topic that not only interests you but also allows you to apply the principles of physics. An excellent IB Physics EE topic should challenge you to think critically and apply scientific theories to real-world phenomena. For instance, exploring the relationship between the viscosity of a fluid and its effect on terminal velocity presents a perfect blend of theory and practical investigation.

How to Write an IB Physics EE

Writing an IB Physics Extended Essay involves several key components. Your essay should start with a clear title that encapsulates your research. Following this, your research question should be precise and presented early in the introduction. It is vital to frame this question in a way that invites scientific investigation—ask "What is the relationship between X and Y?" rather than simply stating a hypothesis.

Methods of Approach

You have the choice between a theoretical essay or an experimental study. If you decide on an experimental approach, consider whether you will gather primary data or rely on secondary sources. When using secondary data for your IB Physics EE, ensure you critically assess its accuracy and relevance to your research question. This approach will not only enhance the validity of your study but also demonstrate your analytical skills.

Importance of Theory in IB Physics EE

No matter the nature of your experimental work, it should always be grounded in robust theoretical research. This involves detailed exploration of the relevant physical laws and principles that govern the phenomena you are studying. For example, if your topic concerns the acoustics of an exhaust pipe, you should delve into the physics of sound waves and how they interact with different environments.

IB Physics Extended Essay Tips

Here are some quick tips to enhance your IB Physics EE:

- Keep your research question focused and manageable.

- Ensure your experimental methods are clear and replicable.

- Engage with theoretical concepts to deepen your analysis.

- Avoid overly complex apparatus that might obscure the physics concepts you're exploring.

Ultimately, this post aims to provide a launching pad, illustrating the breadth of potential topics within physics that are ripe for a detailed extended essay. With dedicated research and thoughtful analysis, you can craft a compelling, insightful essay that showcases your enthusiasm and understanding of physics.

Ultimate Sample Topic list to the Physics EE:

Topic 1: The Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Resistance of Metals

Begin with a detailed study of electrical resistivity, focusing on how and why different metals respond to changes in temperature. Review academic literature and scientific texts that discuss the principles of electrical conductivity and the impact of thermal energy on atomic structures in metals.

Experimentation

Design an experiment to measure the resistance of several metals (like copper, aluminum, and iron) at various temperatures. This will involve heating metal wires in a controlled environment and using a multimeter to measure changes in resistance.

Data Analysis

Analyze the collected data to determine how the resistance of each metal changes with temperature. Use graphical representations to highlight the relationship and apply statistical tools to validate the findings.

Results and Conclusion

Conclude by summarizing the relationship between temperature and resistance for the metals tested. Discuss the implications of these findings in real-world applications, such as in electrical engineering and materials science. Highlight the limitations of the experiments and suggest areas for further research.

Topic 2: Investigating the Refractive Index of Liquids with Temperature

Explore the theory behind light refraction and how the refractive index of a substance changes with temperature. Gather resources on the molecular dynamics of liquids and how thermal expansion affects optical properties.

Set up an experiment to measure the refractive index of various liquids (such as water, glycerin, and vegetable oil) at different temperatures using a refractometer or a similar device.

Process the experimental data to examine the correlation between temperature and the refractive index. Utilize models to predict changes and discuss the accuracy of these models compared to the experimental data.

Discuss how the refractive index variation with temperature can affect optical applications, like lens design and optical fiber technology. Consider the experimental design's effectiveness and propose modifications for future studies.

Topic 3: The Doppler Effect and Its Applications

Study the Doppler Effect thoroughly, focusing on its theoretical basis and its applications in various fields such as astronomy, radar, and medical imaging. Review historical development and key experiments that have shaped understanding of the phenomenon.

Conduct experiments to observe the Doppler Effect using sound waves. This could involve recording the frequency of a sound from a moving source at various speeds and distances.

Analyze the frequency changes and compare them with theoretical predictions. Use software tools to simulate the effect under different conditions and compare these simulations with your experimental data.

Evaluate how well the experimental and simulated results align with theoretical expectations. Discuss the implications of the Doppler Effect in modern technology and potential areas for future research.

Topic 4: Measuring the Gravitational Constant Using Simple Pendulum

Review the historical context of gravitational studies and Newton’s law of universal gravitation. Study different methods that have been used to measure the gravitational constant, focusing on the role of pendulums.

Design a series of experiments to measure the gravitational constant using a simple pendulum setup. This involves varying lengths of the pendulum and measuring oscillation periods accurately.

Apply mathematical formulas to calculate the gravitational constant from the experimental data. Compare these findings with accepted values and analyze discrepancies.

Summarize the effectiveness of using a simple pendulum to measure gravitational forces. Discuss potential experimental errors or environmental factors that could affect accuracy and suggest improvements for further experiments.

Topic 5: Photovoltaic Efficiency in Different Light Conditions

Investigate the principles of photovoltaic cells and how their efficiency is influenced by different wavelengths and intensities of light. Explore both theoretical perspectives and practical implementations in solar technology.

Set up solar cells under varied lighting conditions to measure output voltage and current. Use different types of light sources, such as LED, halogen, and natural sunlight.

Analyze how light intensity and type affect the efficiency of the solar cells. Use the data to model performance in real-world solar applications.

Discuss how the findings could impact the design and placement of solar panels in different environments. Evaluate the limitations of the current technology and propose future research directions for improving photovoltaic efficiency.

Each of these topics provides a balance of theoretical background and practical experimentation, suitable for an extended essay in IB Physics that includes historical context and offers scope for innovative investigation.

As IB Puts it:

The IB Physics Extended Essay emphasizes several key aspects:

Practical Experimentation : Students apply theoretical physics principles through hands-on experiments, enhancing their understanding of complex concepts.

Simulation Use : Simulations allow exploration of phenomena that are difficult to study directly, enriching students' understanding and equipping them with valuable computational skills.

Interdisciplinary Approaches : Students are encouraged to incorporate knowledge from other sciences, leading to more comprehensive research projects that prepare them for complex problem-solving.

Peer Review : Engaging with supervisors, peers, and external experts through peer review offers diverse perspectives and improves the quality of research.

Preparation for STEM Careers : The extended essay develops critical skills like analytical thinking and problem-solving, providing a strong foundation for future academic and professional pursuits in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Finding an IB Physics Extended Essay Tutor

Sometimes, you might find yourself needing extra help. An experienced IB Physics extended essay tutor can provide you with the guidance necessary to navigate complex topics and refine your writing. A tutor can help you develop a strong theoretical foundation and ensure your essay meets all the critical assessment criteria. If you're seeking specialized IB Physics IA or EE help, Rajat Sir offers tailored IB support to guide you through the process.

Personalized Feedback on IAs and EEs:

Rajat Sir has a proven track record of helping students secure perfect 7s on their Math and Physics IAs. The unique approach includes:

Detailed Review: Send your IA/EE/TOK Essay, and Rajat Sir will provide comments and suggestions.

Interactive Sessions: Engage in voice or Zoom calls to discuss feedback and areas of improvement.

Iterative Process: Work on the suggestions and repeat the process until your IA reaches its highest potential.

If you're at the initial stages or struggling with writing, Rajat Sir can assist in topic selection and the writing phase.

Online Personal Tutoring:

Rajat Sir provides the best IB Phsyics IA tutoring support through online personal tutoring sessions. With firsthand experience of the IB process, Rajat Sir focuses on ensuring students grasp the core concepts and develop the skills needed to excel in their exams.

Tutoring Offered For:

Physics HL / SL

Math (all levels)

The IB Physics Extended Essay is an excellent opportunity for you to demonstrate your understanding of physics and your ability to perform independent research. By choosing a compelling topic, employing a robust methodological approach, and applying critical theoretical perspectives, you'll be well on your way to achieving a high score on your EE. Remember, the journey of exploring, writing, and refining your essay is as important as the final product. Good luck!

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Introduction to Physics

Last Update: 08/18/2021

Physical Quantities and Units

We define a physical quantity  either by  specifying how it is measured  or by  stating how it is calculated  from other measurements. For example, we define distance and time by specifying methods for measuring them, whereas we define  average speed by stating that it is calculated as distance traveled divided by time of travel.

Measurements of physical quantities are expressed in terms of  units , which are standardized values. For example, the length of a race, which is a physical quantity, can be expressed in units of meters (for sprinters) or kilometers (for distance runners). Without standardized units, it would be extremely difficult for scientists to express and compare measured values in a meaningful way.

There are two major systems of units used in the world: SI units (also known as the metric system) and English units (also known as the customary or imperial system). English units were historically used in nations once ruled by the British Empire and are still widely used in the United States. Virtually every other country in the world now uses SI units as the standard; the metric system is also the standard system agreed upon by scientists and mathematicians. The acronym “SI” is derived from the French Système International .

SI Units: Fundamental and Derived Units

The table below gives the fundamental SI units that are used throughout this textbook.

In this textbook, the fundamental physical quantities are taken to be the length, mass, time, and electric current .  All other physical quantities, such as force and electric charge, can be expressed as algebraic combinations of length, mass, time, and current (for example, speed is length divided by time); these units are called derived units .

Metric Prefixes

SI units are part of the metric system . The metric system is convenient for scientific and engineering calculations because the units are categorized by factors of 10. The table below gives metric prefixes and symbols used to denote various factors of 10.

Metric systems have the advantage that conversions of units involve only powers of 10. There are 100 centimeters in a meter, 1000 meters in a kilometer, and so on. In nonmetric systems, such as the system of U.S. customary units, the relationships are not as simple—there are 12 inches in a foot, 5280 feet in a mile, and so on. Another advantage of the metric system is that the same unit can be used over extremely large ranges of values simply by using an appropriate metric prefix. For example, distances in meters are suitable in construction, while distances in kilometers are appropriate for air travel, and the tiny measure of nanometers are convenient in optical design. With the metric system, there is no need to invent new units for particular applications.

The term order of magnitude refers to the scale of a value expressed in the metric system. Each power of 10 in the metric system represents a different order of magnitude. For example, 10 1 , 10 2 , 10 3 , and so forth are all different orders of magnitude. All quantities that can be expressed as a product of a specific power of 10 are said to be of the same order of magnitude. For example, the number 800 can be written as 8×10 2 , and the number 450 can be written as 4.5×10 2 Thus, the numbers 800 and 450 are of the same order of magnitude: 10 2 Order of magnitude can be thought of as a ballpark estimate for the scale of a value. The diameter of an atom is on the order of 10 -9 m while the diameter of the Sun is on the order of 10 9 m.

Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis

Let us consider a simple example of how to convert units. Let us say that we want to convert 80 meters (m) to kilometers (km).

The first thing to do is to list the units that you have and the units that you want to convert to. In this case, we have units in meters and we want to convert them to kilometers .

Next, we need to determine a conversion factor relating meters to kilometers. A conversion factor is a ratio expressing how many of one unit is equal to another unit. For example, there are 12 inches in 1 foot, 100 centimeters in 1 meter, 60 seconds in 1 minute, and so on. In this case, we know that there are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer.

Now we can set up our unit conversion. We will write the units that we have and then multiply them by the conversion factor so that the units cancel out, as shown:

Example1.1 –  Unit Conversion – A Short Drive Home

Suppose that you drive the 10.0 km from your university to home in 20.0 min. Calculate your average speed (a) in kilometers per hour (km/h) and (b) in meters per second (m/s). (Note: Average speed is the distance traveled divided by time of travel.)

First, we calculate the average speed using the given units. Then we can get the average speed into the desired units by picking the correct conversion factor and multiplying by it. The correct conversion factor is the one that cancels the unwanted unit and leaves the desired unit in its place.

Solution for (a)

(1) Calculate average speed. Average speed is the distance traveled divided by time of travel. In equation form,

(2) Substitute the given values for distance and time.

(3) Convert km/min to km/h: multiply by the conversion factor that will cancel minutes and leave hours. That conversion factor is 60 min/hour. Thus,

Discussion for (a)

To check your answer, consider the following:

(1) Be sure that you have properly cancelled the units in the unit conversion. If you have written the unit conversion factor upside down, the units will not cancel properly in the equation. If you accidentally get the ratio upside down, then the units will not cancel; rather, they will give you the wrong units as follows:

which are obviously not the desired units of km/h.

(2) Check that the units of the final answer are the desired units. The problem asked us to solve for average speed in units of km/h and we have indeed obtained these units.

(3) Check the significant figures. Because each of the values given in the problem has three significant figures, the answer should also have three significant figures. The answer 30.0 km/hr does indeed have three significant figures, so this is appropriate. Note that the significant figures in the conversion factor are not relevant because an hour is defined to be 60 minutes, so the precision of the conversion factor is perfect.

(4) Next, check whether the answer is reasonable. Let us consider some information from the problem—if you travel 10 km in a third of an hour (20 min), you would travel three times that far in an hour. The answer does seem reasonable.

Solution for (b)

There are several ways to convert the average speed into meters per second.

(1) Start with the answer to (a) and convert km/h to m/s. Two conversion factors are needed—one to convert hours to seconds, and another to convert kilometers to meters.

(2) Multiplying by these yields

Discussion for (b)

If we had started with 0.500 km/min, we would have needed different conversion factors, but the answer would have been the same: 8.33 m/s.

Example 1.2 – Dosage Calculation

An MD orders 300 mg of Ibuprofen to be taken by a 6 kg infant every 4 hours. The label shows 75 – 150 mg/kg per day max. Is the physician’s order within normal range?

First let’s calculate the max dosage for this infant:

Now let’s calculate the ordered dose.

The dosage is not within the normal range.

Accuracy,  Precision, and Uncertainty of a Measurement

Science is based on observation and experiment—that is, on measurements.  Accuracy  is how close a measurement is to the correct value for that measurement. For example, let us say that you are measuring the length of standard computer paper. The packaging in which you purchased the paper states that it is 11.0 inches long. You measure the length of the paper three times and obtain the following measurements: 11.1 in., 11.2 in., and 10.9 in. These measurements are quite accurate because they are very close to the correct value of 11.0 inches. In contrast, if you had obtained a measurement of 12 inches, your measurement would not be very accurate.

The  precision of a measurement refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements (which are repeated under the same conditions). Consider the example of the paper measurements. The precision of the measurements refers to the spread of the measured values. One way to analyze the precision of the measurements would be to determine the range, or difference, between the lowest and the highest measured values. In that case, the lowest value was 10.9 in. and the highest value was 11.2 in. Thus, the measured values deviated from each other by at most 0.3 in. These measurements were relatively precise because they did not vary too much in value. However, if the measured values had been 10.9, 11.1, and 11.9, then the measurements would not be very precise because there would be significant variation from one measurement to another.

The measurements in the paper example are both accurate and precise, but in some cases, measurements are accurate but not precise, or they are precise but not accurate. Let us consider an example of a GPS that is attempting to locate the position of a restaurant in a city. Think of the restaurant location as existing at the center of a bulls-eye target, and think of each GPS attempt to locate the restaurant as a black dot. In figure 1.1, you can see that the GPS measurements are spread out far apart from each other, but they are all relatively close to the actual location of the restaurant at the center of the target. This indicates a low precision, but high accuracy. However, in figure 1.2, the GPS measurements are concentrated quite closely to one another, but they are far away from the target location. This indicates a high precision, low accuracy measuring system.

The factors contributing to uncertainty in a measurement include:

• Limitations of the measuring device,
• The skill of the person making the measurement,
• Irregularities in the object being measured,
• Any other factors that affect the outcome (highly dependent on the situation).

In our example, such factors contributing to the uncertainty could be the following: the smallest division on the ruler is 0.1 in., the person using the ruler has bad eyesight, or one side of the paper is slightly longer than the other. At any rate, the uncertainty in measurement must be based on careful consideration of all the factors that might contribute and their possible effects.

Percent Uncertainty

One method of expressing uncertainty is as a percent of the measured value. If a measurement A is expressed with uncertainty, ∂A,  the  percent uncertainty  (%unc) is defined to be

Example 1.3 – Calculating Percent Uncertainty: A Bag of Apples

A grocery store sells 5lb bags of apples. You purchase four bags over the course of a month and weigh the apples each time. You obtain the following measurements:

• Week 1 weight: 4.8 lb
• Week 2 weight: 5.3 lb
• Week 3 weight: 4.9 lb
• Week 4 weight: 5.4 lb

You determine that the weight of the 5-lb bag has an uncertainty of ±0.4lb.   What is the percent uncertainty of the bag’s weight?

First, observe that the expected value of the bag’s weight, A, is 5 lb. The uncertainty in this value ∂A is 0.4 lb. We can use the following equation to determine the percent uncertainty of the weight:

Plug the known values into the equation:

We can conclude that the weight of the apple bag is 5lb±8%. Consider how this percent uncertainty would change if the bag of apples were half as heavy, but the uncertainty in the weight remained the same. Hint for future calculations: when calculating percent uncertainty, always remember that you must multiply the fraction by 100%. If you do not do this, you will have a decimal quantity, not a percent value.

Uncertainties in Calculations

There is uncertainty in anything calculated from measured quantities. For example, the area of a floor calculated from measurements of its length and width has uncertainty because the length and width have uncertainties.  Before we discuss how to include uncertainties in calculations, we need to understand the difference between absolute uncertainty and percent (or relative) uncertainty.

Suppose the length and width of a rectangular floor are measured to be  4.00m±0.02m  and 2.25m±0.05m.  The values 0.02m and 0.05m are absolute uncertainties .   Absolute uncertainty is expressed in the same unit as the measurement.  Also, the precision of the absolute uncertainty must match the precision of the measurement.  In other words, the measurement and its absolute uncertainty must have the same number of digits past the decimal point.

We can also find the % uncertainty for each measurement as following.

Therefore, there are two ways to express the uncertainty in a measurement – in absolute form or in % form.

The following rules can be used to determine the uncertainty in calculations as long as the measurements going into the calculation have small uncertainties (a few percent or less).

Addition or Subtraction 

The rule is: When adding or subtracting measured quantities with uncertainties, add the absolute uncertainties.

If we wanted to determine the length of the fencing needed to cover two adjacent sides of the floor mentioned above, we would have to add the length and the width.

If we wanted to find the difference between the length and the width, we would have to do a subtraction.

Notice that in both cases we add the absolute uncertainties.

Multiplication and division 

The rule is: When multiplying or dividing measured quantities with uncertainties, add the % uncertainties.

To find the area of this floor we have to multiply the width and the length.

To express the uncertainty int he Area in absolute form, we need to figure out what 2.7% of 9.00m is.

So the result can also be written as

Notice that we would still add the % uncertainties if we were to divide the length by the width.

To express this uncertainty in absolute form, we have to determine 2.7% of 1.78

Significant Figures

An important factor in the accuracy and precision of measurements involves the precision of the measuring tool. In general, a precise measuring tool can measure values in very small increments. For example, a standard ruler can measure length to the nearest millimeter, while a caliper can measure length to the nearest 0.01 millimeter. The caliper is a more precise measuring tool because it can measure extremely small differences in length. The more precise the measuring tool, the more precise the measurements can be.

When we express measured values, we can only list as many digits as we initially measured with our measuring tool. For example, if you use a standard ruler to measure the length of a stick, you may measure it to be 36.7cm. You could not express this value as 36.71cm because your measuring tool was not precise enough to measure a hundredth of a centimeter. It should be noted that the last digit in a measured value has been estimated in some way by the person performing the measurement. For example, the person measuring the length of a stick with a ruler notices that the stick length seems to be somewhere in between 36cm and 37cm and he or she must estimate the value of the last digit. Using the method of significant figures , the rule is that  the last digit written down in a measurement is the first digit with some uncertainty . To determine the number of significant digits in a value, start with the first measured value at the left and count the number of digits through the last digit written on the right. For example, the measured value 36.7cm has three significant digits or significant figures. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measuring tool that was used to measure a value.

Special consideration is given to zeros when counting significant figures. The zeros in 0.053 are not significant, because they are only place-keepers that locate the decimal point. There are two significant figures in 0.053. The zeros in 10.053 are not place-keepers; they are significant. This number has five significant figures. The zeros in 1300 may or may not be significant. They could mean the number is known to the last digit, or they could be place-keepers. So 1300 could have two, three, or four significant figures. (To avoid this ambiguity, write 1300 in scientific notation.) Zeros are significant except when they serve only as place-keepers .

Example 1.4

Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:

(a) 1; the zeros in this number are place-keepers that indicate the decimal point

(b) 6; here, the zeros indicate that a measurement was made to the 0.1 decimal point, so the zeros are significant

(c) 1; the value 10 3 signifies the decimal place, not the number of measured values

(d) 5; the final zero indicates that a measurement was made to the 0.001 decimal point, so it is significant

(e) 4; any zeros located in between significant figures in a number are also significant

Significant Figures in Calculations

When combining measurements with different degrees of accuracy and precision,  the number of significant digits in the final answer can be no greater than the number of significant digits in the least precise measured value . There are two different rules, one for multiplication and division and the other for addition and subtraction, as discussed below.

1. For multiplication and division:  The result should have the same number of significant figures as the quantity having the least significant figures entering into the calculation .

For example, the area of a circle can be calculated from its radius using A=πr 2 . Let us see how many significant figures the area has if the radius has only two—say, r=1.2m. Then,

even though π is good to at least eight digits.

2. For addition and subtraction:   The answer can contain no more decimal places than the least precise measurement .  Suppose that you buy 7.56-kg of potatoes in a grocery store as measured with a scale with a precision of 0.01 kg. Then you drop off 6.052-kg of potatoes at your laboratory as measured by a scale with a precision of 0.001 kg. Finally, you go home and add 13.7 kg of potatoes as measured by a bathroom scale with a precision of 0.1 kg. How many kilograms of potatoes do you now have, and how many significant figures are appropriate in the answer? The mass is found by simple addition and subtraction:

Next, we identify the least precise measurement: 13.7 kg. This measurement is expressed to the 0.1 decimal place, so our final answer must also be expressed to the 0.1 decimal place. Thus, the answer is rounded to the tenths place, giving us

Attributions

This chapter contains material taken from  “Openstax College Physics-Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units”  by  Openstax and is used under a  CC BY 4.0 license.  Download this book for free at  Openstax-College Physics

Example 1.2 is adapted from Body Physics: Motion to Metabolism , by Lawrence Davis and used under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International License.

To see what was changed, refer to the List of Changes .

Introduction to Physics Copyright © 2019 by Beta Keramati is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Write a Physics Extended Essay? A Guide for IB Students

In my years of experience as an IB writer, I’ve come to appreciate the nuances and depth of the Physics extended essay. It is an opportunity for IB students to showcase their knowledge and passion for this subject.

Today, I’d like to share my insights and help guide you on how to write a compelling and well-structured Physics extended essay .

Understanding the Physics Extended Essay Requirements

According to general IB criteria, this work has specific guidelines that students must adhere to, ensuring they remain within the Physics extended essay requirements:

• Ensure your topic is rooted in Physics. It should focus on experimental work, though some theoretical essays are acceptable if they tackle unconventional issues.
• While the word limit for the essay is 4,000 words, I’ve often observed that the most impactful papers are concise and straight to the point.
• A well-defined research question is at the heart of every essay. Ensure it’s precise and relevant to the Physics extended essay topics you’re considering.
• If you’re leaning towards an experimental Physics extended essay, remember that your experiments should be replicable. They should also provide insights that can be extrapolated to real-world scenarios.

In conclusion, while the Physics extended essay might seem like a mountain to climb, it’s achievable with the proper guidance and a clear understanding of the requirements.

Choosing the Right Topic for Your Physics Extended Essay

Often, students ask me about the best Physics extended essay topics. I think choosing an option that truly resonates with your interests but also aligns with IB’s expectations is essential. It brings me to the specifics of the IB extended essay Physics topics , which get into detailed research scopes and can challenge your analytical skills.

Possible Extended Essay Topics in IB Physics

So, what are the possible extended essay topics in IB Physics ? Here are a few options for you to consider:

• The Physics of Black Holes.
• Quantum Entanglement and its Implications.
• The Effects of Material and Thickness on Solar Cell Efficiency.
• The Acoustic Properties of Different Woods.
• Relativity in Modern GPS Systems.
• The Physics Behind Magnetic Levitation Trains.
• Fluid Dynamics in Sports.
• The Correlation Between Altitude and Boiling Points of Liquids.
• Thermoelectric Materials and their Potential in Waste Heat Recovery.
• The Harmonics of String Instruments.

Think of areas in Physics that intrigue you: Quantum mechanics? AstroPhysics? Thermodynamics? The options are numerous, but the best topics align with your passion and the IB’s expectations.

Experimental Physics Extended Essay vs. Theoretical: What’s the Difference?

Ah, the age-old debate: Experimental or Theoretical? From my experience, this decision can make or break your essay. So, let’s break it down.

• Experimental Physics . In essence, this approach is hands-on. It’s about setting up experiments, recording observations, and making inferences. If you enjoy the tangible aspects of Physics and don’t mind getting your hands dirty, this might be your calling.
• Theoretical Physics . Now, this is where things get abstract. Theoretical Physics deepens into concepts, relying heavily on mathematical models and predictions. It’s less about “doing” and more about “thinking”. If abstract ideas and critical thinking excite you, this path might be the one for you.

In conclusion, always remember to stay true to your passions while adhering to the set standards. From what I know, the path might seem challenging, but the sense of accomplishment at the end is unparalleled!

IB Physics Extended Essay: What Resources You Can Use

Taping into many resources is critical to strengthen your research and arguments. Here’s a comprehensive list that can guide you through this venture:

• Primary Textbooks . These are the backbone of your foundational knowledge. But don’t just stick to your coursebook. Check advanced-level Physics textbooks for deeper insights.
• Academic Journals . Google Scholar , JSTOR , and the American Physical Society’s journals offer up-to-date research findings and specialized knowledge.
• University Libraries . Many institutions allow the public, especially students, access to their libraries. They can be gold mines for specialized books and research papers.
• Online Platforms & Databases . You can use arXiv — a free distribution service and archive for preprints. NASA AstroPhysics Data System is also a perfect digital library portal for researchers in astronomy and Physics.
• Research Institutions & Laboratories . Some institutes allow students to access their data or even conduct experiments. Examples are CERN, Fermilab, or local universities with robust Physics departments.
• Educational Websites . Websites like Khan Academy or The Physics Classroom can elucidate complex topics.
• Software & Simulation Tools . Use COMSOL MultiPhysics for modeling and simulating experiments. PhET Interactive Simulations offers free interactive math and science simulations.
• Expert Interviews . Engaging with Physics professors, researchers, or professionals can offer unique insights. They might also point you to niche resources.
• Seminars & Workshops . Attend these, especially ones that align with your essay topic. They offer cutting-edge insights and networking opportunities.
• Your School’s Resources . Think about your school’s lab equipment, library, and, most importantly, your Physics teacher!
• Peer-Reviewed Conferences . Look for published proceedings for the latest in Physics research.
• Popular Science Books & Magazines . These can be used sparingly for general context or simply explaining complex concepts. Magazines like Scientific American or Physics Today might be helpful.

According to general IB criteria, while it’s essential to gather as much information as possible, always ensure the credibility of your sources. Cross-reference data and opt for primary over secondary sources.

The Structure of the Physics Extended Essay

Structuring your paper can make all the difference. Let’s discuss all parts of the Physics extended essay to ensure clarity and coherence.

1. The Informative Abstract

Venturing forward, you’d step into the abstract. Think of this as your elevator pitch, where you have around 300 words to present the crux of your research. Start by briefly explaining the purpose of your essay.

2. The All-Important Introduction

The introduction is your gateway to captivate the reader. Set the stage by introducing your topic and providing context. Why is it important? What real-world implications does it have? How does it tie into the larger world of Physics?

3. Methodology and Approach

Detail out the methods you’ve employed. Clarity is vital, whether it’s an experimental setup or a theoretical analysis. Describe your approach, any equipment used, variables considered, and how you collected data.

4. To the Body

It’s the heart of your essay. Analyze your findings, relate them to existing theories, and critically evaluate any discrepancies or anomalies. Break down complex concepts, ensuring they’re accessible to the reader. Use diagrams, graphs, or tables if they aid in understanding.

5. Conclusions and Reflections

Summarize your findings, reiterating their significance in the broader context of Physics. Reflect upon the entire research process, discussing your challenges and what you learned from them. Highlight potential areas for further research or unanswered questions that arose.

6. References and Bibliography

Every piece of information, data, or idea that isn’t original to you needs to be cited. Adhere to the citation style preferred by the IB and ensure consistency throughout.

Need help with your IB extended essay?

From research and analysis to structuring and editing, our skilled mentors will be by your side, helping you craft an exceptional extended essay that not only meets the wordcount and stringent IB criteria but also reflects your passion for selected IB group .

Writing the Perfect Experimental Physics Extended Essay

Ah, the realm of experimental Physics extended essay. Many students assume this is the most challenging assignment , but this is only sometimes the case. With the right approach, you can quickly reveal your topic and get the highest grade, so do not be afraid to experiment.

What Makes an Experimental Physics Extended Essay Stand Out?

Based on my experience, the most outstanding essays consistently demonstrate these characteristics:

• They don’t just regurgitate known facts. They take risks, push novel ideas, or offer a fresh perspective on classic experiments.
• It’s not just about noting observations but explaining why specific results were obtained, possibly linking to underlying Physics principles.
• A standout essay meticulously details the experiment setup, ensuring reproducibility. Every step, from equipment calibration to data collection, is clearly articulated.
• Beyond presenting results, these essays interpret data critically, drawing meaningful conclusions and suggesting further research areas.

Remember that the best essays often link findings to real-world applications or implications, showing a broader understanding of Physics in our daily lives.

Tips for a Successful Physics Extended Essay

Throughout my path as an IB tutor, I’ve picked up a few tricks of the trade that I believe can improve any paper:

• Start Early . Physics, being a comprehensive subject, demands time for research, experimentation (if you’re doing an experimental essay), and analysis.
• Pick a Manageable Topic . Getting into highly complex areas is tempting, but remember that depth trumps breadth. 
• Align with Your Interests . Your enthusiasm will shine through in your writing. Choose a topic you’re genuinely curious about. 
• Prioritize Your Research Question . It should be clear, focused, and researchable within the word limit. Avoid overly broad or vague questions.
• Use Varied Resources . While textbooks are a good starting point, venture into academic journals, online databases, and expert interviews to gather diverse insights.
• Stick to the IB Rubric . Familiarize yourself with the IB Physics extended essay criteria . This rubric will be your guiding light, ensuring you hit all the necessary points.
• Draft, Revise, Repeat . Your first draft is unlikely to be your final one. Write, take a break, return with fresh eyes, revise, and repeat the cycle.
• Maintain Academic Integrity . Cite all sources diligently. Plagiarism is a strict no-no in the IB world.
• Understand the Theory . Even if you’re focusing on an experiment, grounding your observations in theoretical concepts is crucial. It shows a holistic understanding of the topic.
• Maintain a Consistent Structure . Introduction, research question, body, analysis, conclusion, and references — maintaining this flow aids in readability and coherence.

Over the years, I’ve seen students get lost in the vastness of their chosen subjects, but with a straightforward question, you can remain focused. Lastly, avoid straying from the IB extended essay Physics guidelines. They’re there for a reason, and adhering to them can significantly boost your score.

So, writing the Physics extended essay is no small feat, but with the right approach and a sprinkle of dedication, it’s an enriching experience. Follow the guidelines, choose your topic wisely, and structure your essay well, and you’ll be on the path to success. Best of luck to you!

Luke MacQuoid

Luke MacQuoid has extensive experience teaching English as a foreign language in Japan, having worked with students of all ages for over 12 years. Currently, he is teaching at the tertiary level. Luke holds a BA from the University of Sussex and an MA in TESOL from Lancaster University, both located in England. As well to his work as an IB Examiner and Master Tutor, Luke also enjoys sharing his experiences and insights with others through writing articles for various websites, including extendedessaywriters.com blog

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PHYS101: Introduction to Mechanics

Course introduction.

• Time: 33 hours
• College Credit Recommended ($25 Proctor Fee) -->
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In this course, we study the physics of motion from the ground up – learning the basic principles of physical laws and their application to the behavior of objects. Classical mechanics studies statics, kinematics (motion), dynamics (forces), energy, and momentum developed prior to 1900 from the physics of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. We encourage you to supplement what you learn here with the Saylor course PHYS102 Introduction to Electromagnetism.

Since mathematics is the language of physics, you should be familiar with high-school-level algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. We will develop the small amount of additional math and calculus you need to succeed during the course.

Course Syllabus

First, read the course syllabus. Then, enroll in the course by clicking "Enroll me". Click Unit 1 to read its introduction and learning outcomes. You will then see the learning materials and instructions on how to use them.

Unit 1: Introduction to Physics

First, let's gain a basic understanding of the language and analytical techniques that are specific to physics. This unit presents a brief outline of physics, measurement units and scientific notation, significant figures, and measurement conversions.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 2 hours.

Unit 2: Kinematics in a Straight Line

We begin our formal study of physics with an examination of kinematics, the branch of mechanics that studies motion. The word "kinematics" comes from a Greek term that means "motion". Note that kinematics is not concerned with what causes the object to move or to change course. We will look at these considerations later in the course. In this unit, we examine the simplest type of motion, which is motion along a straight line or in one dimension.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 5 hours.

Unit 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Most motion in nature follows curved paths rather than straight lines. Motion along a curved path on a flat surface or a plane is two-dimensional and thus described by two-dimensional kinematics. Two-dimensional kinematics is a simple extension of the one-dimensional kinematics covered in the previous unit. This simple extension will allow us to apply physics to many more situations and it will also yield unexpected insights into nature.

Unit 4: Dynamics

Kinematics is the study of motion. It describes the way objects move, their velocity, and their acceleration. Dynamics consider the forces that affect the motion of moving objects. Newton's Laws of Motion are the foundation of classical dynamics. These laws provide examples of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 8 hours.

Unit 5: Rotational Kinematics

Now that we have discussed forces and how they manipulate motion, we will begin exploring a particular force that makes objects move in a curved motion. In this unit, we study the simplest form of curved motion: uniform circular motion, or motion in a circular path at a constant speed. In some ways, this unit is a continuation of the previous unit on dynamics, but we will introduce new concepts such as angular velocity and acceleration, centripetal force, and the force of gravity.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 3 hours.

Unit 6: Rotational Statics and Dynamics

What do desks, bridges, buildings, trees, and mountains have in common – at least in the eyes of a physicist? The answer is that they are ordinarily motionless relative to the Earth. Consequently, their acceleration, with respect to the Earth as a frame of reference, is zero. Newton's second law states that net F = ma, so the net external force is zero on all stationary objects and for all objects moving at constant velocity. There are forces acting, but they are balanced. That is, the forces are in equilibrium.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 1 hour.

Unit 7: Work and Energy

Energy describes the capacity of a physical system to perform work. It plays an essential role in everyday events and scientific phenomena. You can probably name many forms of energy: from the energy our food provides us, to the energy that runs our cars, to the sunlight that warms us on the beach. Not only does energy have many interesting forms, but it is involved in almost all phenomena and is one of the most important concepts of physics.

Energy can change forms, but it cannot appear from nothing or disappear without a trace. Thus, energy is one of a handful of physical quantities that we say is conserved.

Unit 8: Momentum and Collisions

We use the term momentum in various ways in everyday language. For example, we often speak of sports teams gaining and maintaining the momentum to win. Generally, momentum implies a tendency to continue on course (to move in the same direction) and is associated with mass and velocity. Momentum has its most important application when analyzing collision problems. Like energy, it is important because it is conserved. Only a few physical quantities are conserved in nature, and studying them yields fundamental insight into how nature works, as we shall see during our study of momentum.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 4 hours.

Study Guide

These study guides will help you get ready for the final exam. They discuss the key topics in each unit, walk through the learning outcomes, and list important vocabulary terms. They are not meant to replace the course materials!

Course Feedback Survey

Please take a few minutes to give us feedback about this course. We appreciate your feedback, whether you completed the whole course or even just a few resources. Your feedback will help us make our courses better, and we use your feedback each time we make updates to our courses.

If you come across any urgent problems, email [email protected].

Certificate Final Exam

Take this exam if you want to earn a free Course Completion Certificate.

To receive a free Course Completion Certificate, you will need to earn a grade of 70% or higher on this final exam. Your grade for the exam will be calculated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam on your first try, you can take it again as many times as you want, with a 7-day waiting period between each attempt.

Once you pass this final exam, you will be awarded a free Course Completion Certificate .

Saylor Direct Credit

Take this exam if you want to earn college credit for this course . This course is eligible for college credit through Saylor Academy's Saylor Direct Credit Program .

The Saylor Direct Credit Final Exam requires a proctoring fee of $5 . To pass this course and earn a Credly Badge and official transcript , you will need to earn a grade of 70% or higher on the Saylor Direct Credit Final Exam. Your grade for this exam will be calculated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam on your first try, you can take it again a maximum of 3 times , with a 14-day waiting period between each attempt.

We are partnering with SmarterProctoring to help make the proctoring fee more affordable. We will be recording you, your screen, and the audio in your room during the exam. This is an automated proctoring service, but no decisions are automated; recordings are only viewed by our staff with the purpose of making sure it is you taking the exam and verifying any questions about exam integrity. We understand that there are challenges with learning at home - we won't invalidate your exam just because your child ran into the room!

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Once you pass this final exam, you will be awarded a Credly Badge and can request an official transcript .

Saylor Direct Credit Exam

This exam is part of the Saylor Direct College Credit program. Before attempting this exam, review the Saylor Direct Credit page for complete requirements.

Essential exam information:

• You must take this exam with our automated proctor. If you cannot, please contact us to request an override.
• The automated proctoring session will cost $5 .
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• The passing grade is 70% or higher.
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• Take a deep breath; you got this!

• Modern Physics

Physics is a natural science that is based on experiments, measurements, and mathematical analysis. Its purpose is to find the quantitative physical laws for everything from the Nanoworld to the planets. A branch of science which is dealing with the interaction of matter and energy is popularly known as physics. There are two major branches of Physics. These are Classical Physics and Modern Physics.

Modern physics is that branch of physics that deals with the post-Newtonian concepts in the areas of physics. It is having its base on the two major breakthroughs of the twentieth century. These are Relativity and Quantum Mechanics . Modern physics mainly involves the advanced description of nature through some theories which were different from classical Physics. These are involving the elements of quantum mechanics and Einsteinian relativity. Albert Einstein is popular as the father of modern physics.

Introduction to Modern Physics

Modern physics is based on the two major inventions of the early 20th century. These are relativity and quantum mechanics. This kind of Physics is based on what was known before then, i.e. Newton’s laws, Maxwell’s equations, thermodynamics and termed as classical physics.

Modern physics is presenting the foundations and frontiers of today’s physics. It is focusing on the domains like quantum mechanics; applications in atomic, nuclear, particle, and also the condensed-matter physics. Mainly it includes the special relativity, relativistic quantum mechanics, Dirac equation and the Feynman diagrams, quantum fields with general relativity. The aim of modern physics is to cover these topics in sufficient depth.

Topics in Modern Physics

Various topics which form the core to the foundation of modern physics are:

• Atomic theory and atomic model
• Black-body radiation
• Franck–Hertz experiment
• Geiger–Marsden experiment i.e. Rutherford’s experiment
• Gravitational lensing
• Michelson–Morley experiment
• Photoelectric effect
• Quantum thermodynamics
• Radioactive phenomena in general
• Perihelion precession of Mercury
• Stern–Gerlach experiment
• Wave-particle duality
• Thermodynamics. Heat and temperature.
• Vibrations and Waves Phenomena
• Quantum Mechanics.

Important Discoveries in Modern Physics

Several experiments have marked the history and development of Modern Physics. Among these, we may mention those who provided us with a deeper understanding of the structure of matter and atoms. Some such examples of these important discoveries are as given below:

• In the year 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the existence of X-rays. It is an invisible type of extremely penetrating radiation.
• After a few years in the year 1900, the German physicist Max Planck proposed that the energy-charged by the electromagnetic field and having quantized values. It is the integer multiples of a minimum and constant amount.
• In the year 1905, through his theory of relativity, Albert Einstein explained and showed that references which move at very high speeds. This speed was close to the speed of light propagation, experience the passage of time and the measurement of distances in different ways.
• In the year 1913, Niels Bohr proposed that the energy levels of electrons scattered around atomic nuclei are quantized. It means, their energy is given by an integer multiple of a minimum value.
• In the year 1924, the wave-particle duality, which was established by physicist Louis De’Broglie, showed that anybody can behave like a wave.
• In the year 1926, Quantum Mechanics appeared. It was the result of the work of physicists like Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schröedinger.

Thus, modern physics was able to explore the nature of the microscopic world and the great relativistic speeds. It also provides valuable explanations for various physical phenomena that were, until then, misunderstood.

FAQs about Modern Physics

Q.1: Why is modern physics such important?

Answer: The term Physics describes how the natural world works with the applied mathematical formulas. Chemistry is essentially being applied to physics as well as biology is essentially applied chemistry. Physical theories are responsible for the changes in electronics giving advances in modern computers as well as electronic media.

Q.2: What is the most difficult in physics?

Answer: The most difficult concept in physics is undoubtedly the unification of the theory of gravity with the theories concerning matter and the other three fundamental forces. These forces are like electromagnetism and nuclear forces. At the later stage, it is constituting the Standard Model.

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Physics Personal Statement Examples

"Where have we come from and where are we going?" It was definitely a Eureka moment when a simple question directed by my Physics Professor at high school triggered in me the need to explore and led me to discover my aptitude for Astrophysics...

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• How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples

How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on February 4, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

A good introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay . It sets up your argument and tells the reader what to expect.

The main goals of an introduction are to:

• Catch your reader’s attention.
• Give background on your topic.
• Present your thesis statement —the central point of your essay.

This introduction example is taken from our interactive essay example on the history of Braille.

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

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Table of contents

Step 1: hook your reader, step 2: give background information, step 3: present your thesis statement, step 4: map your essay’s structure, step 5: check and revise, more examples of essay introductions, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.

Your first sentence sets the tone for the whole essay, so spend some time on writing an effective hook.

Avoid long, dense sentences—start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

The hook should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of the topic you’re writing about and why it’s interesting. Avoid overly broad claims or plain statements of fact.

Examples: Writing a good hook

Take a look at these examples of weak hooks and learn how to improve them.

• Braille was an extremely important invention.
• The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

The first sentence is a dry fact; the second sentence is more interesting, making a bold claim about exactly  why the topic is important.

• The internet is defined as “a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities.”
• The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education.

Avoid using a dictionary definition as your hook, especially if it’s an obvious term that everyone knows. The improved example here is still broad, but it gives us a much clearer sense of what the essay will be about.

• Mary Shelley’s  Frankenstein is a famous book from the nineteenth century.
• Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement.

Instead of just stating a fact that the reader already knows, the improved hook here tells us about the mainstream interpretation of the book, implying that this essay will offer a different interpretation.

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Next, give your reader the context they need to understand your topic and argument. Depending on the subject of your essay, this might include:

• Historical, geographical, or social context
• An outline of the debate you’re addressing
• A summary of relevant theories or research about the topic
• Definitions of key terms

The information here should be broad but clearly focused and relevant to your argument. Don’t give too much detail—you can mention points that you will return to later, but save your evidence and interpretation for the main body of the essay.

How much space you need for background depends on your topic and the scope of your essay. In our Braille example, we take a few sentences to introduce the topic and sketch the social context that the essay will address:

Now it’s time to narrow your focus and show exactly what you want to say about the topic. This is your thesis statement —a sentence or two that sums up your overall argument.

This is the most important part of your introduction. A  good thesis isn’t just a statement of fact, but a claim that requires evidence and explanation.

The goal is to clearly convey your own position in a debate or your central point about a topic.

Particularly in longer essays, it’s helpful to end the introduction by signposting what will be covered in each part. Keep it concise and give your reader a clear sense of the direction your argument will take.

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As you research and write, your argument might change focus or direction as you learn more.

For this reason, it’s often a good idea to wait until later in the writing process before you write the introduction paragraph—it can even be the very last thing you write.

When you’ve finished writing the essay body and conclusion , you should return to the introduction and check that it matches the content of the essay.

It’s especially important to make sure your thesis statement accurately represents what you do in the essay. If your argument has gone in a different direction than planned, tweak your thesis statement to match what you actually say.

To polish your writing, you can use something like a paraphrasing tool .

You can use the checklist below to make sure your introduction does everything it’s supposed to.

Checklist: Essay introduction

My first sentence is engaging and relevant.

I have introduced the topic with necessary background information.

I have defined any important terms.

My thesis statement clearly presents my main point or argument.

Everything in the introduction is relevant to the main body of the essay.

You have a strong introduction - now make sure the rest of your essay is just as good.

• Argumentative
• Literary analysis

This introduction to an argumentative essay sets up the debate about the internet and education, and then clearly states the position the essay will argue for.

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.

This introduction to a short expository essay leads into the topic (the invention of the printing press) and states the main point the essay will explain (the effect of this invention on European society).

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

This introduction to a literary analysis essay , about Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein , starts by describing a simplistic popular view of the story, and then states how the author will give a more complex analysis of the text’s literary devices.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale. Arguably the first science fiction novel, its plot can be read as a warning about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, and in popular culture representations of the character as a “mad scientist”, Victor Frankenstein represents the callous, arrogant ambition of modern science. However, far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to gradually transform our impression of Frankenstein, portraying him in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

• An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
• Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
• A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

The “hook” is the first sentence of your essay introduction . It should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of why it’s interesting.

To write a good hook, avoid overly broad statements or long, dense sentences. Try to start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

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A Primer on the IB Extended Essay in Physics

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), with its high academic standards, has three core components, i.e., EE, CAS, and TOK. Each component has its own challenges. IB Extended Essay in Physics (EE) is a 4,000-word essay-based project that allows students to delve deep into a topic of their choice within the parameters of the IB syllabus.

For those who are passionate about the physical realm of the world, the IB extended essay in Physics provides an opportunity to make an in-depth exploration of a complex physical scientific phenomenon. The following article offers a comprehensive primer on the IB extended essay in physics so that students can streamline their journey without any hassle or bewilderment.

• Choosing a suitable physics topic

The first and foremost step in this research project on physics is selecting a topic that genuinely interests you. This will keep you motivated throughout the process. It is imperative to choose a topic of your choice, as you will be spending a sufficient amount of time on this particular topic. As physics, as a discipline, comes with a vast variety of topics, it is important to take some time to explore topics that pique your interest.

The key to selecting a suitable topic lies in maintaining a balance between interest and the availability of research and experimental resources. For example, if you are choosing to base your study on MRI scanning in the field of quantum mechanics, you should have relevant equipment to conduct your experiment and research.

• Formulating a focused research question

After selecting a suitable topic that is also practically feasible, the next step is to formulate a single, focused research question that will become the basis for your entire study. Your research question should be broad enough to allow research and specific enough to be unique and new. A well-drafted research question further helps in formulating clear and concise arguments. With an ambiguous research question, the coherency of the entire essay might be compromised.

• Conducting experiments and research

This is an action stage. After formulating a research question, the next step is to conduct relevant research and experiments to ensure the authenticity of the extended essay. Gathering information involves reading relevant books, academic journals, scholarly articles, online databases, and interviews with experts in the field. The more you develop your research portfolio, the more diverse your extended essay will be. Research is important to collect evidence for your specific research question and thesis statement.

If your research requires conducting experiments in a laboratory, you should plan and execute them properly and meticulously. You must be aware of the proper methodologies, safety protocols, and control variables. The experiments should be conducted in accordance with established rules and regulations and should involve the collection and recording of empirical data with precision.

• Structuring Your IB Physics Extended Essay

Presenting the subject matter is as important as the subject matter. Thus, the structure of your extended essay is vital for its presentation. It should follow an unambiguous and logical format.

• Title Page : The title page should include the title of your essay, your full name, the IB candidate number, and the date.
• Abstract : A clear and concise summary of your research question and the main argument, i.e., thesis statement, methodologies used, key findings, and conclusion, is to be stated here.
• Table of Contents : This is the index page where all sections and sub-sections with corresponding page numbers should be written.
• Introduction : Under this, your thesis statement for your particular research question should be articulated clearly. This section should also include the historical background and relevance of your research question. You should also mention the significance of choosing a particular research topic.
• Literature Review : A review of existing literature should be stated under this heading, which will demonstrate your understanding of the field.
• Methodology : A detailed description of all the techniques and methodologies employed in experiments and research. For example, what data collection methods and analytical techniques are used will be mentioned.
• Results : Articulating your interpretations and analysis by presenting them in a well-organised manner. Students should include visual representations, such as bar graphs and pie charts, to make their extended essay impressive.
• Discussion : This section states the interpretation of your results, the analysis of their significance, and discusses how they relate to a particular research question.
• Conclusion : A brief summary of your findings and how they relate to your research question is to be stated here.
• References : A list of all the sources to which you have referred while conducting your research. Academic style should be used while referencing and citing.

Tips for Success

• Early bird approach: The Extended Essay requires months of planning and execution, so it’s imperative to begin early in order to avoid any last-minute hassles. If anything goes wrong early on, you can begin again, which becomes difficult when you already started late.
• Seek guidance: Keep in touch with your IB supervisors for guidance and criticism. They know what is expected in an extended essay, so you can live up to those expectations under their guidance.
• Stay organised: Organise your research and writing process by making proper notes and a plan chart.
• Edit and proofread: After finishing your first draft, take time to review your extended essay. This will help to remove ambiguity and inconsistency in your extended essay. See for grammatical errors, clarity of arguments, etc.

Pro Tip: Take a little break before you start reviewing your first draft. This will give you a fresh perspective on your research.

• Stay True to Your Research Question: Throughout the essay, you should ensure that your entire essay is relevant to your research question.

Conclusion The IB Extended Essay in Physics is a challenging yet rewarding endeavour. As it explores the physical realm of our known universe, there are ever-so-many intricacies involved. It exposes students to the highly sought-after research skills required in high-level education. This independent research helps students develop a critical and logical way of seeing things.

Happy Researching!

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Physics In Everyday Life Essay

Introduction Physics is used in everyday life, even when you don’t think it is being used. If we have a better understanding of how physics works, then we can be more efficient in our everyday lives. Physics helps us solve problems and helps us understand the little things we do each day. Some examples of how physics is used can be either man-made or naturally occurring ways. There are many daily activities that we do that involve some sort of physical activity. Some examples of everyday use of physics in my life is driving a car, running, completing laundry, using the flush of a toilet, using a headrest in a car and breathing. All of these examples can be understood by looking further into the laws of physics. Having a deep understanding of …show more content…

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High Energy Physics - Theory

Title: a simple introduction to particle physics.

Abstract: This is the first of a series of papers in which we present a brief introduction to the relevant mathematical and physical ideas that form the foundation of Particle Physics, including Group Theory, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Field Theory and Interactions, Abelian and Non-Abelian Gauge Theory, and the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) Gauge Theory that describes our universe apart from gravity. These notes are not intended to be a comprehensive introduction to any of the ideas contained in them. Among the glaring omissions are CPT theorems, evaluations of Feynman Diagrams, Renormalization, and Anomalies. The topics were chosen according to the authors preferences and agenda. These notes are intended for a student who has completed the standard undergraduate physics and mathematics courses. Furthermore, these notes should not and will not in any way take the place of the related courses, but rather provide a primer for detailed courses in QFT, Gauge Theory, String Theory, etc., which will fill in the many gaps left by this paper.

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IIT JAM Physics Question Papers, Free Download Previous Year Papers PDF

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IIT JAM Physics Previous Year Question Papers: The IIT JAM Physics exam is one of the most competitive exams for students who want to get through postgraduate programs such as MSc in Physics at the best institutes like IITs, IISc and NITs in India. IIT JAM Physics Previous Year Question Papers study is the right way to prepare themselves. Also, it would not only help candidates comprehend the outlines and layout of the IIT JAM Entrance exam but also serve as a source of information on frequently asked questions and important specifics.

New:    IIT JAM 2025 application form link  |  Check IIT JAM syllabus 2025

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Introduction to IIT JAM Physics Previous Year Question Papers

Benefits of practicing iit jam physics previous year papers, iit jam physics exam pattern and marking scheme, download iit jam physics previous year question papers pdf, how to solve iit jam physics previous year papers effectively, analysis of iit jam physics previous year question papers, iit jam physics syllabus overview based on previous papers, top resources for iit jam physics preparation.

To succeed in passing IIT JAM Physics, one of the most important things for students is to solve IIT JAM previous years' question papers . These documents contain a clear and precise idea of the type of questions asked, the level of difficulty, and address different issues with greater frequency than others. Since IIT JAM Physics is an exam that covers a myriad of topics, working on old papers can give a lot of leverage for the candidates, as they know where to focus and can develop the speed and accuracy needed to address these problems the right way.

What is IIT JAM and its Importance in Physics?

One of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) conducts the IIT Joint Admission Test for MSc (IIT JAM), a national test every year for candidates seeking admission to postgraduate programs like MSc, Joint MSc-PhD, MSc - PhD Dual and more. degree, and other related courses. The IIT JAM 2025 exam is important for students who want to pursue careers in research, teaching, or project-based projects in areas such as theoretical physics, astrophysics, and quantum mechanics.

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The exam is a gateway to some of the most prestigious institutions in India, including IITs, IISc Bangalore and NITs. As the exam tests students across multiple subjects in physics, chemistry and mathematics, it is important that they prepare well and understand basic concepts. For this reason, completion of previous year question papers is crucial because it provides candidates with valuable information about the examination process and complexity.

Why Solving Previous Year Question Papers is Crucial?

Understanding the Examination System : Previous year question papers help students to get a real feel for the examination pattern, question types and marking pattern.

Identification of Frequently Asked Topics: Working through previous year exam papers enables students to identify commonly asked topics in the exam. They are able to focus on productive areas and, as a result, prioritize their study time.

To improve time management: IIT JAM is a timed exam. Regular past year papers enable candidates to create an effective timeline that assures that the paper is completed within the allotted time.

Boosts confidence: Familiarity with previous papers reduces exam anxiety and boosts confidence. When students study in a simulated exam environment, they feel more prepared and less stressed during the real exam.

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Enhances Time Management Skills

Time management is one of the most important factors to succeed in a competitive exam like IIT JAM Physics. The test is divided into several sections, each testing a different set of skills. Candidates can learn how to allocate time efficiently in each section by practicing the previous year question papers.

Gain speed and accuracy: By processing paperwork within a set time frame, candidates get used to answering questions quickly without compromising accuracy. This process is key to meeting time constraints in real applications.

Prioritize sections: Some sections may take longer to complete than others. This process helps students identify priority sections based on their abilities and time.

Provides Insight into Exam Patterns

Understanding the testing process is the first step in being well-prepared. IIT JAM Physics has three sections—Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), Multiple Choice Questions (MSQ), and Numerical Answer Type (NAT) questions. Using the previous year's papers will give the candidates a clear idea about the structure of these sections and the allocation of marks.

Weightage of sections : Different subjects have different weightages in the exam. For example, topics such as classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics tend to carry more weight, and past-year papers will help students recognize this pattern

Difficulty: Not all questions in the IIT JAM Physics exam have the same level of difficulty. Some are simple and can be answered quickly, while others require more time and deeper thought. By solving previous year's papers, students can get an idea of the level of problems they can expect and adjust their IIT JAM 2025 preparation accordingly

Identifies Key Topics and Repeated Questions

One of the biggest advantages of IIT JAM Physics previous year question paper solution is the ability to identify key topics and repeat questions. The test typically tests certain concepts repeatedly, and these questions can be used to ensure that students have fully understood these topics.

High Yield Subjects : IIT JAM thoroughly explores topics like oscillatory waves, modern physics, mathematical methods and electromagnetic theory. By identifying these productive topics, students’ learning time will be more focused.

Repeat Questions: While specific questions may not be repeated every year, ideas and problems often do. Using these questions ensures that students are adequately prepared for any issues they may encounter on test day.

Also Read, IIT JAM Chemistry Question Papers

Section Wise Breakdown of the Paper

The IIT JAM Physics exam is divided into three parts: Part A (MCQs), Part B (MSQs), and Part C (NAT). Each category has a different question, and it’s important to understand the nuances of each:

MCQs: These are traditional multiple choice questions, with four options, only one of which is correct. Incorrect answers are given for negative marks.

MSQs : These questions have more than one correct answer, candidates have to choose all the correct options to score points. There are no negative signs of these questions.

NAT: These are mathematical answer type questions where candidates have to guess the answers and enter them in the chart. There are no negative signs to these questions either.

Types of Questions Asked in the Exam

The test consists of a mixture of reasoning, reasoning and problem solving questions. The questions range from straightforward theory-based problems to more complex multi-step questions that require a deeper understanding of basic concepts.

Conceptual Questions : These test a student’s understanding of basic concepts in physics. Detailed mathematics is usually not required but a strong understanding of concepts and principles is required.

Mathematical Problems : These questions test the student’s ability to apply mathematical concepts to solve physics problems. Statistics are important and often involve multiple steps.

Year Wise PDFs (2024, 2023, 2022, etc.)

For those who wish to practice past IIT JAM Physics papers, we have provided links to download year-wise PDFs:

Download IIT JAM Physics Question Paper 2024

Download IIT JAM Physics Question Paper 2023

Download IIT JAM Physics Question Paper 2022

Download IIT JAM Physics Question Paper 2021

Download IIT JAM Physics Question Paper 2020

How to Access the Question Papers?

Candidates can easily access these question papers on the official IIT JAM website or other online platforms that provide free resources to students preparing for the exams. These documents are available in PDF format and can be downloaded directly for practice..

Step By Step Approach for Paper Solving

Start with a fixed deadline: Set a specific deadline and try to write the paper under testing conditions.

Evaluate your implementation: After completing the form, go through your answers and compare them to the correct solution.

Focus on weak areas: Identify your areas of poor performance and spend more time analyzing and implementing those.

Tips to Avoid Common Mistakes

Don't make assumptions: Poor marks can affect your score significantly. Avoid thinking about it unless you are sure of the answer.

Prioritize questions: Tackle the questions you feel confident in first, then move on to the harder questions. This method ensures that you increase your score by answering more questions.

Trends and Frequently Asked Questions

A review of papers over the past year shows that the type of questions asked from topics such as classical mechanics, electrical theory, and quantum mechanics is pretty consistent.

Weightage of Different Topics Over the Years

Topics like thermodynamics and solid state physics hold more weight compared to others. After examining the previous papers, the students prioritized their preparation accordingly.

Core Topics Covered in the Papers

IIT JAM Physics syllabus covers topics like:

Mathematical Physics

Mechanics and General Properties of Matter

Oscillations, Waves, and Optics

Electricity and Magnetism

Kinetic Theory and Thermodynamics

Modern Physics

Topic Wise Weightage and Difficulty Level

Many topics, such as mathematical physics and modern physics, tend to have many questions and are often difficult. A clear understanding of these topics is essential for a good score.

Recommended Books and Study Materials

Some of the most recommended books for IIT JAM Physics preparation are:

" Introduction to Classical Mechanics " by R.D. Shankar

" Concepts of Modern Physics " by Arthur Beiser

" Mathematical Physics " by H.K. Dass

Online Platforms for Practice Papers and Mock Tests

Many online platforms offer free practice papers and mock tests, such as Unacademy, Testbook, and the official IIT JAM website.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

It's challenging but not impossible. Requires solid understanding of undergraduate physics and good problem-solving skills. With dedicated preparation, it's definitely manageable.

Absolutely! One year is enough with disciplined, focused preparation. Create a smart study plan, stick to it consistently, and you can achieve success.

Generally, 40-45 out of 100 is good. For top IITs, aim for 55-60+. Focus on understanding concepts and efficient problem-solving rather than just numbers.

Yes! It's about effort, not natural talent. Focus on strengthening basics, improving problem-solving skills, and building confidence. Consistent work can lead to success.

They're different exams with distinct purposes. JAM focuses on core undergraduate physics, while GATE covers more advanced, engineering-oriented topics. Difficulty varies based on individual strengths.

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Questions related to JAM

For the IIT JAM (Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.) exam, you need to provide a Central EWS (Economically Weaker Section) certificate.

The IITs (Indian Institutes of Technology) and other central institutions require a central format of the EWS certificate issued by a competent authority as per the guidelines set by the Government of India. State EWS certificates are generally not accepted unless explicitly specified in the application guidelines.

Make sure that your EWS certificate is up-to-date and issued by the designated authority, such as a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO), Tehsildar, or similar, as prescribed by the central government.

Hope it helps !

IIT JAM Biotechnology can be a gateway to various MSc programs, but its relevance to MSc Neuroscience depends on the specific program and institution . Some institutions may accept IIT JAM Biotechnology scores for MSc Neuroscience, while others may require specific test scores or have different eligibility criteria. To determine your chances, research the specific requirements for MSc Neuroscience programs you're interested in and reach out to the institutions directly for clarification.

Yes you can sit in the JAM EXAM as long as you have completed your Bachelor's degree by the time of admission.there is no problem if you have active backlog at the time of giving exam they just evaluate candidates on the basis of their marks in IIT JAM.you just need to submit your provisional documents at the time of admission and request them you will submit the marksheet after it gets declared as soon as possible.ALSO,You should have a valid Bachelor's degree in the relevant subject area by the time of admission to the M.Sc. program.

As a BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) graduate with 2 years of experience, you may have some eligibility considerations for IIT JAM and CSIR-NET. Here’s an overview of each and their relevance to your background:

IIT JAM (Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.)

Eligibility:

• Educational Qualification: Typically, IIT JAM is designed for students with a background in science subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Biology. It is primarily for admission to M.Sc. programs and other post-graduate programs in science at IITs and other participating institutions.
• Graduation Degree: A BDS degree, being a professional degree in the field of dentistry, generally does not align with the typical science-based eligibility criteria for IIT JAM.
• Given that IIT JAM focuses on science disciplines and your background is in dentistry, it might not be the most relevant option for you.

CSIR-NET (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Eligibility Test)

• Educational Qualification: CSIR-NET is aimed at candidates with a background in science for eligibility in junior research fellowships (JRF) and lectureship positions. Common fields include Life Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Earth Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, and Physical Sciences.
• Graduation Degree: A BDS degree is not typically listed among the standard qualifications for CSIR-NET. However, if you have a strong interest in life sciences or a related field and have pursued additional qualifications or research in that area, it could be worth exploring.
• While CSIR-NET primarily targets candidates with degrees in traditional science disciplines, if you have a keen interest in life sciences or related research areas, you might consider it. Additional coursework or research experience in relevant areas would be beneficial.

Which is Better for You?

CSIR-NET might be more relevant if you are interested in research or academic positions in scientific fields and have additional qualifications or research experience in a relevant area. If you’re considering a shift to a research or academic career in science, CSIR-NET could be a viable option.

IIT JAM would generally be less applicable given your background, as it is focused on science graduates and is more suited to those pursuing M.Sc. programs in scientific disciplines.

Hope it helps you!

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