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UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination – 2013: ESSAY Paper

Categories: Optional

UPSC IAS Mains Essay (Compulsory) Paper – 2013

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS

Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions. The ESSAY must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in medium other than the authorized one. Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer book must be clearly struck off.

Write an essay on any ONE of the following topics in NOT MORE than 2500 words:- Q. 1 Be the change you want to see in others – Gandhiji.

Q. 2 Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s success?

Q. 3 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic  Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the well-being of a country.

Q. 4 Science and Technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation.

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UPSC Mains (2013) Essay Question Paper

UPSC Essay Paper 2013 Mains

Write an essay on any one of the following topics, in not more than 2500 words. (250 marks)

Q.1)  Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi).

Q.2)    Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success?

Q.3)    GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the well-being of a country.

Q.4)  Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation.

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Civil Services Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 2 (GS2) Question Paper

Last updated on August 24, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

Civil Services Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 2 (GS2) Question Paper

Civil Services Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 2 (GS2) was not too tough, but time was a major factor. Many questions came from expected areas including current affairs and latest news.

There were 25 compulsory essay questions to be written within 3 hours. The instructions in GS2 question paper are given at the end.

IAS Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 2 (GS2) Questions

Instructions for GS2 paper: There are 25 questions. All questions are compulsory. Word limit in questions wherever specified, should be adhered to. Content of the answer is more important than its length.

  • The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?
  • Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.
  • Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the ‘Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.
  • The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically.
  • Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that more number of smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss.
  • Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss.
  • Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances.
  • The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify.
  • The concept of Mid-Day Meal ( MDM ) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success.
  • Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India.
  • The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained success of the concept. Discuss.
  • The Central Government frequently complains on the poor performance of the State Governments in eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate.
  • Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms. Comment.
  • The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment.
  • Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.
  • Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyse.
  • ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.
  • The proposed withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests.
  • What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this.
  • Economic ties between India and Japan while growing in the recent years are still far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting this growth.
  • The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India?
  • Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India?
  • In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy.
  • What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss.
  • The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.

Also read  Civil Services Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 4

Civil Services Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 3

Civil Services Mains 2013 General Studies Paper 1

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Civil Services Exam Question Papers - 2013

You can download the UPSC question paper 2013 PDF from the links given further below in this article. These will help aspirants get a better analysis of the question paper and comprehend the changes that have been made in the IAS Exam paper pattern over the years.

Civil Services Preliminary Exam Question Papers – 2013

Refer to the links given below for UPSC 2013 prelims question paper download:

  • General Studies Paper I
  • General Studies Paper II
  • General Studies Paper II (X Series)

Practice the UPSC 2013 mains question paper given below and give your UPSC 2021 preparation an extra edge!

  • UPSC 2013 Essay Paper:-  Download PDF Here
  • UPSC 2013 Mains GS I:-     Download PDF Here
  • UPSC 2013 Mains GS II:-   Download PDF Here
  • UPSC 2013 Mains GS III:- Download PDF Here
  • UPSC 2013 Mains GS IV:- Download PDF Here

Get previous year IAS question papers at the linked article for the following years and solve them to get a better understanding of the examination.

Also, refer to the following links for IAS question papers and reference questions:

Benefits of Solving UPSC 2013 Question Paper

  • Solving the 2013 IAS question paper will help candidates apprehend the standard of the examination and the complexity of questions that may be asked
  • By practising CSAT solved papers, candidates can also analyze their performance by calculating their marks at the end of the mock test
  • Candidates will also benefit from UPSC 2013 prelims question paper with answers as it allows aspirants to evaluate their own progress and look for topics that are more important from the examination perspective
  • It will also help in understanding the exam pattern well

Get the UPSC civil services syllabus 2021 PDF from the link given below:

UPSC syllabus download PDF 2021/Civil service exam 2021 syllabus PDF

For any further assistance, visit BYJU’S and get the desired study material and preparation tips. 

UPSC 2021

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WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGE

Following are the topics on which our followers have written (and writing essays) every Sunday to hone their essay writing skills. The topics are chosen based on UPSC previous year topics. Writing one essay on each Sunday will help you get better marks in this paper.

ESSAY STRATEGY by Topper – Rank 1 CSE 2017

ESSAY STRATEGY by Topper – Rank 25 CSE 2015

ESSAY STRATEGY by Topper – Rank 40 CSE 2015

  • [VIDEO] How to Improve Marks in Essay and Ethics Papers?
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WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2024

  • 18 August, 2024 : A Budget Tells Us What We Cannot Afford, But It Doesn’t Keep Us from buying it
  • 11 August, 2024 : The world is not magic and that is the most magical thing about it. 
  • 4 August, 2024 : Art is I; Science is We. 
  • 28 July, 2024 : History, in general, only informs us what bad government is
  • 21 July, 2024 : Sarcasam : the last refuge of the chaste-souled individuals when their privacy is coarsely invaded.
  • 14 July, 2024 : Wound is the place where light enters you
  • 7 July, 2024 : What is Religion to One is Superstition To Another
  • June 30, 2024 : Gender Is Spectrum
  • June 23, 2024 : Those who were seen dancing were thought to be insane by those who could not hear the music.
  • June 16, 2024 : Saint Has A Past. Sinner Has A Future
  • June 9, 2024 : The worst disease in the world today is corruption and the cure for it is transparency.
  • June 2, 2024 : Escape Competition Through Authenticity.
  • May 26, 2024 : Creativity Is Allowing Yourself to Make Mistakes. Art Is Knowing Which Ones to Keep.
  • May 19 2024 : In No Man’s Land, the only way to survive is to adapt.
  • May 12, 2024 : Economics is concerned with what emerges, not what anyone intended.
  • May 5, 2024 : A right is not what someone gives you; it’s what no one can take from you.
  • April 28, 2024 : We come nearest to the great when we are great in humility.
  • April 21, 2024 : Well done is better than well said.
  • April 14, 2024 : Consistency is the last refuge of the unimaginative. 
  • April 07, 2024 : Came from plant, use it; made in plant, don’t.
  • March 30, 2024 : A Business That Makes Nothing More Than Money Is Poor Business
  • March 24, 2024 : If Voting Really Made Difference, They Would Not Let Us Do It
  • March 17, 2024 : Cinema Is Not A Slice Of Life, But A Piece Of Cake. 
  • March 10, 2024 : Education Can give skill, but a liberal education can give dignity
  • March 3, 2024 : Sometimes when you lose your way you find yourself
  • February 25, 2024 : Who Looks Inside Awakes, Who Looks Outside Dream
  • February 18, 2024 : Never Let School Interfere With Your Education
  • February 11, 2024 : Whoever Controls the Media Controls the Mind
  • February 04, 2024 : A certain darkness is needed to see the stars
  • January 28, 2024 : Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it
  • January 21, 2024 : Subtle Is powerful
  • January 14, 2024 : The power of community to create health is far greater than any physician, clinic or hospital. 
  • January  07, 2024 : Give them Quality. That’s The Best Kind of Advertising

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2023

  • December 31, 2023 : The only antidote to mental suffering is physical pain
  • December 24, 2023 : All Great Changes Are Preceded By Chaos
  • December 17, 2023 : We are drowning in information, but starved for Knowledge
  • December 10, 2023 : Violence Is the last resort of the incompetent
  • December 03, 2023 : Be a Voice, Not an Echo
  • November 26, 2023 : A Society that has more justice is the society that needs less charity
  • November 19, 2023 : Sell Your Cleverness and Buy Bewilderment
  • November 12, 2023 : love takes off the masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within
  • November 5, 2023 : Clothes Make The Man
  • October 29, 2023 : Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.
  • October 22, 2023 : Mathematics is the music of reason
  • October 15, 2023 : Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines
  • October 08, 2023 : Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.
  • October 01, 2023 : Not All Who Wander Are Lost
  • September 24, 2023 : Visionary Decision-Making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic
  • September 17, 2023 : Thinking Is Like A game. It does not begin unless there is an opposition team.
  • September 10, 2023 : Unless we have well-educated people, we are vulnerable on National Security
  • September 03, 2023 : Harsh Laws are, at times, better than No laws
  • August 27, 2023 : Nations Do Not Die From Invasion. They Die From Internal Rottenness
  • August 20, 2023 : In Individuals, insanity is rare; In groups, parties and nations, it is the rule.
  • August 13, 2023 : Economics Is Too Important To Leave To The Economists.
  • August 06, 2023 : A self without a book-shelf is naked.
  • July 30, 2023 : Wrong Choices Lead To Right Places
  • July 23, 2023 : Credit where credit is due.
  • July 16, 2023 : A right is not what someone gives you; it’s what no one can take away from you.
  • July 9, 2023 : The measure of intelligence is the ability to change
  • July 2, 2023 : Do what you can, with what you have, where you are. 
  • June 25, 2023 : In the long run , the sword will always be conquered by the spirit
  • June 18, 2023 : The company you keep determines your Success
  • June 11, 2023 : A disciplined mind brings happiness.
  • June 4, 2023 : Our moral responsibility is not to stop the future but to shape it
  • May 28, 2023 : Action breeds confidence and courage
  • May 21, 2023 : A library is a hospital for the mind
  • May 14, 2023 : Self-Education is Life-Long Curiosity
  • May 7, 2023 : Silence is Spurious Golden
  • April 30, 2023 : The price of greatness is responsibility
  • April 23, 2023 : Progress is impossible without change
  • April 16, 2023 : The Impact of Artificial Intelligence.
  • April 9, 2023 : People would rather believe than know.
  • April  2, 2023 : Prioritizing education technology for global growth
  • March 26, 2023 : Technology is a weapon against poverty
  • March 19, 2023 : Every choice you make makes you
  • March 12, 2023 : Patience is a virture ; virtue is a grace
  • March 5, 2023 : Before any fight, it is the fight of mind
  • February 26, 2023 :  The Measure of a man is what he does with Power.
  • February 19, 2023 : When you kill time, you kill life.
  • February 12, 2023 : Delayed success mostly stays forever.
  • February 05, 2023 : The wound is the place where the Light enters you.
  • January 29, 2023 : Doubt is an uncomfortable condition, but certainty is a ridiculous one.
  • January 22, 2023 : I am what I am, so take me as I am
  • January 15, 2023 : Real learning comes about when the competitive spirit has ceased
  • January 08, 2023 : Time hurts but it also heals. It punishes but it rewards too- it is the greatest teacher ever for a human.
  • January 01, 2023 : The Beginning is the End and the End is The Beginning.

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2022

  • December 25, 2022 : To tolerate is purely an act of mind
  • December 18, 2022 : The arc of moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice
  • December 11, 2022 : Religion is a culture of faith; Science is a culture of doubt.
  • December 04, 2022 : My best friend is a person who will give me a book I have not read
  • November 27, 2022 : Everything comes to him who hustles while he waits
  • November 20, 2022 : We are always blind as we want to be
  • November 13, 2022  : By your stumbling, the world is perfected.
  • November 6, 2022 : You cannot step twice in the same river
  • October 30, 2022 : Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.
  • October 23, 2022 : A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities
  • October 16, 2022 : The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining
  • October 9, 2022 : A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for
  • October 2, 2022 : History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man
  • September 25, 2022 : Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world
  • September 18, 2022 : Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence
  • September 11, 2022 : Culture changes with economic development.
  • September 4 2022 : We don’t see things as they are, we see them as we are.
  • August 28 2022 :  The obstacle is the path.
  • August 21 2022 : What is to give light must endure burning.
  • August 14 2022 : “He who has never learned to obey cannot be a good commander.” Aristotle.
  • August 7 2022 : Any fool can know. The point is to understand.” Albert Einstein
  • July 31, 2022 : A bad conscience is easier to cope with than a bad reputation. Friedrich Nietzsche.
  • July 24, 2022 : Time is all we have and don’t
  • July 17, 2022 : Life fritters away when distractions become your lifestyle
  • July 10, 2022 : After every darkness comes the dawn July 10, 2022 : After every darkness comes the dawn
  • July 3, 2022 : Mind – a beautiful servant? Or a dangerous master?
  • June 26, 2022 : Education Breeds Peace
  • June 19, 2022 : A great leader is never angry
  • June 12, 2022 : That which hurts, instructs; That which instructs, creates; Creates Wonders!
  • June 05, 2022 : Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with what you can do
  • May 29, 2022 : The journey is a reward as well as destination
  • May 22, 2022 : Imagination creates reality
  • May 15, 2022 : The curious paradox is, only if we accept things as they are, things can change
  • May 08, 2022:  The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are so certain of themselves, while wiser people are so full of doubts
  • May 01, 2022:  Loyalty To Country Always. Loyalty To Government Only When It Deserves
  • April 24, 2022: Successful Investing Is Anticipating The Anticipations of Others
  • April 17, 2022: Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear, not absence of fear
  • April 10, 2022 : Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn
  • April 03, 2022 : Forgiveness is the final form of love
  • March 27, 2022 : The world of reality has its limits; the world of imagination is boundless
  • March 20, 2022 : Reason has always existed, but not always in a reasonable form.
  • March 13, 2022 : Everything we hear is an opinion; not a fact
  • March 5, 2022 : There are better practices to “best practices”
  • February 27, 2022 : History repeats itself first as a tragedy second as a farce.
  • February 20, 2022 : What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!
  • February 13, 2022 : Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world
  • February 6, 2022 : The real is rational and the rational is real.
  • January 30, 2022 : Philosophy of Wantlessness Is Utopian, while the philosophy of materialism is chimera.
  • January 23, 2022 : Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
  • January 16, 2022 : The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.
  • January 09, 2022 : Knowing oneself is the beginning of all wisdom
  • January 02, 2022 : Biased Media Is A Real Threat To Indian Democracy

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2021

  • December 26, 2021 : What Gets Measured Gets Managed
  • December 19, 2021 : The enemy of stability is complacency
  • December 12, 2021 : A clear conscience fears no accusation
  • December 05, 2021 : Power of vested interests is vastly exaggerated compared with the gradual encroachment of ideas
  • November 28, 2021 : The whole is more than a sum of its parts
  • November 21, 2021 : Scientific and technological progress cannot be equated with the progress of humanity
  • November 14, 2021 : The price of our vitality is the sum of all our fears
  • November 7, 2021 : Lawlessness is the result of failure to cultivate a sense of self-evaluation
  • October 30, 2021 : What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make
  • October 24, 2021 : Science for the economic freedom of humanity
  • October 17, 2021 : An interdependent world cannot be an inequitable world
  • October 03, 2021 : Strength comes from an indomitable Will
  • SEPTEMBER 26, 2021 : Ethnocracy and concentration of power can derail even an affluent nation
  • SEPTEMBER 19, 2021 : Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.
  • SEPTEMBER 12, 2021 : Culture of entitlement comes with unreasonable expectations and insecurities 
  • SEPTEMBER 5, 2021 : Literacy is a vital skill that enhances dignity, improves health outcomes, empowers people to access their rights and bolsters opportunities
  • AUGUST 29, 2021 : A parliamentary system of government rests on a functioning opposition as ‘no democracy can do without it’.
  • AUGUST 22, 2021 : Development must lead to dismantle all kinds of human unfreedom
  • AUGUST 15, 2021 : Sport is a reflection of larger social phenomena
  • AUGUST 8, 2021 : Every social stratum has its own Common Sense and its own good sense
  • AUGUST 1, 2021 : Capitalism without competition is not Capitalism. It is Exploitation.
  • JULY 25, 2021 : We don’t have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment
  • JULY 18,2021 : We Need not a social conscience, but a social consciousness.
  • JULY 11, 2021 : The cure for evils of democracy is more democracy.
  • JULY 04, 2021 : No Constitution by itself achieves perfect justice
  • JUNE 27, 2021 : Our world has achieved brilliance without conscience.
  • JUNE 20, 2021 : Our common humanity demands that we make the impossible possible.
  • JUNE 13, 2021 : Without courage we cannot practice any other virtue with consistency. We can’t be kind, true, merciful, generous, or honest.
  • JUNE 06, 2021 : The political problem of mankind is to combine three things: economic efficiency, social justice and individual liberty.
  • MAY 30, 2021 : Economics without ethics is a caricature & ethics without economics is a fairy tale.
  • MAY 23 , 2021 : Indecisiveness is the rival of Progression
  • MAY 16 , 2021 : Time changes everything except something within us which is always surprised by change.
  • May 09, 2021 : The possession of arbitrary power has always, the world over, tended irresistibly to destroy humane sensibility, magnanimity, and truth
  • May 02, 2021 : The truth of character is expressed through choice of act ions
  • April 25, 2021 : It is not our differences that divide us; It is our inability to recognise, accept, and celebrate those differences.
  • April 18, 2021 : Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
  • April 11, 2021 : Solutions emerge if situations are not forced
  • April 04, 2021 : Morality is subservient to materialistic values in present times
  • March 28, 2021 : Prejudice is a burden that confuses the past, threatens the future and renders the present inaccessible
  • March 21, 2021 : Our major social problems are not the cause of our decadence but are a reflection of it
  • March 14, 2021 : The Future of Multilateralism : Towards a responsible Globalization
  • March 07, 2021 : Subtlety may deceive you; Integrity never will
  • February 28, 2021 :Technology as the silent factor in international relations
  • February 21, 2021 :Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality
  • February 14, 2021:There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless
  • February 07, 2021: Culture is what we are civilization is what we have
  • January 31, 2021: Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication
  • January 24, 2021: Ships do not sink because of water around them , ships sink because of water that gets into them
  • January 17, 2021: Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self
  • January 10, 2021: Life is long journey between human being and being humane
  • January 03, 2021: The Covid pandemic has revealed the urgent need for effective governance everywhere”
  • December 27, 2020: Challenges of 21st Century – insurmountable?
  • December 20, 2020: Too much Democracy is Detrimental to Development
  • December 13, 2020: Happiness is not an ideal of reason, but of imagination.

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2020

  • December 06, 2020 : As you Start to walk on the way, the Way appears
  • November 29, 2020: Need of the Hour is to Maximise Possibilities of Agriculture in India
  • November 22, 2020: The survival of democracy depends on its ability to lower social uncertainty
  • November 15, 2020: There is no greatness where there is no simplicity
  • November 08, 2020: Inequality can be Reduced by the Power of the Market rather than the Government
  • November 01, 2020: Civil liberties are fundamental to the functioning of modern democracies
  • October 25, 2020: Artificial Intelligence is Not All Evil – It can Promote Social Good Too
  • October 18, 2020: Wherever law ends, tyranny begins
  • October 11, 2020:Hyper-globalism is threat to human prosperity
  • September 27, 2020: Our World is in a Surplus of Multilateral Challenges and a Deficit of Solutions
  • September 20, 2020: In India Agriculture and the Farmer are both the Victims of Narrow Political Vision
  • September 13, 2020: India Needs Aggressive and Pragmatic Neighbourhood Policy
  • September 6, 2020: “The greatest discovery of all time is that a person can change his future by merely changing his  attitude .
  • August 30, 2020: The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal
  • August 23, 2020: Justice will not be served until those who are unaffected are as outraged as those who are.
  • August 16, 2020: Life without liberty is like a body without spirit.
  • August 09, 2020: Strive not to be a success, but rather to be of value
  • August 02, 2020: New Education Policy 2020: A Progressive Policy with Diverse Challenges
  • July 26, 2020: In a democracy, the individual enjoys not only the ultimate power but carries the ultimate responsibility
  • July 19, 2020: Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance
  • July 12, 2020: The human spirit must prevail over technology
  • July 05, 2020: When the power of love overcomes the love of power the world will know peace.
  • June 28, 2020: Today India Needs ‘Harmony in Diversity’, Not Unity in Diversity.
  • June 21, 2020: A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.
  • June 14, 2020: Post Independence, the Issue of Land is at the Core of India’s Non-Achievement of Its Development Aspirations
  • June 7, 2020: Never Let a Good Crisis Go to Waste
  • May 31, 2020: Despite Challenges, To be a Healthy and Successful Nation, India must Ensure Universal Health Coverage 
  • May 24, 2020: Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.
  • May 17, 2020:The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little
  • May 10, 2020: Urban Exclusion of Migrant Workers in India is a Reality and Needs Urgent Robust Policy Measures
  • May 03, 2020: Uncertainty should ignite creativity, not depravity
  • April 26, 2020: The fool doth think he is wise but the wise man knows himself to be a fool
  • April 19, 2020: Social Harmony, not Social Distancing, is the final solution to all our problems
  • April 12, 2020: It is our choices, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities
  • April 05, 2020: Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking
  • March 29, 2020: “Problems cannot be solved at the same level of awareness that created them”
  • March 22, 2020: In order to understand the world one has to turn away from it on occasion
  • March 15, 2020: Pandemics such as COVID-19, though Catastrophic, are in the end Meant to Reset Humanity and its Priorities
  • March 08, 2020: Those who have wisdom have all: Fools with all have nothing
  • March 01, 2020: Indifferentism is the worst kind of disease that can affect people.
  • [VIDEO] Perspectives on Essay Topic of Feb 23
  • February 23, 2020: To ease another’s heartache is to forget one’s own.
  • February 16, 2020 : When civil services does its job, people will not need social service
  • February 09, 2020 : The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
  • February 02, 2020: Ability will get you success, Character will keep you successful.
  • January 26, 2020: Media’s duty is to inform public, not manufacture opinion.
  • January 19, 2020: Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes
  • January 12, 2020 : Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition
  • J anuary 5, 2020 : All war is a symptom of man’s failure as a thinking animal
  • December 29, 2019 : There cannot be daily democracy without daily citizenship
  • December 22, 2019: War is the ultimate Price we pay for lasting Peace
  • December 15, 2019 : Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a peaceful society
  • December 08, 2019: Justice Loses Character if it becomes Revenge
  • December 01. 2019: Economic Growth and Development are Shaped by the Societies in which they Operate
  • November 24, 2019: Social Media is the Fourth Pillar of Democracy
  • November 17, 2019: Media is No More a Fourth Pillar of Democracy
  • November 10, 2019: Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling
  • November 03, 2019:Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy
  • October 27, 2019: Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness
  • October 20, 2019: South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities
  • October 13, 2019: Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success
  • October 06, 2019: Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society
  • September 29, 2019: Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be
  • September 22, 2019: Wisdom finds truth

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2019

  • September 15, 2019: Kashmir Problem – Historical Injustice or Misguided Geopolitics?
  • September 08, 2019: India’s Space Ambitions – Are they Welfarist?
  • September 01, 2019: India – $5 Trillion Economy: Dream or Reality?
  • August 25, 2019 Knowledge will give you power, but character respect.
  • August 18, 2019 The mind is everything. What you think you become.
  • August 11, 2019: Virtue is Knowledge
  • August 04, 2019: Inclusive governance begets Inclusive growth
  • July 28, 2019: India’s headache: Unemployment or Underemployment?
  • July 21, 2019: The road to science and spirituality are opposite, but we should tread both
  • July 14, 2019: India is a leading power, rather than just a balancing power
  • July 07, 2019: Should the world embrace democratic socialism or progressive capitalism?
  • June 30, 2019: Impact of Digital Revolution on Human Wellbeing
  • June 23, 20 19: Contentment is natural wealth, luxury is artificial poverty
  • June 16, 2019: The definition of happiness is the full use of your powers, along the lines of excellence.
  • June 09, 2019: Not Corruption, Communalism is the Greatest Threat India is facing Today
  • May 19, 2019: First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.
  • May 12, 2019: Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake
  • May 05, 2019: Happiness equals reality minus expectations
  • April 28, 2019: Political correctness is tyranny with manners
  • April 21, 2019: The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.
  • April 07, 2019: Dogma is the sacrifice of wisdom to consistency
  • March 31, 2019: The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good.
  • March 24, 2019: Terrorism has No Religion
  • March 17, 2019: Money and Religion – Great Unifiers of Humankind?
  • March 10, 2019: Tradition becomes our security, and when the mind is secure it is in decay
  • March 03, 2019: Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower
  • February 24,2019: Knowledge speaks, but wisdom listens
  • February 17, 2019: Problems worthy of attack prove their worth by fighting back
  • February 10, 2019: Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
  • February 03, 2019: You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality
  • January 27, 2019: Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever
  • January 20, 2019: All that we are is the result of what we have thought.
  • January 12, 2019: All differences in this world are of degree, and not of kind, because oneness is the secret of everything.
  • January 06, 2019: National security is Irreversibly linked to good economic growth

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2018

  • December 28, 2018: To plan for smart development, governments and business must recognize nature’s role in supporting economic activity
  • December 23, 2018: Government Surveillance – Good or Bad?
  • December 16, 2018: Trade Wars – Economic or Geopolitical?
  • December 02, 2018: Immigration is Not a Threat, but Fundamentally it’s an Economic Issue
  • November 25, 2018: A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both
  • November 18, 2018: “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values
  • November 11, 2018: A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge
  • November 04, 2018: Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task
  • October 28, 2018: Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India
  • October 21, 2018: Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere
  • October 14, 2018: Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it
  • October 07, 2018: Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life
  • September 30, 2018: Commercialization of Space : Importance and the need for regulation
  • September 23, 2018: E-commerce as a new form of trade and its challenges to India.
  • September 16, 2018: Ability is nothing without opportunity
  • September 09, 2018: Death Penalty eliminates Criminals, not Crime.
  • September 02, 2018: Dissent is the foundation of democracy.
  • August 26, 2018: Mars Mission and Mob lynchings are two obverse faces of India
  • August 19, 2018: Strengthening Land Rights Strengthens Development
  • August 12, 2018: Age of Big Data: Data is the New Oil, History is its oldest bank
  • August 05, 2018: Strong Institutions and fair procedures, not personalities constitute the fundamentals of good governance
  • July 29, 2018: Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
  • July 22, 2018: Section 377, not the carnal acts banned under it is ‘against the order of nature ‘
  • July 15, 2018: Schooling Is Not Education
  • July 08, 2018: Sometimes it takes a natural disaster to reveal a social disaster.
  • July 01, 2018: Normal human activity is worse for nature than the greatest nuclear accident in history
  • June 24, 2018: Gender Sensitive Indian Society is Prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment
  • June 17, 2018: Where Should India Invest More – Human Capital or Human Development?
  • June 10, 2018: Has Democracy Taken Backseat Due to the Rise of Populists and Demagogues?
  • June 03, 2018: We won’t have a society ,if we destroy the environment
  • May 27, 2018: Can Development and Environment Protection Go Together?
  • May 20, 2018: Governor is the Choke Point of Federal Circuit of India
  • May 13, 2018: Anonymity is the Best and the Worst Feature of Urbanism
  • May 06, 2018: A man is but the product of his thoughts; what he thinks, he becomes
  • April 29, 2018: Guaranteeing Right to Vote may Establish a Democracy, But Ensuring it’s Right Use Only Will Bring a True Democracy
  • April 22, 2018: Stereotyping is an Ideological Force Which Hinders and Endangers Consolidation of India
  • April 15, 2018: Can Education and legislation Address Violence Against Women and Children in India?
  • April 8, 2018: Banking Crisis in India – Failure of Governance and Regulation?
  • April 1, 2018: Privacy is the fountainhead of all other rights
  • March 25, 2018: Impact of Technology on Human Relations and Human Productivity
  • March 18, 2018: India’s Focus should be on Ease of Living, not on Easy of Doing Business
  • March 11, 2018: A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody
  • March 04, 2018: Capitalism can not Bring Inclusive Growth
  • February 25, 2018: The unprecedented advance of technologies facilitate individual empowerment but at the cost of Institutions and Democratic societies
  • February 18, 2018: Threats being Faced by Liberal Democratic Systems are both Dangerous and Permanent
  • February 11, 2018: For India, Stigmatised Capitalism is Better than Crony Socialism
  • February 04, 2018: Art, freedom and creativity will change society faster than politics.
  • January 28, 2018: Politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak
  • January 21, 2018: Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime
  • January 14, 2018: Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding
  • January 07, 2018: The Root Cause of Agrarian Distress in India – Failure of Policies or Failure of Governance?

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2017

  • December 31, 2017: Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India
  • December 24, 2017: Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth
  • December 17, 2017: Joy is the simplest form of gratitude.
  • December 10, 2017: Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India
  • December 03, 2017: Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms
  • November 19, 2017: Has the Non- Alignment Movement(NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world
  • November 12, 2017: Social media is inherently a selfish medium.
  • November 04, 2017: We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws
  • October 29, 2017: Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all the others.
  • October 22, 2017: Harith Diwali, Swasth Diwali : What measures are needed to deal with Festivity and Air Pollution?
  • October 15, 2017: Biggest Threat to Humanity – Moral Crisis or Climate Change?
  • October 08, 2017: The monsoon is a defining aspect of India’s nationhood
  • October 01, 2017: India’s Infrastructure Story – Why is India not able to Build like China?
  • September 24, 2017: Impact of Digital Technologies on Globalisation
  • September 17, 2017: Urbanisation and Solid Waste Management in India – Challenges and Opportunities
  • September 10,2017: Gender Equality and Peace: Are They Connected?
  • September 03, 2017: Recent Natural Disasters – What do they Reveal about Humanity?
  • August 27, 2017: Godmen – A Threat to Indian Society and Culture
  • August 20, 2017: Corruption in India: Neither Systemic Reforms nor Surgical Strikes would End it
  • August 13,2017: Interrelationship between Gender Equality and Sustainable Development
  • August 06, 2017: Utility and relevance of Parliament in our polity
  • July 30, 2017: Caste System – Source of India’s Eternal Inequality?
  • July 23, 2017: Indian Democracy, Media and Public Opinion – Does Public Opinion Matter in Policymaking?
  • July 16, 2017: Poverty and Environment – Their Interrelationship is the Key to Sustainable World
  • July 09, 2017: Soft Power is India’s Strength, not its Weakness
  • July 02, 2017: Technology and Jobs – Is Technology a Curse?
  • June 25, 2017: Democracy’s Relevance in the Face of New Global Threats
  • June 18, 2017: Federalism in India – Competitive or Cooperative?
  • June 11, 2017: Peace, Environment and Development: Are these Interrelated?
  • June 04, 2017: Role of Technology in Development – Is Technology Helping or Hindering Development?
  • May 28, 2017: Poverty is a State of Mind
  • May 21, 2017: Does India Need Superpower Status?
  • May 14, 2017: India’s Achilles Heel – Lack of Ambition or Lack of Leadership in Achieving Greatness?
  • May 07, 2017: Don’t limit a child to your own learning, for he was born in another time.
  • April 29, 2017: The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation
  • April 23, 2017: To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom
  • April 16, 2017: One-Party-Dominant System – Is it Good for India?
  • April 09, 2017: Should Youth in India Consider Politics as Career?
  • April 02, 2017: Can World Save Succeeding Generations from the Scourge of War?
  • March 26, 2017: Low, stagnating female labour-force participation in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms?
  • March 19, 2017: When a man is denied the right to live the life he believes in, he has no choice but to become an outlaw
  • March 12, 2017: The marks humans leave are too often scars
  • March 05, 2017: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitics: How to save our Environment?
  • February 27, 2017: Radical Solutions are Needed to Address Today’s Radical Problems
  • February 19, 2017: India’s Importance in the Post-truth World
  • February 12, 2017: The Role of Politics in Development
  • February 05, 2017: Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored
  • January 29, 2017: Building Walls and Banning Refugees – Does this Help Humanity?
  • January 22, 2017: Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality
  • January 15, 2017: Cyberspace and internet: Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run
  • January 08, 2017: Water disputes between states in federal India
  • January 01, 2017: Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed

WEEKLY UPSC IAS ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2016

  • (December 25, 2016) – Cooperative federalism: Myth or reality
  • (December 18, 2016) – Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare
  • (December 11, 2016) – Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms
  • (December 04, 2016) – If development is not engendered, it is endangered
  • (November 27, 2016) – Social media is better at breaking things than at making things
  • (November 20, 2016) – Deglobalization is good for the world
  • (November 12, 2016) – Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others
  • (November 06, 2016) – It is not inequality which is the real misfortune, it is dependence
  • (October 30, 2016) – Reducing Poverty while also Conserving Nature is an Impossible Task
  • (October 23, 2016) – Poverty can be eliminated by putting science at the heart of development
  • (October 16, 2016) – People shouldn’t be afraid of their government. Governments should be afraid of their people
  • (October 09, 2016) – Better Access is Key to Inclusive Cities
  • (October 02, 2016) – The weaker sections of Indian society – Are their Rights and Access to Justice Getting Better?
  • (September 25, 2016) – Imagination is more important than intelligence
  • (September 18, 2016) – Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life
  • (September 11, 2016) – Not what we have But what we enjoy, constitutes our abundance
  • (September 04, 2016) – It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it
  • (August 28, 2016) – If one can Address Moral Crisis, many of World’s Problems can be Solved
  • (August 21, 2016) – Overdependence on Technology will Advance Human Development
  • (August 14, 2016) – Geography may remain the same ; history need not
  • (August 07, 2016) – Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom
  • (July 31, 2016) – To live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all
  • (July 24, 2016) – True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing
  • (July 17, 2016) – We Can Not Fight Terrorism – We have to Live With it
  • (July 10, 2016) – A house divided against itself cannot stand
  • (July 02, 2016) – When the going gets tough, the tough get going
  • (June 26, 2016) – India a Reluctant Participant in the New Global Order?
  • (June 19, 2016) – Inclusiveness in India – Still a Dream?
  • (June 12, 2016) – No one can make you feel inferior without your consent
  • (June 05, 2016) – Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted
  • (May 29, 2016) – It is hard to free fools from the chains they revere
  • (May 22, 2016) – Honest disagreement is often a good sign of progress
  • (May 15, 2016) – Fire is a good servant but a bad master
  • (May 08, 2016) – The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence
  • (May 01, 2016) – Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Development
  • (April 24, 2016) – It takes a whole village to raise a child
  • (April 17, 2016) – Trust take years to Build, Seconds to Break
  • (April 10, 2016) – Cleanliness is next to Godliness
  • (April 03, 2016) – Honesty is the Best Policy
  • (March 27, 2016) – Before criticizing a man, walk a mile in his shoes
  • (March 20, 2016) – Caste System – India’s Enduring Curse
  • (March 13, 2016) – Fortune favors the bold
  • (March 06, 2016) – Quick but steady wins the race
  • (February 28, 2016) – Dreams which should not let India sleep
  • (February 21, 2016) – Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole
  • (February 14, 2016) – Technology cannot replace manpower
  • (February 7, 2016) – Character of an institution is reflected in its leader
  • (January 31, 2016) – Can Capitalism bring Inclusive Growth?
  • (January 24, 2016) – Crisis Faced in India – Moral or Economic?
  • (January 17, 2016) – Too many cooks spoil the broth
  • (January 10, 2016) – The Best Things in Life are Free
  • (January 3, 2016) – Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.

WEEKLY ESSAY WRITING CHALLENGES – 2015

  • 27 December 2015
  • 20 December 2015
  • 13 December 2015
  • 06 December 2015
  • 28 November 2015
  • 21 November 2015
  • 15 November 2015
  • 08 November 2015
  • 01 November 2015
  • 25 October 2015
  • 18 October 2015
  • 11 October 2015
  • 04 October 2015
  • 27 September 2015
  • 20 September 2015
  • 13 September 2015
  • 06 September 2015
  • 31 August 2015
  • 30 August 2015
  • 23 August 2015
  • 16 August 2015
  • 09 August 2015
  • 01 August 2015
  • 26 July 2015
  • 19 July 2015
  • 12 July 2015
  • 05 July 2015
  • 28 June 2015
  • 21 June 2015
  • 14 June 2015
  • 07 June 2015
  • 31 May 2015
  • 24 May 2015
  • 17 May 2015
  • 10 May 2015
  • 03 May 2015
  • 26 April 2015
  • 19 April 2015
  • 12 April 2015
  • 05 April 2015
  • 29 March 2015
  • 22 March 2015
  • 15 March 2015
  • 01 March 2015
  • 22 February 2015
  • 15 February 2015
  • 08 February 2015
  • 01 February 2015
  • 25 January 2015
  • 18 January 2015
  • 11 January 2015
  • 04 January 2015

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upsc essay paper 2013

Essay Mains Previous Year’s Question Paper 2013-2019 PDF

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upsc essay paper 2013

UPSC Mains: Syllabus, Question Papers, Mock Tests, Art of Answer Writing

  • Mains GS Papers Topicwise from 2013-2023
  • Mrunal’s Model Answers for UPSC GSM-2020 Paper

Mains GS Paper1: History, Social Science, Geography

Mains gs paper2: polity, governance,international relation, mains gs paper3: economy, environment, sci-tech, internal security, mains gs paper4: ethics, integrity, attitude, mains gs and essay papers topicwise from 2013-2022.

  • [Download] UPSC Mains Essay Paper, Including Topicwise last 30 YEARS Essay Question Papers (1993-2023) with booklist, strategy!
  • [Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-1 (GSM1): History, Geography, Social Science
  • [Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-2 (GSM2): Polity, Welfare, Governance, International Relations (IR) since new Syllabus of 2013-2023
  • [Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-3 (GSM3): Economy, Agriculture, Disaster Management, EIA, Science, Internal Security since new Syllabus of (2013-2023)
  • [Download] UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-4 (GSM4) Topicwise Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude – All Papers (2013-2023)
  • Indian culture covers the salient features of Literature, Art Forms, and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
  • Modern Indian history include the significant events, personalities, issues during the middle of the eighteenth century until the present
  • Various stages and important contributors and contributions from different parts of the country in ‘The Freedom Struggle’
  • Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country
  • History of the world includes events, forms and effect on the society from 18th century like world wars, industrial revolution, colonization, redrawal of national boundaries, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc
  • Salient aspects of Diversity of India and Indian Society
  • Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and remedies
  • Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism
  • Distribution of key natural resources across the world including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent; factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world including India
  • Effects of globalization on Indian society
  • Salient features of world’s physical geography
  • Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes
  • [Download] ALL UPSC GSM1 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1: Urban poor women living conditions more deplorable than rural counterparts
  • [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Democractic Elements in Religious Reforms (250 Words)
  • [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Quit India Movement- Planned or Spontaneous? (250 Words)
  • [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Gandhi’s Secular Image vs. Khilafat Support
  • [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: British Imperialism Exigencies
  • [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Hindu elements in Mughal Architecture
  • [Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Chola Bronze Sculptures
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q20: Geography / Urbanization- New Problems of IT-BPO Cities (250 words, 15 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q19: How religiosity transformed into communalism in Independent India? (250 words)
  • [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-1 with FREE Question-cum-Answerbooklet (QCA)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q18: Women Issues & Debates in the 19th Century India (250 words, 15 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q17: Geography- Monsoon climate that feeds over 50% population of World
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q16: Geography- Converting floods into irrigation & inland navigation sources?
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q15: Implications of Market-based Petro Refineries on developing country?
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q14: Oceanic Salinity variations & its multi-dimensional effects (250 words, 15 marks) Physical Geography
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q13: New Objectives added to vision of Free India since 1920s
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q12: How traditional artisanal industry’s decline crippled rural economy of colonial India
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q11: Indian society’s spirit of tolerance & love in past & present times
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q10: Major legal initiatives by the State since Independence on discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q9: Whether regions form cultural units or States? (10 Marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q8: Geography: How does Cryosphere affect Global Climate?
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q7: Benefits of Pulse Cultivation, Why UN declared International Year of Pulses?
  • [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q5: Physical Geography: NASA’s Juno Mission: Knowing Earth’s Origin from Jupiter’s Data?
  • [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q4: World History- Decolonization problems in Malay Peninsula
  • [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q3: Freedom Struggle: Why Moderates failed to convince masses by end of 19th Century?
  • [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q2: Spectre of fragmented polity in mid-eighteenth century India (150 words, 10 Marks)
  • [Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q1: Gupta coins & numismatic art was better than its successive dynasties. Justify (150 Words, 10 Marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q6: Carbon Imperialism vs Economic Cost of Renewable Energy vs Social Cost of Thermal Powerplants: Model Answers in Hindi & English
  • [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS1, Set#1: History & Culture, Society & Geography; with sources for Model Answerkey
  • [AW/GSM1] Art & Culture: Declining Male Classical Dancers & Sanskrit Literature in Modern India- with Model Answers
  • [AW/GSM1] History: Thugs of Hindustan, Criminal Tribes Act 1871, Rise of Totalitarianism in Europe- with Model Answers
  • [AW/GSM1] Society: Post-Truth & Rise of Intolerance in India vs (GSM2): Constitution: Liberty of Thought & Expression? With Model Answers
  • [AW/GSM1] Post-Independence: LTTE vs IPKF & Globalization vs FLPR with Model Answers
  • Lecture/Rao forGSM1: Narasimha Rao’s Diplomacy & Mains Answer writing Basics
  • Lecture/GSM1: Right wing Vigilantism in India vs Alt-Right in Trump’s USA: Compare Contrast
  • Lecture/GSM1&4: DeenDayal- Integral humanism (एकात्म मानवदर्शन), One India (एक भारत), Dharma Rajya
  • Lecture/GSM1: Leather Industry- Location Factors, Opportunities, Challenges, Cow Vigilantism
  • Lecture/GSM1- Urban Floods: Problem, Remedies, Chennai Floods & Disaster Mitigation
  • FREE Complete Lecture Series on World History by Pratik Nayak
  • Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
  • Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
  • Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
  • Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions
  • Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these
  • Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
  • Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity
  • Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
  • Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
  • Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
  • Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections
  • Health, Education, Human Resources
  • Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders
  • Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to
  • Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures
  • Issues relating to poverty and hunger
  • Role of civil services in a democracy
  • Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
  • India and its neighborhood- relations
  • Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate
  • Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora
  • [Download] ALL UPSC GSM2 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Critically Examine the Need to abolish No-Detention Policy under Right to Education Act (150 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Explain the signifiance of ‘Affordable Housing’ in Human & Economic Development of India (150 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Why did Govt. propose Triple Talaq Bill / Ordinance? List Salient Features (150 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Diplomacy- Modi’s De-hyphenation Policy vs Nehru’s NAM Policy (250 words, 15 Marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Son Meta-Preference impact on India’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) at UNDP (250 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Ayushman Bharat-NHPM: Features, Fiscal & Administrative challenges (250 words, 15 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: 15th Finance Commission’s Terms of Reference (TOR)- Why are States apprehensive? (250 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Law Commission Report#276: Legalizing Sports-Betting in India. Discuss your Stand (250 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: National Register of Citizens (NRC) & Assam Accord: Features & Interconnections (250 words)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Article 239AA & Lieutenant Governor’s Absolutism Post-SC Judgement
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: OBC Sub-categorization: Constitutional and Legal dimensions (150 words, 10 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: American Senate is more powerful than Indian Rajya Sabha. Analyse
  • [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS2: Set#2- US Senate vs Rajya Sabha, Modi’s De-hyphenated Policy vs Nehru’s NAM
  • [Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS2: Set#1 with model Answerkey: SC guidelines on Section 498-A
  • [Economy/GSM2] Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) vs WTO: MFN-Forward, Standstill & Ratchet, India’s stand, with Model Answers in Hindi & English
  • [AW/GSM2] Art of Answer writing: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)- 3 Mock Questions & Model Answers in Hindi & English
  • [AW/GSM2] Art of Answer writing: Regulatory Bodies autonomy & independence: Model Answers in English & Hindi
  • Lecture/GS2: Natural Fiber Textiles vs SDG; Bulk Drugs & API Industry- Govt Policies
  • Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Referendum in India? Lessons from BREXIT, Columbia & Scotland
  • Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Refugee & Asylum Framework in India? Lessons from EU-Refugee Crisis
  • Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Parliamentary Secretary, Office of Profit: Constitutional origins?
  • Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Directly Elected Mayor system in ULBs, Private Member’s Bill- merits of
  • Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Regulatory Bodies: Algo-Trading vs SEBI, MCI vs NMC?
  • Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
  • Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.
  • Government Budgeting.
  • Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
  • Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
  • Economics of animal-rearing.
  • Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
  • Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions
  • Land reforms in India.
  • Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
  • Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
  • Investment models.
  • Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
  • Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
  • Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
  • Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
  • Disaster and disaster management.
  • Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
  • Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
  • Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention
  • Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
  • Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
  • [Download] ALL UPSC GSM3 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
  • Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q12: Disaster Vulnerability types & characterization in हिंदी & English (10m, 150 words)
  • Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q11: Hazard Zonation Mapping for Landslide Disaster Preparedness in हिंदी & English (15m, 250 words)
  • Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q10: Govt Reforms to make PDS food grain distribution system more effective (15m, 250 words) in हिंदी & English
  • Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q9: Govt initiatives for Food Processing Sector in India (15m, 250 words) in हिंदी & English
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q8: Contributions of Sir M.Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q7:National Watershed Project in increasing agricultural production? (10m, 150 words)
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q6: Integrated Farming System for sustaining agricultural production? (10m, 150 words)
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q5: Biotechnology for Farmers Income Improvement? (15m, 250 words)
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q3: Is Indian Economy in Good shape?
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q3: Inclusive Growth strategy for Sustainability
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q2: Public Expenditure Management challenges Post-LPG Reforms
  • [Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q1: Comment on Revenue implications of GST
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q12: How is Protectionism & Currency Manipulation affecting Indian Economy?
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q11: How principles of NITI Aayog different from Planning Commission? (15 marks) incl. HINDI ANSWER
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q10: Internal Security- Govt’s approach to Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? (10m)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q9: Why India distanced from China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)? (10 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q8: 100% Organic Farming State’s ecological and economical benefits? (10 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q7: Ramsar “Wise use” Concept for wetland conservation (150 words, 10 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q6: How to remove Toxic Solid Waste from Habitable Environment? (10 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q5: Discuss how Bose-Einstein Statistics revolutionized the field of Physics? (10 marks)
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q4: Food-Processing: How Supermarket supply chain management (SCM) eliminates intermediaries?
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q3: Agriculture Issues- How MSP protects farmers from Low-Income Trap?
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q2: Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) & Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget
  • [Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q1: Energy Access initiatives for SDG: Ujjwala, Saubhagya, Gram-Jyoti, Urja Ganga, Uday (150 words)
  • [AW/GSM3] Internal Security: Preventing Lone Wolf & Hate Speech on Social Media: Mock Questions with Model Answer Writing
  • [GSM3/Disasters] Human Stampede Prevention, Role of Science Tech (GSM3) & Code for Media (GSM4) With Model Answer Writing
  • [AW/GSM3] Economy: Give Fiscal stimulus for 6-Quarter GDP dip & GST troubles of MSME/Small Traders? Critically Examine. Model Answer Included
  • [Economy] WTO Buenos Aires Summit #EPICFAIL: Model Answers for UPSC Mains GS2 & GS3
  • [AW/GSM3] Carbon Imperialism vs Economic Cost of Renewable Energy vs Social Cost of Thermal Powerplants: Model Answers in Hindi & English
  • [Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Credit & Inputs (Part 1/3) for Descriptive Exams gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
  • [Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Extension & Research, GM Crops (Part 2/3) for Descriptive Exams gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
  • [Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Output Selling (3/3): Price Deficiency Payment (PDP), MSP, APMC & Food Management gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
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This paper includes questions to check the candidate’s’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his/her problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him/her while dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects and covers area:

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Metals from the ritual site of Shaitanskoye Ozero II (Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)

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2010, Trabajos de Prehistoria

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Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes (Arkheologiya Evraziyskikh stepey)

Volgo-Kama Neolithic resulted from an expansion of the Elshan culture to Lower Kama c. 5700 BCE. Corresponding “Indo-Uralic” linguistic parallels attest to an expansion of pre-Proto-Indo-European speakers to the area of pre-Proto-Uralic speakers. This supports the evidence of linguistic palaeontology (Proto-Uralic words for ‘cembra pine’ and for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’) for the Kama River Valley as the Uralic homeland. Proto-Uralic had loanwords from pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian, whose speakers can now be traced to the Abashevo culture of 2200–2000 BCE: the Abashevo expansion from Lower Kama to the Ural-Tobol interfluve created the Sintashta culture (2000–1900 BCE), which has the earliest archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, matching Proto-Indo-Iranian chariot vocabulary. Between 2200 and 1900 BCE, the Sejma-Turbino network (ST) of warrior-smith-traders distributed high-quality weapons along the border of taiga and steppe between the Upper Ob and Finland. This long but narrow corridor matches the distribution of the intermediate proto-languages of the Uralic family. It is argued that the ST came into being when Abashevo smiths moved from Balanbash on Lower Kama to Turbino on Mid-Kama and there created the ST metal axe-celt to replace the local stone-celt. The metal axe and Abashevo-like lance-heads and other weapons were then traded west and east, to hunter-fisher-cultures of Europe and Siberia (where weapons of tin-bronze were produced), establishing Proto-Uralic as the language of the areas of ST rule.

upsc essay paper 2013

Igor Kovtun , Alexey Marochkin

This study focuses on the typological, cultural and chronological attribution of the Seima-Turbino bronzes, which were found in the Kuznetsk Basin and the Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe. The authors provide a general review of pseudo-textile ceramics, which were widespread in the early 2nd millennium BC in the area spreading from the Tom River to the Tobol River. It is suggested that this cultural association of the Kuznetsk Basin is related to the Seima-Turbino antiquities. The dating of the Krokhalevka pseudo-textile ceramics to the end of the 3rd millennium BC – the fi rst quarter of the 2nd millennium BC is substantiated. It is argued that the defi nition of the " Samus-Seima " period is incorrect and does not correspond to modern scholarship.

Chinese Cultural Relics

Seima-Turbino Culture is an early Bronze Age culture in the Eurasian Steppes. The representative artifact of this culture—the socketed bronze spearhead with a side hook, has had 13 samples found in China. The metal composition analyses and typological researches to these 13 bronze spearheads showed that they were mainly made of copper or arsenical copper with casting technique, which were later than the copper or arsenical copper wares of the West made with forging technique and dated as corresponding to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Ages of China. These socketed bronze spearheads with side hook found in China are directly related to the Seima-Turbino Culture, the diffusion of which along the prehistoric Silk Road and the influence to Chinese Civilization revealed again that the cultural communications between China and the West was started on the Eurasian Steppes, and the history of the development of Chinese Civilization was the history of the uninterrupted communication between the cultures of China and the excellent cultures of other nations and ethnic groups in the world.

Japanese Journal of Archaeology

Keita MATSUMOTO

Scholars have long been aware of the interaction and migration sweeping across the vastness of the Eurasian Steppes in the Bronze Age, but the historical significance of individual cases of interaction has not been clear. This study demonstrates the major qualitative change that took place in interactions in the Steppes immediately before the emergence of the Scytho-Siberian culture and presents a new theory of interaction to replace the monistic/pluralistic approach.

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

A. D . Degtyareva

Data on Bronze Age copper and bronze vessel finds in Kazakhstan were collected. Most of these finds are located near to the largest Eurasian deposits of copper and tin found at Saryarka and Rudny Altai. Metal vessels were found in burials, settlements and hoards of the Sintashta, Petrovka and Sargary–Alekseevka cultures of the second millennium BC. A comprehensive analytical study of the objects (X-ray fluorescence, metallographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy) revealed a change in the traditions of manufacturing vessels over the millennium. If in the Petrovka culture, the vessels were cast from pure oxidised copper according to a lost wax model, with subsequent hammering of its body by forging hot, high-quality welding connecting the bottom to the base of the artifact, by the second half of the second millennium BC technological traditions were being improved in accordance with the general trends in the development of metal production. Metal containers were cast from low-alloyed tin bronze (Sn up to 5%) including the use of wax models of vessel parts followed by malleation and hot-pressure welding of parts of the artifact or the forging of the workpiece with subsequent joining of parts with rivets. The use of metal to imitate ceramic vessel forms is traced, as well as, to a certain extent, the technology used in their manufacture. These observations, as well as the use of traditional methods for producing copper and alloys in the presence of the huge raw material base of Saryarka and East Kazakhstan, undoubtedly testify to the local nature of the production of the vessels.

Liangren Zhang

Zhanna Marchenko , Svyatko Svetlana

This paper discusses the chronology of burial grounds containing specific Seima-Turbino type bronze 11 weaponry (spears, knives, and celts). The " transcultural " Seima-Turbino phenomenon relates to a wide distribution 12 of specific objects found within the sites of different Bronze Age cultures in Eurasia, not immediately related to each 13 other. The majority of the Seima-Turbino objects represent occasional findings, and they are rarely recovered from 14 burial grounds. Here, we present a new set of 14 C dates from cemeteries in western Siberia, including the key Asian 15 site Rostovka, with the largest number of graves containing Seima-Turbino objects. Currently, the presented database 16 is the most extensive for the Seima-Turbino complexes. The resulting radiocarbon (14 C) chronology for the western 17 Siberian sites (22nd–20th centuries cal BC) is older than the existing chronology based on typological analysis 18 (16th–15th centuries BC) and some earlier 14 C dates for the Seima-Turbino sites in eastern Europe. Another impor-19 tant aspect of this work is 14 C dating of complexes within specific bronze objects—daggers with figured handles— 20 which some researchers have related to the Seima-Turbino type objects. These items are mostly represented by 21 occasional finds in Central Asia, however, in western Siberia these have been recovered from burials, too. The 22 14 C dating attributes these daggers to the end of the 3rd millennium cal BC, suggesting their similar timing to the 23 Seima-Turbino objects. Further research into freshwater reservoir offsets in the region is essential for a more reliable 24 reconstruction of the chronology of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and the daggers with figured handles. 25

B.W. Roberts, C. P. Thornton (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective

Joyce White

Journal of World Prehistory

In the four decades since the discovery that a discrete Bronze Age preceded the Iron Age in mainland Southeast Asia, much has been learned about the dating, technology, production, organization, and use of bronze metallurgy in the region, particularly in prehistoric Thailand. Although independent invention of copper smelting in Southeast Asia has not been considered likely by most regional archaeologists since the 1980s, the source of copper-base technology and the mechanisms of adoption remain poorly understood. Arguments claiming that the primary stimulus for the appearance of copper-base metallurgy in Southeast Asia came from early states in the Central Plain of China have dominated recent discussions, but anthropological approaches to technology transmission, adoption, and adaptation have yet to be systematically explored. After summarizing the current evidence for early bronze metallurgy in Thailand, this paper proposes an alternative to the predominant Sinocentric view of the source for Southeast Asian bronze technology. It will be proposed on both chronological and technological grounds that the first bronze metallurgy in Southeast Asia was derived from pre-Andronovo late third millennium BC Eurasian forest-steppe metals technology, and not from the second millennium, technologically distinctive, élite-sponsored bronze metallurgy of the Chinese Erlitou or Erligang Periods. Hypotheses for a transmission route and a research agenda for resolving debates on bronze origins in Southeast Asia are offered.

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Yekaterinburg & Sverdlovsk Oblast

History, Politics, and Economics

Yekaterinburg lies at the crossroads between Europe and Asia, east of the slopes of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. The continental divide is 30 kilometers west of the city. Yekaterinburg is Russia’s third or fourth largest city with a population of 1.5 million. It was founded in 1723 and is named for Peter the Great’s wife, Catherine I. Peter recognized the importance of Yekaterinburg and the surrounding region for the rapid industrial development necessary to bolster Russia’s military power.Today, Yekaterinburg is primarily known both as a center of heavy industry and steel-making, the Russian equivalent of Pittsburgh, and as a major freight transportation hub. Its major industries include ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemicals, timber, and pulp and paper. Yekaterinburg has long been an important trading center for goods coming from Siberia, Central Asia and Europe. The city also has a reputation as a center of higher education and research. The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located there with its 18 institutes and numerous research facilities linked to industry. Yekaterinburg is also well known as a center for the performing arts. Its Opera and Ballet Theater dates back to 1912. The Urals Philharmonic Orchestra is the largest symphony orchestra in central Russia.

Yekaterinburg is the capital of Sverdlovsk Oblast (an oblast is the equivalent of a American state). Economically, Sverdlovsk is among 10 of the 89 administrative subdivisions of the Russian Federation that are net contributors to the federal budget. Sverdlovsk has produced many prominent political figures, including Russia’s first President, Boris Yeltsin, and Russia’s first elected Governor, Eduard Rossel. Since the establishment of the Russian Federation, Sverdlovsk Oblast has been one of the nation’s leaders in political and economic reform. In 1996, Sverdlovsk became the first oblast to conclude agreements with the Federal Government granting it greater political autonomy and the right to conduct its own foreign economic relations.

Economic reform has gathered momentum in Sverdlovsk Oblast. The majority of Sverdlovsk’s industries have been privatized. 75% of enterprises are at least partially owned by private interests. About three-quarters of retail sales and industrial output is generated by private enterprise. Services have grown to 40 percent of oblast GDP, up from only 16 percent in 1992. About 25,000 small businesses are registered in the oblast. Small businesses make up about one-third of the construction, trade and food service.

Industry and Natural Resources

Sverdlovvsk Oblast, like most of the Urals region, possesses abundant natural resources. It is one of Russia’s leaders in mineral extraction. Sverdlovsk produces 70% of Russia’s bauxite, 60% of asbestos, 23% of iron, 97% of vanadium, 6% of copper and 2% of nickel. Forests cover 65% of the oblast. It also produces 6% of Russia’s timber and 7% of its plywood. Sverdlovsk has the largest GDP of any oblast in the Urals. The oblast’s major exports include steel (20% of its foreign trade turnover), chemicals (11%), copper (11%), aluminum (8%) and titanium (3%). In terms of industrial output, Sverdlovsk ranks second only to Moscow Oblast and produces 5% of Russia’s total. Ferrous metallurgy and machine-building still constitute a major part of the oblast’s economy. Yekaterinburg is well known for its concentration of industrial manufacturing plants. The city’s largest factories produce oil extraction equipment, tubes and pipes, steel rollers, steam turbines and manufacturing equipment for other factories.

Non-ferrous metallurgy remains a growth sector. The Verkhnaya Salda Titanium Plant (VSMPO) is the largest titanium works in Russia and the second largest in the world. A second growth sector is food production and processing, with many firms purchasing foreign equipment to upgrade production. The financial crisis has increased demand for domestically produced foodstuffs, as consumers can no longer afford more expensive imported products. Many of Yekaterinburg’s leading food processors — including the Konfi Chocolate Factory, Myasomoltorg Ice-Cream Plant, Myasokombinat Meat Packing Plant and Patra Brewery — have remained financially stable and look forward to growth.

Foreign Trade and Investment

Sverdlovsk Oblast offers investors opportunities mainly in raw materials (metals and minerals) and heavy industries (oil extraction and pipeline equipment). There is also interest in importing Western products in the fields of telecommunications, food processing, safety and security systems, and medicine and construction materials. Both Sverdlovsk Oblast and Yekaterinburg city officials have encouraged foreign investment and created a receptive business climate. The oblast has a Foreign Investment Support Department and a website which profiles over 200 local companies. The city government opened its own investment support center in 1998 to assist foreign companies. Despite local efforts, foreign investors face the same problems in Yekaterinburg as they do elsewhere in Russia. Customs and tax issues top the list of problem areas.

Sverdlovsk Oblast leads the Urals in attracting foreign investment The top five foreign investors are the U.S., UK, Germany, China and Cyprus. About 70 foreign firms have opened representative offices in Yekaterinburg, including DHL, Ford, IBM, Proctor and Gamble, and Siemens. Lufthansa airlines has opened a station in Yekaterinburg and offers three flights per week to Frankfurt.

America is Sverdlovsk’s number one investor with $114 million in investment and 79 joint ventures. The three largest U.S. investors are Coca-Cola, Pepsi and USWest. Coca-Cola and Pepsi both opened bottling plants in Yekaterinburg in 1998. USWest has a joint venture, Uralwestcom, which is one of Yekaterinburg’s leading companies in cellular phone sales and service. America is Sverdlovsk Oblast’s number one trading partner. In 1998, Boeing signed a ten-year titanium supply contract valued at approximately $200 million with the VSMPO titanium plant. Besides the U.S., Sverdlovsk’s top trading partners include Holland, Kazakhstan, Germany and the UK.

Yekaterinburg, like most of Russia, has a continental climate. The city is located at the source of the Iset River and is surrounded by lakes and hills. Temperatures tend to be mild in summer and severe in winter. The average temperature in January is -15.5C (4F), but occasionally reaches -40C (-40F). The average temperature in July is 17.5C (64F), but occasionally reaches 40C (104F). Current weather in Yekaterinburg from  http://www.gismeteo.ru/ .

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