law phd notification 2023

Hidayatullah

National law university, courses & programs, b.a.ll.b (hons.), ll.m. (one year), introduction, important dates, selection process, course work, fee structure, mode of payment, download notification, ph.d. notification, corrigendum for revised timeline for ph.d. admission, introduction.

Ph.D. Program in Law has commenced at HNLU w.e.f. academic session 2014-15 wherein admission of scholars is made strictly on the basis of admission test conducted by the University separately. 

HNLU invites applications for Admissions into the Doctorate in Philosophy (Ph.D.) Programme in Law and Inter-disciplinary studies. The doctoral program at HNLU seeks to provide a forum to the students from legal and inter- disciplinary fields to pursue their academic interests and contribute towards their chosen area of study. 

Specialization: The indicative list of Specialization is as follows:

Seat Intake & Reservation

• *As per the circular issued by the Government of Chhattisgarh No. एफ / 13-3/2023 / आ.प्र. / 1-3, dated 09/05/2023, the reservation of seats for the ST/SC/OBC will be applicable as per the prevailing reservation rule at the time of admission.
• 5% seats shall be reserved horizontally for Specially Abled Persons (SAP) at the All- India and Chhattisgarh levels according to The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
• 3% seats shall be reserved horizontally for the Dependents of Freedom Fighters (DFF) category of candidates belonging to the State of Chhattisgarh
• If a Chhattisgarh domicile candidate qualifies for admission in the regular merit under the All-India category, the candidate shall be considered against the All-India seat only and not against Chhattisgarh domicile
• 30% of seats shall be reserved horizontally for female candidates across all categories of seats.
• The allotment of seats to various CG Domicile category candidates will be made as per the Guidelines issued by the Government of Chhattisgarh from time to time.
• Students who are transferred from other Universities as per the HNLU Ph.D. Ordinance will be considered as admission to Supernumerary Seats.

Eligibility

• Candidates with a Master’s Degree or a professional degree declared equivalent to the Master’s Degree by the corresponding statutory regulatory body, with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade ‘B’ in the UGC 7-point scale (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) or an equivalent degree from a foreign educational institution accredited by an Assessment and Accreditation Agency which is approved, recognized or authorized by an authority, established or incorporated under a law in its home country or any other statutory authority in that country for the purpose of assessing, accrediting or assuring quality and standards of educational institutions. Candidates with LL.M or equivalent degrees are eligible to apply for PhD in Law or interdisciplinary Ph.D. However, candidates with other Masters degrees or professional degrees are eligible to apply only for interdisciplinary Ph.D.
• A relaxation of 5% of marks, from 55% to 50%, or an equivalent relaxation of grade, shall be allowed for those belonging to SC/ST/OBC(non-creamy layer)/differently-abled and other categories of candidates as per the decision of the University Grants Commission from time to time.
• Candidates who have appeared in the qualifying examination but awaiting results are also eligible to apply, provided that the result of the qualifying examination shall be submitted by the candidate at the time of registration, failing which their candidature shall be canceled.

Program Duration: Ph.D. program shall be for a minimum duration of three years from the date of registration and a maximum of six years.

Admission Process

Stage I: Entrance Test (100 Marks)

• Candidates have to appear for an All-India Ph.D. Entrance Test which shall be for a duration of 2.5 hours.
• Component 01 – Research Aptitude Test – 50 Marks [Syllabus] – Common to all candidates
• Component 02 – Legal Test (for Ph.D. in Law – [Syllabus] ) or Allied Discipline Test (for Ph.D. in Law & Inter-disciplinary Studies – [Syllabus] )– 50 Marks

The candidate needs to score a minimum of 50 % of marks in each component to qualify in the Ph.D. Entrance Test

Candidates, who have qualified for UGC NET (Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)/ lectureship) or SLET, shall be exempted from the Entrance Test. 

Stage II: Personal Interview

• Shortlisted candidates including UGC NET (Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)/ lectureship) or SLET qualified candidates will be required to discuss their research interest/area through a presentation followed by an Interview before the Committee.
• The competence of the candidate for conducting the proposed research,
• The feasibility/suitability of conducting the proposed research work at the University,
• The contribution of the proposed area of research towards knowledge creation / up– gradation.
• Credit Requirement: After having been admitted, each D. scholar shall be required to undertake Course Work. The credit assigned to the Ph.D. course work shall be 14 credits for students registered for Ph.D. in law and 16 credits for students registered for interdisciplinary Ph.D.
• Research Methodology -04
• Research and Publication Ethics – 02
• Jurisprudence and Legal Theory- 02 [Compulsory only for students registered for interdisciplinary Ph.D.]
• Teaching Assignments – [Audit Course with 0 credits]
• Literature Review in the area of D. research – 04 credits
• Research Project Proposal in the area of D. research – 04 credits
• Supervisor : A Ph.D. student shall undertake research work under the guidance of a supervisor allotted by the RDCU. Allotment of Supervisor shall be based on the availability of seats, the specialization of the faculty, the research interest of the candidates

    4.   Attendance:

•   Ph.D. scholars shall be required to be present in the University as per the notification issued in this regard.
• For candidates drawing scholarship/fellowship/stipend or any other monetary benefit from this University or any other organization, attendance is mandatory throughout their registration period and may be allowed to leave the University upon sanctioned leaves, fieldwork, Conferences/seminars etc.

    5.  Progress Review

• Candidates selected for the Ph.D. Programme shall submit a Progress Report to the Supervisor and Co-Supervisor in every six months and a mandatory presentation of the progress shall be made before a panel as decided by the RDCU and the Supervisor/Co-
• The Second or third half-yearly report shall indicate the specific topic of research, along with the final Synopsis in the prescribed format based on the literature survey relevant to the research. The final Synopsis shall be presented before the RDCU for feedback and comments, which shall be suitably incorporated into the Synopsis under the advice of the Supervisor

*       Inclusive of Library / IT Infrastructure and other amenities

**        Payable @ Rs.1500/- p.m. for independent room at PhD Scholars wing.

***      On actual which amounts to approximately Rs.4200/- p.m.

****     To be paid for an extension of per semester over and above the stipulated period of completion.

The filled-in form should be sent along with the Application fee of Rs. 2000/- (Rs.1000 /- in case of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes candidates along with the Caste Certificate).

The following are the University bank account details:

Account Number  –  100049358407

Name of Account Holder – Hidayatullah National Law University

Name of Bank –  Equitas Small Finance Bank

Branch –               Raipur Samvet Shikhar, Rajbandha Maidan Raipur

Account Type –   Savings Account

IFSC –                   ESFB0008001

Branch Code –    008001

MICR –                492756001

MODE OF APPLICATION

  For offline mode of application, form can be downloaded from HNLU website. After completion of the application and payment of fee, submit the same through e-mails at [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ;  with the subject line carrying the applicant’s name, name of the program and UTR number to facilitate verification. Scanned copy of the duly filled-in application form along with all the enclosures must be submitted. Applications received after the last date shall not be accepted.

In case of queries feel free to reach out on [email protected]

The University reserves the right to revise the pattern of the admission test, procedure for admission, number of seats, and fee structure.

For details refer to HNLU Ph.D. Ordinance available at https://hnlu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/PhD-Ordinance-16th-Feb-22.pdf .

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The Ph.D (Law) programme offers candidates an opportunity to contribute to the academic field in their chosen areas of study. ​As a part of the programme, candidates are also provided an opportunity to teach or participate in ongoing research at NLSIU, in areas related to their dissertation, allowing for deeper integration with the NLSIU community and providing diverse feedback opportunities.

Related Videos

Watch videos on the programme here .

Eligibility for Ph.D. (Law)

The following candidates shall be eligible to apply for the Ph.D. (Law) programme:

a) Candidates having a 5-year/ 10-semester/ 15-trimester bachelor’s degree programme in Law through regular mode from a recognized University having secured a minimum of 75% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed (70% of marks or its equivalent grade in case of SC/ST/OBC- NCL/Persons with Disability.)

b) Candidates having a 3-year/ 6-semester/ 9-trimester bachelor’s degree programme in Law (LL.B.) through regular mode from a recognized University having secured a minimum of 75% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed (70% of marks or its equivalent grade in case of SC/ST/OBC-NCL Persons with Disability); and

c) Candidates having a Masters in Law degree (LL.M.) through regular mode from a recognized University having secured an aggregate of at least 55% marks or its equivalent grade (50% of marks or its equivalent grade in case of SC/ST/OBC-NCL)/ Persons with Disability);

d) Candidates having passed the Solicitors Examination conducted by the Bombay Incorporated Law Society and having a completed a bachelor’s in Law (LL.B./LL.B. (Hons.)) degree from a recognized University through regular mode; or

(e) Candidates having a Master of Business Laws (MBL) degree from the National Law School of India University with minimum CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average) of 4.00 and having completed a bachelor’s degree from a recognized University through regular mode.

Provided that candidates in their final year of study in the respective degrees in (a), (b) and (c) shall be eligible to apply, subject to the candidate securing the minimum marks or equivalent grade prior to July 2024.

International Students

Candidates can apply for the NLSAT – International Examination for “international student” category, if they fulfil the following conditions:

• They should be a citizen of a country other than India; AND
• They should have completed a minimum of ten years of their education in a school/college/university outside India.

For more details, click here.

Admission Process

Admission to the programme will be through an all-India written admissions test, the National Law School Admissions Test (NLSAT-PhD). Candidates shall submit the application form duly filled up along with a research proposal of about 6-8 pages. The application form is available here.

The research proposal should contain: i. Tentative Title ii. Statement of the problem and the background information on the subject. iii. A brief outline of the research design including a set of research questions, a brief review of the relevant literature on the issue identified for research, a research hypothesis (where applicable) and the proposed methodology. Students who demonstrate a firm grasp of these foundational issues will be awarded higher marks.

The NLSAT-PhD shall have the following scheme: a) Research Aptitude: 50 marks b) Essays/Answers on relevant topics pertaining to law/ other disciplines: 50 marks

Candidates securing not less than 50% marks on the aggregate in the written test will qualify for evaluation of their Research Proposal and making an oral presentation before a Panel of Experts on the date specified by the University.

Selection Process

Candidates will be selected based on the marks obtained by the candidate in the NLSAT- PhD, the research proposal, and the oral presentation. The weightage of each score component shall be as follows:

a) NLSAT-PhD: 50% b) Research Proposal: 35% c) Oral Presentation: 15%

Important Dates

• The National Law School Admissions Test-PhD (NLSAT-PhD) will be held on March 17, 2024 (Sunday), from 10.00 am to 12.30 pm in specified centres across the country. The duration of the test shall be 150 minutes.
• Application deadline has been extended to 11:59 pm IST, on February 28, 2024. View official notification. An application fee of Rs. 3000/- (Rupees Three Thousand Only) shall be payable at the time of submission of the application.
• The dates for the oral presentation shall be announced after the completion of the NLSAT-PhD. They are likely to be held in April – May 2024.
• Classes for coursework component of the Ph.D. programme shall commence in the University in July 2024.

The maximum number of Ph. D seats for the Academic Year 2024-25 are 8 (Eight). This includes 4 in Ph.D (Law) and 4 in Ph.D (Interdisciplinary). The University reserves the right not to fill all the seats where sufficient candidates do not satisfy the admission requirements.

PhD Regulations

Regulations governing the PhD programme are available here.  Candidates should familiarize themselves with the requirements of the programme, before applying.

The admission notification for AY 2024-25 is available here.

For Indian Nationals

For International Students

The total amount payable at the time of admission by foreign students for AY 2024-25 is Rs. 2,55,000/- as provided below:

Registration Fee – one time 90,000/- Course Work Fee – one time 90,000/- Annual Fee 75,000/- Total fee – per annum 2,55,000/-

* Fees mentioned above are provisional and subject to ratification by the University Governing Bodies.

Sample questions for NLSAT 2024 will be released to candidates who have registered through the admissions portal prior to the admissions test.

The University’s PhD programme in the previous year was offered in terms of the Ph.D. Degree Programme Regulations, 2021. The Regulations have been revised since the Academic Year 2023-24. 

The FAQs below reflect the Ph.D. Degree Programme Regulations 2023.  

NLSIU currently offers two Ph.D programmes:

– The Ph.D. (Law) programme allows a candidate to contribute academically in the field of law; – The Ph.D. (Interdisciplinary) involves research across disciplines to arrive at a more comprehensive perspective and solution for a particular problem.

Yes, they may apply for the Ph.D (Law) programme.

a) Candidates having a 5-year/ 10-semester/ 15-trimester bachelor’s degree programme in Law through regular mode from a recognized University having secured a minimum of 75% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed (70% of marks or its equivalent grade in case of SC/ST/OBC- NCL/Persons with Disability.)

b) Candidates having a 3-year/ 6-semester/ 9-trimester bachelor’s degree programme in Law (LL.B.) through regular mode from a recognized University having secured a minimum of 75% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed (70% of marks or its equivalent grade in case of SC/ST/OBC-NCL Persons with Disability); and

Provided that candidates in their final year of study in the respective degrees in (a), (b) and (c) shall be eligible to apply, subject to the candidate securing the minimum marks or equivalent grade prior to the date of the commencement of Ph.D.

No, there is no age limit to apply for the programmes.

Candidates will have to appear for the admission test NLSAT – Ph.D, conducted by the University. To apply, visit admissions.nls.ac.in

Note: While submitting the application for the admission test, candidates should also submit a research proposal of about 6-8 pages. The research proposal should contain: i. Tentative Title ii. Statement of the problem and the background information on the subject. iii. A brief outline of the research design including a set of research questions, a brief review of the relevant literature on the issue identified for research, a research hypothesis (where applicable) and the proposed methodology. Students who demonstrate a firm grasp of these foundational issues will be awarded higher marks.

No. Candidates may apply for either Ph.D (Law) or the Ph.D (Interdisciplinary) programme.

To apply for the Ph.D programmes, visit admissions.nls.ac.in

The University shall conduct a written test (NLSAT-Ph.D) along the following scheme:

a) Research Aptitude – 50 marks b) Essays on relevant topics pertaining to law/ other disciplines – 50 marks 

The list of selected candidates as above shall be displayed on the NLSIU website.

Candidates are required to be present at the NLSIU campus for the duration of their coursework spread over three trimesters. Course work is compulsory for all the Ph.D. candidates.

The first component of the course work must be completed during the first trimester upon their admission. The remaining two trimesters of the course work needs to be completed within the first two academic years.  

a) The candidate will have to complete a minimum of three (3) years’ research in their chosen subject, including the mandatory course work as provided in these Regulations.

b) Maximum period: The maximum duration of the Ph.D. programme shall be six (6) years* from the date of admission in the Ph.D. programme, subject to the fulfilment of the requirements per the Regulations.

*- Provided that candidates who are Persons with Disabilities (having more than 40% disability) may be allowed a relaxation of upto two (2) years; however, the total period for completion of a Ph.D. programme in such cases should not exceed eight (8) years from the date of admission in the Ph.D. programme; – Provided further that female Ph.D. candidates may be provided Maternity Leave/ Child Care Leave for up to 240 days in the entire duration of the Ph.D. programme; however, the total period for completion of a Ph.D. programme in such cases should not exceed six (6) years and eight (8) months from the date of admission in the Ph.D. programme.

c) Failure to complete the course within the maximum period set out in point (b) above will automatically result in cancellation of registration.

There are a total of six courses that a doctoral candidate has to complete. Three of these are compulsory taught courses. Each taught course will extend for around 10 weeks and will be held on campus.

The first compulsory taught course is to be completed in the initial trimester on admission to the programme. The second compulsory taught course can be completed in the initial or any subsequent trimester (depending on when the course is offered). These two taught courses have to be completed prior to the first presentation before the Research Advisory Committee. In addition, there are also two course requirements relating to review of literature and fine-tuning of the proposal which need to be completed under the guidance of the Supervisor prior to the first presentation before the Research Advisory Committee.

The third compulsory taught course has to be completed prior to the second presentation before the Research Advisory Committee. In addition, candidates also will also need to complete the course requirement relating to teaching/research assistantships as will be decided by the Supervisor/relevant University body of the University.

There is a Research Advisory Committee for each Ph.D. scholar consisting of a Supervisor and two members (one from within NLSIU and one external member).

Please refer to the fee tab on the respective programme pages for fee details. 

Yes, the University will release sample questions at a later date.

We do not offer rolling admissions to the PhD programme. New students are admitted once a year, to begin studying at the start of the Academic Year in July.

Yes, but only in the next academic year. Candidates will have to appear for the NLSAT after applying for the programme in any given year.  

Yes. The University will notify a ‘Campus Open Day’ for you to visit us and familiarize yourself with the campus before applying for any programme through the NLSAT. Follow our website for further updates.

Ph.D. Admission

Applications will be accepted in the fall for study to commence in the subsequent fall. The application deadline is December 15, but the Admissions Committee will begin to review each application when it is complete. Applications must be submitted via Yale University's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences application website.

• Personal Statement (500-1000 words) The personal statement should describe the applicant’s motivations for pursuing the Ph.D. in Law degree and should describe the applicant’s qualifications to undertake the proposed course of study, especially qualifications that are not evident from the applicant’s CV.
• Research Proposal (1000 words) The research proposal should describe the project that the applicant plans to undertake as a dissertation. The proposal should describe the project’s scope, its scholarly significance and research methodology, including any source materials on which the project will rely or any empirical research that the applicant intends to undertake. The research proposal need not be as fully developed as a dissertation prospectus, and projects are expected to evolve over the course of students’ time in the program. Nonetheless, applicants are expected to have a clear sense of the general research project that they will undertake.
• Writing Sample The writing sample should be a piece of legal scholarship authored solely by the applicant. Ideally, the writing sample should be on a subject related to the applicant’s proposed research project. Submitted writing samples should be no more than the equivalent of 30-published pages in length (15,000 words)—an excerpt from a longer work may be used.
• Letters of Recommendation Applicants will be asked to identify three individuals willing to write letters of recommendation on their behalf. Recommenders will then receive an email with instructions about how to submit letters directly to the Graduate School. Applicants should choose recommenders who are best situated to evaluate an applicant’s past academic work and potential to produce first-rate legal scholarship. The Ph.D. Admissions Committee strongly recommends that at least two recommenders hold academic appointments at a law school.
• Test Scores The applicant will be asked to self-report his or her LSAT score; scores from any administration of the exam will be accepted. Prior to matriculation, those admitted to the Ph.D. in Law program will be required to provide formal confirmation of the self-reported score.
• Transcripts The applicant will need to upload records of academic performance to the online application prior to submission. No transcripts should be mailed. This upload may be in the form of a scanned copy of the applicant's transcript or academic record. If the transcript is in a language other than English, the applicant will also need to provide an English translation of the transcript. The translation must be certified to be an accurate translation of the original and be notarized or otherwise authenticated. The translation and the original transcript can then be uploaded to the application.
• Curriculum Vitae The applicant should submit a curriculum vitae listing all academic honors and awards, publications and presentations, and other professional accomplishments.
• Application Fee Each applicant must pay the application fee in the amount and manner required by the Graduate School.

Previous applicants who were not admitted to the Ph.D. in Law program and who wish to reapply must submit a completely new application and pay the application fee. Applicants who have been denied admission three times may not submit further applications.

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Conduct of All India Law Entrance Test - 2025

• All India Law Entrance Test (AILET) for admission to the UG/PG and Ph.D. Programmes at the National Law University, Delhi will be conducted on the Sunday, December 8, 2024 from 2.00 PM to 4:00 PM.

Entrance Test (AILET) Scheme:

Entrance test pattern:.

• The entrance test will be Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) based only.
• The test paper will consist of 100 MCQs, with each question carrying 1 mark.

Test Composition:

• 50 MCQs will be from the subject of Research Methodology.
• For Ph.D. in Law, the remaining 50 MCQs will be from different branches of Law.

Negative Marking:

• There will be negative marking in the AILET 2025 entrance test.
• The criteria for negative marking will be based on the formula 0.25 * 4 = 1, which means for every wrong answer, 0.25 marks will be deducted. Therefore, four wrong answers will lead to a deduction of one (1) mark.

Exemption for JRF Holders and Foreign Nationals:

• Candidates who hold a valid Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Foreign Nationals are exempted from the All India Entrance Test.

The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata

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PH.D Programme

• The candidate shall have LL.M degree or any Masters degree having the potentiality of interdisciplinary study with law from any university recognized by UGC or equivalent LL.M or Masters Degree of foreign university with a minimum of 55% marks or equivalent CGPA.
• However, this condition is relaxed to 50% in case of candidates belonging for those who obtained their masters degree prior to 10th September 1991
• The condition is relaxed to 50% in case of candidates belonging to SC and ST/OBC (Non creamy layer) or differently abled categories.
• Candidates who have qualified for UGC/SLET/SET/JRF fellowships or having M.Phil. Degrees are exempted from Entrance Test. However, they have to undergo an interview.
• Admission of candidates under 1.1 above to Ph.D/M. Phil shall be through an Entrance test and interview.
• Admission of candidates under 4 above shall be on the basis of interview. SHORTLISTING OF CANDIDATES: All the applicants have to submit a Research Proposal within 3000(three thousand ) words. The Proposal shall content- Title; Statement of problem, Literature Review, Prior Research; Objectives of Study; Research Questions; Hypotheses; Methodology including sample framework, units of data, Primary and secondary sources and statistical analysis (if required)probable contribution of the study and limitation of the study. On evaluation of the Research Proposals the short listed candidates are called for written tests and/or Interview as the case may be.

The Entrance Test shall consist of one paper of 100 marks with 3 hours duration. The syllabus of the paper shall cover:

• B. Written Exam The syllabus of the LAW paper shall cover 50 marks questions on Research Methodology and other 50 marks should be from various law subjects or interdisciplinary subjects as the case may be. Law subjects are- Law of Contract; Constitutional Law; Law of Crimes; Public International Law; Jurisprudence; Company Law; Intellectual Property Law; Information Technology Law; Interview for all qualified candidates – 50 marks

Selection of candidates for the available seats shall be on the basis of marks obtained in Research Proposal, entrance test plus interview or Research Proposal and interview only as the case may be on the basis of merit. Date of the interview will be notified later on.

* Subject to revision by University Authorities

Please contact University for the latest applicable norms.

Click here for Admissions 2022

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GReAT Admissions 2024-2025

Call for Ph.D. Admission Applications in the disciplines of Engineering, Science, Management, Humanities and Social Sciences, Pharmacy, and Law.

Click Here to download the PhD Regulations.

Application Fee: Rs. 1,200 (non-refundable).

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Study Postgraduate

Mphil/phd in law (2023 entry).

Course code

2 October 2023

3-4 years full-time; Up to 7 years part-time

Qualification

University of Warwick

Find out more about our Law MPhil/PhD degree.

Study a MPhil/PhD in Law at the University of Warwick's Law School. Gain an understanding of relevant research methods and evolve into a well-rounded socio-legal scholar amongst a community of specialist experts and academics.

Course overview

In this programme you will be carefully supervised by individual specialists in the area and supported in the generation of a research question and the production of a thesis. For this degree you are required to write a thesis of up to 80,000 words.

Our Research Degrees attempt to achieve a balance between individual study, academic supervision, and a communal, scholarly learning environment. As a research student, you will be a vital part of our research culture and we will encourage you to participate in the life of the Law School.

Our research programmes promote a balance between individual study with supervision, and a communal learning environment whereby students working on similar research topics are encouraged to discuss their work with one another.

Teaching and learning

You will attend a research methods and theory course during your first year of study, and meet with your supervisor at least once a month throughout your degree.

Each year, the Law School provides feedback and presentation opportunities as well as a skills workshop for its research students, which is intended to support a self-critical assessment of research techniques and provide you with the opportunity to benefit from each other’s experience. You will be invited to attend research seminars and public lectures across the University, and a number of other training opportunities will be made available to you during your time here.

General entry requirements

Minimum requirements.

A good Master's degree (or equivalent) in Law or a related subject plus a strong research proposal. Those with a good first class undergraduate degree may also be considered for entry.

English language requirements

You can find out more about our English language requirements Link opens in a new window . This course requires the following:

• Overall IELTS (Academic) score of 7.0 and component scores.

International qualifications

We welcome applications from students with other internationally recognised qualifications.

For more information, please visit the international entry requirements page Link opens in a new window .

Additional requirements

There are no additional entry requirements for this course.

Our research

Nine research clusters:

• Contract, Business and Commercial Law
• Comparative Law and Culture
• Development and Human Rights
• Gender and the Law
• International and European Law
• Law and Humanities
• Legal Theory
• Governance and Regulation
• Empirical Approaches

The Law School’s research is rooted in the twin themes of law in context and the international character of law.

Explore our research areas on our Law web pages.

Find a supervisor

Find your supervisor using the link below and discuss with them the area you'd like to research.

Explore our School of Law Staff Directory where you will be able see the academic interests and expertise of our staff.

You are welcome to contact our staff directly to see if they can provide any advice on your proposed research, but will still need to submit an application and meet the selection criteria set by the University before any offer is made.

You can also see our general University guidance about finding a supervisor.

Tuition fees

Tuition fees are payable for each year of your course at the start of the academic year, or at the start of your course, if later. Academic fees cover the cost of tuition, examinations and registration and some student amenities.

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Last date to apply for Ph.D admission is 31 May 2024

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Programme Regulations

Ph.D Programme Regulations 2023

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Eligibility Criteria

Candidates for admission to the Ph.D. Programmes shall have a Master’s degree or a professional degree declared equivalent to the Master’s degree by the corresponding statutory/ regulatory body, with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade ‘B’ in the UGC 7-point scale (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) or an equivalent degree from a foreign educational institution accredited by an Assessment and Accreditation Agency which is approved, recognized or authorized by an authority, established or incorporated under a law in its home country or any other statutory authority in that country for the purpose of assessing, accrediting or assuring quality and standards of educational institutions.

A relaxation of 5% of marks, from 55% to 50%, or an equivalent relaxation of grade, may be allowed for those belonging to SC/ST/OBC (non-creamy layer)/differently-abled and other categories of candidates as per the decision of the University Grants Commission from time to time, or for those who had obtained their Master’s degree prior to 19th September, 1991. The eligibility marks of 55% (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) and the relaxation of 5% to the categories mentioned above are permissible based only on the qualifying marks without including the grace mark procedures.

The University considers professional qualifications of Chartered Accountancy (CA) of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and Cost and Management Accountants (CMAs) of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India as equivalent to PG Programmes as envisaged in Association of Indian Universities for the purpose of admission to Ph.D. Programmes in Commerce and Allied disciplines.

The University considers professional qualifications of PGDM of premier Institutions of India approved by AICTE as equivalent to PG Programme as envisaged in Association of Indian Universities for the purpose of admission to Ph.D. Programme in Management discipline.

  What is the minimum qualification for admission to a PhD Programme?

For the Admission to Ph.D. full-time/part-time Ph.D. Programme, applicants must fulfill the following criteria: 1. Candidates for admission to the full-time/part-time Ph.D. programme shall have a Master’s degree or a professional degree declared equivalent to the Master’s degree by the corresponding statutory regulatory body, with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade ‘B’ in the UGC 7-point scale (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) or an equivalent degree from a foreign educational institution accredited by an Assessment and Accreditation Agency which is approved, recognized or authorized by an authority, established or incorporated under a law in its home country or any other statutory authority in that country for the purpose of assessing, accrediting, or assuring quality and standards of educational institutions.

2. A relaxation of 5% of marks, from 55% to 50%, or an equivalent relaxation of grade, may be allowed for those belonging to SC/ST/OBC (non-creamy layer)/Differently-Abled and other categories of candidates as per the decision of the Commission from time to time, or for those who had obtained their Master’s degree prior to 19th September 1991. The eligibility marks of 55% (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) and the relaxation of 5% to the categories mentioned above are permissible based only on the qualifying marks without including the grace mark procedures.

3. Candidates who have cleared the M.Phil. Course work with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade ‘B’ in the UGC 7-point scale (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) and successfully completing the M.Phil. Degree shall be eligible to proceed to do research work leading to the Ph. D. Degree in the same Institution in an integrated programme. A relaxation of 5% of marks, from 55% to 50%, or an equivalent relaxation of grade, may be allowed for those belonging to SC/ST/OBC (non-creamy layer)/differently-abled and other categories of candidates as per prevailing norms of UGC.

4. Candidates possessing a Degree considered equivalent to M.Phil. Degree of an Indian Institution, from a Foreign Educational Institution satisfying conditions as specified under(1) above, shall be eligible for admission to Ph.D. programme.

  When can I apply?

The University admits candidates twice a year in the months of January and July. However, applications are invited throughout the year.

  What are the Ph. D course fees?

Course fees vary by discipline. For subject-wise course fee details, please contact the Admissions Officer.

  Are students with B.Tech /BE and other undergraduate degrees eligible to apply?

Currently, the Ph.D programme is only open to students with a postgraduate degree from a recognized University. However, if a candidate with only a BTech / BE degree, wants to pursue the PhD programme, he/she must have substantial years of work experience to supplement his academic background. Also, he/she is not eligible to pursue Ph.D in the same B.Tech/BE discipline, and can take up the PhD only in other disciplines. This is a 3-year PhD programme, and does not include provisions for an integrated Masters + PhD.

  Do candidates need to submit an NOC (No Objection Certificate)?

Yes, if a candidate is working and intends to do a part-time Ph.D, he/she needs to submit a NOC from their respective employers.

  What are the steps in the selection process?

Only those applications, which have been completed accurately and in full, and that, include the relevant certificates and other documents, as attachments will be considered. Candidates will be shortlisted, and those candidates who have been selected are required to take the entrance examination (held in the University premises) and appear for a personal interview. The exact date, time and venue of the exam will be communicated to each shortlisted candidate. The final results will be announced once the marks obtained by the candidates in their postgraduate examination, entrance examination and personal interview have been consolidated.

  What subjects and syllabus will the PhD entrance test cover?

The PhD entrance examination consists of two papers i.e 1. General Aptitude & Research Methodology and 2. A domain-specific subject as studied at the postgraduate level. Both papers consist of 60 multiple-choice questions and the time allotted for each paper will be one hour each.

  Is the written exam mandatory?

Yes it is. In order to qualify, it is mandatory to pass the written examination conducted by the University. All candidates must take the examination, except those who fulfill the exemption criteria mentioned below.

The following categories of candidates are exempt from taking the Ph.D. entrance test:

• Candidates who have qualified UGC/CSIR NET (JRF), SET/SLET, GATE or any other examination considered equivalent by AIU.
• Candidates possessing M. Phil Degree from a recognized University as per UGC regulations, 2009

  Are candidates with M. Phil. Degree exempt from the Entrance Test?

Yes, Candidates with an M.Phil degree from a recognized University will be exempt from taking the entrance examination, if the degree has been obtained on or after July 11, 2009.

  I have substantial years of teaching / corporate work experience, am I exempt from the Entrance Test?

No. You must participate in the entire selection procedure in order to be considered for the programme.

  After one completes the entrance exam for Ph.D programme, what are the next steps?

• Candidates who have qualified in the entrance test and candidates who have been exempted from the entrance test will be invited for a personal interview conducted by the Research Admissions Committee.
• After the personal interview, candidates are shortlisted on the basis of their overall performance in the postgraduate examination, entrance examination and personal interview. The final results will be communicated to the candidates who have qualified, and they will then be eligible to take admission to Ph.D. programme in the concerned subjects. The number of candidates selected depends on the number of existing vacancies under different subjects and supervisors.

  What are the terms and conditions with regard to admission at CMRU?

The following conditions apply.

• Applications must be made only in the prescribed format. Applicants are requested to read the entire application form carefully before filling it out. The application is a key part of the admission process, and incomplete or false information will adversely affect admission to the programme.
• Note that CMR University reserves the right of admission and allotment of programme. Once a candidate has been admitted to a particular course, any request for refund of fees will not be entertained.

  What documents are required for admission?

CMR University mandates that all candidates submit the following documents at the time of admission. Note that a different set of documents is required for International students and Non-Resident Indians. All originals alongwith 3 sets of photocopies of the same are required.

For Indian students:

• 10th / Equivalent Marks card
• 12th / Equivalent Marks card
• Graduation Marks card (all semesters/years)
• Post Graduation Marks card (all semesters/years)
• Degree certificate
• PG certificate
• Transfer certificate
• Migration certificate
• Caste certificate (only if applicable)
• Conduct certificate
• M.Phil marks card and certificate
• Entrance exam score card
• Photographs: 4 Passport size, 4 Stamp size
• Detailed resume
• If the candidate has qualified in any of the NET/SET/SLET/GATE exams, relevant documents should be submitted.
• Any other relevant certificates as and when necessary

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• Certificate from Board studies last.
• Photocopy of passport
• Photocopy of visa
• Equivalence and Eligibility Certificate from Association of Indian Universities or CMR University
• Photographs: 6 Passport size, 6 Stamp size
• All documents should be in English or translated into English

  What are the terms and conditions pertaining to submission of documents?

• At the time of admission, candidate’s all the original documents will be verified.
• Photocopies of all the documents as well as a hard copy of the completed application form should be submitted.
• Students should ensure that they keep a photocopy of the documents for themselves before submitting the same to the admission department.

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Register : Ph.D. - https://phd2023.uod.ac.in/ | Register : Postgraduate - CSAS | Register : Undergraduate - CSAS

Ph.d. admissions.

PhD Admissions 2022-23 - Last Date Extension till 31.03.2023

• Ph.D. admission schedule Phase III academic session 2023-24
• Notice regarding extension of Ph.D. admissions under Phase - II
• Notice regarding last date of Ph.D. admissions under Phase - II
• Department of African Studies - Notice regarding Ph.D. Phase II Admission
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• Department of English - Notice regarding number of PhD seats and seat matrix for the II Phase of PhD Admissions, 2023-24
• Public Notice - Ph.D. Admission Schedule - 2023 for Ph.D. Phase ll
• Department of Environmental Studies - Result of the interview and Admission List for 2023-24 (Phase I)
• Department of Political Science - Notice regarding increase in seats for PhD Admission 2023-24
• Department of Political Science - Notice regarding the list of selected candidates for PhD Admission 2023-24 [Phase-I]
• Department of English - Additional Second Provisional List of candidates selected for PhD admissions, 2023-24
• Department of English - Notice for Second Provisional list of applicants selected for PhD admissions, 2023-24 (Phase I)
• Department of Modern Indian Languages and Literary Studies - Ph.D. admission list for 2023-24
• Public Notice - Regarding intimation of date sheet and correction in Ph.D. Entrance Test - 2023
• Corrigendum - Regarding the seats bifurcation in Ph.D. ( Department of Fine Arts )
• Corrigendum - For Interview Schedules for PhD Admissions, 2023-24 [Phase-I](Department of Political Science)
• FMS Ph.D. 2023 Admission List of Provisionally Selected Candidates
• FMS Ph.D. 2023 Admission List and Waiting list All Category
• Corrigendum - Regarding the seats bifurcation in Ph.D. (Department of Music) 2023-24
• Link of Syllabus of PhD:- https://phd-entrance.samarth.ac.in/index.php/site/syllabus
• FMS Ph.D. Notice and Interview Schedule 2023
• Public Notice - Inviting Online Applications for Ph.D. Entrance Test for DU, JNU, BHU and BBAU - 2023
• Ph.D. Admission : Extension of Last Date of Registration
• Corrigendum : Ph.D. Programmes in Faculty of Medical Sciences
• Addendum: Ph.D. in Faculty of Medical Sciences
• Corrigendum: Ph.D. Admissions ( Department of Germanic and Romance Studies) 2023-24
• Addendum-Ph.D. Admission in Faculty of Management Studies
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PhD Admission 2024: Important Dates, Eligibility Criteria, Entrance Exams, Admission Process, Top Colleges

Bhaskar Nandi

PhD Admission Quick Update

July 19:   NIT Surathkal PhD Admission Start From July 22, 2024. 

July 10:   ICFAI University PhD Admission Open 2024-2025. Check Here

July 08: IIT JAM 2025 to be Conducted on February 2, 2025 by IIT Delhi. Check Details Here

July 01 :  IIM Bangalore PhD 2025 Admission Open. Apply Till January 24, 2025. 

June 27 : SAGE University PhD Application Out. Exam on July 21, 2024.

PhD Admission 2024 is based on entrance exams like UGC/CSIR NET, GATE, etc. NTA conducts the NET to offer PhD Admission 2024 in top universities such as JNU, DU, IITs, etc. UGC/CSIR NET is conducted in 2 sessions, June and December, to offer PhD Admission in 2024. DU, JNU, BHU, and all other national universities accept UGC NET scores for admission to the PhD Course. UGC has announced that PhD Admissions will be based on the UGC/CSIR National Eligibility Test (NET) scores from 2024 – 2025 . 

To be eligible for PhD Admission 2024 in  Top PhD Colleges , you must have scored a minimum of 50% aggregate marks or equivalent CGPA score in your postgraduate degree, along with a valid cut-off score in an entrance exam. IIT Bombay, IIT Roorkee, IIT Guwahati and other IITs have opened their PhD Admission Process.

Table of Contents

Top PhD Colleges: Application Deadline

• PhD Admission 2024 Important Dates
• PhD Entrance Exams

3.1 Exam Schedule

3.2  UGC NET Schedule

3.3  Syllabus

3.4 Preparation Tips

• PhD Admission Process

4.1 Eligibility

4.2 Merit Based Admission

4.3 Entrance Based Admission

• PhD Admission 2024: FAQs

PhD Admission 2024: Important Dates

The table below lists the application form dates for PhD Admission 2024 in top colleges offering different PhD courses:

PhD Entrance Exams 2024

PhD Admission 2024 will be done based on an entrance to several universities. Universities accept the scores of either a national-level entrance examination or a university-level entrance exam. The schedule of various PhD Entrance exams is given below.

PhD Admission 2024: Entrance Exam Schedule 

Candidates can pursue the PhD course in different  PhD Specializations  like Education, Engineering, Mathematics, Engineering, etc. Exam schedules for the top PhD Entrance Exams in India are given in the below table.

UGC NET Schedule 2024

• PhD Admission in several national universities such as DU, JNU, etc, will be done based on the UGC NET Scores.
• The  UGC NET Application Fee is INR 1100 for Unreserved Candidates, INR 600 for EWS/OBC-NCL candidates and INR 325 for the reserved candidates

The full information regarding the UGC NET 2024 (June Session) is given below. 

PhD Entrance Exam Syllabus 2024

• The syllabus for the PhD Entrance Exams is based on the specialization the candidates have opted for.
• The entrance exam syllabus for PhD Admission 2024 usually consists of the course that the candidate has studied in their UG and PG degrees.
• Several universities conduct an interview round to offer PhD Admission in 2024.

PhD Admission 2024: Entrance Exam Preparation Tips

• Solve as many previous year entrance exams as possible.
• Prepare according to the syllabus of the PhD entrance exam as per the specialization.
• Start preparing in advance to have sufficient time for revision. 
• Practice various mock tests.
• Be aware of the current affairs.

PhD Admission Process 2024

PhD Admission 2024 can be done based on merit or an entrance exam. The admission process is explained below along with the basic eligibility criteria.

PhD Admission 2024: Eligibility Criteria

• Candidates must have completed a PG degree to pursue a PhD Course.
• They must obtain a minimum of 50 - 55% of marks in their previous degree from a recognised university. 
• Candidates with work experience in the field of research are highly preferred by universities.

Merit-Based PhD Admission 2024

• Top institutions offer PhD admission through a merit-based process.
• For this, the institute may ask for the candidates to submit the outline of the research proposal.
• This is done mainly for scrutinizing the candidates and the selected candidates are notified after the process.
• Also, the candidates should fulfill the basic eligibility of 50 - 55% of marks in the PG course.

Entrance Exam Based PhD Admission 2024

• National wise and institution wise entrance exams are conducted for the admission of PhD courses.
• Some institutions even organize personal interviews along with the entrance exams for the admission of PhD courses.

PhD Admissions 2024: FAQs

Ques. How to enroll for PhD Admission 2024?

Ans.  Candidates must be familiar with the admission process to seek PhD Admission 2024 in their preferred college. They must qualify for an entrance exam for several top universities.

Ques.   What is the process of PhD Admission 2024?

Ans.  PhD Admission 2024 can be done either on the basis of merit or based on an entrance where the admission is done through the marks scored by the candidates in the entrance exam.

Ques.   What is the PhD stipend for doctorate students in 2024?

Ans.  For doctorate students, the PhD stipend is INR 37,000 for JRF, and the SRF stipend is INR 42,000. However, to get a stipend students must clear CSIR/UGC NET JRF. Besides this, students are also eligible for an institute stipend, and the eligibility and qualifying exam will be different. Students should also note that for IIT PhD Stipend, and IISC PhD Stipend, students must check with the institutes.

Ques. Is there any age limit to seek PhD Admission 2024?

Ans.  There is no specific age limit to pursue PhD courses. 

Ques. What is Direct PhD Admission 2024? Is a direct PhD advisable in India? Can a candidate apply for an assistant professor post after that in India?

Ans.  Direct PhD is a program that can be done immediately after completing aundergraduate degree. There is no need to complete a master’s degree. It is devised mainly for the students who want to pursue a career in the research field. Direct PhD Admission is offered in IITs which ca be done directly after the BTech course.

Ques. Is IGNOU PhD Admission 2024 ongoing? Is IGNOU PhD valid?

Ans.  Yes, IGNOU PhD Admission has begun. The admission dates for IGNOU PhD Admission is December 12 – 31, 2023. Yes, you can pursue a PhD Course at IGNOU as IGNOU is a recognized University in India. All degrees from IGNOU, including PhD is valid.

Ques. How can I take DU PhD Admission 2024?

Ans.  DU PhD Admission can be done on the basis of UGC NET. However, NTA also conducts a university level entrance to offer Phd Admission 2024 at DU/JNU/BHU/BBAU. 

Ph.D. Admission Exams Dates List 2024

Ph.D. : 43 answered questions

Ques. are master's degrees from ignou acceptable for admission into ph.d courses in top universities.

● Top Answer By Anumita Mukharjee on 28 Apr 22

Ques. Is a Phd from IGNOU worth it/valuable?

● Top Answer By Srabani Guha on 24 Jul 23

Ques. How is the Direct PhD program of IIT Madras?

● Top Answer By Arati Sinha on 29 Mar 23

Ques. What is the value of a Ph.D. degree from IIT Bombay?

● Top Answer By Karuna Nair on 13 Mar 23

Ques. Why do some students in IIT Bombay leave high-paying jobs and join grad schools for PhD?

● Top Answer By Advait Joshi on 23 Mar 23

Ques. What is the placement scenario after PhD in IIT Bombay?

● Top Answer By Advait Joshi on 17 Mar 23

Ques. Is a PhD from IGNOU valid?

● Top Answer By Pankaj Kumar on 18 Oct 22

Ques. What is the placement record of MSc applied statistics students of IIT Bombay?

● Top Answer By Poornima Sahoo on 18 Mar 23

Ques. How difficult is it to get a PhD from IISc Bangalore?

● Top Answer By Bidita Ghose on 14 Jul 23

Ques. How good is doing a PhD in BITS Pilani compared to IITs?

● Top Answer By Advait Joshi on 27 Jun 23

Ph.D. (Chemistry)

Ph.d. (physics), ph.d. (mathematics), ph.d. (biotechnology), ph.d. (zoology), ph.d. (psychology), ph.d. (business management), ph.d. (management studies), master of science [ms], ph.d. (computer science), ph.d. colleges in india.

IIMV - Indian Institute of Management

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research - [PGIMER]

IIM Sambalpur

IIM Sirmaur

University Business School, Panjab University - [UBS]

PSG Institute of Management - [PSGIM]

Krea University

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• Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/at-least-1-arrest-made-in-connection-to-matthew-perrys-overdose-death-law-enforcement-source-says

At least 1 arrest made in connection to Matthew Perry’s overdose death, law enforcement source says

LOS ANGELES (AP) — Authorities have arrested at least one person in connection with Matthew Perry’s death from an accidental ketamine overdose last year, a law enforcement official tells The Associated Press.

READ MORE: Autopsy report shows actor Matthew Perry died from effects of ketamine

The official was not authorized to discuss details of the ongoing investigation and spoke to AP on condition of anonymity. Authorities have scheduled a news conference in Los Angeles to announce details in the case later Thursday morning.

Los Angeles police said in May that they were working with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service with a probe into why the 54-year-old had so much of the surgical anesthetic in his system.

An assistant found Perry face down in his hot tub on Oct. 28 , and paramedics who were called immediately declared him dead.

His autopsy, released in December, found that the amount of ketamine in his blood was in the range used for general anesthesia during surgery.

The decades-old drug has seen a huge surge in use in recent years as a treatment for depression, anxiety and pain. People close to Perry told coroner’s investigators that he was undergoing ketamine infusion therapy.

But the medical examiner said Perry’s last treatment 1 1/2 weeks earlier wouldn’t explain the levels of ketamine in his blood. The drug is typically metabolized in a matter of hours. At least two doctors were treating Perry, a psychiatrist and an anesthesiologist who served as his primary care physician, the medical examiner’s report said. No illicit drugs or paraphernalia were found at his house.

Ketamine was listed as the primary cause of death, which was ruled an accident with no foul play suspected, the report said. Drowning and other medical issues were contributing factors, the coroner said.

Perry had years of struggles with addiction dating back to his time on “Friends,” when he became one of the biggest television stars of his generation as Chandler Bing alongside Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc and David Schwimmer for 10 seasons from 1994 to 2004 on NBC’s megahit sitcom.

Balsamo reported from New York.

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Tatarstan Real Estate Exhibition

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Tatarstan Real Estate Exhibition 2023 happens in Kazan, Russia Apr, 2023 focus on Construction & Real Estate. The cycle of the trade fair is , organize by Bvents trade shows & exhibitions at Kazan Fair.

26 - 29 Apr , 2023

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Negotiating for Lower Drug Prices Works, Saves Billions

Biden-Harris Administration delivers on promise to lower prescription drug costs for Americans

In a historic moment that will help lower prescription drug prices for millions of people across America, the Biden-Harris Administration announced that it has reached agreements for new, lower prices for all 10 drugs selected for negotiations. These negotiated drugs are some of the most expensive and most frequently dispensed drugs in the Medicare program and are used to treat conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. The new prices will go into effect for people with Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage beginning January 1, 2026. 

If the new prices had been in effect last year, Medicare would have saved an estimated $6 billion, or approximately 22 percent, across the 10 selected drugs. These negotiated prices range from 38 to 79 percent discounts off of list prices. About nine million people with Medicare use at least one of the 10 drugs selected for negotiation. People with Medicare prescription drug coverage are expected to see aggregated estimated savings of $1.5 billion in their personal out-of-pocket costs in 2026. For more detailed information about the negotiated prices please see the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Negotiated Prices Fact Sheet .  

“Americans pay too much for their prescription drugs. That makes today’s announcement historic. For the first time ever, Medicare negotiated directly with drug companies and the American people are better off for it,” said U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Xavier Becerra. “Congressional budget estimators (Congressional Budget Office) predicted about $100 billion savings over 10 years from drug negotiations, and a $3.7 billion savings in the first year alone. Today we’re announcing that in our first year of negotiations we are saving Medicare an estimated $6 billion and Americans who pay out of pocket will be saving another $1.5 billion moving forward. Empowering Medicare to negotiate prices not only strengthens the program for generations to come, but also puts a check on skyrocketing drug prices.”

“CMS is proud to have negotiated drug prices for people with Medicare for the first time. These negotiations will not only lower the prices of critically important medications for cancer, diabetes, heart failure, and more, but will also save billions of dollars,” said CMS Administrator Chiquita Brooks-LaSure. “Medicare drug price negotiation and the lower prices announced today demonstrate the commitment of CMS and the Biden-Harris Administration to lower health care and prescription drug costs for Americans. We made a promise to the American people, and today, we are thrilled to share that we have fulfilled that promise.”

As a hypothetical example, a senior with Medicare who takes Stelara pays a 25% coinsurance on the drug which may amount to about $3,400 today for a 30-day supply. When the negotiated price goes into effect in 2026, that same 25% coinsurance would cost the beneficiary about $1,100 before the person reaches the catastrophic cap, after which the beneficiary will pay no more out of pocket on their prescription drugs. A beneficiary’s actual costs will depend on their plan’s benefit design.

In August 2023, HHS announced the first 10 drugs covered under Medicare Part D selected for the first cycle of negotiations.

The selected drugs accounted for $56.2 billion in total Medicare spending, or about 20 percent of total Part D gross spending in 2023. Overall, total Part D gross spending for the 10 selected drugs more than doubled from 2018 to 2022, from about $20 billion to about $46 billion, an increase of 134 percent. Medicare enrollees paid a total of $3.4 billion in out-of-pocket costs in 2022 for these drugs.

“CMS negotiated in good faith on behalf of the millions of people who rely on these 10 drugs for their health and well-being. The new negotiated prices will bring much needed financial relief, affordability, and access,” said Meena Seshamani, MD, PhD, CMS Deputy Administrator and Director of the Center for Medicare. “Throughout the process, we remained true to our commitment to be thoughtful and transparent, meeting publicly with patients, providers, health plans, pharmacies, drug companies and others to help inform the process. We will continue to do so for future cycles. Our team is actively working on the next cycle of negotiations where we will combine what we have learned from this first cycle and apply it in negotiating prices for the next round of up to 15 selected drugs.”

The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) also released new data today detailing historic pricing trends of the 10 drugs selected for the first cycle of the negotiation program. The report finds that from 2018 to 2023, list prices increased as much as 55 percent.

CMS will select up to 15 more drugs covered under Part D for negotiation for 2027 by February 1, 2025. CMS will select up to 15 more drugs covered by Part B or Part D for 2028, and up to 20 more Part B or Part D drugs for each year after that, as required by the Inflation Reduction Act.

In addition to these newly negotiated prices, people with Medicare are already experiencing lower drug costs thanks to the Inflation Reduction Act. And, next year, all Medicare Part D enrollees will benefit from a $2,000 out-of-pocket cap on their prescription drug costs, further making prescription drugs more affordable for seniors and people with disabilities.

View the CMS Negotiated Prices Fact Sheet at https://www.cms.gov/files/document/fact-sheet-negotiated-prices-initial-price-applicability-year-2026.pdf

View the Historic Trends Fact Sheet from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) at https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/medicare-drug-price-negotiation-program-comparing-drug-price

View a CMS Plain Language infographic at https://www.cms.gov/files/document/infographic-negotiated-prices-maximum-fair-prices.pdf

For more information about the Inflation Reduction Act, including plain language materials, please visit LowerDrugCosts.gov .  For more information available in Spanish, please visit MedicamentosBajoPrecio.gov .

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The Australian Olympian 'Raygun' went viral for her breaking moves. Now she's defending them.

• Rachael Gunn, known as "Raygun," is an Australian B-girl (break-girl) who competed at the Olympics .
• She lost three battles in the round-robin part of the competition, but her moves went viral online.
• Gunn and sporting organizations are speaking out about harassment and misinformation after her performance.

Breaking made its debut at the 2024 Paris Olympics — and while she didn't earn a spot on the podium, the Australian breaker Rachael Gunn, known as Raygun, has received plenty of recognition online.

Gunn is a 36-year-old lecturer at Macquarie University in Sydney whose research focuses on the "cultural politics of breaking," according to her faculty profile .

But Gunn's time on the Olympic stage was short-lived. The B-girl was eliminated during the round-robin stage of the women's breaking competition, losing in one-on-one battles to the United States' Logistx, France's Syssy, and Lithuania's Nicka.

Raygun didn't earn a point in any of those battles, but as clips of her performance spread online, she got something else: instant meme status.

Here's what you need to know about Raygun now that the breaking competition is over.

Raygun is an academic who studies breaking — and she competes internationally

Before Gunn went to the Olympics, she approached the 2024 Games from an academic perspective.

With her coauthor, Lucas Marie, Gunn published an article in the June 2023 issue of Global Hip Hop Studies titled "The Australian breaking scene and the Olympic Games: The possibilities and politics of sportification." The article examined how the Olympics' institutionalization would affect the Australian breaking scene.

Alongside her academic career, Gunn is a competing B-girl. But before she got into breaking, she had experience with ballroom dancing, jazz, hip-hop, salsa, and tap, The Australian Women's Weekly reported. Gunn told The Sydney Morning Herald that her husband, Samuel Free, introduced her to breaking in 2008 while they were at university. Free is still her coach, she said.

Gunn told Women's Weekly that breaking "hooked" her in 2012, around the time that she began her doctoral program in cultural studies. She began competing more seriously in 2018 and eventually set her sights on the Olympics.

According to her university profile, she was the top-ranked B-girl of the Australian Breaking Association in 2020 and 2021, representing the country at the World DanceSport Federation Breaking Championships in 2021, 2022, and 2023. She also won the WDSF Oceania Breaking Championships in 2023.

"My bag always has two main things: It's like, my knee pads and my laptop," Gunn said on the podcast " The Female Athlete Project ." "Because I need my knee-pads to break. And then, yeah, just do some emails quickly. Or like, do some revisions on a chapter I submitted, or copyedit this article I did, or moderate those grades."

The athlete also told the Herald that she preferred to wear "baggy jeans and a baggy T-shirt" while breaking.

"I like the heaviness they bring," Gunn said. "Maybe it's my background in hip-hop, but having weight closer to the ground works for me, gets me in the right headspace."

Raygun's performances at the Olympics sparked memes and criticism

Raygun took the stage at the Olympics wearing a tracksuit in Australia's green and gold, breaking out moves that included hopping like a kangaroo. Her performances attracted attention online and memes that compared her moves to, among other things, dancing children.

Related stories

The fact that RayGun has a Ph.D in breakdancing is its own commentary on academia vs real world expertise. https://t.co/pQcL8HzAW9 — BioTechSnack (@SnackBioTech) August 9, 2024

me forcing my mom to watch the dance i made up in the pool pic.twitter.com/zbtwEFjpTG — kenzi (@kenzianidiot) August 9, 2024

Judges made the right call here because what was that move lol #Olympics #Breakdancing pic.twitter.com/sXAs9AdHjX — MⓞNK BLOODY P👑s (@MonkeyBlood) August 9, 2024

But some critics argued that Raygun's performance didn't represent breaking — a sport that will not return to the 2028 Games in Los Angeles.

Breaking came from Black and brown communities in the Bronx in the 1970s. Malik Dixon, an African American man who lives in Australia, told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that Gunn came off as "somebody who was toying with the culture" during a significant moment for the sport.

(You can watch the 2024 Olympic events — including Raygun's full performance — on Peacock.)

Raygun qualified for the Olympics through the Oceania Breaking Championships

There were three ways to qualify for breaking at the Olympics, which the World Dance Sport Federation (WDSF) outlined in April 2022: at the WDSF championship in Belgium in September 2023, in a continental qualifier, or in an Olympic qualifier series held in 2024. Gunn qualified regionally by winning the WDSF Oceania Breaking Championships, which were held in Sydney in October 2023.

AUSBreaking organized the Oceania Breaking Championships, according to the WDSF .

AUSBreaking posted on Instagram about the Oceanic Olympic qualifying event on Instagram in September 2023, announcing in a September 25, 2023 post that competitor registration was open. The panel of judges was composed of 10 breakers from multiple countries, led by head judge Katsu One of Japan.

Per the Sydney Morning Herald, Gunn was the highest-scoring B-girl on day one of the championships. She won two battles on the second day to secure her title and a qualifying spot in the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris.

AUSBreaking released a statement on Instagram Monday about the selection process, saying that the qualifying event was "open to all interested participants in the Oceanic region," conducted in line with WDSF standards, and adjudicated by an international panel that used the same judging system as the 2024 Olympics.

"Ultimately, Rachael Gunn and Jeff Dunne emerged as the top performers in exactly the same process, securing their spots to represent Australia in Paris," the statement reads. "Their selection was based solely on their performance in their battles on that day."

Raygun and sporting organizations have spoken out about misinformation after her performance

Claims have circulated online that Gunn unfairly obtained her spot in the games. Posts online, as reported by the Australian Associated Press , claimed that Gunn's husband was one of the judges in her qualifying event. One petition hosted on change.org claimed that she established the governing body that ran the selection process. That petition was eventually removed after it was placed under review, per an archived snapshot .

Change.org did not immediately respond to a request for comment as to why the petition was taken down.

Despite the online claims, Free was not one of the judges at Gunn's qualifying event. And Gunn did not establish AUSBreaking. The organization said in a statement that it was founded by its president Lowe Napalan in 2019, and "at no point" was Gunn "the founder, an executive, committee member, or in any position of leadership."

The Australian Olympic Commission (AOC) also released a statement condemning the change.org petition, and demanding its removal. It also said that by winning the Oceania championship, Gunn was "legitimately nominated" by DanceSport Australia to the AOC to represent Australia at the Olympics.

"The petition has stirred up public hatred without any factual basis. It's appalling," AOC chief executive officer Matt Carroll said in the statement. "No athlete who has represented their country at the Olympic Games should be treated in this way and we are supporting Dr. Gunn and Anna Meares at this time."

In a video uploaded to her personal Instagram account, Gunn said that she was "honored" to have represented Australia and breaking during its Olympic debut. But the "hate" that followed was "devastating," she said. When it came to misinformation around her qualification, Gunn referred viewers to previously issued statements from the AOC and AUSBreaking.

Raygun and breaking judges have defended her Olympic performance

At a press conference on Saturday, the day after Gunn's competition, Anna Meares, the head of the Australian team, responded to criticism of Gunn online.

"I love Rachael, and I think that what has occurred on social media with trolls and keyboard warriors, and taking those comments and giving them airtime, has been really disappointing," Meares said, per ESPN .

"Raygun is an absolutely loved member of this Olympic team. She has represented the Olympic team, the Olympic spirit with great enthusiasm. And I absolutely love her courage," Meares continued. "I love her character, and I feel very disappointed for her, that she has come under the attack that she has."

During a press conference on Sunday, Martin Gilian, the Olympic breaking head judge, defended Gunn's performance, saying breaking was "all about originality" and representing your roots, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported.

"This is exactly what Raygun was doing," Gilian said. "She got inspired by her surroundings, which in this case, for example, was a kangaroo."

Gunn said during the Saturday press conference that "all of my moves are original," ESPN reported. She told The Guardian that her biggest strength was "creativity."

"I was never going to beat these girls on what they do best, the dynamic and the power moves, so I wanted to move differently, be artistic and creative," Gunn told The Guardian, "because how many chances do you get that in a lifetime to do that on an international stage. I was always the underdog and wanted to make my mark in a different way."

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