(*example used with author's permission)
If applicable
For a thesis that is not a sole-authored document, the University requires that the student has made the major contribution to the work, to the satisfaction of the examination committee. The student will include a Statement of contributions in the thesis.
Required
The thesis should have only one abstract , located within the in the order indicated here.If applicable
Each figure in the text must be numbered; if the title/caption of the figure cannot fit on the same page as the figure, the title/caption may appear on the previous page facing the figure.
If applicable
Each table in the text must be numbered; if the title/caption of the table cannot fit on the same page as the table, the title/caption may appear on the previous page facing the table.
If applicable
Each illustration in the text must be numbered; if the title/caption of the illustration cannot fit on the same page as the illustration, the title/caption may appear on the previous page facing the illustration.
Optional
Students may include a positionality statement that declares their personal identities and therefore the lenses and intersectionality that has shaped their research.
If applicable
Students may wish to enhance their thesis with either a graphic or meaningful quote. These pages, if applicable, must appear as the last page of the front matter, immediately before the main body of the thesis.
Back matter | Note |
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If applicable It is the student's responsibility to determine if letters of copyright permission are required. | |
References (or Bibliography) | Required. References must be presented in one of the following two styles: . . The reference list in the can repeat the references from the articles (i.e. be comprehensive), but it is not required. : As articles from more than one journal may be included, it is acceptable to have different referencing styles between reference lists, but the reference style must be consistent within a given list. |
Appendices | If applicable |
Glossary | If applicable |
Index | If applicable |
All pages, must have visible page numbers, centred at the bottom of the page. Note: omit page numbers on all blank pages but ensure that the page is accounted for in the page count.
Front matter
Text (main body) and back matter
Note: Numerals must begin on the first page of Text (main body) and continue through to the last page of the b ack matter.
The thesis must contain one of the two following statements on the Author’s Declaration page:
EITHER: “I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.
I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.”
OR: “This thesis consists of material all of which I authored or co-authored: see Statement of Contributions included in the thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.
Please refer to the Library's guidelines on research data, code, and other supplementary materials .
Prepared by: [YOUR NAME]
Date: [DATE]
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant and growing public health concern, particularly among diabetic patients. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are critical in managing the progression of CKD and improving patient outcomes. This dissertation investigates the effects of early diagnosis and intervention on the prognosis of CKD in diabetic patients, exploring the clinical, socioeconomic, and psychological impacts. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
A. background and rationale.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality in affected populations. The progressive nature of CKD, coupled with its often asymptomatic onset, makes early diagnosis and intervention essential for mitigating its impact. Despite advancements in medical science, CKD remains a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), necessitating dialysis or transplantation.
The primary objectives of this dissertation are to:
Assess the impact of early CKD diagnosis on the progression of the disease in diabetic patients.
Evaluate the effectiveness of various early intervention strategies in improving patient outcomes.
Analyze the socioeconomic and psychological effects of CKD management in diabetic patients.
How does early diagnosis influence the prognosis of CKD in diabetic patients?
What are the most effective early intervention strategies for managing CKD in diabetic patients?
What are the socioeconomic and psychological implications of CKD management in this population?
Early diagnosis and timely intervention in CKD patients with diabetes significantly improve prognosis, reduce the progression to ESRD, and positively affect socioeconomic and psychological well-being.
A. epidemiology of ckd in diabetic patients.
Chronic Kidney Disease is a global health issue, with diabetes being a leading cause. The prevalence of CKD in diabetic populations varies across regions, with higher rates observed in low- and middle-income countries.
Global Prevalence of CKD in Diabetics :
North America: 30-40%
Europe: 20-30%
Asia: 15-25%
CKD in diabetic patients is primarily driven by hyperglycemia-induced glomerular damage. The progressive nature of the disease involves several pathological processes, including:
Glomerular Hyperfiltration : Early compensatory mechanism leading to increased glomerular pressure and damage.
Albuminuria : Early marker of kidney damage, often preceding a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Fibrosis and Inflammation : Chronic inflammation and fibrosis contribute to the irreversible loss of kidney function.
Early diagnosis involves the identification of CKD in its initial stages, typically through regular screening of at-risk populations. Key diagnostic markers include:
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) : A decline in eGFR is a critical indicator of CKD progression.
Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) : Elevated UACR is an early sign of kidney damage.
Serum Creatinine Levels : Used to estimate kidney function and detect early changes.
Early intervention strategies are aimed at slowing the progression of CKD and include pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.
Pharmacological Interventions :
Angiotensin-Converting enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) : Reduce glomerular pressure and albuminuria.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) : Protect against kidney damage by lowering blood pressure.
SGLT2 Inhibitors : Emerging class of drugs that reduce blood glucose levels and provide renal protection.
Non-Pharmacological Interventions :
Dietary Modifications : Low-protein diets to reduce kidney workload.
Lifestyle Changes : Weight management, exercise, and smoking cessation.
Blood Pressure Control : Maintaining optimal blood pressure levels to prevent further kidney damage.
CKD management in diabetic patients has significant socioeconomic and psychological implications.
Economic Burden :
Cost of long-term care and medication.
Impact on productivity and employment.
Psychological Impact :
Depression and anxiety associated with chronic illness.
Quality of life considerations.
A. study design.
A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive assessment.
Quantitative Component : A retrospective cohort study analyzing patient records from multiple healthcare institutions to assess the impact of early diagnosis and intervention on CKD progression.
Qualitative Component : Semi-structured interviews with diabetic CKD patients to explore their experiences, challenges, and perceptions of early diagnosis and intervention.
The study population consists of diabetic patients diagnosed with CKD. Inclusion criteria include:
Adults aged 18-75 years.
Diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes.
Diagnosed with CKD stages 1-3.
Quantitative Data : Collected from electronic health records, including demographic information, laboratory results, and treatment history.
Qualitative Data : Collected through in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 30 diabetic CKD patients.
Quantitative Analysis : Performed using statistical software to assess the relationship between early diagnosis, intervention, and CKD progression. Key metrics include changes in eGFR, UACR, and progression to ESRD.
Qualitative Analysis : Thematic analysis was conducted to identify common themes and insights from patient interviews.
Patient Demographics
Age Distribution :
18-35 years: 20%
36-55 years: 45%
56-75 years: 35%
Gender Distribution :
Female: 45%
Diabetes Type :
Type 1: 25%
Type 2: 75%
eGFR Trends :
Patients diagnosed early showed a slower decline in eGFR compared to those diagnosed at later stages.
Table 1: eGFR Decline Rate (ml/min/1.73m²/year)
Diagnosis Stage | Mean eGFR Decline Rate | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|
Early (Stages 1-2) | 2.5 | 0.8 |
Late (Stage 3) | 4.7 | 1.2 |
Albuminuria Reduction :
Significant reduction in albuminuria levels in patients receiving early intervention.
Table 2: Reduction in UACR (mg/g)
Intervention Type | Mean UACR Reduction | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|
Pharmacological | 30% | 5% |
Non-Pharmacological | 20% | 4% |
Patient Perceptions of Early Diagnosis
Positive Impact :
Patients acknowledged the benefits of early diagnosis in managing their condition.
Improved adherence to treatment and lifestyle modifications.
Challenges :
Emotional distress upon diagnosis, particularly in asymptomatic patients.
Financial strain due to ongoing monitoring and treatment.
Effectiveness of Intervention Strategies
The Majority of patients reported improved health outcomes with ACEIs/ARBs and SGLT2 inhibitors.
Dietary changes were challenging but perceived as beneficial in the long term.
Exercise regimens were difficult to maintain due to comorbid conditions.
A. interpretation of findings.
The results indicate that early diagnosis and intervention have a significant positive impact on the prognosis of CKD in diabetic patients. Early diagnosis allows for timely initiation of treatment, which slows disease progression and reduces the risk of ESRD.
eGFR and UACR Trends :
The slower decline in eGFR and the reduction in albuminuria highlight the effectiveness of early intervention strategies.
Patient Experiences :
While early diagnosis is beneficial, it is also associated with psychological and financial challenges that need to be addressed through comprehensive patient support systems.
The findings suggest that routine screening for CKD in diabetic patients should be emphasized to facilitate early diagnosis. Healthcare providers should also focus on a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to optimize patient outcomes.
Policy Recommendations :
Implementing regular CKD screening programs in diabetic clinics.
Subsidizing the cost of CKD management to reduce the financial burden on patients.
The study has several limitations, including the retrospective nature of the quantitative analysis, which may introduce bias. Additionally, the qualitative component's findings are based on a limited sample size and may not be generalizable.
Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of early intervention on CKD outcomes and to develop strategies for addressing the psychological and socioeconomic challenges faced by patients.
Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in managing CKD in diabetic patients, significantly improving prognosis and reducing the risk of progression to ESRD. However, a holistic approach that includes addressing the psychological and socioeconomic aspects of CKD management is essential to optimize patient outcomes. This dissertation contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting early intervention in CKD and underscores the need for comprehensive patient care strategies.
American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2050). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes.
National Kidney Foundation (NKF). (2050). KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2051). Global Report on Diabetes.
Johnson, D. W., et al. (2022). "Impact of Early Detection and Intervention on the Prognosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review." Journal of Nephrology, 35(3), 456-468.
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Published on May 19, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.
The title page (or cover page) of your thesis , dissertation , or research paper should contain all the key information about your document. It usually includes:
It sometimes also includes your dissertation topic or field of study, your student number, your supervisor’s name, and your university’s logo.
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Title page format, title page templates, title page example, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.
Your department will usually tell you exactly what should be included on your title page and how it should be formatted. Be sure to check whether there are specific guidelines for margins, spacing, and font size.
The format of your title page can also depend on the citation style you’re using. There may be guidelines in regards to alignment, page numbering, and mandatory elements.
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We’ve created a few templates to help you design the title page for your thesis, dissertation, or research paper. You can download them in the format of your choice by clicking on the corresponding button.
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A typical example of a thesis title page looks like this:
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The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.
Usually, no title page is needed in an MLA paper . A header is generally included at the top of the first page instead. The exceptions are when:
In those cases, you should use a title page instead of a header, listing the same information but on a separate page.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
George, T. (2023, July 18). Thesis & Dissertation Title Page | Free Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/title-page/
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Step 2: Write your initial answer. After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process. The internet has had more of a positive than a negative effect on education.
A thesis statement template focuses your arguments and ideas into a single sentence. Use it to present your essay's topic and to share your point of view regarding the topic. The thesis statement must tell the reader about the essay, help guide your writing process, and help you focus on your arguments.
Thesis Templates. Good writing requires a main thought or argument that will keep a paper's content focused. In academic writing, this main thought is known as a thesis and is represented by a phrase usually placed at the end of the introduction: this is called the thesis statement. The thesis statement consists of two sections - a claim ...
Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates. Published on June 7, 2022 by Tegan George.Revised on November 21, 2023. A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical early steps in your writing process.It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding the specifics of your dissertation topic and showcasing its relevance to ...
It is a brief statement of your paper's main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile. No credit card needed. Get 30 days free. You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the ...
This dissertation template is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research projects. The template structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your document has a smooth, logical flow. Here's how it's structured: The title page/cover page. Abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary)
Prize-Winning Thesis and Dissertation Examples. Published on September 9, 2022 by Tegan George.Revised on July 18, 2023. It can be difficult to know where to start when writing your thesis or dissertation.One way to come up with some ideas or maybe even combat writer's block is to check out previous work done by other students on a similar thesis or dissertation topic to yours.
Step 4: Revise and refine your thesis statement before you start writing. Read through your thesis statement several times before you begin to compose your full essay. You need to make sure the statement is ironclad, since it is the foundation of the entire paper. Edit it or have a peer review it for you to make sure everything makes sense and ...
The full dissertation/thesis template provides a high-level outline structure, whereas the individual chapter templates provide more detail. If you're just starting the writing process, the former could help you structure your outline document and get a feel for how it all fits together, whereas the latter (chapter-specific templates) can be used as you approach each chapter.
Thesis. Your thesis is the central claim in your essay—your main insight or idea about your source or topic. Your thesis should appear early in an academic essay, followed by a logically constructed argument that supports this central claim. A strong thesis is arguable, which means a thoughtful reader could disagree with it and therefore ...
University Thesis and Dissertation Templates. Theses and dissertations are already intensive, long-term projects that require a lot of effort and time from their authors. Formatting for submission to the university is often the last thing that graduate students do, and may delay earning the relevant degree if done incorrectly.
Example of Thesis. Example of Thesis template for Students: Title of Thesis. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of [Name of University] In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of [Degree Program] By [Your Name] [Month and Year of Graduation] Abstract: [The abstract is a brief summary of your thesis, usually around 150-250 words ...
Example 1: Passive construction. The passive voice is a common choice for outlines and overviews because the context makes it clear who is carrying out the action (e.g., you are conducting the research ). However, overuse of the passive voice can make your text vague and imprecise. Example: Passive construction.
A thesis is a comprehensive academic paper based on your original research that presents new findings, arguments, and ideas of your study. It's typically submitted at the end of your master's degree or as a capstone of your bachelor's degree. However, writing a thesis can be laborious, especially for beginners.
UCI Libraries maintains the following templates to assist in formatting your graduate manuscript. If you are formatting your manuscript in Microsoft Word, feel free to download and use the template. ... Editable template of the Master's thesis formatting. PDF Thesis Template 2024. Word: Dissertation Template 2024. Editable template of the PhD ...
This PhD thesis examines the dynamics of supply chain relationships across three levels: the interactions between firms and consumers, suppliers and buyers, and firms and governments. The research aims to provide insights into the complexities of supply chain dynamics and their implications for various stakeholders. Download Example.
Revised on April 16, 2024. A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master's program or a capstone to a bachelor's degree. Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation, it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete.
What that means is that you can't just put any statement of fact and have it be your thesis. For example, everyone knows that puppies are cute. An ineffective thesis statement would be, "Puppies are adorable and everyone knows it." This isn't really something that's a debatable topic. Something that would be more debatable would be, "A puppy's ...
Templates and Examples Templates. Abstract (DOC) Acknowledgements (DOC) Appendix (DOC) Dedication (DOC) Dissertation Title Page (DOC) Thesis Title Page (DOC) LaTeX; ... Thesis and Dissertation Office Graduate School Williston Hall 100 Phone: 815-753-9409 Fax: 815-753-6366 [email protected]
Sample Outline Based on Your Thesis: If written properly, your thesis can act as a "roadmap" for your paper, where each main idea presented in your thesis essentially becomes the topic of your body paragraph. To see this in action, use the suggested outline below. ... For Example: Paragraph #1. Possible topic sentence for Paragraph #1:
Templates. The templates below have been built to ensure a consistent look among most theses and dissertations submitted to the Graduate School. These templates should be used as a guide in formatting your thesis or dissertation with the understanding that your department may require modifications of the template to fit your discipline's style.
Dissertation & Thesis Template. As a resource for graduate students, sample Word templates are available to assist with the initial formatting of doctoral dissertations and master's theses. Students are expected to fully format their dissertation/thesis according to the "Preparation and Submission Manual for Doctoral Dissertations and Master's ...
(*example used with author's permission) iv: If applicable. For a thesis that is not a sole-authored document, the University requires that the student has made the major contribution to the work, to the satisfaction of the examination committee. ... The format of the title page must be the same as the below sample (additional samples included ...
This dissertation investigates the effects of early diagnosis and intervention on the prognosis of CKD in diabetic patients, exploring the clinical, socioeconomic, and psychological impacts. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of ...
At the sub-clinical level, depressive symptomatology has been identified as affecting between 15-40% of youth and is comorbid with dysfunctions in social, emotional, behavioural and academic spheres (Compas, Ey, & Grant, 1993). This thesis initially conducted exploratory analyses investigating gender and year level differences in depression and other associated variables and then explored the ...
The title page (or cover page) of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper should contain all the key information about your document. It usually includes: Dissertation or thesis title. Your name. The type of document (e.g., dissertation, research paper) The department and institution. The degree program (e.g., Master of Arts)