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124 Healthcare Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Healthcare is a diverse and complex field that encompasses a wide range of topics, issues, and challenges. Whether you are studying healthcare as a student, working in the healthcare industry, or simply interested in learning more about this important area, there are countless essay topics that you can explore. To help you get started, here are 124 healthcare essay topic ideas and examples that you can use for inspiration:

• The impact of healthcare disparities on patient outcomes
• Strategies for improving access to healthcare in underserved communities
• The role of technology in transforming healthcare delivery
• The ethics of healthcare rationing
• The importance of diversity and inclusion in healthcare organizations
• The rise of telemedicine and its implications for patient care
• The impact of the opioid epidemic on healthcare systems
• The role of nurses in promoting patient safety
• The challenges of providing mental health care in a primary care setting
• The future of healthcare: personalized medicine and precision healthcare
• The role of healthcare providers in addressing social determinants of health
• The impact of climate change on public health
• The role of public health campaigns in promoting healthy behaviors
• The challenges of healthcare delivery in rural areas
• The impact of healthcare reform on the uninsured population
• The role of healthcare informatics in improving patient outcomes
• The importance of cultural competency in healthcare delivery
• The ethical implications of genetic testing and personalized medicine
• The impact of healthcare costs on patient access to care
• The role of healthcare administrators in shaping the future of healthcare delivery
• The challenges of implementing electronic health records in healthcare settings
• The impact of healthcare privatization on patient care
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting patient autonomy
• The challenges of providing end-of-life care in a healthcare setting
• The impact of healthcare disparities on maternal and child health outcomes
• The role of healthcare providers in addressing the opioid crisis
• The challenges of providing healthcare to undocumented immigrants
• The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting vaccination uptake
• The challenges of healthcare delivery in conflict zones
• The impact of healthcare disparities on LGBTQ+ populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting healthy aging
• The challenges of providing healthcare to homeless populations
• The impact of healthcare disparities on rural communities
• The role of healthcare providers in addressing food insecurity
• The challenges of providing healthcare to refugees and asylum seekers
• The impact of healthcare disparities on people with disabilities
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting mental health awareness
• The challenges of providing healthcare to incarcerated populations
• The impact of healthcare disparities on immigrant populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting sexual health education
• The challenges of providing healthcare to indigenous populations
• The impact of healthcare disparities on veterans' health outcomes
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting healthy lifestyles
• The challenges of providing healthcare to low-income populations
• The impact of healthcare disparities on minority populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting preventive care
• The challenges of providing healthcare to elderly populations
• The impact of healthcare disparities on women's health outcomes
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting maternal health
• The challenges of providing healthcare to children and adolescents
• The impact of healthcare disparities on mental health outcomes
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting substance abuse treatment
• The challenges of providing healthcare to homeless youth
• The impact of healthcare disparities on LGBTQ+ youth
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting healthy relationships
• The challenges of providing healthcare to LGBTQ+ youth
• The impact of healthcare disparities on transgender populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting gender-affirming care
• The challenges of providing healthcare to LGBTQ+ elders
• The impact of healthcare disparities on people of color
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting racial equity
• The challenges of providing healthcare to immigrant populations
• The impact of healthcare disparities on refugee populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting cultural competency
• The challenges of providing healthcare to non-English speaking populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting disability rights
• The challenges of providing healthcare to people with mental illnesses
• The impact of healthcare disparities on people experiencing homelessness
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting housing stability
• The challenges of providing healthcare to people living in poverty
• The impact of healthcare disparities on incarcerated populations
• The role of healthcare providers in promoting criminal justice reform
• The challenges of providing healthcare to veterans
• The impact of healthcare

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Health Care - Essay Samples And Topic Ideas For Free

Health care encompasses a range of services provided by medical professionals to maintain or improve people’s health. Essays on health care could explore the different health care systems across countries, challenges in healthcare delivery, ethical concerns, or the impact of technology and policy on healthcare services. Discussions could also focus on healthcare disparities and proposed reforms. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Health Care you can find at PapersOwl Website. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Health Care Policy Analysis

Introduction Women’s reproductive rights have been an ongoing issue the United States has dealt with for decades. The main issues surrounding women’s rights, namely the woman’s right to choose, has been debated and politicized, often times with out the actual input from a woman. This policy analysis will examine the relationship between politicizing the reproductive rights of women coupled with the rights of employers to refuse coverage for birth control and the policies surrounding these issues. In 2018, Federal policy […]

Veterans Mental Health Care

Mental health disparities affect a large amount of population across the United States. However, nobody is more affected by unstable mental health than those members of the military and their families. With the increase in the need for security in different areas of the world, military soldiers are deployed to assist in securing and protecting those areas. Often, these soldiers see combat and are affected in their mental state. Not only are the soldiers affected by the deployment, their families […]

Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

Particularly most of the trained nurses theatres a vital role in mental health depending on field of specialty. Hence, in this level my main concept of concern will be based psychiatric nurses with which have chosen to pursue for my masters level. Regardless of the education, I am ascertained by the specialization and exposure as it gives skills to handle some of the technical responsibilities with most of the patients. This practitioners serve primarily in the care of mental health […]

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Health Care Finance and Reimbursement

Revenue Sources and Purpose Medicare is a federal program that was created to pay for health care for elderly Americans as well as younger ones with disabilities. At age 65, automatic enrollment is initiated. It covers 49 million people, of whom a little more than 8 million are disabled and just over 40 million are 65 years or older (Casey, 2015). Payroll taxes and other government disbursement is utilized for coverage. Medicare is very helpful for the aging population as […]

Medicare and Home Health Care

The health care system faces many issues and concerns when treating patients. One of the many issues are readmission rates. Patients are often treated then return to the hospital again with relapse, recurrence of illness, or new deterioration of condition. Readmission rates put a very big burden on the medical system and health insurances. According to data from the Center for Health Information and Analysis, “Hospital readmissions cost Medicare about $26 billion annually, with about $17 billion spent on avoidable […]

Effect of Exercise on the Rate of Respiration and the Heart Rate

How does increase the number of jumping jacks affect the rate of respiration and the heart rate per minute in teenagers aged 17-18? Background Information: Different types of activity will have a different effect on the rate of respiration as well as the heart rate because of certain factors. These include the level of intensity and difficulty of the exercise, as well as determining whether it is an aerobic or anaerobic activity. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen. (Haldane, […]

Deciphering Hospital Code Grey: Understanding its Significance in Health Care Settings

'Code Grey' is a critical component of the emergency response system in the complex and frequently high-pressure setting of a hospital. This code, although not as well known as some other emergency codes, is critical in ensuring safety and order inside healthcare institutions. This paper investigates the definition, use, and relevance of Hospital Code Grey, providing light on its vital role in hospital operations and patient care. Hospital Code Grey, which varies significantly from institution to institution, often refers to […]

Alzheimer’s Disease and Relate Dementia Reform Health Care

Executive Summary The "model minority" stereotype and the lack of disaggregated data foster inaccurate representation of the Asian Americans and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community. This causes older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in particular to experience language and cultural discriminatory barriers, impacting their access to appropriate healthcare services. Advocating for linguistically and culturally appropriate healthcare services will aid in meeting the health needs of older AAPI adults through the implementation of in-language resources by healthcare providers and educating […]

Why Good Nurses Leave the Profession

Nursing is always depicted as an attractive career that many people desire to pursue. Just like other professions, the nursing profession is challenging and rewarding. The work of nurses is to make a difference in the lives of people and connect with them on a personal level. Nurses should be involved in the profession stands the test of time through ages. The nursing profession is facing a crisis as nurses leave the bedside and eventually their profession. According to Johnson […]

Health Care Cyber Security

Healthcare is an industry sector that has become unstable and crucial in this expanding digital landscape. This necessitates an organization's data security program to be properly structured, as there is no room for error, which could easily translate into a life-and-death situation. This article presents both fundamental technical and business issues that often elude the healthcare data security program. On the technical side, extensive proliferation of data and systems into the cloud, a continuous increase in connected medical devices, and […]

The Ongoing Political Debate over LGBTQ Health Care

The ongoing political debate over Health Care Reform has been unfolding for over a century. Lately, the focus has been on discontinuing the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and its impact on specialty populations inside our community. It is not surprising how the pro’s and con’s of this topic is so heavily debated, due to the variety of cultures and diversities classified as “specialty populations” in the United States. When discussing this topic, one must be able to differentiate and fully […]

Future Advances in Health Management Information Systems (HMIS)

Introduction Over the years, Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) have come to represent an integral segment in health care benefiting both patients and practitioners alike. It contains interrelating components which ensure the collection of data from the secondary levels and transforming it into information. Here, a conceptual level provides analysis and feedback mechanisms that aid in making informed decisions that are for the benefit of all those involved. Many healthcare centers use it in the collection of routine data that […]

The U.S. Health Care System

I believe that the United States is currently in a state of denial when it comes to health care. We proclaim that America’s medical care is the best in the world, and many wouldn’t trust the care in any other country. However, the U.S. ranks dead last and second to last in life expectancy for men and women, respectively, among the 17 wealthiest nations in the world (CDC). The most prominent reason that this reality exists is that the U.S. […]

A Discussion on the Affordable Care Act that has the Purpose of Giving Universal Health Care

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea of general will is the force of the people as a whole to better the common good. The Affordable Care Act (also known as Obama-care or ACA) is for the purpose of giving universal health care access to most American citizens and can be very useful to our society if backed by the general will. There is a small void of known as "free riders” that do not qualify for Medicaid (very poor health care recipients) but […]

A Study on the Best Approaches to Public Health Care Policy

The healthcare industry continues to be impacted and evolve based on advances in technology, as well as new approaches to healthcare treatment shaped by outside influences, such as the federal government, HMOs and insurance provider policies. The rapid changes emerging have presented challenges and great opportunities for growth and innovation for healthcare policy and practitioners in the United States, as well as those abroad in Europe and Canada (McArthur, 1997). From these locations, medical practitioners, academics, and adjunct professionals have […]

A Report on the Personal Experience with the Best Guide to Meditation and Health Care Policy

Through reading "The Best Guide to Meditation," I was able to expand both my knowledge and experience with meditation. The two aspects of this book that I appreciated the most were the instructions on how to effectively meditate, and the description of how meditation is an integral part of many religions and lifestyles in some shape or form. Although I found the first part of the book somewhat helpful in helping me set myself up to successfully meditate, what I […]

Nursing Care for End of Life Patient

Introduction Nurses have a responsibility of talking care to end of life patents. This ranges from providing medical need to having a sensitive conversation with the patient and family members. This is because days of the dying person, more especially during the last weeks are demanding and stressful. For this reason, nurses are required to exercise a broad range of ethical values. Besides, it is this last aspect that underpins the whole nursing care towards these patients. In this way, […]

A Study and Implementation of a New Health Care Policy in Logan County

Introduction Community health care is a crucial component for all communities, particularly those that are underprivileged. I am keen on reviewing a new healthcare plan for Logan County. The CDC defines a "plan" as a rule, regulation, treatment, administrative activity, incentive, or volunteer method of governments and other organizations" (CDC, 2015). I propose an incentive plan for the community. This plan involves a membership fee instead of traditional insurance coverage. According to the most recent census, Logan County has approximately […]

Discrimination in Health Care: Examining the Inequality and Disparities

There are many people in this world who have to live with a disability. Not long ago, they were exposed to relentless discrimination. However, in the world of today, it is understood that handicapped people though out of necessity constituting an underprivileged minority, have a right to live their dreams. Yet, there is also no denying that whether they will do it or not largely depends on the progress of medicine as well as numerous socio-political issues. Equal Rights and […]

Argumentative Essay about Health Care

The debate over the best approach to health care is a highly contentious issue that has been at the forefront of public discourse in many countries. The central argument revolves around whether health care should be primarily managed as a market-driven service or as a government-funded and controlled system. This essay argues in favor of a health care system that is predominantly managed and funded by the government, as it ensures universal coverage, equitable access, and potentially better health outcomes […]

Embracing Tomorrow: Memorial Hermann’s Trailblazing Journey in Health Care

Beneath the sprawling Texan sky, an institution emerged with a singular mission—to redefine healthcare as an unwavering ally in every individual's journey toward well-being. Memorial Hermann Health System, a testament to resilience and innovation, stands as a vanguard in the realm of healthcare, cultivating a legacy that transcends mere treatment and embraces the art of healing in its entirety. Born from humble origins in the heart of Houston, Memorial Hermann's roots extend deep into the fabric of compassionate care. What […]

Nursing Metaparadigm

Nursing Metaparadigm in Advanced Clinical PracticeNursing concepts such as the metaparadigm of nursing profession which include person, health, environment and nursing profession. The nursing profession is anchored on the four concepts as they inform nursing theory, knowledge and practice (George, 2011). This article discusses advanced clinical care as a practice of the nursing profession by applying the four concepts. The nursing metaparadigm play a critical role in the advanced clinical care practice. The first concept, that is, the person requires […]

The Influence of Entrepreneurs on Health Care

Entrepreneurs are people who take risks and have the capacity to change a generation. They are innovators and leaders who create ways to progress the current status quo. There are even entrepreneurs in healthcare who help change the way providers deliver healthcare. They affect things like streamlining clinical outcomes, updating primary care, and reducing healthcare expenses. Healthcare consumers, like every other type of consumer, expect their healthcare providers to keep up with changing times. Some of the constructive or positive […]

Gap between Health Care and Child Abuse

Disparity: The Gap between Health Care and Child Abuse The disparity gap between health care and child abuse has the potential to impact a professional's life in an emotional way. Besides legal practices and the training undergone to protect a child from child abuse, professionals have gone through previous studies that have determined the emotional and psychological doubts that professionals go through at the time to report child abuse. The three research papers that I have chosen that contribute to […]

Nurses Role in Safety and Medication Administration

A number of precautions are required in executing health care services. During my observation, it was great and beneficial to learn that, on medication, it's important to note that medication safety is the right consumption of drugs as directed or prescribed to by the healthcare specialist. Medication administration is the close look into and consideration by the health care officials to prescribe the right medicine to the right person at the time and the standard quality and quantity. Safety and […]

Midwifery Complex Care Plan

Midwifery is a crucial part of the maternal health for expectant mothers. They need it at the time of delivery, so that they may save their lives and that of the unborn baby. There comes a time when the mother needs a specialized care, and that responsibility is necessary for her and the child. Some of the mothers develop critical conditions in the course of their gestation period, such that they need a specialized attention at the time of their […]

Clifford Beers

Introduction The study of mind and behavior is not a new concept. For many years, people have been relating human mind with their behavior. With time, this study came to be recognized as psychology. In psychology, various scientists began studying human mind, its thoughts, feeling as well as behavior. Their main aim was to understand the role of mental functioning in individuals and social behavior. In today's society, psychology acts as one of the most important aspects in treating mental […]

Supply of Mental Health Insurance Coverage

Introduction Affordable medical care provisions offers the best services for mental health, this is after the introduction of the Affordable Care Act. The act requires that all individuals and employers subscribe to the insurance benefit plan. Purity in mental health acts like a rectifier of unfairness in the health insurance. However due to the increasing mental problems the total spending has increased, based on results from the health insurance companies (Schroeder, 2012). Another evidence has suggested and found it prudent […]

Biomedical Ethics

Most advanced democratic societies provide for the right to health care. This is ensured since the entire population deserves public health protection against injury and disease. Furthermore, life security on medical issues is critical for the optimal functioning of individuals and communities. Institutions are often set up to assure individuals with no financial capability access to healthcare services. Despite not having life insurance cover, United States citizens from the poor and middle classes are afforded the right to emergency services. […]

Tuberculosis Research

Tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous contentious diseases which has led to loss of life for many people despite the fact that the disease is curable . The bacterial responsible for causing tuberculosis has been living amongst human population for a quite long time dating back to numerous centuries ago when it was discovered. Since then, there have been efforts and different types of drugs and preventive measures that have been applied to curb its spread all being in […]

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Essay Samples on Health

The healthcare college majors belong to those students that have to compose a great number of essays that include reflective journals, shadowing experience reports, lab analysis explorations, argumentative papers, and assignments on theorists. Since these are quite complex, it’s important to know the difference between these essay types. You should check twice with your grading rubric and always ask questions if you are in doubt. As a way to provide you with some guidance, we have compiled a collection of free health essay examples. These focus on various branches of nursing, healthcare administration, pharmacology, international issues, and the basic health subjects that every medical student may face. Take your time to analyze at least five health essay samples by starting with the introduction section. Your first essay paragraph must provide information about the problem before coming up with your thesis statement. Remember that you should have at least five reliable sources that support your argument or the basic facts that you may require for debates. Speaking of medical lab reports, you can use various assignments below as a template that will help you structure your health paper. Take your time to explore free samples and it will always pay off!

Unveiling My Career Goals in the Healthcare Field

What are your career goals related to the healthcare field? This question unveils my aspirations to contribute to the well-being of individuals, families, and communities by venturing into the dynamic and impactful realm of healthcare. A career in healthcare is not only a path to...

• Career Goals
• Health Care

The Nursing Discourse Community: Shared Knowledge and Collaboration

Nursing is a noble and demanding profession that thrives on collaboration, empathy, and the exchange of knowledge. Within the vast healthcare landscape, the concept of a nursing discourse community emerges as a dynamic network of professionals who share a common language, values, and goals. This...

• Discourse Community

Pursuing Public Health: Navigating a Path to Achieve Career Goals

Public health career goals reflect the aspirations of individuals committed to safeguarding and improving the well-being of communities on a large scale. In a world where health challenges are diverse and ever-evolving, a career in public health offers a unique opportunity to make a lasting...

• Public Health

How Does Community Influence You: Shaping Identity, Values

How does community influence you? This question delves into the multifaceted impact that the communities we are a part of have on shaping our identity, values, aspirations, and the lens through which we perceive the world. Whether we realize it or not, the influence of...

• Under The Influence

Effects of Drugs on Community: Unraveling the Impact

The effects of drugs on community are far-reaching and profound, touching every aspect of society. This essay explores the significance of drug-related issues, the multifaceted impact on communities, the challenges they pose, and the importance of collaborative efforts to mitigate the harm caused by drugs....

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Community Health Nursing: Bridging Care and Empowerment

Community health nursing is a vital branch of nursing that plays a pivotal role in promoting the well-being of individuals, families, and communities at large. This essay delves into the significance of community health nursing, its core principles, the role of community health nurses, and...

My Future Career as a Nurse: Way for Compassionate Healing

The journey toward a future career as a nurse is one that intertwines empathy, expertise, and the unwavering commitment to provide compassionate care. In this essay, I take you on a voyage through my aspirations, motivations, and the profound impact I intend to make as...

What Motivates You to Pursue a Career in Medicine

The world of medicine is a tapestry of compassion, science, and unwavering commitment. In this essay, we embark on an exploration of the question: what motivates you to pursue a career in medicine? By delving into the layers of empathy, fascination, and the desire to...

Why You Choose Nursing as a Career: A Comprehensive Analysis

The decision to pursue a nursing career is often rooted in profound motivations and a desire to make a meaningful impact on the lives of others. In this essay, we embark on a thorough analysis of why individuals choose nursing as a career, exploring the...

Cell Phone Addiction: Unraveling the Digital Dilemma

In the modern age of technology, cell phones have become an integral part of our lives, offering convenience, connectivity, and access to a world of information at our fingertips. However, the rapid proliferation of cell phones has given rise to a concerning phenomenon: cell phone...

• Cell Phones

Why Smoking is "Good" for You: Unraveling the Enigma

The Complex Landscape of Smoking: An Exploration Observing the individual engrossed in his smoke, one can't help but notice the allocated space designated exclusively for smokers. Evidently, his financial prosperity allows him to indulge in this habit, as smoking tends to be associated with those...

• Tobacco Use

Why Should We Legalize Abortion: Empowering Women's Choice and Safety

The debate over legalizing abortion has been a subject of intense discussion and controversy for decades. In this essay, we will explore the compelling reasons why many advocate for the legalization of abortion, focusing on the importance of women's rights, public health, and the reduction...

• Pro Choice (Abortion)

Why Should Abortions Be Made Legal: Advancing Women's Rights

The topic of why should abortions be made legal has sparked heated debates around the world. In this essay, we will delve into the compelling reasons why abortion should be legal, highlighting the importance of women's rights, public health, and the avoidance of unsafe practices....

• Women's Rights

Why I Agree: Abortion from a Supportive Perspective

This essay focuses on arguments in favor of abortion, highlighting reproductive rights, autonomy, health considerations, and societal benefits. Introduction Abortion is a topic that has sparked intense debate and has led to differing viewpoints across societies. This essay takes a stance in favor of abortion,...

• Reproductive Rights

Why Abortion Should Not Be Banned: Preserving Choice

The debate over whether abortion should be banned is a deeply complex and emotionally charged one. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why many argue against banning abortion, highlighting the importance of women's rights, healthcare access, and the potential consequences of prohibition. By...

The Life of a Doctor: Challenges, Commitment, and Compassion

This essay delves into the multifaceted life of a doctor, exploring the demands of their profession, the impact they have on patients and communities, and the personal fulfillment that comes from their vocation. Introduction The life of a doctor is often revered and admired, symbolizing...

The Importance of Doctors: Nurturing Health and Healing

This essay highlights the significance of doctors in society as healers, innovators, advocates, and compassionate caregivers. Doctors play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating diseases, preventing health issues, leading medical advancements, advocating for public health, and nurturing human connections. Their contributions extend far beyond...

The Evolution and Controversy of Abortion Laws

Abortion laws have long been a source of contentious debate around the world, reflecting the complex interplay of cultural, religious, ethical, and political factors. This essay delves into the historical evolution of abortion laws, examines the diverse legal approaches taken by different countries, and explores...

• Controversial Issue

The Controversy Surrounding Abortion Rights

The issue of abortion rights is one of the most contentious debates in modern society, touching upon deeply held beliefs about women's autonomy, morality, and the role of government in personal decisions. This essay seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of abortion rights, examining the...

The Case for Legal Abortion: Balancing Women's Rights and Health

The question of whether abortion should be legal is a subject of profound ethical, medical, and social importance. In this argumentative essay, we will explore the reasons why many advocate for legalizing abortion, highlighting the importance of women's rights, access to safe medical procedures, and...

The Argumentative Discourse About the Legalization of Abortion

The topic of the legalization of abortion has ignited passionate and contentious debates worldwide, touching on issues of ethics, women's rights, healthcare, and government intervention. This essay delves into the argumentative discourse surrounding the legalization of abortion, exploring its ethical implications, women's agency, healthcare access,...

The Argumentative Case for Legalizing Abortion

The contentious topic of legalizing abortion has been at the center of heated debates for decades, drawing on a multitude of ethical, societal, and personal considerations. In this argumentative essay, we delve into the rationale behind legalizing abortion, highlighting how it empowers women's autonomy, safeguards...

The Argument for Legalizing Abortion: Safety and Reproductive Rights

Introduction The debate surrounding the legalization of abortion is a contentious and complex issue that touches upon ethics, women's rights, and societal norms. This essay aims to present a comprehensive argument in favor of legalizing abortion, highlighting the importance of empowerment, safety, and reproductive rights...

The Abortion Proposal: A Constructive Approach to a Polarizing Issue

Introduction Abortion remains one of the most divisive topics in many societies, consistently sparking passionate debates. The complexities surrounding the issue necessitate an approach that transcends political, religious, and cultural lines. This abortion proposal essay seeks to outline a multi-faceted strategy that combines education, access...

The Abortion Problem: A Deep Dive into Its Complexities

Introduction The abortion problem has been a matter of intense debate for centuries. This complex issue intertwines medical, ethical, cultural, and political facets. As societies have evolved, so have the perceptions and policies regarding abortion. The discussions often diverge into two primary perspectives: pro-choice, emphasizing...

• Social Problems

The Abortion Issue: Exploring Diverse Perspectives

The abortion issue remains one of the most contentious and emotionally charged debates in modern society. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted aspects surrounding the abortion issue, examining the historical, legal, ethical, and societal dimensions that shape individual viewpoints and...

• Pro Life (Abortion)

The Abortion Discussion: Diverse Perspectives and Complex Considerations

Introduction The abortion discussion is a contentious and deeply nuanced discourse that engages individuals, communities, policymakers, and societies across the globe. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted dimensions of the abortion discussion, considering the range of perspectives, ethical considerations, legal frameworks, and societal...

The Abortion Debate: Exploring Both Sides of the Argument

Introduction The issue of abortion has long been a topic of fervent debate, stirring impassioned arguments from various corners of society. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the arguments on both sides of the abortion debate. By delving into the viewpoints of...

• Abortion Debate

The Abortion Controversy: Navigating Complex Ethical Arguments

Introduction The abortion controversy stands as one of the most polarizing and emotionally charged debates in society. This abortion controversial argumentative essay seeks to delve into the multifaceted dimensions of the abortion controversy, analyzing the diverse arguments and perspectives that shape this ongoing discourse. The...

• Ethical Dilemma

Teenage Pregnancy and Abortion: Navigating Complex Choices

The issue of teenage pregnancy and abortion is a multifaceted topic that intersects with issues of sexuality, education, health, and personal choices. In this essay, we will explore the challenges posed by teenage pregnancy, the implications of abortion for young women, and the importance of...

• Teenage Pregnancy

Supporting Abortion: Empowering Women's Rights and Health

The issue of abortion is a topic that invokes a range of emotions and opinions. In this essay, we will delve into the reasons for supporting abortion, emphasizing the importance of women's rights, bodily autonomy, and the advancement of public health. By exploring these facets,...

Should Abortion Be Made Legal? A Comprehensive Examination

The question of whether abortion should be made legal is a deeply divisive and complex issue that elicits passionate arguments from individuals on both sides of the debate. This essay aims to explore the arguments for and against legalizing abortion, considering a range of ethical,...

Should Abortion Be Legalized? Argument for Reproductive Freedom

This essay presents a comprehensive argument in favor of legalizing abortion, focusing on reproductive freedom, women's health, and societal impact. Introduction The question of whether abortion should be legalized is a topic that generates intense debates worldwide. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive examination...

Should Abortion be Legal or Illegal: Legalization vs. Criminalization

The question of whether abortion should be legal or illegal is at the heart of a contentious and deeply complex debate. In this argumentative essay, we will examine the merits and drawbacks of both sides of the argument, exploring the ethical, medical, and societal considerations...

Should Abortion Be Illegal? The Controversial Debate

The question of whether abortion should be illegal is a contentious and morally charged issue that revolves around conflicting beliefs about the value of life, women's rights, and societal well-being. In this argumentative essay, we will explore the reasons why some argue that abortion should...

Roe vs. Wade and the Abortion Debate

The landmark Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade in 1973 marked a pivotal moment in the ongoing abortion debate, shaping the legal landscape surrounding reproductive rights in the United States. This essay examines the Roe v. Wade decision, delving into its historical context, ethical...

Research about Abortion: The Complex Landscape

The topic of abortion is one that elicits passionate debates and encompasses a myriad of ethical, medical, social, and legal dimensions. In this research essay, we will delve into the multifaceted nature of abortion, exploring its historical context, ethical considerations, medical practices, legal frameworks, and...

Reasons Why Abortion Should Be Legalized: A Comprehensive Exploration

The debate over whether abortion should be legalized is a complex and contentious issue, raising ethical, medical, and societal considerations. In this essay, we will delve into the compelling reasons why abortion should be legalized, focusing on the importance of women's autonomy, safeguarding public health,...

Reasons Abortion Should Be Legal

The question of whether abortion should be legal is a deeply divisive and complex issue, intertwining ethical, medical, and societal factors. In this essay, we will delve into the compelling reasons why abortion should be legal, focusing on the ethical importance of women's autonomy, public...

Persuasive Writing: The Imperative of Legal Abortion

The topic of legal abortion has been a point of intense contention, evoking impassioned debates on ethics, women's rights, and the role of government in personal decisions. In this essay, we will explore the compelling reasons why legal abortion is not only a necessity but...

Navigating the Complex Issue of Abortion: Ethics, Rights, and Choices

The issue of abortion has long been a subject of profound ethical, legal, and social debate, spanning cultural, religious, and philosophical landscapes. With divergent perspectives and deeply held beliefs, this complex issue encompasses questions about the sanctity of life, individual autonomy, medical ethics, and the...

Is Abortion Morally Wrong? Unpacking Moral Perspectives

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Health Services, Essay Example

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In discussing the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency regardinghealth care services in America is to indicate that this country has the most sophisticated health care interventions. Services are provided at three main levels namely, primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary health care makes available primary physician services under Medicare, Medicaid or private insurance coverage; Diagnostic tests can be accessed along with vaccines for children.Citizens who do not have health insurance have limited access to health care services. About 60% of Americans do not have health insurance. As such, quality health care is inaccessible to them (DeNavas-Walt et.al, 2011).

Importantly, health care facilities are owned and subsequently operated by private businesses. For-profit health care organizations account for 18% of all health care services. Government owns 20% and private non-profit 62%. Secondary health care facilities are available to provide hospitalization and short term therapy in the event citizens need additional services such as surgery; rehabilitation and emergency care. Tertiary level health care services are rendered to persons who have to be in long term care facilities due to chronic diseases (Marquis & Huston, 2011).

However, an accurate evaluation of the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency regarding health care services in America is exemplified in the life expectancy rates of its citizens. Precisely, it ranks 50 th among 221 developed nations at 78.8-75.2 in 1990. More recently twenty-first century figures show where the life expectancy of American has dropped significantly.Present comparative life expectancy rates show that United States of America has the lowest among developed nations. Further, reports have been that this country has the worst health care delivery system among developed nations due to inaccessibility of health care services incurred through lack of insurance coverage and exorbitant out of pocket costs (Murray, 2 013).

Works cited

DeNavas-Walt, C. Proctor, B., &. Smith, J. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2010. U.S. Census Bureau: Current Population Reports, P60-239. Washington, DC: U.S. G overnment Printing Office. 2011. Print

Marquis, B. L. & Huston, C. J. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing. Theory and application. (7th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkin. 2011. Print.

Murray, C. The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. Journal of the American Medical Association. 310 (6): 2013, 591–Print

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623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About

Are you looking for interesting healthcare essay topics? StudyCorgi has prepared an extensive list of health care topics to write about! Here, you’ll find title ideas for various healthcare fields, including healthcare management, ethics, administration, leadership, policy, finance, care quality, and issues faced by healthcare workers. Our topics are suitable for both high school students and college students. Check them out!

🏆 Best Health Care Topics to Write About

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• The US Healthcare Delivery System and Role of Nurses This paper aims to discuss changes implemented to reform the U.S. healthcare delivery system and the role of nurses in the altering environment.
• Quality and Risk Management in Healthcare Management of risk in health care institutions seeks to reduce any potential negative occurrences to all stakeholders such as patients and staff.
• Application of Statistical Methods in Healthcare Statistical evaluation of clinical research results determines doctors’ decisions in favor of the method of treatment being studied.
• Evolution of Healthcare Information Systems Healthcare and hospital information systems have greatly changed in the past twenty years and this has been as a result of the improvement of information technology.
• Issues and Possible Solutions in the Healthcare Sector It is hard to disagree that healthcare is one of the most fundamental and intricate sectors playing a crucial role in people’s lives.
• Healthcare Informatics: Introduction to Theory The introduction of electronic health records (EHR) is changing the paper records system for many healthcare workers.
• Risk Management in Healthcare Construction Projects A risk is any occurrence that has the potential to alter the progress of a project significantly. A risk may be positive or negative.
• Calgary Family Assessment Model in Healthcare Calgary Family Assessment Model is a tool utilized by health care specialists to evaluate the overall wellbeing of a family.
• Healthcare Quality Planning Meeting Minutes The essay analyzes quality planning meeting minutes, the key discussion points, arrangement features, and formulated objectives to evaluate their overall effectiveness.
• Roles of a Financial Manager in Healthcare The financial manager shall be responsible for monitory of the cash receipts and disbursements towards the attainment of the operational and investment needs of the hospital.
• Ethical and Legal Issues in Healthcare Services The article is an analysis of a number of situations that a patient may face and contains a detailed analysis of each of them from a legal and ethical point of view.
• Building Trust Within the Healthcare Setting This plan is based on the trust equation proposed by Reagan, which states that credibility, reliability, intimacy divided by self-orientation are equal to trust.
• Social Media and Informatics Role in Healthcare This paper examines three examples of using social media and electronic systems to demonstrate the impact of the Internet and modern informatics on healthcare.
• Using Smartphones in Healthcare: Ethical Issues The common use of smartphones to share healthcare data is associated with several security and privacy issues.
• Hospital Ownership Types and Impacts on Healthcare Finance The paper states that there is a significant difference in the level of the financial well-being of private, non-profit, and public hospitals.
• Patient Identity Management Policy in Healthcare The prime reason to implement Patient Identity Management strategies considers the linkage and quantity of electronic healthcare data.
• Healthcare Marketing and Its Evolution During the last several decades, much attention has been paid to developing healthcare advertising and replacing traditional marketing principles with innovative ideas.
• Categorical Variables in a Healthcare Research Such categories as age, gender, height, weight can be applied in healthcare research. This paper describes categorical variables and analyzes categorical variables’ application.
• Leadership in Healthcare Overview This paper gives a detailed analysis of leadership style and how planning to expand it to support the delivery of ethical and sustainable medical services.
• Healthcare Management and Leadership The importance of healthcare management is being understood on the medicine front with various players and places.
• Healthcare Robotics Impact Today, robotics enters many spheres of life, including education, social life, and healthcare. The use of robots in healthcare allows advancing patient care and achieving better health outcomes.
• Comparison of Healthcare Systems: The United States and Switzerland According to AHRQ, there are cases when health disparities in the quality of care and access may be observed. It particularly relates to ethnic minorities and immigrants with low income.
• Coordinated Advance Care Planning: Improving End of Life Care Coordinated advance care planning will improve end of life care, the perceptions of the quality of care, and levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in surviving relatives.
• Monitoring and Controlling Functions in Healthcare Organizations The paper aims to discuss healthcare organizations’ monitoring and controlling approaches and identify their differences from other businesses.
• Policy Analysis in Healthcare Industry Policy-makers in healthcare have the task of making the workforce more diverse. Achieving this goal will help overcome societal inequalities.
• The Impact of Advanced Practice Nursing in Healthcare Advanced Practice Nursing refers to improved and broadened healthcare interventions and services offered by nurses who affect clinical health outcomes.
• Patient-Centered Healthcare Coordination Plan The paper states that the goal of the eventual care coordination plan is to ensure that all the many aspects of healthcare are addressed.
• Impact of IT on Healthcare During COVID-19 The spread of COVID-19 around the world has made it necessary to change the lifestyle. Internet technologies have become a part of life in all areas.
• Overcoming Personal Biases, Prejudice, and Stereotyping in Healthcare Patients should be treated with the utmost respect and equality irrespective of their race, gender, class, age, or any other characteristic.
• Healthcare Institution Financial and Investment Appraisal The present paper discusses three general aspects of the Jiranna Healthcare case study. It conducts an appraisal of the firm’s financial performance.
• Healthcare Organizations’ Mission, Vision and Values This project identifies four health organizations coupled with reviewing their vision, mission, and values and proposes changes to the organizations’ missions, visions, and values.
• Universal Healthcare System: Advantages and Disadvantages A universal health care system provides access to necessary healthcare to all citizens regardless of their level of income, employment status or age.
• Healthcare Quality Improvement Team Meeting Plan The paper presents a plan on identifying and onboarding a quality improvement and develops a brief agenda for a team meeting and criteria for its evaluation.
• Healthcare Problems in South Africa The state of health in South Africa differs from the most fundamental primary healthcare, provided for free by the government, to the highly professional and technologically advanced facilities.
• Ethics, Morals, and Values in Healthcare In healthcare, ethics, morals, and values play a rather crucial role. It is important to be able to differentiate between the concepts and understand their influence on the field.
• Voluntary Accreditation in Healthcare: Requirements, Compliance, and Standards Voluntary accreditation in the American healthcare sector is a special program for assessing the quality and reliability of the work of a medical organization.
• Servant Leadership in Healthcare The modern healthcare system is going through constant and rather severe changes that need to be managed properly to benefit the medical landscape.
• Lack of Staffing and Training in Healthcare The essay discusses Lack of training affects the supply of trained nurses to health care organizations, thus, contributing to the nursing shortage in these organizations.
• Theory of Planned Behavior and Educational Intervention in Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections This essay describes the application of the theory of planned behavior and educational intervention in prevention and control of HAIs.
• Healthcare: New Treatment Methods At the beginning of the 21st century, the healthcare system in the USA has changed dramatically because of new technologies and new treatment methods available for millions of patients.
• Organizational Culture in Healthcare The purpose of this paper is to analyze the key components of culture in healthcare organizations and their contributions to career growth.
• ABC Healthcare Cyber and Computer Network Security The detailed response below includes both internal and external aspects of security requirements. It includes both ‘untrusted’ and trusted aspects of the requirements.
• Ways to Improve the US Healthcare System The healthcare system in the United States is one of the main areas that need to be improved. This paper discusses the possible ways for the improvement of US health care.
• Healthcare Strategies and Management The critical aim of healthcare providers is to increase efficiency, improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, remain competitive, and enhance the overall quality of care.
• Cultural Influences Affecting Health and Healthcare Culture plays a significant role in shaping individuals’ beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors toward health and healthcare.
• Multiple Regression Analysis in Healthcare Scenario The paper discusses hospital length of stay. It is a helpful metric for managing hospital services and is an index that is assessed for operating expenditures.
• Healthcare Quality Initiatives and Their Importance This article provides an analysis of quality management in healthcare services and intends to enlighten healthcare workers regarding the importance of achieving overall quality.
• The US vs. New Zealand Healthcare Systems The paper discusses the US and New Zealand health systems from the perspective of national structures, mechanisms of funding, legislative organs, and service provision.
• The Consent Role and Aspects in Healthcare Consent represents a kind of agreement that is defined between two or more parties and highlights certain capacities and freedoms that are preserved by that agreement.
• Ethical Dilemmas in Healthcare Ethics codes exist to ensure ethical decisions are made and properly discussed, but unpredictable situations can arise that require original action methodologies.
• The Importance of Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Healthcare Interdisciplinary cooperation has been on the rise in the last few years in the healthcare system and its impact has been substantial.
• Language, Culture, and Healthcare It is crucial to mitigate the cultural and language challenges to facilitate communication between healthcare practitioners and patients and enhance healthcare quality.
• Compensation Structure in Healthcare The paper states that the compensation structure is necessary and is worthy of addressing when exploring the topic of healthcare organizations.
• Leadership and Change in Healthcare Management The paper outlines the essence of leadership and change in healthcare management focusing on the Patient safety, Understanding organizations, Health care management.
• The Role of Cultural Relativism in Healthcare The Nacirema is a group of North Americans living in the territory between the “Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumara of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles”
• Healthcare Root-Cause Analysis and Safety Improvement Plan Communication failures or errors of emission between the medical workers are considered the most common cause of medical failures in about 30% of the cases.
• Quality Management in Healthcare Quality management in healthcare is essential to ensure patient safety. It is helpful by providing the opportunity to evaluate quality in healthcare organizations.
• History of Healthcare: Timeline Discussion This paper suggests a periodization and conditions of primitive and prehistoric healthcare eras, their essential survival tools, and techniques.
• Interpersonal Communication Skills in Healthcare The problem of miscommunication in healthcare persists and tends to have negative impacts on patient outcomes, including those related to safety.
• Steps in the Process of Risk Management in Healthcare Risk management is essential for any enterprise, but for healthcare organizations, it has even greater significance because, frequently, people’s lives are at stake.
• Life Stages and Age Factor in Healthcare Delivery According to the World report on aging and health, the health needs of people differ depending on such factors as gender and stages of life.
• Interprofessional Collaboration in Healthcare Teamwork in healthcare contributes to better patient health outcomes. Clinical staff and administration of healthcare organizations must work collaboratively.
• Demand and Supply of Healthcare Workforce in Oman There has been continued indication of the shortages of physicians and nurses in hospitals across Oman and this is often seen in the media on regular basis.
• Leadership Theories in the Healthcare Industry There has been extensive research on the effectiveness of leadership style and of theories in different areas of work such as business, nursing, education, military, and politics.
• Healthcare Employee Recruitment and Selection Recruitment and selection are the starting points of staffing, which emphasizes their importance for providing the healthcare industry with employees.
• Healthcare Technological Advancements: Pros & Cons New technologies in the healthcare industry are emerging at a significantly high rate. As such, nurses need to acquire skills and knowledge in a number of complex technologies.
• Aspects of an Ideal Healthcare System The paper focuses on how various components can be implemented in the ideal healthcare system to enhance the quality of care services within the country.
• Risk Dashboards in an Acute Healthcare Organization Putting in place a risk dashboard is a useful tool that allows healthcare facilities to track and handle risks in real time.
• Marijuana and Its Use in Healthcare The research suggests considering the use of marijuana as a medication for treatment because it can help to stop certain diseases and help reduce the risk of mental illness.
• Strategic Planning Processes in Healthcare The organization’s strategic foundation is built on its mission, vision, purpose, and values. They direct and steer the goal, principles, and values.
• Creating App in Healthcare: Business Plan In order to create the most effective app in healthcare, it is necessary to monitor trends in this area and implement them.
• Cybersecurity and Protection in Healthcare Studying the topic of cybersecurity in healthcare is a valuable source for creating the best ways to protect against hacker attacks.
• Strategic Planning in Healthcare Physicians, nurses, and front-line staff possess a wealth of knowledge about healthcare information, industry insight, and current processes.
• Analysis of Limited Access to Healthcare The analysis will primarily focus on geographic and related factors in regards to the issue of healthcare access.
• Abolishing Out of Pocket Healthcare Insurance The paper discusses out-of-pocket healthcare. It refers to a mode of healthcare payment that entails using one’s own money to purchase health services.
• Healthcare Professions: EMT and Occupational Therapist This paper discusses such healthcare professions in the U.S. healthcare system as emergency medical technician (EMT) and occupational therapist.
• Cuban Cultural Communication in Relation to Healthcare Cubans are hospitable and open-minded people; people do not build fences around houses, and the door remains open since the population is always happy with guests.
• United Healthcare Firm’s Readiness to Meeting Healthcare Needs The paper analyzes United Healthcare is an incorporated public firm in the US known for offering healthcare products and insurance services.
• The German Healthcare System: Key Aspects The German Healthcare System is among the most advanced healthcare systems that provide quality healthcare services, which are not only accessible but also affordable.
• Partnering to Heal: Healthcare-Associated Infections Prevention The essay explains how healthcare providers and family members could have prevented the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections.
• Healthcare in the Russian Federation There are a number of key factors that lead to major Russian healthcare issues, such as chronic diseases, poor lifestyle habits, and lack of health promotion.
• Healthcare Leader Interview With Professor Alison Kitson Dr. Alison views the ability to have leadership skills as an opportunity to handle problems through multitasking.
• Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) The paper investigates the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency – its background, structure, the field of operation, impacts, and responsibilities.
• Healthcare Accreditation and Licensing Accreditation and licensure are essential processes that potentially render healthcare provision more systematized and standardized.
• The Issue of Healthcare Compliance The paper has successfully discussed the issue of compliance in healthcare. Compliance in healthcare is indeed crucial as it improves patient care and promotes quality services.
• Behavioral Cues in Healthcare Behaviors Behavioral cues in healthcare behaviors can provide an indicator for providers as to what interventions should be implemented in order to improve behaviors.
• Promoting Interoperability Programs for Improving Healthcare and Its Accessibility Informational technology has created a pool of opportunities for improving healthcare and its accessibility. Innovative tools have allowed the creation of Medicare and Medicaid.
• The Issue of Ethics in Healthcare The most frequently found ethical problems are those that require a simple distinction of what is right and wrong.
• Cultural Barriers in Healthcare Management There are numerous barriers including language, cultural competence, and structural access to health care which prevent participation from cultural or ethnic minorities.
• Technology and Future Trends in Healthcare The change from an illness-oriented healthcare model to a wellness-oriented model has transformed the delivery process and nanotechnology.
• The Improvement of the Healthcare System in California Within a clinical organization, health care reform has led institutions to focus on patient health by focusing on evidence-based medicine.
• Incomplete or Missing Documentation: Patient Safety in Healthcare Patient safety is among the top concerns for healthcare set-up due to the associated negative consequences affecting care outcomes and other related issues, such as legal suits.
• Capstone Project Change Proposal in Healthcare Sector Nursing understaffing is caused primarily by the emotional exhaustion of medical workers due to the stressful workload in the sector.
• Planned Parenthood as a Healthcare Research Topic The topic of planned parenthood is an important issue that affects not only social but also healthcare aspects and involves a large number of stakeholders.
• Healthcare Disparities and Potential Solutions The purpose of the paper is to expand on healthcare disparities, contributing factors, potential solutions, and the details of their implementation.
• Importance Skills in Healthcare Environment The importance of research skills, practical knowledge, and experience for developing leadership in the healthcare environment can hardly be disputed.
• Conflict Management in the Healthcare Sector This paper will examine the extent to which my capacity to deal with disagreements can ruin or facilitate effective leadership in the healthcare sector.
• Healthcare Delivery Models and Nursing Trends Nurses have evolved from being specialized doctors’ assistants to becoming a vital part of maintaining patients’ health.
• Cybersecurity Strategic Plan and the Best Practices in the Healthcare Sector Technology is changing at a rate that most institutions cannot keep pace with; hence, introducing a large that makes organizations susceptible to cyber breaches.
• Change Theory Initiatives in Healthcare Facilities The implementation of change is a complex process. This work discusses the challenges of initiating change theory in health care organizations.
• Healthcare Workforce and Human Resource Management The case study of the CEO’s report of General City Hospital demonstrates important shifts and obstacles of the current healthcare system.
• LGBT Healthcare Disparity: Theoretical Framework The paper prepares research on LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) healthcare disparities and presents a literature review and theoretical framework.
• Healthcare Disparities in the LGBT Community Apart from the disparities representatives of the LGBT community face in everyday life, they also deal with some major challenges as to their access to appropriate health care services.
• Healthcare Centers Employee Benefits and Compensation Although Iroquois Healthcare, Albany Medical Center, and Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital as nursing organizations share vision and missions, the employee benefit differ significantly.
• Evaluation in Nursing Education and Healthcare Organization Evaluation and assessment are key components of nursing education and healthcare practice since they are concerned with quality appraisal and revealing the need for improvement.
• Healthcare Conflict Resolution Case This paper dwells on the details of the conflict in a Healthcare Setting between Kimberly and Jade and describes the stages of the conflict.
• Restraint and Seclusion in Healthcare Restraint and seclusion have been used as measures of addressing patients’ behaviors that could cause harm to them and other people around.
• Conflict Management in Healthcare Facilities Heads of different health faculties must effectively resolve the issues of conflict in their areas as health care leaders are not immune.
• Visual Perception: Challenges in Healthcare Settings The present paper not only describes the dynamics of visual perception but also presents evidence of how the concept affects patients in healthcare settings.
• Healthcare Operating Budget Strategy The effective strategy for establishing operational budgets in healthcare is planning across multiple time horizons, which allows healthcare specialists to align models and plans.
• Healthcare Information System and Its Application In modern society, the healthcare information system plays a critical role in defining the quality of healthcare offered in healthcare centers.
• Quality Improvement Team in Healthcare Institution The essay considers creation of an interdisciplinary quality improvement team, risks associated with working with such teams and the ways to address these issues.
• Customer Focus in Healthcare Project Management There are certain changes in project management that take place when the organization decides to focus more on customer preferences.
• Institutional Violence in Healthcare: Factors and Ways of Intervention The paper discusses institutional violence, its precipitating factors, institutional culpability, staff culpability, legal liability and model of intervention.
• The Innovation Diffusion in Healthcare Rogers’ theory of diffusion of innovation, suggests focusing on the human factor and establishing transparent and trustworthy communication with all stakeholders.
• Discussion: Ethics in Healthcare Research The two research articles go deeply into ethical issues, with a particular emphasis on health science and the writings that stem from it.
• Data Quality in the Healthcare Sector This paper shows the significance of data quality in healthcare due to its impact on all metrics of organizational performance, including patient safety and employee satisfaction.
• The Pros and Cons of Implementing Self-Help Kiosks in Healthcare Organizations The implementation of self-help kiosks as a cost-saving strategy is a growing trend in healthcare organizations, as these kiosks aim to improve efficiency.
• Strategic Management Activities in Healthcare This discussion will explore the short-term and long-term activities of strategic management in healthcare and how it can help in the facilitation of control in the future.
• Big Data in the Healthcare Sector: Pros and Cons One of the main disadvantages of using big data in the healthcare sector is the problem of lack of confidentiality. There has been a significant data leak recently in Hong Kong.
• Data Breaches and Cyber Attacks on Healthcare Organizations
• Constructing Team Values in Healthcare
• Information Technology Projects in the Healthcare Sector
• Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Views on Healthcare
• Risk and Quality Management in Healthcare
• Benefits of Health Information Technology
• Project Management in Healthcare
• Interoperability in Healthcare
• Technology in the Healthcare System
• Technology in Healthcare and Care Coordination
• Interprofessional Teamwork in Healthcare
• Healthcare: Auditing Practices
• Performance Appraisal Process in a Healthcare Organization
• Intercultural Communication in Business, Education, and Healthcare
• Modern Healthcare Management: The Role of Information Technologies
• Healthcare Institutions: Budgeting, Planning, and Implications
• US and Canada Healthcare Systems Comparison
• Communication as a Barrier to Providing Healthcare
• Digital Technologies’ Role in Modern Healthcare
• How Digital Literacy Skills Will Help Me in the Healthcare Setting
• Healthcare Manager’s Conceptual, Technical, and Interpersonal Skills
• Employee Risk Management Plan in Healthcare
• Comparing the American and Australian Healthcare Systems
• Mintzberg’s Configuration in a Healthcare Organization
• Healthcare: Interprofessional Collaboration
• Risk-Based Reimbursement in Healthcare
• A Value-Based System in Healthcare
• Tuberculosis Infections and Healthcare in Brunei
• Theory, Risk, and Quality Management in Healthcare Facilities
• Organizational Mission, Vision, and Values in Healthcare
• Intentional Exaggeration: Healthcare Plans and Products
• System Failures in Healthcare Facilities
• Healthcare Industry: Data Collection Tools
• Incivility Within the Healthcare Metaparadigm
• Accountability in the Healthcare Industry
• Marketing Change in Healthcare
• The Healthcare Programs: Quality and Safety Measures
• The Importance of Moral Courage in the Healthcare
• Cash Versus Accrual Accounting Methods in Healthcare Organizations
• Theory of Control in the Healthcare
• Demand for Healthcare Services and the Related Factors
• Social Change: The Nurse’s Role in Global Healthcare
• Healthcare Professional Training and Development
• Unionization and Magnet Accreditation in Healthcare
• Healthcare for Hindus: Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
• Muslim Faith and Healthcare Relationship
• United Healthcare Group and Its Strategic Plan
• Patients Safety and Needs in Healthcare Environment
• Holistic Healthcare and Patient Satisfaction
• Florida and Healthcare Issues
• Non-traditional Healthcare Practices: Can It Replace the Actual Medicine?
• Techniques and Tools for Strategic Management in Healthcare
• Hospital Readmission as Healthcare Challenge
• Time Management in the Healthcare Sector
• Dental Healthcare Persons’ Infection Control
• Healthcare as a Basic Human Right
• Business Needs in the Healthcare Sector
• High Taxes’ Benefits for Education and Healthcare
• Healthcare Administrator: Profession Overview
• Importance of Healthcare Advocacy Plan
• Qualitative Research in Healthcare
• Strategic Planning and Leadership in Healthcare
• The Action Research in Healthcare
• Followership and Leadership in Healthcare
• Healthcare Professional Burnout and Its Effects
• Healthcare Reimbursement Models
• The Implementation of a Safety Improvement Initiative in Healthcare Institutions
• Preparation of Healthcare Revenue-Cycle Audit
• Safety Culture in the Healthcare Workplace
• Aspects of Healthcare Costs
• Incivility Within a Healthcare Setting
• GBMC HealthCare System’s Competitive Advantage
• Performance Appraisals in Healthcare Settings
• Strategic Management in Healthcare
• Quality Improvement and Measurement Tools in Healthcare
• The Analysis of Healthcare Organization
• Elements of Negligence in Healthcare
• Shared Decision-Making Principles in Healthcare
• Healthcare Case Study of Standards for the Center
• The US Medicare vs. the French Healthcare System
• Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs in Healthcare
• Patient Rights When Interacting With Healthcare Providers
• Leadership Coaching Program in Healthcare
• Teamwork and Collaboration in Healthcare
• Risk Communication and Healthcare Management
• Leadership in Motivating Healthcare Staff to Increase Performance
• Cost, Access, and Quality in Healthcare
• Cost Allocation in Healthcare Analysis
• Total Quality Management Healthcare Organizations
• Healthcare – Delivery of Care
• Ethical Professional Codes of Healthcare
• Implementation of Healthcare Organizational Design
• Healthcare in Canada: Problems and Solutions
• Healthcare Management: Past, Present, and Future
• Administrative and Financial System in Healthcare
• Applying Research Skills in the Healthcare Area
• Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Marketing Research and Segmentation
• Value-Based Purchasing Approach in Healthcare
• Quality Healthcare and Its Aims
• Patient Safety in the Healthcare Workplace Culture
• Giltinane’s “Leadership Styles and Theories” in Healthcare
• Information Systems in Healthcare
• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Pros & Cons
• Change Management in Healthcare: Using the Principles of Transformational Leadership
• Magnet Recognition Program in Healthcare
• Collective Bargaining and Shared Governance in the Healthcare Sector
• Healthcare Clinic: Cost and Benefit Analysis
• Nurse Manager as Coach in Healthcare Facility
• Healthcare Organization: Finance and Accounting
• Intermountain Healthcare Mental Health Integration Model
• Magnet Status and Shared Governance in Healthcare
• Patients’ Expectations from Healthcare Industry
• American and Icelandic Healthcare Systems
• Political Activism in Nursing and Healthcare Provision
• Financial Management Role in Healthcare
• Healthcare Technological Trends and HRM Strategies
• Healthcare Resources Use: Project Implementation
• Improving Healthcare through Advocacy
• Healthcare Providers’ and Practitioners’ Types
• Unified Cybersecurity Standards in Healthcare
• Vanguard Healthcare System’s Strategic Plan
• Healthcare Mission and Philosophy: Mercy Hospital Inc.
• The Implication of Information Technology on Marketing Strategy of Healthcare Industry
• Medicaid and Michigan Healthcare Policy
• Peculiarities of Telehealth in Healthcare
• Interprofessional Collaboration in Mental Healthcare
• A Healthcare Manager Interview Summary
• Healthcare Rationing: Articles Review
• Innovating Healthcare: The Use of Wireless Endoscopy
• Discussion: Reimbursement in Healthcare
• Healthcare System in America vs. England
• Patient Engagement in Healthcare
• The Billing Managers in Healthcare
• Challenging Healthcare Executives’ Responsibilities
• A Gemba Walk in a Healthcare Organization
• Alternative Dispute Resolution in Healthcare Malpractice
• Comparison of Healthcare Between the U.S. and Other Developed Nations
• Business Intelligence in Healthcare Industry
• Healthcare Informatics Discussion
• Healthcare Restructuring Initiatives
• Compliance and Reimbursement in Healthcare Organizations
• QSEN Competencies for Healthcare Teamwork
• Changes to Reform the US Healthcare Delivery System
• Healthcare Fraud Solutions: Healthcare Fraud and Abuse
• Technology in Healthcare: Perspectives of Both Employees and Organizations
• Types of Healthcare Organizations in the United States
• Evolution of Healthcare Facility Design in 1960-1980
• Healthcare Inflation in Canada and the US
• Healthcare Organizations: Health Policy in Japan
• Odds and Risk Ratios in Healthcare
• Liability in Healthcare: Breach of Patient Confidentiality
• England’s Healthcare System for Vulnerable Population
• Healthcare Law: Conditions of Contract Law
• The Effect of Globalization on Healthcare
• The Healthcare System in England
• The Healthcare System in Ghana
• Immigrants in the Healthcare Settings
• Indigenous Mental Healthcare in Ontario, Canada
• Aspects of Just Culture in Healthcare
• The Hispanic Cultural Group Healthcare
• Leadership and Correctional Reform in Healthcare
• Culture, Ethnicity, and Acculturation in Healthcare
• Healthcare Finance Model: Medicaid Program
• Sicko: A Grim Reality Check for the US Healthcare System
• Healthcare Versus Sick Care
• Healthcare Systems in England vs. the US
• Social Media in Healthcare Marketing
• The Strategic Procedure in Healthcare
• Telehealth Policy for Healthcare Effectiveness
• Duplication of Healthcare Facilities Within Regions
• Civility Guidelines in the Healthcare Workplace
• International Policies and Healthcare Access in France and Italy
• Healthcare as a Human Right: Addressing Access Disparities
• Competition in the Healthcare Industry
• Health Care Ethics and Reform: High Cost of Healthcare
• Improving Health Literacy through Patient Education in a Healthcare Facility
• Awareness of Bioethics in Contemporary Healthcare
• Barriers to Healthcare Access: Adults with Mental Health Challenges
• Standards of Healthcare: Quality Caring in Nursing and Health Systems
• Socioeconomics in the Delivery of Healthcare
• Healthcare Economics and Work of Hospitals
• Information Management Standards in Healthcare
• The Healthcare Pyramid Levels in St. Petersburg, Florida
• Problem-Solving and Conflict Avoiding at A&B Healthcare, Inc.
• Addressing the Mental Health Crisis of Healthcare Workers Post-COVID-19
• The Issue of Racial Equality in Healthcare
• Healthcare Optimization Techniques
• How Are Women in Qatar Involved in Healthcare?
• Cultural Diversity Considerations in Healthcare Organizations
• Collaboration Between Local, State, and Federal Governments in Addressing Healthcare Issues
• Enhancing the Healthcare System With Information Management
• Scientific Integrity in Modern Healthcare
• Healthcare Disparities Among the LGBTQ+ (Queer) Veterans
• Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in the Healthcare Case
• Quality in Healthcare: Healthcare Systems
• Associations between Healthcare Utilization Factors and Diabetic Retinopathy
• The Levels of Evidence in Healthcare
• Healthcare Access: Financial Barriers
• Simulation in Healthcare Operational Decision-Making
• The United States Healthcare System Analysis
• The National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
• Factors Facilitating Quality Improvement in Healthcare
• Leadership Models in Healthcare
• Policies Addressing LGBT (Queer) Healthcare Disparities
• Quality Healthcare Improvement for Pregnant Women in New York City
• Negligence and Battery in Healthcare Units
• Risk Management, Quality and Safety in Healthcare
• Healthcare Affordability in the United States
• Healthcare Quality and Outcomes: Measurement and Management
• The Policy Standard in China’s Healthcare System
• Healthcare Financial Elements
• Patient-Centered Medical Home: Marketing in Healthcare
• How Analytics Can Help Improve Healthcare Decision-Making
• Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare Organizations
• The Impact of Genomics on Policy and Practice in Healthcare
• Healthcare Costs Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Monitoring Compliance of IV Pump Integration in a Healthcare Setting
• Geography and Healthcare Equity in the U.S.
• Navigating Organizational Theories in Healthcare
• Challenges and Complexities in the U.S. Healthcare System
• Application of Blockchain in Healthcare
• Abuses in a Healthcare Context
• The Canadian Healthcare System’s Key Challenges
• Data Analytics and Its Role in Healthcare
• Business Analytics in Healthcare
• Impacts of Organizational Culture and Structure on Healthcare Outcomes
• Healthcare Service Management Course
• Healthcare Organization Assessment
• Advanced Practice Nurse: Healthcare Policy
• Information Technologies in Healthcare
• Healthcare Risk Management – Balancing Safety and Efficiency
• Information Security Policies in Healthcare Organizations
• Fraud and Abuse in Healthcare: Analysis
• Informed Decision-Making in Healthcare
• Diversity in Healthcare Organizations
• Research Designs in Healthcare Research
• Managing Incremental Healthcare Costs in a Post Pandemic World
• Healthcare Change Implementation and Management Plan
• Healthcare Data Quality Elements
• Standardization as a Procedural Issue in Healthcare
• Cultural Diversity and Sensitivity in Healthcare
• Leading Interprofessional Collaboration in Healthcare
• Barriers to Healthcare in Refugee Communities
• Healthcare Research: Systematic Search Strategy
• Refugees’ Adjustment and Accessibility of Healthcare
• Professional Services Automation System in Healthcare
• VITAS Healthcare: Program Evaluation Proposal
• Healthcare Research Designs and Sampling Methods
• Factors of Decision-Making by Healthcare Managers
• Healthcare Policy Evaluation in the US vs. Mexico
• Prevention in Healthcare and Social Science
• Interprofessional Team Management in Healthcare
• Implications of Healthcare Fraud and Abuse
• Impacts of Technology on the Healthcare System
• Healthcare Advocacy Plan for Nassau County
• Incorporating Telehealth Into the Healthcare System
• Healthcare Program: Informational Campaign on Dementia
• Initial Beliefs: Evidence-Based Management in Healthcare
• Q.I. Program for Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers
• How Healthcare Organizations Deal With COVID-19 Financial Issues
• Billing and Coding Regulations in Healthcare
• Epidemiological Data and Its Role in Healthcare
• Vocal Biomarkers in Healthcare
• Communication Problems in Healthcare Attendants
• Climate Change as a Healthcare Priority
• Rising Healthcare Costs as a Policy Issue
• Beliefs, Perceptions, and Behaviors Impacting Healthcare Utilization
• Electronic Vulnerability in Healthcare
• Statistical Analysis in Healthcare
• Access to Healthcare Services and Language Interpretation
• The Healthcare Labour Shortage: Practice, Theory, Evidence
• Healthcare Financing: USA vs. Switzerland
• Discussion: The Use of RFID in Healthcare
• Healthcare Insurance Organizations’ Risk of Fraud
• Mental Healthcare Provision & Barriers to Innovation
• The Healthcare Center for the Homeless
• Project Evaluation in Healthcare
• Healthcare Language Barrier for Afghani Refugees
• The Socio-Ecological Model of Access to Healthcare
• Advantages of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
• Technologies in Healthcare Delivery
• Antibiotics: The Use in Healthcare
• Challenges of Virtual Assistance Technology Implementation for Healthcare
• Universal Healthcare as a Basic Right of Humanity
• The Gibbs Reflection Cycle Method in Healthcare
• Evaluation of Virtual Reality in Healthcare
• Advocacy and Communication in Healthcare
• Organizational Change in Healthcare
• Healthcare Interprofessional Team Members’ Perspectives on Caring
• Corruption in South Africa’s Healthcare Sector
• Culture of the Nacirema in Modern Healthcare
• Leadership Versus Management: Healthcare Leadership
• Third-Party Payers in Healthcare Reimbursement
• Organizational Change Regarding Language Barriers in Healthcare
• The Triple Aim Framework and Financial Issues in Healthcare
• How 911 Dispatcher Technology Has Reduced Healthcare Costs
• Applying Lean Principles in Healthcare
• Reducing Healthcare Expenses: Structural and Individual Measures
• Hansen vs. Baxter Healthcare Corporation
• Risk Management in Healthcare Settings
• Strategic and Program Evaluation in Healthcare
• The Role of Differential Diagnosis in Healthcare
• Issues in Healthcare and Effective Communication with Organization Stakeholders
• Healthcare Collection Policies and Procedures
• Issues of Healthcare in the US
• Healthcare Services for Vulnerable Populations in Georgia
• Report Specifications in Healthcare
• Healthcare Facility Expansion Funding
• The Healthcare Costs Regulation Strategies
• Effective Communication and Quality in Healthcare
• Agile-Scrum in Healthcare Project Management
• Malpractice, Abuse, and Neglect in Healthcare
• Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
• The Healthcare Administrator: Leadership Abilities
• Queer People (LGBTQIA) in Healthcare System Context
• Auburn Hospital’s Comprehensive Healthcare Strategies
• Healthcare during Tornados: Business Continuity
• Theories and Approaches in Healthcare
• The Significance of Healthcare Policy
• Legal and Ethical Issues in Healthcare System
• Analysis of Innovation in Healthcare
• Consumer Involvement in the Healthcare System
• Significance of Accreditation in Healthcare
• Healthcare Trends and Innovations
• Pediatric and Adult Anatomy for Healthcare Providers
• Organizational Theory in Healthcare
• Licensed Professional Counseling in Mental Healthcare
• Healthcare Errors, Risks, and Project Management
• Scheduling Management in Healthcare
• Trinity Healthcare’s Internal and External Barriers
• A Strategic Plan for a Healthcare Organization
• Healthcare Insurance in the USA
• Population Aging and Healthcare Concerns
• Implementing and Evaluating a Healthcare Organization’s Strategic Plan
• Galen’s Experiential Philosophic Approach to Healthcare
• Economic Issues Confronting Healthcare System
• Doctor Michael R. Walker as Leader in Healthcare
• Role of Advance Directives in Healthcare
• Nursing Informatics: Healthcare Blockchain System
• Career in Healthcare Administration
• Aspects of Palliative Care in Healthcare
• “Top Challenges Facing the Healthcare Industry Today”: Three Challenges
• Healthcare Information Systems
• The Concept of Accountability in Healthcare
• Universal Healthcare in the United States
• Simulation Training for Healthcare Staff
• Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination for Healthcare Employees
• Regulation of Patient Healthcare Records Release
• Telemedicine as a Healthcare Provision Technique
• Healthcare for Queer (LGBTQIA+) Patients
• The American College of Healthcare Executives: Leadership Reflection
• Strategic Planning Process in Healthcare
• The Assessment Process in Healthcare
• Healthcare: The Importance of Accessibility
• The Basic Level of Healthcare: H. Engelhardt’s and N. Daniels’ Perspectives
• Competitive Forces in the Healthcare Market
• Impact of Obesity on Healthcare System
• Care Coordination Process in the Healthcare
• Mental Healthcare Aspects of Latinos
• Social Welfare Policy and Healthcare Insurance
• Quality Performance Is a Goal in Healthcare
• Revenue Cycle Processes and Pricing in Healthcare
• Stakeholders’ Conflict of Interests in Healthcare Provision
• Elder Abuse in the US Healthcare System
• Community Healthcare Agency at Fairfax
• The Adoption of the EHR Framework in Healthcare Facilities
• Should Free Healthcare be a Right in America?
• Unlisted Procedures and Services in Healthcare
• Creating Value in Healthcare Settings
• Healthcare Disparity in the African American Community
• The Introduction of a Vaccine Against COVID-19 Among Healthcare Staff in Moldova
• The Healthcare Availability in the USA
• Improving a Healthcare Compliance Program
• Telehealth and Its Impact on the Healthcare System
• The Healthcare Situation in the USA
• Human Resource Management: Healthcare
• Artificial Intelligence: Human Trust in Healthcare
• Researching of Fraud and Abuse in Healthcare
• Ethics of Care (EOC) and Healthcare
• Professional Relationships in Healthcare
• Genetic Technologies in the Healthcare
• Racial Inequality, Immigration, and Healthcare in the US
• Occupational Stress Management in Healthcare
• Cybersecurity in Healthcare Organizations
• Healthcare Social Issue for Indigenous People in Canada
• Nurses’ Knowledge to Be Successful Healthcare Professionals
• Using of Virtual Reality in Healthcare
• The Risk of Using Abbreviations in Modern Healthcare
• The Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the Healthcare
• Overworked Healthcare Systems: The Case of the US and Canada
• Women’s Healthcare and Social Darwinism
• Telepsychiatry as Innovative Healthcare Practice
• Fraud Schemes in the Healthcare Industry
• Language and Culture: Impact on Healthcare
• Health Costs and Insurance in Healthcare
• Healthcare Industry Challenges: Information and Service Integration
• Fraud in the Healthcare Industry
• Ethical Considerations of Social Media Use by Healthcare Providers
• Providing Quality Care in Healthcare Setting
• Occupational Therapy in Modern Healthcare Market
• Responsible Citizenship in Healthcare Administration
• Handwashing Compliance of Healthcare Workers
• Management and Leadership in Healthcare
• Reducing Risks Facing a Healthcare Organization
• Public Education Initiatives in the Area of Healthcare
• Followership-Leadership Interaction in Healthcare
• The Importance of In-Team Communication in Primary and Emergency Healthcare
• Healthcare Leadership and Management Functions
• Mental Healthcare Services for Transgender Individuals
• Social Justice and Barriers in Healthcare
• Analysis of Implicit Bias in Healthcare
• Accreditation, Regulation, and Certification in the Healthcare Field
• Healthcare Settings: Financial Challenges
• Patient Consent in Healthcare Diagnostics
• Standard of Care in Healthcare System
• Joe Biden’s New Reform on Healthcare
• Healthcare Delivery Systems in Different Countries
• The Culture of an Open Attitude in Healthcare
• The Pain Rating Scales in Healthcare
• Global Issues in Healthcare: Cultural Competence and Patient Safety
• International Classification of Functioning in Healthcare
• The Healthcare System: Effects of Social Media
• Analyzing Errors in Healthcare
• Healthcare Programs in Wyandotte County
• Affordable Healthcare Approach and Best Strategies
• Non- and Governmental Structures in Public Healthcare
• Statistics in Healthcare: Sun Rays Exposure
• Data Analytics and System Performance in Healthcare
• Male Dominant Healthcare Field and Women’s Health
• Healthcare Environment: Challenges to Teamwork and Collaboration
• Principles of Ethics in Healthcare
• What Are the Cross Cultural Healthcare Perspectives?
• How to Estimate the Optimal Size of Secondary Healthcare Providers in Slovenia?
• How Health Policy Shapes Healthcare Sector Productivity?
• How HRM Provides a Mandatory Organized Structure in the Healthcare System?
• How Medical Robotics Affect Healthcare Costs and Patient Care?
• How Medicare Has Impacted Healthcare Within the United States of America?
• How Reliable Are Surveys of Client Satisfaction With Healthcare Services?
• How Retractable Syringe Development Impacted Society and Healthcare?
• What Are the Applications of Simulation Within the Healthcare Context?
• What Are the Factors Influencing Healthcare Service Quality?
• What Is “Quality Improvement” and How Can It Transform Healthcare?
• What Is Interprofessional and Multiprofessional Collaboration in Healthcare?
• What Is Jamaica’s Ethnomedicine Potential in the Healthcare System?
• What Are the Characteristics of Healthcare Wastes?
• What Is a Canadian Model of Integrated Healthcare?
• What Are the Trends and Approaches in Lean Healthcare?
• Whar Are the Emerging Information Technologies for Enhanced Healthcare?
• What Are the Challenges for Design Researchers in Healthcare?
• How Well-organized Logistics Can Service Healthcare?
• What Are the Theories on Implementation of Change in Healthcare?
• How the Blockchain Technology Was Implemented in Healthcare?
• How To Improve Healthcare With Interactive Visualization?
• What Are the Essentials of Economic Evaluation in Healthcare?
• How Mobile Devices Are Transforming Healthcare?
• How to Develop Machine Learning Models for Healthcare?

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• Chicago (N-B)
• Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2021, December 21). 623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/healthcare-essay-topics/

"623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About." StudyCorgi , 21 Dec. 2021, studycorgi.com/ideas/healthcare-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . (2021) '623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About'. 21 December.

1. StudyCorgi . "623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About." December 21, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/healthcare-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About." December 21, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/healthcare-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "623 Healthcare Essay Topics & Research Questions to Write About." December 21, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/healthcare-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Healthcare were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 22, 2024 .

IELTS Essay: Private or Public Healthcare

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 11 Comments

This is an IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of private or public healthcare and medical services from the real IELTS exam.

Please consider supporting me on Patreon.com/howtodoielts to receive my exclusive IELTS Ebooks – you can even sign up for private live lessons with me!

Some feel governments, rather than private companies, should be in charge of medical services.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

There has been widespread debate in recent years concerning whether healthcare should be private or public. In my opinion, despite the importance of government regulation in the healthcare industry, a freer system will naturally encourage greater innovation.

The best support for government controlled healthcare comes from the exorbitant costs of private care. The United States is the best known example of this phenomenon. There are countless stories of vulnerable individuals requiring medical attention who face the prospect of years of nearly insurmountable medical bills. If the government runs the hospitals, as is the case in more progressive nations including Canada and England, the average person does not have to worry about prohibitively expensive medical emergencies. Citizens living in these countries now consider free medical treatment for the injured or ill as a foundational human right that governments have a responsibility to safeguard.

However, governments are notorious for stiffling innovation. This applies to a range of sectors and can best be evidenced by the failure of communism as an economic model. The less extreme forms of socialism that guide many European nations guarantee basic care but hospitals are not motivated to compete and excel. Despite the many drawbacks of the U.S. healthcare system, hospitals there routinely fund and are driven to uncover new treatments and procedures in order to attract more patients. While surging costs may leave behind vulnerable segments of the population, hospitals have a powerful motivation to produce the best possible results for those who can afford treatment.

In conclusion, medicine should be available for all citizens but this cannot be at the expense of the quality of healthcare. Governments should regulate the medical industry and provide welfare schemes yet still allow for a competitive environment.

1. There has been widespread debate in recent years concerning whether healthcare should be private or public. 2. In my opinion, despite the importance of government regulation in the healthcare industry, a freer system will naturally encourage greater innovation.

• Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
• Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. The best support for government controlled healthcare comes from the exorbitant costs of private care. 2. The United States is the best known example of this phenomenon. 3. There are countless stories of vulnerable individuals requiring medical attention who face the prospect of years of nearly insurmountable medical bills. 4. If the government runs the hospitals, as is the case in more progressive nations including Canada and England, the average person does not have to worry about prohibitively expensive medical emergencies. 5. Citizens living in these countries now consider free medical treatment for the injured or ill as a foundational human right that governments have a responsibility to safeguard.

• Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
• Explain your main idea.
• Develop it with specific examples.
• Keep developing it fully.
• Relate it back to the overall topic.

1. However, governments are notorious for stiffling innovation. 2. This applies to a range of sectors and can best be evidenced by the failure of communism as an economic model. 3. The less extreme forms of socialism that guide many European nations guarantee basic care but hospitals are not motivated to compete and excel. 4. Despite the many drawbacks of the U.S. healthcare system, hospitals there routinely fund and are driven to uncover new treatments and procedures in order to attract more patients. 5. While surging costs may leave behind vulnerable segments of the population, hospitals have a powerful motivation to produce the best possible results for those who can afford treatment.

• Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
• Explain your new main idea.
• Include specific details and examples.
• Continue developing it fully!
• Vary short and long sentences.

1. In conclusion, medicine should be available for all citizens but this cannot be at the expense of the quality of healthcare. 2. Governments should regulate the medical industry and provide welfare schemes yet still allow for a competitive environment.

• Summarise your main ideas.
• Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean? Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.

There has been widespread debate in recent years concerning whether healthcare should be private or public . In my opinion , despite the importance of government regulation in the healthcare industry , a freer system will naturally encourage greater innovation .

The best support for government controlled healthcare comes from the exorbitant costs of private care . The United States is the best known example of this phenomenon . There are countless stories of vulnerable individuals requiring medical attention who face the prospect of years of nearly insurmountable medical bills . If the government runs the hospitals, as is the case in more progressive nations including Canada and England, the average person does not have to worry about prohibitively expensive medical emergencies . Citizens living in these countries now consider free medical treatment for the injured or ill as a foundational human right that governments have a responsibility to safeguard .

However, governments are notorious for stiffling innovation . This applies to a range of sectors and can best be evidenced by the failure of communism as an economic model . The less extreme forms of socialism that guide many European nations guarantee basic care but hospitals are not motivated to compete and excel . Despite the many drawbacks of the U.S. healthcare system , hospitals there routinely fund and are driven to uncover new treatments and procedures in order to attract more patients. While surging costs may leave behind vulnerable segments of the population , hospitals have a powerful motivation to produce the best possible results for those who can afford treatment.

In conclusion, medicine should be available for all citizens but this cannot be at the expense of the quality of healthcare. Governments should regulate the medical industry and provide welfare schemes yet still allow for a competitive environment .

For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:

widespread debate lots of controversy

in recent years in the last several years

concerning having to do with

healthcare hospital and medicine

private not public, open to companies and profit making

public owned by the government

In my opinion I think

despite regardless of

regulation rules

healthcare industry hospitals

freer system more open industry

naturally of course

encourage foster

greater innovation more new ideas

best support superior help

government controlled healthcare nations running hospitals

exorbitant costs very expensive

private care not public hospitals

best known example most famous instance

phenomenon development

countless stories many instances

vulnerable weak

requiring medical attention need help from doctors

face the prospect potentially must deal with

nearly insurmountable almost unbeatable

medical bills money to be paid to hospitals

runs in charge of

as is the case in more progressive nations which is true in more modern countries

including such as

average person normal person

prohibitively expensive costs too much

emergencies have to deal with right away

consider free medical treatment think of free hospitals

injured hurt

foundational human right basic human privilege

responsibility duty

safeguard keep safe

notorious infamous

stiffling innovation slowing new ideas

range of sectors many industries

best be evidenced clearest support

failure didn’t work

communism system of government with state-owned enterprises

economic model way of running a country

less extreme forms of socialism not as a severe as communism

guide way forward

guarantee basic care safeguard a degree of help

compete fight agains each other

excel do well

drawbacks tradeoffs

U.S. healthcare system United States hospitals

routinely fund typically give money to

driven pushed by

uncover discover

treatments new techniques

procedures ways of treating a sickness

attract bring people in

surging increasing

leave behind can’t catch up

vulnerable segments of the population poorer people

powerful motivation big incentives

produce make

best possible results ideal outcomes

afford can pay for

available on offer

at the expense of to the detriment of

quality how good something is

regulate keep in check, supervise

medical industry hospitals

provide welfare schemes support poor people

allow for gives the opportunity

competitive environment capitalist economy

Pronunciation

Practice saying the vocabulary below and use this tip about Google voice search :

ˈwaɪdsprɛd dɪˈbeɪt   ɪn ˈriːsnt jɪəz   kənˈsɜːnɪŋ   ˈwɛðə   ˈhɛlθkeə   ˈpraɪvɪt   ˈpʌblɪk ɪn maɪ əˈpɪnjən dɪsˈpaɪt   ˌrɛgjʊˈleɪʃən   ˈhɛlθkeər ˈɪndəstri ˈfriːə ˈsɪstɪm   ˈnæʧrəli   ɪnˈkʌrɪʤ   ˈgreɪtər ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən bɛst səˈpɔːt   ˈgʌvnmənt kənˈtrəʊld ˈhɛlθkeə   ɪgˈzɔːbɪtənt kɒsts   ˈpraɪvɪt keə bɛst nəʊn ɪgˈzɑːmpl   fɪˈnɒmɪnən ˈkaʊntlɪs ˈstɔːriz   ˈvʌlnərəbl   rɪˈkwaɪərɪŋ ˈmɛdɪkəl əˈtɛnʃ(ə)n   feɪs ðə ˈprɒspɛkt   ˈnɪəli ˌɪnsə(ː)ˈmaʊntəbl   ˈmɛdɪkəl bɪlz rʌnz   æz ɪz ðə keɪs ɪn mɔː prəʊˈgrɛsɪv ˈneɪʃənz   ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ   ˈævərɪʤ ˈpɜːsn   prəˈhɪbɪtɪvli ɪksˈpɛnsɪv   ɪˈmɜːʤənsiz kənˈsɪdə friː ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈtriːtmənt   ˈɪnʤəd   ɪl   faʊnˈdeɪʃən(ə)l ˈhjuːmən raɪt   rɪsˌpɒnsəˈbɪlɪti   ˈseɪfgɑːd nəʊˈtɔːrɪəs   ˈstaflɪɪŋ ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən reɪnʤ ɒv ˈsɛktəz   bɛst biː ˈɛvɪdənst   ˈfeɪljə   ˈkɒmjʊnɪzm   ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈmɒdl lɛs ɪksˈtriːm fɔːmz ɒv ˈsəʊʃəlɪzm   gaɪd   ˌgærənˈtiː ˈbeɪsɪk keə   kəmˈpiːt   ɪkˈsɛl ˈdrɔːbæks   juː . ɛs .  ˈhɛlθkeə ˈsɪstɪm ruːˈtiːnli fʌnd   ˈdrɪvn   ʌnˈkʌvə   ˈtriːtmənts   prəˈsiːʤəz   əˈtrækt   ˈsɜːʤɪŋ   liːv bɪˈhaɪnd   ˈvʌlnərəbl ˈsɛgmənts ɒv ðə ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən ˈpaʊəfʊl ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən   ˈprɒdjuːs   bɛst ˈpɒsəbl rɪˈzʌlts   əˈfɔːd   əˈveɪləbl   æt ði ɪksˈpɛns ɒv   ˈkwɒlɪti   ˈrɛgjʊleɪt   ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈɪndəstri   prəˈvaɪd ˈwɛlfeə skiːmz   əˈlaʊ fɔː   kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt

Vocabulary Practice

I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:

There has been w____________________e i________________s c_____________g w____________r h______________e should be p__________e or p_______c . I_____________n , d_________e the importance of government r___________n in the h___________________y , a f_______________m will n___________y e_____________e g___________________n .

The b_______________t for g______________________________e comes from the e_________________s of p_____________e . The United States is the b________________e of this p________________n . There are c__________________s of v______________e individuals r____________________________n who f_____________________t of years of n_________________________e m______________s . If the government r______s the hospitals, a________________n m_____________________s i______________g Canada and England, the a_________________n does not have to worry about p_________________________e medical e________________s . Citizens living in these countries now c____________________________t for the i_________d or i__l as a f____________________________t that governments have a r_______________y to s__________d .

However, governments are n___________s for s________________n . This applies to a r_________________s and can b________________d by the f__________e of c_______________m as an e_________________l . The l__________________________m that g_________e many European nations g___________________e but hospitals are not motivated to c_________e and e_______l . Despite the many d______________s of the U___________________m , hospitals there r________________d and are d________n to u_________r new t_____________s and p_____________s in order to a__________t more patients. While s_________g costs may l_______________d v_________________________n , hospitals have a p_____________________n to p____________e the b_________________________s for those who can a_________d treatment.

In conclusion, medicine should be a______________e for all citizens but this cannot be a___________________f the q__________y of healthcare. Governments should r_____________e the m________________y and p______________________s yet still a_____________r a c_____________________________t .

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic in the video below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

How does health spending in the U.S. compare to other countries?

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

• How can people improve their physical health?
• What about their mental health?
• In what ways can teachers encourage students to do sports?
• What is the role of doctors in raising health awareness?
• Can social media also play a role?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related IELTS essay topic below:

Some think that governments should tax unhealthy foods to encourage people to eat healthier.

IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample Answer Essay: Unhealthy Foods (Real Past IELTS Tests/Exams)

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11 Comments

It is really helpful for me ,thnx a lot sir for this great effort keep it up

You’re welcome, Arshdeep!

A highly controversial issue today in the air is apropos with the healthcare system. Certain people asserts that public should be the charge of health services while has a different sights onto it as well. In my opinion, despite the benefits of freer system in the medical field, government management has an overall positive impact on society.

The compelling reason to support my side is financial crisis and corruption. In the recent world 65% people are fighting with trade depression to maintain a household activity. Numerous medical operations consist a lot amount of dollars which slightly cheaper in the government hospitals as a result it is an ease for middle class people. If such rights are under the citizen’s hand then situation will become terrible as everyone comes with a possible outcome which can save their banking accounts. This approach will indirectly creating a caution for doctors as they do not have a specific digits income. Under the rules of government equality will manage and it reflects the progress of nation and economy both because such trade skill workers are high paid tax workers.

Nonetheless, detractors have their evolution with credentials and job opportunities. Several master degree physician never getting a high paid workplace whereas operating a private clinic with surplussing charge is only productive method for them to gain an experience and income. To illustrate, in many countries like India above a quarter people prefer a veteran private hospitals than surgery in local centers. While hospitals are providing a powerful result but conveniently and fast focus individual outcome can possible in private sectors who can afford the treatment.

To encapsulate, both the side have their comparatively merits and demerits. It is an onus of an individual to potentially counter the benefits for everyone to pay and get equal healthcare. I believe that, in the future the thought of public involvement will entirely eliminate with initiative of government to raise the position of doctors and medical workers in the hospitals.

Nice work, Y!

There are too many informal idioms though and some collocations are incorrect.

Try to be more accurate and keep working hard!

Would you please tell me which bands my essay is currently on?

Opinions are divided regarding whether the government or privately-owned companies should be responsible for providing medical services for the masses. Although the authorities can make healthcare widely accessible for everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic statuses, I am strongly convinced that private organizations should also be allowed to participate in this industry. Skeptics of private companies performing medical services may point out the exorbitant prices of healthcare these days. Perhaps the quintessential example of this would be the United States whereby healthcare services are prohibitively expensive. Consequently, the unwell in this country, most especially those suffering from severe illnesses, are likely to face the prospects of bankruptcy due to colossal medical bills. However, when the government uses restrictive legislation to strictly regulate the medical industry, which is the case in various progressive countries such as Canada or England, chances are individuals do not have to bear the financial burden stemming from medical treatment when being ill.   Despite the aforementioned argument, I claim that the availability of private healthcare providers can bring enormous benefits to society. Although the government may make healthcare more affordable for everyone, the public budget may not be able to accommodate the insatiable demands of the public for this service. Therefore, the participation of private companies in offering medical treatment for the masses, be it building more clinics and hospitals or buying more medical facilities, can alleviate the burden the governments, otherwise, have to carry alone. A good example of this would properly be the COVID-19 pandemic that state-owned hospitals fail to treat millions of patients suffering from this disease at once, therefore having to rely on the assistance of their privately-owned counterparts. This is a testament to why it is justifiable for private companies to partake in the healthcare industry. In conclusion, although the benefits of medical services being controlled by the governments are undeniable, I am of the opinion that the involvement of private companies in this industry is also necessary.  

Good work, Manual!

There are some words that are slightly off but otherwise you are around the level of a native speak and should expect at least an 8.5.

Impressive!

Thanks for your comment! 🙂

You’re welcome!

I am grateful that I fortunately hit with this link and collect immense vocabulary . Thanksalot Mr.Dave

You’re very welcome!

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Band 7+: Health services are a basic necessity. However, private companies have made them quite costly for ordinary individuals. Do the advantages of private health care outweigh its disadvantages?

While receiving health services is a fundamental right for humans, a large number of individuals fail to receive private care due to its high price. In my opinion, there are more benefits than disadvantages in regard to non-public health institutions.

There is no doubt that private companies cost much more than governmental hospitals, yet they provide a better quality of service. The excess money these entrepreneurs have gained can be used to upgrade their facilities, such as brain-scanning machines and surgery equipment, so patients can receive a higher standard of care. Some individuals therefore refuse to go to public sectors because they feel more reassured in clinics that do not belong to the same category.

In addition, the waiting queue is much shorter in private institutions. As a result, visitors can receive their diagnosis and treatments rapidly, which stops the disease from further deterioration. This is particularly crucial for young children and elders who have a weaker immune system, as any delay in medication may lead to irreversible consequences.

It must be understood, however, that the practice of private companies are unfair to some people in the community, especially those who are underprivileged. Since these people cannot afford the expensive cost, they must consult at freely accessible organisations. This means that they cannot decide which kind of service they would like to receive, and have to wait for a long time before seeing a doctor. Ultimately, the social disparity between individuals are widened to a greater extent.

In conclusion, the practice of non-governmental companies is both beneficial but discouraging at the same time, but the advantages apparently outweigh the opposite. Still, the writer believes that the government should provide compensatory support for people in need so that they can receive an affordable but securing healthcare service.

Check Your Own Essay On This Topic?

Generate a band-9 sample with your idea, overall band score, task response, coherence & cohesion, lexical resource, grammatical range & accuracy, essays on the same topic:, health services are a basic necessity. however, private companies have made them quite costly for ordinary individuals. do the advantages of private health care outweigh its disadvantages.

In today’s contemporary world, where the majority of the population is expected to be medically fit in order to carry out their mundane activities without difficulty, seeking optimal health services becomes a fundamental phenomenon. However, most health facilities have been privatized. Thus, the common man cannot afford medical services without having to break the bank. […]

Health services are a basic necessity. However, private companies have made them quite costly for ordinary individuals. The debate over whether the advantages of private health care outweigh its disadvantages is ongoing and complex. On one hand, private health care has significant advantages. From the perspective of companies, maximizing return on investment by charging patients […]

The cost of health care services has escalated remarkably recently, pushing individuals in the middle and lower classes into the circumstance of being unable to afford them. The ongoing trend of this discourse over whether the advantages outweigh its disadvantages is complex. However, this essay will look at both the pros and cons of this […]

Although being a basic need, the cost of health care is rising for ordinary people due to the private companies. The downsides of private healthcare can include the high cost and the focus on profitable services but these drawbacks are outweighed by the benefits, such as reduced waiting times and high-end equipment. One disadvantage of […]

Access to health care is a fundamental need to every human. Nevertheless, the private sector has made medical services very expensive for many people. I believe that the harms of private health care are more significant than its benefits, and this essay delves deeper into this conundrum. Privatization of hospitals and clinics has created competition […]

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In developing countries, children in rural communities have less access to education. Some people believe that the problem can be solved by providing more schools and teachers, while others think that the problem can be solved by providing computer and Internet access. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

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Plans & Pricing

Health services are a basic necessity. However, private companies have made them quite costly for ordinary individuals. Do the advantages of private health care outweigh its disadvantages?

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Answer the 'Advantages and Disadvantages' topic

IELTS advantages and disadvantages questions normally give you a statement and ask you to comment on the advantages and disadvantages of that statement.

Answer structure for the type of essay

• Introduction
• Body paragraph 1 – advantages
• Body paragraph 2 – disadvantages

Examples to start your body paragraph:

• The main advantage is...
• The disadvantage of this...
• The main benefit...
• Despite these advantages...
• One possible drawback...

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• cutting-edge technology
• highly skilled professionals
• patient experience
• personalized care
• healthcare practitioners
• competition
• government burden
• public funds
• prohibitively expensive
• disparities
• profitability
• over-treatment
• non-profitable cases
• ethical concerns
• financial status
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Some people think that intelligence is innate while others think that we can improve our intelligence through learning. Discuss both sides and give your opinon.

In some countries, owning a home rather than renting one is very important for people. why might this be the case do you think this is a positive or negative situation, schools should focus on academic success and passing examinations. skills such as cookery, dressmaking and woodworking should not be taught at school as it is better to learn these from family. to that extent do you agree or disagree, robotics is necessary for future human development. but it has both advantages and disadvantages. discuss both views and give your own opinion., nowadays people are overburdened with their work from their job places, your organization has decided to lessen the burden of employees through various means. the higher officials of your organization want to know what the preferences of the employees are, to get rid of the burden so the decision to take a survey regarding this option a: giving a free trip to the employees’ with their family twice a year. option b: organizing creative workshop for employees’ every fortnight.

Health Care Comes Home: The Human Factors (2011)

Chapter: 7 conclusions and recommendations.

7 Conclusions and Recommendations

Health care is moving into the home increasingly often and involving a mixture of people, a variety of tasks, and a broad diversity of devices and technologies; it is also occurring in a range of residential environments. The factors driving this migration include the rising costs of providing health care; the growing numbers of older adults; the increasing prevalence of chronic disease; improved survival rates of various diseases, injuries, and other conditions (including those of fragile newborns); large numbers of veterans returning from war with serious injuries; and a wide range of technological innovations. The health care that results varies considerably in its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency, as well as its quality and cost.

The committee was charged with examining this major trend in health care delivery and resulting challenges from only one of many perspectives: the study of human factors. From the outset it was clear that the dramatic and evolving change in health care practice and policies presents a broad array of opportunities and problems. Consequently the committee endeavored to maintain focus specifically on how using the human factors approach can provide solutions that support maximizing the safety and quality of health care delivered in the home while empowering both care recipients and caregivers in the effort.

The conclusions and recommendations presented below reflect the most critical steps that the committee thinks should be taken to improve the state of health care in the home, based on the literature reviewed in this report examined through a human factors lens. They are organized into four areas: (1) health care technologies, including medical devices and health information technologies involved in health care in the home; (2)

caregivers and care recipients; (3) residential environments for health care; and (4) knowledge gaps that require additional research and development. Although many issues related to home health care could not be addressed, applications of human factors principles, knowledge, and research methods in these areas could make home health care safer and more effective and also contribute to reducing costs. The committee chose not to prioritize the recommendations, as they focus on various aspects of health care in the home and are of comparable importance to the different constituencies affected.

HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGIES

Health care technologies include medical devices that are used in the home as well as information technologies related to home-based health care. The four recommendations in this area concern (1) regulating technologies for health care consumers, (2) developing guidance on the structure and usability of health information technologies, (3) developing guidance and standards for medical device labeling, and (4) improving adverse event reporting systems for medical devices. The adoption of these recommendations would improve the usability and effectiveness of technology systems and devices, support users in understanding and learning to use them, and improve feedback to government and industry that could be used to further improve technology for home care.

Ensuring the safety of emerging technologies is a challenge, in part because it is not always clear which federal agency has regulatory authority and what regulations must be met. Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responsibility for devices, and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) has similar authority with respect to health information technology. However, the dividing line between medical devices and health information technology is blurring, and many new systems and applications are being developed that are a combination of the two, although regulatory oversight has remained divided. Because regulatory responsibility for them is unclear, these products may fall into the gap.

The committee did not find a preponderance of evidence that knowledge is lacking for the design of safe and effective devices and technologies for use in the home. Rather than discovering an inadequate evidence base, we were troubled by the insufficient attention directed at the development of devices that account, necessarily and properly, for users who are inadequately trained or not trained at all. Yet these new users often must

rely on equipment without ready knowledge about limitations, maintenance requirements, and problems with adaptation to their particular home settings.

The increased prominence of the use of technology in the health care arena poses predictable challenges for many lay users, especially people with low health literacy, cognitive impairment, or limited technology experience. For example, remote health care management may be more effective when it is supported by technology, and various electronic health care (“e-health”) applications have been developed for this purpose. With the spectrum of caregivers ranging from individuals caring for themselves or other family members to highly experienced professional caregivers, computer-based care management systems could offer varying levels of guidance, reminding, and alerting, depending on the sophistication of the operator and the criticality of the message. However, if these technologies or applications are difficult to understand or use, they may be ignored or misused, with potentially deleterious effects on care recipient health and safety. Applying existing accessibility and usability guidelines and employing user-centered design and validation methods in the development of health technology products designed for use in the home would help ensure that they are safe and effective for their targeted user populations. In this effort, it is important to recognize how the line between medical devices and health information technologies has become blurred while regulatory oversight has remained distinct, and it is not always clear into which domain a product falls.

Recommendation 1. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology should collaborate to regulate, certify, and monitor health care applications and systems that integrate medical devices and health information technologies. As part of the certification process, the agencies should require evidence that manufacturers have followed existing accessibility and usability guidelines and have applied user-centered design and validation methods during development of the product.

Guidance and Standards

Developers of information technologies related to home-based health care, as yet, have inadequate or incomplete guidance regarding product content, structure, accessibility, and usability to inform innovation or evolution of personal health records or of care recipient access to information in electronic health records.

The ONC, in the initial announcement of its health information technology certification program, stated that requirements would be forthcom-

ing with respect both to personal health records and to care recipient access to information in electronic health records (e.g., patient portals). Despite the importance of these requirements, there is still no guidance on the content of information that should be provided to patients or minimum standards for accessibility, functionality, and usability of that information in electronic or nonelectronic formats.

Consequently, some portals have been constructed based on the continuity of care record. However, recent research has shown that records and portals based on this model are neither understandable nor interpretable by laypersons, even by those with a college education. The lack of guidance in this area makes it difficult for developers of personal health records and patient portals to design systems that fully address the needs of consumers.

Recommendation 2. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, should establish design guidelines and standards, based on existing accessibility and usability guidelines, for content, accessibility, functionality, and usability of consumer health information technologies related to home-based health care.

The committee found a serious lack of adequate standards and guidance for the labeling of medical devices. Furthermore, we found that the approval processes of the FDA for changing these materials are burdensome and inflexible.

Just as many medical devices currently in use by laypersons in the home were originally designed and approved for use only by professionals in formal health care facilities, the instructions for use and training materials were not designed for lay users, either. The committee recognizes that lack of instructional materials for lay users adds to the level of risk involved when devices are used by populations for whom they were not intended.

Ironically, the FDA’s current premarket review and approval processes inadvertently discourage manufacturers from selectively revising or developing supplemental instructional and training materials, when they become aware that instructional and training materials need to be developed or revised for lay users of devices already approved and marketed. Changing the instructions for use (which were approved with the device) requires manufacturers to submit the device along with revised instructions to the FDA for another 510(k) premarket notification review. Since manufacturers can find these reviews complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, this requirement serves as a disincentive to appropriate revisions of instructional or training materials.

Furthermore, little guidance is currently available on design of user

training methods and materials for medical devices. Even the recently released human factors standard on medical device design (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 2009), while reasonably comprehensive, does not cover the topic of training or training materials. Both FDA guidance and existing standards that do specifically address the design of labeling and ensuing instructions for use fail to account for up-to-date findings from research on instructional systems design. In addition, despite recognition that requirements for user training, training materials, and instructions for use are different for lay and professional users of medical equipment, these differences are not reflected in current standards.

Recommendation 3. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should promote development (by standards development organizations, such as the International Electrotechnical Commission, the International Organization for Standardization, the American National Standards Institute, and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) of new standards based on the most recent human factors research for the labeling of and ensuing instructional materials for medical devices designed for home use by lay users. The FDA should also tailor and streamline its approval processes to facilitate and encourage regular improvements of these materials by manufacturers.

Adverse Event Reporting Systems

The committee notes that the FDA’s adverse event reporting systems, used to report problems with medical devices, are not user-friendly, especially for lay users, who generally are not aware of the systems, unaware that they can use them to report problems, and uneducated about how to do so. In order to promote safe use of medical devices in the home and rectify design problems that put care recipients at risk, it is necessary that the FDA conduct more effective postmarket surveillance of medical devices to complement its premarket approval process. The most important elements of their primarily passive surveillance system are the current adverse event reporting mechanisms, including Maude and MedSun. Entry of incident data by health care providers and consumers is not straightforward, and the system does not elicit data that could be useful to designers as they develop updated versions of products or new ones that are similar to existing devices. The reporting systems and their importance need to be widely promoted to a broad range of users, especially lay users.

Recommendation 4. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration should improve its adverse event reporting systems to be easier to use, to collect data that are more useful for identifying the root causes of events

related to interactions with the device operator, and to develop and promote a more convenient way for lay users as well as professionals to report problems with medical devices.

CAREGIVERS IN THE HOME

Health care is provided in the home by formal caregivers (health care professionals), informal caregivers (family and friends), and individuals who self-administer care; each type of caregiver faces unique issues. Properly preparing individuals to provide care at home depends on targeting efforts appropriately to the background, experience, and knowledge of the caregivers. To date, however, home health care services suffer from being organized primarily around regulations and payments designed for inpatient or outpatient acute care settings. Little attention has been given to how different the roles are for formal caregivers when delivering services in the home or to the specific types of training necessary for appropriate, high-quality practice in this environment.

Health care administration in the home commonly involves interaction among formal caregivers and informal caregivers who share daily responsibility for a person receiving care. But few formal caregivers are given adequate training on how to work with informal caregivers and involve them effectively in health decision making, use of medical or adaptive technologies, or best practices to be used for evaluating and supporting the needs of caregivers.

It is also important to recognize that the majority of long-term care provided to older adults and individuals with disabilities relies on family members, friends, or the individual alone. Many informal caregivers take on these responsibilities without necessary education or support. These individuals may be poorly prepared and emotionally overwhelmed and, as a result, experience stress and burden that can lead to their own morbidity. The committee is aware that informational and training materials and tested programs already exist to assist informal caregivers in understanding the many details of providing health care in the home and to ease their burden and enhance the quality of life of both caregiver and care recipient. However, tested materials and education, support, and skill enhancement programs have not been adequately disseminated or integrated into standard care practices.

Recommendation 5. Relevant professional practice and advocacy groups should develop appropriate certification, credentialing, and/or training standards that will prepare formal caregivers to provide care in the home, develop appropriate informational and training materials

for informal caregivers, and provide guidance for all caregivers to work effectively with other people involved.

RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR HEALTH CARE

Health care is administered in a variety of nonclinical environments, but the most common one, particularly for individuals who need the greatest level and intensity of health care services, is the home. The two recommendations in this area encourage (1) modifications to existing housing and (2) accessible and universal design of new housing. The implementation of these recommendations would be a good start on an effort to improve the safety and ease of practicing health care in the home. It could improve the health and safety of many care recipients and their caregivers and could facilitate adherence to good health maintenance and treatment practices. Ideally, improvements to housing design would take place in the context of communities that provide transportation, social networking and exercise opportunities, and access to health care and other services.

Safety and Modification of Existing Housing

The committee found poor appreciation of the importance of modifying homes to remove health hazards and barriers to self-management and health care practice and, furthermore, that financial support from federal assistance agencies for home modifications is very limited. The general connection between housing characteristics and health is well established. For example, improving housing conditions to enhance basic sanitation has long been part of a public health response to acute illness. But the characteristics of the home can present significant barriers to autonomy or self-care management and present risk factors for poor health, injury, compromised well-being, and greater dependence on others. Conversely, physical characteristics of homes can enhance resident safety and ability to participate in daily self-care and to utilize effectively health care technologies that are designed to enhance health and well-being.

Home modifications based on professional home assessments can increase functioning, contribute to reducing accidents such as falls, assist caregivers, and enable chronically ill persons and people with disabilities to stay in the community. Such changes are also associated with facilitating hospital discharges, decreasing readmissions, reducing hazards in the home, and improving care coordination. Familiar modifications include installation of such items as grab bars, handrails, stair lifts, increased lighting, and health monitoring equipment as well as reduction of such hazards as broken fixtures and others caused by insufficient home maintenance.

Deciding on which home modifications have highest priority in a given

setting depends on an appropriate assessment of circumstances and the environment. A number of home assessment instruments and programs have been validated and proven to be effective to meet this need. But even if needed modifications are properly identified and prioritized, inadequate funding, gaps in services, and lack of coordination between the health and housing service sectors have resulted in a poorly integrated system that is difficult to access. Even when accessed, progress in making home modifications available has been hampered by this lack of coordination and inadequate reimbursement or financial mechanisms, especially for those who cannot afford them.

Recommendation 6. Federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, along with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Department of Energy, should collaborate to facilitate adequate and appropriate access to health- and safety-related home modifications, especially for those who cannot afford them. The goal should be to enable persons whose homes contain obstacles, hazards, or features that pose a home safety concern, limit self-care management, or hinder the delivery of needed services to obtain home assessments, home modifications, and training in their use.

Accessibility and Universal Design of New Housing

Almost all existing housing in the United States presents problems for conducting health-related activities because physical features limit independent functioning, impede caregiving, and contribute to such accidents as falls. In spite of the fact that a large and growing number of persons, including children, adults, veterans, and older adults, have disabilities and chronic conditions, new housing continues to be built that does not account for their needs (current or future). Although existing homes can be modified to some extent to address some of the limitations, a proactive, preventive, and effective approach would be to plan to address potential problems in the design phase of new and renovated housing, before construction.

Some housing is already required to be built with basic accessibility features that facilitate practice of health care in the home as a result of the Fair Housing Act Amendments of 1998. And 17 states and 30 cities have passed what are called “visitability” codes, which currently apply to 30,000 homes. Some localities offer tax credits, such as Pittsburgh through an ordinance, to encourage installing visitability features in new and renovated housing. The policy in Pittsburgh was impetus for the Pennsylvania Residential VisitAbility Design Tax Credit Act signed into law on October 28, 2006, which offers property owners a tax credit for new construction

and rehabilitation. The Act paves the way for municipalities to provide tax credits to citizens by requiring that such governing bodies administer the tax credit (Self-Determination Housing Project of Pennsylvania, Inc., n.d.).

Visitability, rather than full accessibility, is characterized by such limited features as an accessible entry into the home, appropriately wide doorways and one accessible bathroom. Both the International Code Council, which focuses on building codes, and the American National Standards Institute, which establishes technical standards, including ones associated with accessibility, have endorsed voluntary accessibility standards. These standards facilitate more jurisdictions to pass such visitability codes and encourage legislative consistency throughout the country. To date, however, the federal government has not taken leadership to promote compliance with such standards in housing construction, even for housing for which it provides financial support.

Universal design, a broader and more comprehensive approach than visitability, is intended to suit the needs of persons of all ages, sizes, and abilities, including individuals with a wide range of health conditions and activity limitations. Steps toward universal design in renovation could include such features as anti-scald faucet valve devices, nonslip flooring, lever handles on doors, and a bedroom on the main floor. Such features can help persons and their caregivers carry out everyday tasks and reduce the incidence of serious and costly accidents (e.g., falls, burns). In the long run, implementing universal design in more homes will result in housing that suits the long-term needs of more residents, provides more housing choices for persons with chronic conditions and disabilities, and causes less forced relocation of residents to more costly settings, such as nursing homes.

Issues related to housing accessibility have been acknowledged at the federal level. For example, visitability and universal design are in accord with the objectives of the Safety of Seniors Act (Public Law No. 110-202, passed in 2008). In addition, implementation of the Olmstead decision (in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Americans with Disabilities Act may require states to provide community-based services rather than institutional placements for individuals with disabilities) requires affordable and accessible housing in the community.

Visitability, accessibility, and universal design of housing all are important to support the practice of health care in the home, but they are not broadly implemented and incentives for doing so are few.

Recommendation 7. Federal agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Federal Housing Administration, should take a lead role, along with states and local municipalities, to develop strategies that promote and facilitate increased housing visitability, accessibil-

ity, and universal design in all segments of the market. This might include tax and other financial incentives, local zoning ordinances, model building codes, new products and designs, and related policies that are developed as appropriate with standards-setting organizations (e.g., the International Code Council, the International Electrotechnical Commission, the International Organization for Standardization, and the American National Standards Institute).

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

In our review of the research literature, the committee learned that there is ample foundational knowledge to apply a human factors lens to home health care, particularly as improvements are considered to make health care safe and effective in the home. However, much of what is known is not being translated effectively into practice, neither in design of equipment and information technology or in the effective targeting and provision of services to all those in need. Consequently, the four recommendations that follow support research and development to address knowledge and communication gaps and facilitate provision of high-quality health care in the home. Specifically, the committee recommends (1) research to enhance coordination among all the people who play a role in health care practice in the home, (2) development of a database of medical devices in order to facilitate device prescription, (3) improved surveys of the people involved in health care in the home and their residential environments, and (4) development of tools for assessing the tasks associated with home-based health care.

Health Care Teamwork and Coordination

Frail elders, adults with disabilities, disabled veterans, and children with special health care needs all require coordination of the care services that they receive in the home. Home-based health care often involves a large number of elements, including multiple care providers, support services, agencies, and complex and dynamic benefit regulations, which are rarely coordinated. However, coordinating those elements has a positive effect on care recipient outcomes and costs of care. When successful, care coordination connects caregivers, improves communication among caregivers and care recipients and ensures that receivers of care obtain appropriate services and resources.

To ensure safe, effective, and efficient care, everyone involved must collaborate as a team with shared objectives. Well-trained primary health care teams that execute customized plans of care are a key element of coordinated care; teamwork and communication among all actors are also

essential to successful care coordination and the delivery of high-quality care. Key factors that influence the smooth functioning of a team include a shared understanding of goals, common information (such as a shared medication list), knowledge of available resources, and allocation and coordination of tasks conducted by each team member.

Barriers to coordination include insufficient resources available to (a) help people who need health care at home to identify and establish connections to appropriate sources of care, (b) facilitate communication and coordination among caregivers involved in home-based health care, and (c) facilitate communication among the people receiving and the people providing health care in the home.

The application of systems analysis techniques, such as task analysis, can help identify problems in care coordination systems and identify potential intervention strategies. Human factors research in the areas of communication, cognitive aiding and decision support, high-fidelity simulation training techniques, and the integration of telehealth technologies could also inform improvements in care coordination.

Recommendation 8 . The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality should support human factors–based research on the identified barriers to coordination of health care services delivered in the home and support user-centered development and evaluation of programs that may overcome these barriers.

Medical Device Database

It is the responsibility of physicians to prescribe medical devices, but in many cases little information is readily available to guide them in determining the best match between the devices available and a particular care recipient. No resource exists for medical devices, in contrast to the analogous situation in the area of assistive and rehabilitation technologies, for which annotated databases (such as AbleData) are available to assist the provider in determining the most appropriate one of several candidate devices for a given care recipient. Although specialists are apt to receive information about devices specific to the area of their practice, this is much less likely in the case of family and general practitioners, who often are responsible for selecting, recommending, or prescribing the most appropriate device for use at home.

Recommendation 9. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in collaboration with device manufacturers, should establish a medical device database for physicians and other providers, including pharmacists, to use when selecting appropriate devices to prescribe or recommend

for people receiving or self-administering health care in the home. Using task analysis and other human factors approaches to populate the medical device database will ensure that it contains information on characteristics of the devices and implications for appropriate care recipient and device operator populations.

Characterizing Caregivers, Care Recipients, and Home Environments

As delivery of health care in the home becomes more common, more coherent strategies and effective policies are needed to support the workforce of individuals who provide this care. Developing these will require a comprehensive understanding of the number and attributes of individuals engaged in health care in the home as well as the context in which care is delivered. Data and data analysis are lacking to accomplish this objective.

National data regarding the numbers of individuals engaged in health care delivery in the home—that is, both formal and informal caregivers—are sparse, and the estimates that do exist vary widely. Although the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes estimates of the number of workers employed in the home setting for some health care classifications, they do not include all relevant health care workers. For example, data on workers employed directly by care recipients and their families are notably absent. Likewise, national estimates of the number of informal caregivers are obtained from surveys that use different methodological approaches and return significantly different results.

Although numerous national surveys have been designed to answer a broad range of questions regarding health care delivery in the home, with rare exceptions such surveys reflect the relatively limited perspective of the sponsoring agency. For example,

• The Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) and the Health and Retirement Survey (administered by the National Institute on Aging) are primarily geared toward understanding the health, health services use, and/or economic well-being of older adults and provide no information regarding working-age adults or children or information about home or neighborhood environments.
• The Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey (administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC), the National Health Interview Survey (administered by the CDC), and the National Children’s Study (administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) all collect information on health characteristics, with limited or no information about the housing context.
• The American Housing Survey (administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development) collects detailed information regarding housing, but it does not include questions regarding the health status of residents and does not collect adequate information about home modifications and features on an ongoing basis.

Consequently, although multiple federal agencies collect data on the sociodemographic and health characteristics of populations and on the nation’s housing stock, none of these surveys collects data necessary to link the home, its residents, and the presence of any caregivers, thus limiting understanding of health care delivered in the home. Furthermore, information is altogether lacking about health and functioning of populations linked to the physical, social, and cultural environments in which they live. Finally, in regard to individuals providing care, information is lacking regarding their education, training, competencies, and credentialing, as well as appropriate knowledge about their working conditions in the home.

Better coordination across government agencies that sponsor such surveys and more attention to information about health care that occurs in the home could greatly improve the utility of survey findings for understanding the prevalence and nature of health care delivery in the home.

Recommendation 10. Federal health agencies should coordinate data collection efforts to capture comprehensive information on elements relevant to health care in the home, either in a single survey or through effective use of common elements across surveys. The surveys should collect data on the sociodemographic and health characteristics of individuals receiving care in the home, the sociodemographic attributes of formal and informal caregivers and the nature of the caregiving they provide, and the attributes of the residential settings in which the care recipients live.

Tools for Assessing Home Health Care Tasks and Operators

Persons caring for themselves or others at home as well as formal caregivers vary considerably in their skills, abilities, attitudes, experience, and other characteristics, such as age, culture/ethnicity, and health literacy. In turn, designers of health-related devices and technology systems used in the home are often naïve about the diversity of the user population. They need high-quality information and guidance to better understand user capabilities relative to the task demands of the health-related device or technology that they are developing.

In this environment, valid and reliable tools are needed to match users with tasks and technologies. At this time, health care providers lack the

tools needed to assess whether particular individuals would be able to perform specific health care tasks at home, and medical device and system designers lack information on the demands associated with health-related tasks performed at home and the human capabilities needed to perform them successfully.

Whether used to assess the characteristics of formal or informal caregivers or persons engaged in self-care, task analysis can be used to develop point-of-care tools for use by consumers and caregivers alike in locations where such tasks are encouraged or prescribed. The tools could facilitate identification of potential mismatches between the characteristics, abilities, experiences, and attitudes that an individual brings to a task and the demands associated with the task. Used in ambulatory care settings, at hospital discharge or other transitions of care, and in the home by caregivers or individuals and family members themselves, these tools could enable assessment of prospective task performer’s capabilities in relation to the demands of the task. The tools might range in complexity from brief screening checklists for clinicians to comprehensive assessment batteries that permit nuanced study and tracking of home-based health care tasks by administrators and researchers. The results are likely to help identify types of needed interventions and support aids that would enhance the abilities of individuals to perform health care tasks in home settings safely, effectively, and efficiently.

Recommendation 11. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality should collaborate, as necessary, with the National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to support development of assessment tools customized for home-based health care, designed to analyze the demands of tasks associated with home-based health care, the operator capabilities required to carry them out, and the relevant capabilities of specific individuals.

Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. (2009). ANSI/AAMI HE75:2009: Human factors engineering: Design of medical devices. Available: http://www.aami.org/publications/standards/HE75_Ch16_Access_Board.pdf [April 2011].

Self-Determination Housing Project of Pennsylvania, Inc. (n.d.) Promoting visitability in Pennsylvania. Available: http://www.sdhp.org/promoting_visitability_in_pennsy.htm [March 30, 2011].

In the United States, health care devices, technologies, and practices are rapidly moving into the home. The factors driving this migration include the costs of health care, the growing numbers of older adults, the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions and diseases and improved survival rates for people with those conditions and diseases, and a wide range of technological innovations. The health care that results varies considerably in its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency, as well as in its quality and cost.

Health Care Comes Home reviews the state of current knowledge and practice about many aspects of health care in residential settings and explores the short- and long-term effects of emerging trends and technologies. By evaluating existing systems, the book identifies design problems and imbalances between technological system demands and the capabilities of users. Health Care Comes Home recommends critical steps to improve health care in the home. The book's recommendations cover the regulation of health care technologies, proper training and preparation for people who provide in-home care, and how existing housing can be modified and new accessible housing can be better designed for residential health care. The book also identifies knowledge gaps in the field and how these can be addressed through research and development initiatives.

Health Care Comes Home lays the foundation for the integration of human health factors with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. The book describes ways in which the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and federal housing agencies can collaborate to improve the quality of health care at home. It is also a valuable resource for residential health care providers and caregivers.

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Access to Health Services

Health Care Access and Quality

About This Literature Summary

This summary of the literature on Access to Health Services as a social determinant of health is a narrowly defined examination that is not intended to be exhaustive and may not address all dimensions of the issue. Please note: The terminology used in each summary is consistent with the respective references. For additional information on cross-cutting topics, please see the Access to Primary Care literature summary. 

Related Objectives (4)

Here's a snapshot of the objectives related to topics covered in this literature summary. Browse all objectives .

• Increase the proportion of adolescents who had a preventive health care visit in the past year — AH‑01
• Increase the proportion of people with health insurance — AHS‑01
• Increase the proportion of people with dental insurance — AHS‑02
• Increase the proportion of adults who get recommended evidence-based preventive health care — AHS‑08

Related Evidence-Based Resources (5)

Here's a snapshot of the evidence-based resources related to topics covered in this literature summary. Browse all evidence-based resources .

• Breast Cancer: Screening
• Cervical Cancer: Screening
• Colorectal Cancer: Screening
• Improving Access to Oral Health Care for Vulnerable and Underserved Populations
• Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General

Literature Summary

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (formerly known as the Institute of Medicine) define access to health care as the “timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes.” 1 Many people face barriers that prevent or limit access to needed health care services, which may increase the risk of poor health outcomes and health disparities. 2 This summary will discuss barriers to health care such as lack of health insurance, poor access to transportation, and limited health care resources, with a special focus on how these barriers impact under-resourced communities.

Inadequate health insurance coverage is one of the largest barriers to health care access, 3 and the unequal distribution of coverage contributes to disparities in health. 2 , 3 Out-of-pocket medical care costs may lead individuals to delay or forgo needed care (such as doctor visits, dental care, and medications), 4 and medical debt is common among both insured and uninsured individuals. 4 , 5 People with lower incomes are often uninsured, 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 and minority groups account for over half of the uninsured population. 10

Lack of health insurance coverage may negatively affect health. 10 , 11 Uninsured adults are less likely to receive preventive services for chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. 11 , 12 Similarly, children without health insurance coverage are less likely to receive appropriate treatment for conditions like asthma or critical preventive services such as dental care, immunizations, and well-child visits that track developmental milestones. 11

In contrast, studies show that having health insurance is associated with improved access to health services and better health monitoring. 13 , 14 , 15 One study demonstrated that when previously uninsured adults ages 60 to 64 years became eligible for Medicare at age 65 years, their use of basic clinical services increased. 14 Similarly, providing Medicaid coverage to previously uninsured adults significantly increased their chances of receiving a diabetes diagnosis and using diabetic medications. 16 Medicaid coverage is also critical for enabling children with special health needs or chronic illnesses to access health services. The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) offers sole coverage for 41 percent of children with special health care needs. 17 Many health care resources are more prevalent in communities where residents are well-insured, 11 but the type of insurance individuals have may matter as well. Medicaid patients, for instance, experience access issues when living in areas where few physicians accept Medicaid due to its reduced reimbursement rate. 15 , 18 , 19

Health insurance alone cannot remove every barrier to care. 3 Limited availability of health care resources is another barrier that may reduce access to health services and increase the risk of poor health outcomes. 20 , 21  For example, physician shortages may mean that patients experience longer wait times and delayed care. 19

Inconvenient or unreliable transportation can interfere with consistent access to health care, potentially contributing to negative health outcomes. 22 Research has shown that individuals from racial/ethnic minority groups who had an increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19 were more likely to lack transportation to health care services. 23 Transportation barriers and residential segregation are also associated with late-stage presentation of certain medical conditions (e.g., breast cancer). 24 , 25 , 26

Expanding access to health services is an important step toward reducing health disparities. Affordable health insurance is part of the solution, but factors like economic, social, cultural, and geographic barriers to health care must also be considered, 3 , 21  as must new strategies to increase the efficiency of health care delivery. 19 , 27 , 28 Further research is needed to better understand barriers to health care, and this additional evidence will facilitate public health efforts to address access to health services as a social determinant of health.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Monitoring Access to Personal Health Care Services. (1993). Access to health care in America (M. Millman, Ed.). National Academies Press.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care (B. D. Smedley, A. Y. Stith, & A. R. Nelson, Eds.). National Academies Press.

Call, K. T., McAlpine, D. D., Garcia, C. M., Shippee, N., Beebe, T., Adeniyi, T. C., & Shippee, T. (2014). Barriers to care in an ethnically diverse publicly insured population: Is health care reform enough? Medical Care, 52 (8), 720–727.

Pryor, C., & Gurewich, D. (2004). Getting care but paying the price: how medical debt leaves many in Massachusetts facing tough choices. The Access Project .

Herman, P. M., Rissi, J. J., & Walsh, M. E. (2011). Health insurance status, medical debt, and their impact on access to care in Arizona. American Journal of Public Health , 101(8), 1437–1443.

Hadley, J. (2003). Sicker and poorer — the consequences of being uninsured: A review of the research on the relationship between health insurance, medical care use, health, work, and income. Medical-Car Research and Review, 60 (2_suppl), 3S–75S.

Franks, P., Clancy, C. M., & Gold, M. R. (1993). Health insurance and mortality: Evidence from a national cohort. JAMA, 270 (6), 737–741.

Zhu, J., Brawarsky, P., Lipsitz, S., Huskamp, H., & Haas, J. S. (2010). Massachusetts health reform and disparities in coverage, access and health status. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25 (12), 1356–1362.

DeNavas-Walt, C. (2010). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States (2005) . Diane Publishing.

Majerol, M., Newkirk, V., & Garfield, R. (2015). The uninsured: A primer. Kaiser Family Foundation Publication , 7451-10.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Health Insurance Status and Its Consequences. (2009). America’s uninsured crisis: Consequences for health and health care . National Academies Press.

Ayanian, J. Z., Weissman, J. S., Schneider, E. C., Ginsburg, J. A., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2000). Unmet health needs of uninsured adults in the United States. JAMA, 284 (16), 2061–2069.

Baicker, K., Taubman, S. L., Allen, H. L., Bernstein, M., Gruber, J. H., Newhouse, J. P., ... & Finkelstein, A. N. (2013).    The Oregon experiment — effects of Medicaid on clinical outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine, 368 (18), 1713–1722.

McWilliams, J. M., Zaslavsky, A. M., Meara, E., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2003). Impact of Medicare coverage on basic clinical services for previously uninsured adults. JAMA, 290 (6), 757–764.

Buchmueller, T. C., Grumbach, K., Kronick, R., & Kahn, J. G. (2005). Book review: The effect of health insurance on medical care utilization and implications for insurance expansion: A review of the literature. Medical Care Research and Review, 62 (1), 3–30.

Myerson, R., & Laiteerapong, N. (2016). The Affordable Care Act and diabetes diagnosis and care: Exploring the potential impacts. Current Diabetes Reports,16 (4), 1–8. 

Musumeci, M. (2018). Medicaid’s role for children with special health care needs.   Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46 (4), 897–905.

Decker, S. L. (2012). In 2011 nearly one-third of physicians said they would not accept new Medicaid patients, but rising fees may help. Health Affairs, 31 (8), 1673–1679.

Bodenheimer, T., & Pham, H. H. (2010). Primary care: Current problems and proposed solutions. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 29 (5), 799–805. doi:  10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0026 .

National Association of Community Health Centers and the Robert Graham Center. (2007). Access denied: A look at America’s medically disenfranchised.  National Association of Community Health Centers, Incorporated.

Douthit, N., Kiv, S., Dwolatzky, T., & Biswas, S. (2015). Exposing some important barriers to health care access in    the rural USA. Public Health, 129 (6), 611–620. doi:  10.1016/j.puhe.2015.04.001 .

Syed, S. T., Gerber, B. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2013). Traveling towards disease: Transportation barriers to health care access. Journal of Community Health, 38 (5), 976–993. doi:  10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1 .

Clay, S. L., Woodson, M. J., Mazurek, K., & Antonio, B. (2021). Racial disparities and COVID-19: Exploring the relationship between race/ethnicity, personal factors, health access/affordability, and conditions associated with an increased severity of COVID-19. Race and Social Problems , 1–13. doi:  10.1007/s12552-021-09320-9 .

Dai, D. (2010). Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit. Health & Place, 16 (5), 1038–1052. doi:  10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012 .

Tarlov, E., Zenk, S. N., Campbell, R. T., Warnecke, R. B., & Block, R. (2009). Characteristics of mammography facility locations and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis in Chicago. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 86 (2),196–213. doi:  10.1007/s11524-008-9320-9 .

Wang, F., McLafferty, S., Escamilla, V., & Luo, L. (2008). Late-stage breast cancer diagnosis and health care access in Illinois. Professional Geographer, 60 (1), 54–69. doi:  10.1080/00330120701724087 .

Green, L. V., Savin, S., & Lu, Y. (2013). Primary care physician shortages could be eliminated through use of teams,    nonphysicians, and electronic communication. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 32 (1), 11–19. doi:  10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1086 .

Rieselbach, R. E., Crouse, B. J., & Frohna, J. G. (2010). Teaching primary care in community health centers: Addressing the workforce crisis for the underserved. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152 (2), 118–122. doi:  10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00186 .

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NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008 Apr.

Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses.

Chapter 8 health services research: scope and significance.

Donald M. Steinwachs ; Ronda G. Hughes .

Affiliations

The provision of high-quality, affordable, health care services is an increasingly difficult challenge. Due to the complexities of health care services and systems, investigating and interpreting the use, costs, quality, accessibility, delivery, organization, financing, and outcomes of health care services is key to informing government officials, insurers, providers, consumers, and others making decisions about health-related issues. Health services researchers examine the access to care, health care costs and processes, and the outcomes of health services for individuals and populations.

The field of health services research (HSR) is relied on by decisionmakers and the public to be the primary source of information on how well health systems in the United States and other countries are meeting this challenge. The “goal of HSR is to provide information that will eventually lead to improvements in the health of the citizenry.” 1 Drawing on theories, knowledge, and methods from a range of disciplines, 2 HSR is a multidisciplinary field that moves beyond basic and applied research, drawing on all the health professions and on many academic disciplines, including biostatistics, epidemiology, health economics, medicine, nursing, operations research, psychology, and sociology. 3

In 1979, the Institute of Medicine defined HSR as “inquiry to produce knowledge about the structure, processes, or effects of personal health services” 4 (p. 14). This was expanded upon in 2002 by AcademyHealth, the professional organization of the HSR field, with the following definition, which broadly describes the scope of HSR:

Health services research is the multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to health care, the quality and cost of health care, and ultimately our health and well-being. Its research domains are individuals, families, organizations, institutions, communities, and populations. 5

More specifically, HSR informs and evaluates innovations in health policy. These include changes in Medicare and Medicaid coverage, disparities in access and utilization of care, innovations in private health insurance (e.g., consumer-directed health plans), and trends among those without health insurance. 6–10 The health care industry continues to change, and HSR examines the impact of organizational changes on access to care, quality, and efficiency (e.g., growth in for-profit hospital systems). As new diagnostic and treatment technologies are introduced, HSR examines their impact on patient outcomes of care and health care costs.

The definition of HSR also highlights the importance of examining the contribution of services to the health of individuals and broader populations. HSR applied at the population level is particularly important in understanding health system performance and the impact of health policy on the public’s health. In the United States, the National Healthcare Quality Report, 11 National Healthcare Disparities Report, 12 and Healthy People Year 2010 13 exemplify our capacity for monitoring quality and assessing change. These reports tell us that the American quality of care is inconsistent and could be substantially improved. The associated cost of health care services is monitored by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS reports tell us that American health care is the most expensive in the world, consuming approximately 16 percent of America’s gross domestic product. 14

Beyond health policy, HSR examines the process of care and the interactions of patients and providers. For example, HSR methods have been developed to describe doctor-patient communication patterns and examine their impact on patient adherence, satisfaction, and outcomes of care. 15–17

Advances in HSR measurement methodologies have made possible policy innovations. Prospective payment of hospitals, nursing homes, and home health care by Medicare became possible with the development of robust case-mix measurement systems. 18 CMS was able to initiate a pay-for-performance demonstration, rewarding hospitals with better quality performance, using valid and robust measures of quality. 14 Innovations in health care policy are frequently made possible by advances in measurement of indicators of health system performance.

• History of Health Services Research

The history of HSR is generally considered to have begun in the 1950s and 1960s with the first funding of grants for health services research focused on the impact of hospital organizations. 19 , 20 On the contrary, HSR began with Florence Nightingale when she collected and analyzed data as the basis for improving the quality of patient care and outcomes. 21 Also significant in the history of HSR was the concern raised about the distribution, quality, and cost of care in the late 1920s that led to one of the first U.S. efforts to examine the need for medical services and their costs, undertaken in 1927 by the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care. 22 The committee published a series of 28 reports and recommendations that have had a significant impact on how medical care is organized and delivered in the United States. 23 Other key reports of historical importance to HSR were, for example, the national health survey in 1935–1936 by the Public Health Service, the inventory of the nation’s hospitals by the American Hospital Association’s Commission on Hospital Care in 1944, and studies by the American Hospital Association’s Commission on Chronic Illness on the prevalence and prevention of chronic illness in the community. 23

In 1968, the National Center for Health Services Research and Development was established as part of the U.S. Public Health Services to address concerns with access to health services, quality of care, and costs. The Center funded demonstration projects to measure quality and investigator-initiated research grants. In 1989, Congress created the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and broadened its mission to focus attention on variations in medical practice, patient outcomes of care, and the dissemination of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of common disorders. Later Congress reauthorized and renamed the agency, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). AHRQ provides Federal leadership for the field, investing in methods for quality measurement, development of patient safety methods, and health information technology (e.g., electronic health records and decision support systems).

The Federal role in HSR has expanded over time, and investments in HSR are made by multiple Federal agencies. In addition to AHRQ, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, CMS, and other Federal agencies fund HSR. The diversification of funding comes, in part, from the recognition that HSR is important in managing health care systems, such as the Veterans Health Administration, and provides essential information on the translation of scientific discoveries into clinical practice in American communities, such as those funded by National Institutes of Health. It is estimated that total Federal funding of HSR was $1.5 billion in 2003, of which AHRQ was responsible for approximately 20 percent. 24

Private funding of HSR has also grown over time. Funding by private foundations has a significant role and complements Federal funding. Among the many foundations funding HSR are the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, Kaiser Family Foundation, Kellogg Foundation, and Hartford Foundation. Other private funding sources include the health care industry, for example, pharmaceutical companies, health insurers, and health care systems.

• Goals for Health Services and Patient Outcomes

The goal of health services is to protect and improve the health of individuals and populations. In a landmark 2001 report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21 st Century, 25 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences proposed that the goals for health services should include six critical elements:

• Patient Safety: Patients should not be harmed by health care services that are intended to help them. The IOM report, To Err Is Human , 26 found that between 46,000 and 98,000 Americans were dying in hospitals each year due to medical errors. Subsequent research has found medical errors common across all health care settings. The problem is not due to the lack of dedication to quality care by health professionals, but due to the lack of systems that prevent errors from occurring and/or prevent medical errors from reaching the patient.
• Effectiveness: Effective care is based on scientific evidence that treatment will increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes. Evidence comes from laboratory experiments, clinical research (usually randomized controlled trials), epidemiological studies, and outcomes research. The availability and strength of evidence varies by disorder and treatment.
• Timeliness: Seeking and receiving health care is frequently associated with delays in obtaining an appointment and waiting in emergency rooms and doctors’ offices. Failure to provide timely care can deny people critically needed services or allow health conditions to progress and outcomes to worsen. Health care needs to be organized to meet the needs of patients in a timely manner.
• Patient Centered: Patient-centered care recognizes that listening to the patient’s needs, values, and preferences is essential to providing high-quality care. Health care services should be personalized for each patient, care should be coordinated, family and friends on whom the patient relies should be involved, and care should provide physical comfort and emotional support.
• Efficiency: The U.S. health care system is the most expensive in the world, yet there is consistent evidence that the United States does not produce the best health outcomes 27–30 or the highest levels of satisfaction. 31 The goal is to continually identify waste and inefficiency in the provision of health care services and eliminate them.
• Equity: The health care system should benefit all people. The evidence is strong and convincing that the current system fails to accomplish this goal. The IOM report, Unequal Treatment , 32 documented pervasive differences in the care received by racial and ethnic minorities. The findings were that racial and ethnic minorities are receiving poorer quality of care than the majority population, even after accounting for differences in access to health services.

Crossing the Quality Chasm concludes that for the American health care system to attain these goals, transformational changes are needed. 25 The field of HSR provides the measurement tools by which progress toward these goals is assessed, as seen in the National Healthcare Quality Report. 11 Equally important, health services researchers are developing and evaluating innovative approaches to improve quality of care, involving innovations in organization, financing, use of technology, and roles of health professionals.

• Evaluating the Quality of Health Care

HSR evaluation of quality of care has proven to be an inexact science and complex, even though its definition is relatively simple: “Quality of care is the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.” 1 This definition draws attention to the importance of the application of current professional knowledge in the diagnostic and treatment processes of health care. The goal of quality care is to increase the likelihood of achieving desired health outcomes, as expressed by the patient.

The complexity in measuring quality comes from gaps in our knowledge regarding which services, for which patients, will actually improve the likelihood of desired health outcomes. Also, patients need not have the same desired health outcomes and therefore might not receive the same care for an identical health problem, further complicating the measurement of quality of care. Quality measurement has advanced substantially, but it remains early in its development.

The conceptual framework widely applied in evaluating quality comes from years of research and the insightful analysis of Avedis Donabedian. 33 He formalized the conceptual model for describing, analyzing, and evaluating the quality of care using three dimensions: (1) structure, (2) process, and (3) outcome. This model is applied in the evaluation of health services and the accreditation of health care providers and organizations.

Seminal research about variation in the quality of care patients received brought to focus the need to monitor and improve the quality of health care. Wennberg and Gittelsohn 34 , 35 found wide variation in practice patterns among community physicians, surgical procedures, and hospitals. Brook and colleagues 36 found that a small number of physicians were responsible for a large number of improperly administered injections. This was the precursor to research on the appropriateness of procedures and services under specific circumstances 36 , 37 as well as the development of practice guidelines and standards for quality care. 38 Yet the challenge of research on variations in care is the implication of the inappropriateness of care. The challenge is determining whether there is a direct relationship between rates of utilization, variations in appropriateness, and quality of care.

One of the challenges in understanding quality, how to measure it, and how to improve it is the influence of physical, socioeconomic, and work environments. Income, race, and gender—as well as individuals within society and organizations—influence health and risks to health. 40 Researchers have found that differences in internal factors, such as collaborative relationships with physicians, decentralized clinical decisionmaking, and positive administrative support, impact nurse and patient outcomes 41 , 42 and the quality and safety of care. 43 Differences in external factors, such as insurance and geographic location, can influence access to available health care professionals and resources, what type of care is afforded patients, and the impact of care on patients. The structure, process, and outcome dimensions of quality are influenced by both internal and external factors.

Structure of Health Care

The structure of health care broadly includes the facilities (e.g., hospitals and clinics), personnel (e.g., number of nurses and physicians), and technology that create the capacity to provide health services. Structural characteristics are expected to influence the quality of health care services. One component in the accreditation of health care facilities (e.g., hospitals, nursing homes) is the review of the adequacy of structural characteristics, including staffing, on-call resources, technology, and support services (laboratory, pharmacy, radiology). The structural resources of health care facilities and organizations are the foundation upon which quality health care services are provided.

Process of Care

The interactions between the health care providers and patients over time comprise the process of health care. The process of care may be examined from multiple perspectives: the sequence of services received over time, the relationship of health services to a specific patient complaint or diagnosis, and the numbers and types of services received over time or for a specific health problem. Examining the time sequence of health care services provides insights into the timeliness of care, organizational responsiveness, and efficiency. Linking services to a specific patient complaint or diagnosis provides insights into the natural history of problem presentation and the subsequent processes of care, including diagnosis, treatment, management, and recovery. Examining the natural history of a presenting health complaint across patients will reveal variations in patterns of care. For example, presenting complaints for some patients never resolve into a specific diagnosis. An initial diagnosis may change as more information is obtained. Patients may suffer complications in the treatment process. Also, the process of care may provide insights into outcomes of care (e.g., return visit for complications). Generally it is not possible to examine the process of care and determine how fully the patient has recovered prior health status by the end of the episode of treatment. For this reason, special investigations are needed to assess outcomes of care.

Evaluation of the process of care can be done by applying the six goals for health care quality. 25 Was the patient’s safety protected (i.e., were there adverse events due to medical errors or errors of omission)? Was care timely and not delayed or denied? Were the diagnosis and treatments provided consistent with scientific evidence and best professional practice? Was the care patient centered? Were services provided efficiently? Was the care provided equitable? Answers to these questions can help us understand if the process of care needs improvement and where quality improvement efforts should be directed.

Outcomes of Care

The value of health care services lies in their capacity to improve health outcomes for individuals and populations. Health outcomes are broadly conceptualized to include clinical measures of disease progression, patient-reported health status or functional status, satisfaction with health status or quality of life, satisfaction with services, and the costs of health services. Historically, quality assessment has emphasized clinical outcomes, for example, disease-specific measures. However, disease-specific measures may not tell us much about how well the patient is able to function and whether or not desired health outcomes have been achieved. To understand the patients’ outcomes, it is necessary to ask patients about their outcomes, including health status, quality of life, and satisfaction with services. HSR has developed valid and robust standardized questionnaires to obtain patient-reported information on these dimensions of health outcomes. As these are more widely applied, we are learning about the extent to which health care services are improving health.

Public Health Perspective on Health Services

Another perspective on health care services comes from the field of public health in which preventive health services are conceptualized at three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. 44 Primary prevention includes immunizations, healthy lifestyles, and working and living in risk-free environments. Primary prevention seeks to prevent disease or delay its onset. Examples of primary prevention include immunizations against infectious disease; smoking prevention or cessation; and promotion of regular exercise, weight control, and a balanced diet. Secondary prevention includes the range of interventions that can reduce the impact of disease morbidity once it occurs and slow its progression. With the increasing burden of chronic diseases, much of the health care provided is directed at secondary prevention. Tertiary prevention is directed at rehabilitation for disabilities resulting from disease and injury. The goal of tertiary prevention is to return individuals to the highest state of functioning (physical, mental, and social) possible. The public health framework expands the structure, process, and outcome conceptual model by identifying the role and value of health services at three stages: prior to onset of disease, disease management, and disease recovery and rehabilitation.

• Methodologies and Data Sources Used in Health Services Research

The interdisciplinary character of HSR draws on methods and data sources common to the many disciplines that form the intellectual underpinnings of the field. This section discusses the measurement of effectiveness and efficacy of health services and some of the methods and data sources used to understand effectiveness. Effectiveness is one of the six goals of health services. Effectiveness is interrelated with the other five goals, and some of these interrelationships are discussed.

Efficacy and Effectiveness

An important distinction is made between efficacy and effectiveness of health services. Efficacy is generally established using randomized controlled trial (RCT) methods to test whether or not clinical interventions make a difference in clinical outcomes. A good example is the series of studies required for Food and Drug Administration approval of a new drug before it is certified as safe and efficacious and allowed to be used in the United States. Efficacy research is generally done with highly select groups of patients where the impact of the drug can be validly measured and results are not confounded by the presence of comorbid conditions and their treatments. The efficacy question is: What impact does a clinical intervention have under ideal conditions?

In contrast, effectiveness research is undertaken in community settings and generally includes the full range of individuals who would be prescribed the clinical intervention. Many of these individuals will have multiple health problems and be taking multiple medications, unlike those who were recruited to the RCT. Effectiveness research is seeking to answer the question: Who will benefit from the clinical intervention among all those people in the community who have a specific health problem(s)?

Both efficacy and effectiveness questions are important. Logically, effectiveness research would be conducted after finding the clinical intervention to be efficacious. However, there are many treatments for which no efficacy information exists; the treatments are accepted as common practice, and it would not be ethical to withhold treatments from a control group in an RCT. As a result, effectiveness research may not have the benefit of efficacy findings.

The routine use of an RCT to evaluate efficacy began in the 1960s and is the accepted procedure for evaluating new medications. However, this standard is not applied across all health care services and treatments. Most surgical procedures are not evaluated using an RCT. Intensive care units have never been evaluated using an RCT, nor are nurse staffing decisions in hospitals or the evaluation of many medical devices. We currently accept different standards of evidence depending on the treatment technology. As a result, the level of evidence guiding clinical and public health decisionmaking varies.

Methods for Effectiveness Research

A variety of methods are used to examine effectiveness of health services. RCT methods are not usually applied in effectiveness research because the intervention being studied has demonstrated efficacy or is acknowledged as accepted clinical practice. When this is true, it would be unethical to randomly assign individuals who would be expected to benefit from the intervention to a control group not receiving an efficacious treatment. We will discuss when RCT methods can be used to test effectiveness and provide several examples. More commonly, effectiveness research uses statistical methods for comparing treatments across nonequivalent groups.

RCT and Policy Research

RCT study methods can be used to compare the effectiveness and costs of services across randomly assigned representative population groups. In an RCT, study participants are randomly assigned to two or more groups to ensure comparability and avoid any selection bias. At least one group receives an intervention (clinical, organizational, and/or financial), and usually one group serves as a control group, receiving a current standard of care, sometimes referred to as “usual care.” Two examples of effectiveness research using an RCT methodology to answer policy questions are described.

Health insurance experiment

Probably the first application of RCT methods in effectiveness research was undertaken in the 1970s as a health insurance experiment. The experiment was designed to test the impact on cost and health outcomes of different levels of insurance deductibles and copayment rates. A total of 3,958 people, ages 14–61, were randomized to a set of insurance plans and followed over 3 to 5 years. 45

The economic impact of receiving free care in one plan versus being in a plan requiring payment out-of-pocket of deductibles and co-insurance had the expected impact on utilization. Those paying a share of their medical bills utilized approximately one-third fewer doctor visits and were hospitalized one-third less frequently.

The impact on 10 health measures of free health insurance versus paying a portion of medical care costs out of pocket was evaluated. The findings were that there was largely no effect on health as measured by physical functioning, role functioning, mental health, social contacts, health perceptions, smoking, weight, serum cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, vision, and risk of dying. 46 The exceptions were that individuals with poor vision improved under free care, as did low-income persons with high blood pressure.

Medicare preventive services experiment

A more recent example of RCT methods applied in HSR is the Baltimore Medicare Preventive Services Demonstration. The study evaluated the impact on cost and outcomes of offering a defined preventive services package to Medicare beneficiaries. This was compared to usual Medicare coverage, which paid for few preventive services. The preventive services coverage being evaluated included an annual preventive visit with screening tests and health counseling. The physician could request a preventive followup visit during the year, which would also be covered. Medicare beneficiaries (n = 4,195) were randomized to preventive services (the intervention group) or usual care (the control group). Sixty-three percent of those in the intervention group had at least one preventive visit. Significant differences were found in health outcomes between intervention and control groups. Among the 45 percent with declining health status, as measured by the Quality of Well-Being scale, 47 the decline was significantly less in the group offered preventive services. Mortality was also significantly lower in the intervention group. There was no significant impact of preventive services on utilization and cost. 48

Comparative Clinical Effectiveness and RCTs

The passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) included provisions for the funding of comparative effectiveness studies. AHRQs’ Effective Health Care Program (authorized under MMA Section 1013) informs comparative clinical effectiveness efforts by conducting and supporting research and evidence syntheses on priority topics to CMS.

Comparative effectiveness studies ask the question: Which of the alternative treatments available is best and for whom? Interest in this question reflects how advances in science have provided multiple treatment options for many conditions. Currently, there is no systematic process by which treatment options are compared and matched to the needs of different types of patients. Frequently, patients are started on one treatment and then may be prescribed alternative treatments if they cannot tolerate the treatment or if it is not as effective as expected. RCT methods can be used to evaluate comparative effectiveness of an intervention in treatment and control populations. This is ethical to do when there is no evidence that the treatments are not equivalent.

An example of a comparative effectiveness study using RCT methods is the CATIE study, testing alternative antipsychotic medications in the treatment of schizophrenia. A study of 1,493 persons with schizophrenia compared five of the newer antipsychotic medications (second generation) and also compared them against one of the first-generation antipsychotic medications. 49 , 50 The findings were surprising to many. The second-generation antipsychotics were no more effective in controlling psychotic symptoms than the first-generation drug. There was one exception, the drug Clozapine. 51 Furthermore, second-generation medications showed significant side effects that can affect health outcomes. These included weight gain, metabolic changes, extrapyramidal symptoms, and sedation effects. Each medication showed a somewhat different side-effect risk profile. From a positive perspective, the findings indicated that the clinician and patient can choose any of these medications as first-line treatment except Clozapine, which is generally used for treatment-resistant cases due to more intensive clinical monitoring requirements. The ultimate choice of treatment will depend on the patient’s ability to tolerate side effects that vary by drug.

The conduct of any RCT is resource intensive, requiring the recruitment of participants, and participants must give informed consent to be randomized. The rationale for making this investment may depend on the importance of the policy or practice issue. As shown, RCT methods can be applied to address policy and clinical care concerns with effectiveness. To the extent that the RCT includes a broad cross-section of people who would be affected by a policy or receive a clinical treatment, this methodology provides robust effectiveness findings.

Comparing Effectiveness and Costs Across Nonequivalent Groups

A range of statistical methods can be used to compare nonequivalent groups (i.e., groups receiving different treatments or exposures when there has been no random assignment to ensure comparability of group membership). It is not practical to review all the specific statistical approaches that can be applied. In general, the statistical methods seek to adjust for nonequivalent characteristics between groups that are expected to influence the outcome of interest (i.e., make the comparisons fair). Statistical adjustment for nonequivalent characteristics is referred to as “risk adjustment.” The foundations for risk adjustment come from multiple disciplines. Epidemiologic methods are routinely used to identify and estimate disease and outcomes risk factors. These methods are applicable in comparative effectiveness evaluations. 52

Operations research uses methods for creating homogeneous groups predictive of cost or disease outcomes. These methods are used to make fair comparisons across provider practices and health plans and to control the cost of health care. They also have been used in designing payment systems, including diagnostically related groups used in Medicare’s Prospective Payment System to reimburse hospitals for care rendered to Medicare beneficiaries, and resource-based relative value scales used in Medicare’s physician payment system. Diagnostically related groups are used to standardize and rationalize patient care in hospitals—provided largely by nurses and other health professionals—and resource-based relative value scales are used to standardize and rationalize patient care in outpatient settings—care provided largely by physicians and nurse practitioners. Other disciplines also contribute to our understanding of risk factors for the range of health outcomes, including mortality, health and functional status, quality of life, and rehabilitation and return to work

The basic form of a nonequivalent group comparison includes adjusting the outcomes of each group for the risk factors that are known to affect the occurrence and/or severity of the outcomes being evaluated. 53 For many disease outcomes, risk factors include demographic characteristics (age, gender), disease-specific risk factors (e.g., health behaviors, environmental exposures, and clinical indicators of risk), and indicators of health status (e.g., presence of comorbid conditions). After adjustment for risks factors, variations in access to care and quality of care (e.g., choice of treatment and adherence to treatment) would be expected to explain the remaining observed variation in outcomes. Ideally, the nonequivalent group comparison makes it possible to compare the effectiveness of alternative treatments and assess the impact of poor access to care. One limitation of this methodology is the limit of current knowledge regarding all relevant disease risk factors. Even when risk factors are known, limits on data availability and accuracy of risk factor measurement have to be considered.

Risk adjustment methods are also used to make cost comparisons across health care providers to determine which providers are more efficient. Instead of adjusting for disease risk factors, adjustments are made for the costliness of the patient mix (case mix) and differences in costs of labor, space, and services in the local area. Comparisons may be made to assess efficiency of providing specific services (e.g., hospitalization, office visit, or laboratory test). These comparisons would use case-mix measures that adjust for the costliness of different mixes of hospital episodes. 18 Comparisons of the total cost of care for insured populations would apply case-mix measures that adjust for disease and health factors that affect total cost of care. 54

Data Sources for Effectiveness Research

A range of data sources is used in effectiveness research, including administrative and billing data, chart reviews and electronic health records, and survey questionnaires. The following discussion identifies major attributes of each category of data source.

Medical records

Medical records document the patient’s presenting problem or condition, tests and physical exam findings, treatment, and followup care. The medical record is generally the most complete source of clinical information on the patient’s care. However, medical records are generally not structured to ensure the physician or other provider records all relevant information. The completeness of medical record information can vary considerably. If the patient does not return for followup care, the medical record may provide no information on outcomes of care. If a patient sees multiple providers during the course of treatment, each with its own separate medical record, complete information on treatment requires access to all the records. Lack of standardization of medical records also can make abstracting records for research very resource intensive.

Administrative and billing data

Health care providers generally have administrative and billing data systems that capture a limited and consistent set of data on every patient and service provided. These systems uniquely identify the patient and link information on insurance coverage and billing. Each service received by the patient is linked to the patient using a unique patient identifier. Services are identified using accepted codes (e.g., ICD9-CM, CPT), together with date of service, provider identifier, and other relevant information for billing or management reporting. Administrative data make it possible to identify all individual patients seen by a provider and produce a profile of all services received by each patient over any defined time period. Administrative data are comprehensive and the data are generally complete (i.e., no problems with missing data). The primary limitation is the data set collected by administrative systems is very limited and lacks the detail of the medical record.

Administrative data systems can provide some insights into quality and outcomes of care. AHRQ has developed software that provides quality indicators and patient safety measures using one administrative data set, hospital discharge abstracts. 55 , 56 Utilization-based indicators of outcome include rehospitalization, return to surgery during a hospitalization, and incidence of complications; some systems include information on death. Administrative data can efficiently provide quality and outcomes indicators for defined populations and for health systems. Other applications of administrative data include assessing efficiency, timeliness, and equity. The limitation is that there are many health conditions and health outcomes that cannot currently be measured using administrative data.

Survey questionnaires

Neither the medical record nor the administrative data capture information on the patient’s experience in health or patient-reported outcomes of care. Survey questionnaires are routinely used to obtain information on patient satisfaction in health plans. A widely used example is the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems or CAHPS. 57

Information on the impact of health conditions on health and functional status has to come from the patient. This may be obtained at the time of a visit or hospitalization. However, to assess patient outcomes of care, systematic followup of patients after the completion of treatment is generally required. This can be done using mail questionnaires, telephone interviews, or in-person interviews. The HSR field has developed health-status and quality-of-life measures that can be used no matter what health conditions the patient has. 47 , 58–60 Numerous condition-specific measures of outcome are also used. 53

Effectiveness research relies on a range of data sources. Some are routinely collected in the process of medical care and patient billing. Others may require special data collection, including medical record abstracts to obtain detailed clinical data and survey questionnaires to gain information on the patient’s perspective on treatment and outcomes. Efficient strategies for examining effectiveness may use administrative data to examine a limited set of data on all patients, and a statistically representative sample of patients for in-depth analysis using data from chart abstracts and survey questionnaires.

Using HSR Methods To Improve Clinical Practice

HSR research tools can be applied in clinical settings to improve clinical practice and patient outcomes. These tools are used as part of quality improvement programs in hospitals, clinics, and health plans. Two examples illustrate applications to improve quality-of-care performance.

Evidence-based treatment

For many chronic medical conditions, clinical research has evaluated the efficacy of diagnostic methods and treatment interventions. As a result, evidence-based reviews of research literature can provide a basis for establishing quality-of-care criteria against which to judge current practice. In a national study of quality of medical care, it was found that only 55 percent of patients received evidence-based treatments for common disorders and preventive care. 61 The researchers examined treatment for a range of health conditions, using a national sample of medical records abstracts. For each quality criterion, a classification was applied to determine if the quality-of-care deficiency was one of underuse, overuse, or misuse. Greater problems were found with underuse (46 percent) than with overuse (11 percent). Quality of care varied by condition: senile cataracts scored highest, 78 percent of recommended care received, and alcohol dependence scored lowest, 10 percent of recommended care received. Overall, only about half of recommended care was received, frequently due to underuse of services.

Researchers have sought to identify why rates of conformance with evidence-based treatments are low. Frequently cited barriers to evidence-based practice include physician disagreement with the evidence, perception that patients will not accept treatment, low ratings of self-efficacy as a provider of the treatment, and difficulty of integrating the evidence-based treatment into existing practice. 62 More needs to be learned how to assist health care providers to overcome barriers to the adoption of evidence-based practices.

The described data sources and methods can be applied in clinical settings to assess conformance to evidence-based quality criteria and provide feedback to clinicians. If electronic health records are available, the feedback and reminders may be directly incorporated into the medical record and seen by the clinician at the time of a visit. Intermountain Health Care utilizes its electronic health records to monitor adherence to evidence-based quality standards and to provide decision support to clinicians when seeing patients. This strategy has contributed to substantial improvements in their quality performance. 63

Outcomes management system

In 1988, Paul Ellwood proposed the adoption of outcomes management system (OMS) as a method to build clinical intelligence on “what treatments work, for whom, and under what circumstances.” 64 OMS would require linking information on the patient’s experience with outcomes of care and information on diagnosis and treatment that would usually come from the medical record.

In 1991, the Managed Health Care Association, an employer organization, brought together a group of employers and their health plan partners who were interested in testing the OMS concept in health plans. 65 To do so would require a set of methods that could be widely applied across health plans with differing information systems. The methodology chosen was for each of 16 health plans to identify all adult enrollees with at least two diagnoses of asthma over the previous 2 years. A stratified sample was chosen with half of the enrollees having more severe asthma (e.g., hospitalization or emergency room visit in the past 2 years) and the other enrollees having less severe asthma (outpatient visits only). Each adult received a questionnaire asking about their asthma treatment and health status. Followup surveys were done in each of 2 successive years to track changes over time.

The findings were compared to national treatment recommendations for adult asthma. 66 Across the health plans, 26 percent of severe asthmatics did not have a corticosteroid inhaler, and 42 percent used it daily, as recommended. 67 Only 5 percent of patients reported monitoring their asthma using a home peak flow meter. Approximately half of adults with asthma reported having the information they needed to avoid asthma attacks, to take appropriate actions when an asthma flare-up occurs, and to adjust medications when their asthma gets worse. Health plans used the baseline findings to develop quality-improvement interventions, which varied across health plans. Followup surveys of the patient cohort provided feedback to health plans on their success in improving asthma treatment and outcomes over time.

This chapter has provided a definition and history of the field of health services research and discussed how this field is examining quality-of-care issues and seeking to improve quality of care. Comparisons of current practice to evidence-based standards with feedback to clinicians and the integration of patient-reported outcomes are two examples of how HSR tools can be used to provide quality-improvement information for health care organizations. These examples utilize multiple data sources, including medical records, patient surveys, and administrative data. The opportunities for nurse researchers to provide invaluable contributions to the growing field of health services research are innumerable.

• Cite this Page Steinwachs DM, Hughes RG. Health Services Research: Scope and Significance. In: Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008 Apr. Chapter 8.
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Essay on Health for Students and Children

500+ words essay on health.

Essay on Health: Health was earlier said to be the ability of the body functioning well. However, as time evolved, the definition of health also evolved. It cannot be stressed enough that health is the primary thing after which everything else follows. When you maintain good health , everything else falls into place.

Similarly, maintaining good health is dependent on a lot of factors. It ranges from the air you breathe to the type of people you choose to spend your time with. Health has a lot of components that carry equal importance. If even one of them is missing, a person cannot be completely healthy.

Constituents of Good Health

First, we have our physical health. This means being fit physically and in the absence of any kind of disease or illness . When you have good physical health, you will have a longer life span. One may maintain their physical health by having a balanced diet . Do not miss out on the essential nutrients; take each of them in appropriate quantities.

Secondly, you must exercise daily. It may be for ten minutes only but never miss it. It will help your body maintain physical fitness. Moreover, do not consume junk food all the time. Do not smoke or drink as it has serious harmful consequences. Lastly, try to take adequate sleep regularly instead of using your phone.

Next, we talk about our mental health . Mental health refers to the psychological and emotional well-being of a person. The mental health of a person impacts their feelings and way of handling situations. We must maintain our mental health by being positive and meditating.

Subsequently, social health and cognitive health are equally important for the overall well-being of a person. A person can maintain their social health when they effectively communicate well with others. Moreover, when a person us friendly and attends social gatherings, he will definitely have good social health. Similarly, our cognitive health refers to performing mental processes effectively. To do that well, one must always eat healthily and play brain games like Chess, puzzles and more to sharpen the brain.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Physical Health Alone is Not Everything

There is this stigma that surrounds mental health. People do not take mental illnesses seriously. To be completely fit, one must also be mentally fit. When people completely discredit mental illnesses, it creates a negative impact.

For instance, you never tell a person with cancer to get over it and that it’s all in their head in comparison to someone dealing with depression . Similarly, we should treat mental health the same as physical health.

Parents always take care of their children’s physical needs. They feed them with nutritious foods and always dress up their wounds immediately. However, they fail to notice the deteriorating mental health of their child. Mostly so, because they do not give it that much importance. It is due to a lack of awareness amongst people. Even amongst adults, you never know what a person is going through mentally.

Thus, we need to be able to recognize the signs of mental illnesses . A laughing person does not equal a happy person. We must not consider mental illnesses as a taboo and give it the attention it deserves to save people’s lives.

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Essay Papers Writing Online

The impact of community service – a deep dive into the power of giving back to society.

Community service essays serve as a powerful tool for individuals to reflect on their experiences, values, and impact on the world around them. Through the process of writing about their volunteer work, students are able to articulate the positive changes they have made in their communities and explore the lessons they have learned along the way.

Community service essays also play a crucial role in highlighting the importance of giving back to society and fostering a sense of empathy and compassion in individuals. By sharing personal stories of service, students can inspire others to get involved and make a difference in their own communities.

Moreover, community service essays can help students gain valuable skills such as critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving, as they reflect on the challenges and successes of their volunteer experiences. By documenting their service work, students can also showcase their commitment to social responsibility and community engagement to colleges, scholarship committees, and potential employers.

Why Community Service Essays Matter

In today’s society, the importance of community service essays cannot be overstated. These essays serve as a platform for individuals to showcase their dedication to helping others and making a positive impact on their communities. Through these essays, individuals can share their experiences, insights, and perspectives on the value of giving back to society.

Community service essays also play a crucial role in raising awareness about different social issues and encouraging others to get involved in volunteer work. By sharing personal stories and reflections, individuals can inspire and motivate others to take action and contribute to the betterment of society.

Furthermore, community service essays provide an opportunity for individuals to reflect on their own values, beliefs, and goals. Through the process of writing these essays, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their place in the world, leading to personal growth and development.

In conclusion, community service essays matter because they have the power to inspire change, raise awareness, and promote personal growth. By sharing their stories and insights, individuals can make a difference in their communities and create a more compassionate and giving society.

The Impact of Community Service Essays

Community service essays have a profound impact on both the individuals writing them and the communities they serve. These essays serve as a platform for students to reflect on their experiences and articulate the lessons they have learned through their service work.

One of the primary impacts of community service essays is the opportunity for self-reflection. Students are encouraged to critically analyze their experiences, challenges, and accomplishments during their community service activities. This reflection helps students develop a deeper understanding of themselves, their values, and their role in the community.

Another significant impact of community service essays is the awareness they raise about social issues and community needs. By sharing their stories and insights, students can shed light on important issues and inspire others to get involved in community service. These essays can also help community organizations and stakeholders better understand the needs of their communities and how they can address them effectively.

Overall, community service essays play a vital role in promoting social responsibility, empathy, and civic engagement. They empower students to make a positive impact in their communities and contribute to creating a more compassionate and inclusive society.

Guidelines for Writing Community Service Essays

When writing a community service essay, it is important to follow certain guidelines to ensure that your message is clear and impactful. Here are some tips to help you craft a powerful and compelling essay:

• Start by brainstorming ideas and reflecting on your community service experiences.
• Clearly define the purpose of your essay and what you hope to convey to your readers.
• Organize your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
• Use specific examples and anecdotes to support your points and showcase your personal growth.
• Highlight the impact of your community service activities on both yourself and others.
• Showcase your passion and dedication to serving your community.
• Be authentic and honest in your writing, and avoid exaggerating or embellishing your experiences.
• Edit and proofread your essay carefully to ensure clarity, coherence, and proper grammar.

Examples of Effective Community Service Essays

Community service essays can have a powerful impact on the reader when they are well-written and thoughtful. Here are a few examples to inspire you:

1. A Well-Structured Essay:

This essay begins with a compelling introduction that clearly articulates the author’s motivation for engaging in community service. The body paragraphs provide specific examples of the author’s experiences and the impact they had on both the community and themselves. The conclusion ties everything together, reflecting on the lessons learned and the importance of giving back.

2. Personal Reflection:

This essay delves deep into the author’s personal experiences during their community service work. It explores the challenges they faced, the emotions they encountered, and the growth they underwent. By sharing vulnerable moments and candid reflections, the author creates a connection with the reader and demonstrates the transformational power of service.

3. Future Goals and Impact:

This essay not only discusses past community service experiences but also looks toward the future. The author shares their aspirations for continued service and outlines how they plan to make a difference in the world. By showcasing a sense of purpose and vision, this essay inspires the reader to consider their own potential for impact.

These examples illustrate how community service essays can be effective tools for conveying meaningful stories, inspiring others, and showcasing personal growth. By crafting a compelling narrative and reflecting on the significance of service, you can create an essay that leaves a lasting impression.

How Community Service Essays Empower Individuals

Community service essays provide individuals with a platform to express their thoughts, share their experiences, and make a meaningful impact on society. By writing about their volunteer work and the lessons they have learned, individuals can empower themselves to create positive change and inspire others to do the same.

• Through community service essays, individuals can reflect on the importance of giving back to their communities and the value of helping those in need.
• These essays can serve as a source of motivation and inspiration for individuals to continue their philanthropic efforts and make a difference in the world.
• By sharing their stories through community service essays, individuals can raise awareness about social issues and promote greater empathy and understanding among their peers.

Overall, community service essays empower individuals to take action, advocate for change, and contribute to building a more compassionate and equitable society.

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Research Paper Topics for 2024: Explore Ideas Across Various Fields

When you start writing a research paper, it’s like diving into a big pool of exploration and analysis. A good research paper goes beyond just gathering facts. It’s more about exploring a topic, asking the right questions, and coming up with thoughtful answers. Whether you're looking at historical events, scientific discoveries, or cultural trends, the trick is to find interesting research topics that catch your interest and keep you motivated throughout the process.

This article is here to help with that sometimes tricky job of picking a topic. We’ll cover a variety of interesting research topics from different areas, making it easier for you to find one that not only fits your assignment but also grabs your attention.

But let’s be honest, picking the right topic isn’t always easy. If you’re still unsure after reading this article, EssayService is a great place to turn for help, whether you need assistance choosing a topic or writing the entire paper.

How to Pick a Topic for a Research Paper

Choosing the right topic can make or break your research paper. Here's how to make it easier:

• Start with your interests: Pick a few areas or subjects that genuinely interest you. Narrow it down to the one that excites you the most. If you’re interested, it’ll show in your writing.
• Check for resources: Before committing, do a quick search to ensure there are enough references available. You’ll want a topic that’s well-discussed so you have plenty of material to work with.
• Stick to guidelines: Make sure your topic fits within any guidelines your teacher has set. Whether it's avoiding certain subjects or meeting specific requirements, this step is crucial for getting your paper off to a good start.

If you’re looking for easy research paper topics, keep these tips in mind to ensure you choose one that’s both manageable and engaging.

What Are Good Research Topics?

Choosing a successful research topic isn’t just about what sounds interesting — it’s about finding a topic that will help you produce a strong, insightful paper. Good research topic ideas should tick a few key boxes to ensure they’re both impactful and manageable.

Best Research Paper Topics for 2024

In 2024, new challenges and innovations are shaping the world around us, making it an exciting time to dive into research. Here are 15 detailed and highly relevant topics that will keep your paper ahead of the curve:

• The impact of remote work on urban development in major U.S. cities.
• Ethical implications of AI-driven decision-making in healthcare.
• The role of social media algorithms in shaping public opinion during elections.
• Effects of climate change on global food security and crop yields.
• The influence of blockchain technology on supply chain transparency.
• Mental health outcomes related to long-term social media use among teenagers.
• Renewable energy adoption in emerging economies and its impact on local communities.
• The rise of electric vehicles and its effect on traditional automotive industries.
• Privacy concerns surrounding the use of biometric data in consumer devices.
• The evolution of cybersecurity threats in the age of quantum computing.
• Gender disparities in STEM education and their long-term effects on the workforce.
• The economic impact of climate migration on coastal regions.
• Implications of CRISPR technology in human genetic modification.
• The effectiveness of universal basic income trials in reducing poverty.
• The role of telemedicine in improving access to healthcare in rural areas.

College Research Paper Topics

These topics explore some of the most relevant and intriguing issues facing college students today, offering plenty of angles to explore in your research:

• How student loan debt shapes career paths and financial stability after graduation.
• Comparing online learning to traditional classrooms: What works best for today’s college students?
• Social media’s influence on mental health and academic success among college students.
• Diversity and inclusion: How initiatives are changing campus life and student experiences.
• University sustainability efforts: How climate change is driving new campus policies.
• The rise of esports: Transforming college athletics and student engagement.
• Campus housing: How living arrangements affect academic success and student retention.
• Balancing part-time jobs with academics: The impact on college students’ grades and well-being.
• Navigating controversial topics: The importance of academic freedom in college debates.
• Digital vs. traditional libraries: How technology is reshaping student research habits.
• Study abroad programs: Enhancing global awareness and boosting future career opportunities.
• Evaluating campus mental health services: Are they meeting students’ needs?
• Fraternities and sororities: Examining their influence on college culture and student life.
• Free college tuition: Exploring the economic and social outcomes in different countries.
• Standardized testing: How it’s affecting college admissions and the diversity of student bodies.

Research Paper Topics By Subject

Choosing a good research topic that aligns with your academic focus can make your work more relevant and engaging. Below, you’ll find topics organized by subject to help you get started.

Research Paper Topics on Health

Health is a dynamic field with ongoing developments and challenges, making it a rich area for research. These topics cover a range of health-related issues, from public health policies to advancements in medical technology:

• How COVID-19 has changed the approach to mental health care.
• Adoption rates of telemedicine among different age groups.
• Antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Exploring new treatment options.
• Barriers to healthcare access in low-income neighborhoods.
• Ethical dilemmas in using genetic testing for personalized treatments.
• Success rates of mental health programs in high schools.
• Comparing dietary patterns in managing type 2 diabetes across cultures.
• Teen vaping trends and their connection to lung health issues.
• Strategies for supporting healthcare needs in rapidly aging populations.
• Tracking climate-related health issues in coastal communities.
• Innovations in vaccine development for emerging diseases.
• Social isolation during pandemics and its link to anxiety disorders.
• Recent changes in U.S. healthcare laws and their influence on patient choices.
• Exploring how traditional beliefs shape approaches to medical treatment.
• Evaluating progress in global vaccination campaigns against childhood diseases.

Research Paper Topics on Medicine

Medicine is a vast field with plenty of areas to explore. Here are some specific topics that focus on medical advancements, practices, and challenges:

• New techniques in minimally invasive surgery for heart conditions.
• Developments in gene therapy for treating inherited diseases.
• Challenges in diagnosing and treating rare diseases.
• The role of AI in improving diagnostic accuracy in radiology.
• Progress in personalized cancer treatments based on genetic profiling.
• The rise of antibiotic alternatives in treating infections.
• Stem cell research advancements for spinal cord injuries.
• Managing chronic pain: Exploring non-opioid treatment options.
• Trends in telemedicine for rural healthcare delivery.
• Breakthroughs in vaccine technology for emerging viruses.
• Long-term outcomes of organ transplants in pediatric patients.
• Advances in robotic surgery and their impact on patient recovery.
• New approaches to treating drug-resistant tuberculosis.
• Innovations in prenatal care and fetal surgery techniques.
• The future of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Research Paper Topics on Media

Explore the ever-changing world of media with these fresh and relevant topics. Each one dives into the trends and challenges shaping how we consume and create content today.

• Analyze the impact of TikTok on modern marketing strategies.
• Investigate the role of influencers in shaping public opinion during elections.
• Explore the effects of streaming services on traditional cable TV viewership.
• Examine how social media platforms handle misinformation and its consequences.
• Study the rise of podcasts and their influence on news consumption.
• Compare the portrayal of mental health in TV shows across different cultures.
• Track the evolution of digital journalism and its impact on print media.
• Look into the ethics of deepfake technology in video production.
• Research the effects of binge-watching on viewer behavior and mental health.
• Explore the relationship between video game streaming and the gaming industry.
• Analyze the shift from traditional news outlets to social media for breaking news.
• Investigate how algorithms curate personalized content and influence user behavior.
• Study the changing landscape of advertising in the age of ad-blockers.
• Examine the role of memes in political discourse and cultural commentary.
• Explore the use of virtual reality in media and entertainment.

Research Paper Topics on Politics

Politics is a field that’s constantly evolving, with new issues and debates emerging all the time. Whether you're interested in global dynamics, domestic policies, or the role of technology in politics, there’s no shortage of interesting topics to explore:

• How social media is influencing voter behavior in recent elections.
• The rise and impact of grassroots movements on political change.
• Fake news and its role in shaping public perception of political events.
• The effects of immigration policies on relationships between countries.
• Populism’s growth in global politics and what it means for the future.
• How economic inequality contributes to political instability.
• The power of political lobbying in creating and shaping laws.
• Challenges faced by democracies under authoritarian regimes.
• Youth activism and its growing influence in modern politics.
• How climate change policies are impacting national security.
• The role of technology in improving election security and voter turnout.
• Government approval ratings and their connection to pandemic responses.
• Influence of international organizations on a country’s domestic policies.
• Shifts in global trade agreements and their effects on international relations.
• The impact of gerrymandering on election results and fairness.

Research Paper Ideas on Technology

Technology is rapidly transforming our world, offering endless opportunities for research. Here are some intriguing ideas to explore:

• The ethics of artificial intelligence in decision-making processes.
• How blockchain technology is revolutionizing financial transactions.
• The role of 5G networks in shaping the future of communication.
• Cybersecurity challenges in the era of smart homes and IoT devices.
• The environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining.
• Virtual reality’s influence on education and training programs.
• How autonomous vehicles are changing urban planning and infrastructure.
• The potential of quantum computing in solving complex global problems.
• Social media algorithms and their impact on public discourse.
• The digital divide: Access to technology in rural versus urban areas.
• How wearable tech is transforming personal health management.
• The implications of deepfake technology in media and politics.
• The future of remote work and its long-term effects on productivity.
• Advancements in drone technology for disaster management and rescue operations.
• The role of big data in personalizing online shopping experiences.

Research Topic Ideas on Culture

Whether you’re interested in examining specific cultural practices or looking at how modern trends reshape traditional customs, these research topics will provide you with a focused and detailed starting point:

• Adoption of traditional Japanese tea ceremonies in contemporary urban settings.
• Practices of food preservation among Inuit communities in the Arctic.
• The revival of Celtic languages in Wales and Ireland through education programs.
• Depiction of queer relationships in Netflix original series from 2015 to 2024.
• Evolution of traditional African hairstyles in Black communities across the U.S.
• Transformation of street art in Berlin post-German reunification.
• Cultural significance of Día de los Muertos celebrations in Mexican-American neighborhoods.
• Popularity of Korean skincare routines among Western beauty bloggers.
• Modern interpretations of Norse mythology in Scandinavian literature.
• Changes in wedding rituals among Indian diaspora in the UK.
• Resurgence of indigenous Australian painting techniques in contemporary art.
• Representation of disability in children’s books published in the last decade.
• Use of traditional Māori patterns in New Zealand’s fashion industry.
• Changes in burial customs in urbanized areas of Southeast Asia.
• Incorporation of First Nations symbols in Canadian public architecture.

Research Paper Topics on Math

If you're looking to explore the depth and applications of math, these research topics are both specific and engaging:

• Applications of fractal geometry in modeling natural phenomena.
• Mathematical approaches to solving complex optimization problems in logistics.
• Development of new algorithms for large-scale data encryption.
• Mathematical modeling of population dynamics in ecology.
• The use of game theory in economic decision-making processes.
• Exploring the mathematics behind machine learning algorithms.
• Advancements in numerical methods for solving partial differential equations.
• Topological data analysis and its applications in computational biology.
• Mathematical analysis of voting systems and fairness.
• The role of number theory in modern cryptography.
• Predictive models for financial markets using stochastic calculus.
• Mathematical foundations of quantum computing and quantum algorithms.
• Applications of chaos theory in weather prediction.
• Geometry of space-time in the context of general relativity.
• Mathematical techniques for analyzing big data in social networks.

Research Paper Topics on Art

Art is full of fascinating details and stories waiting to be explored. If you’re into art research, here are some research topics that might catch your interest:

• How Caravaggio used light and shadow in his religious paintings.
• The way Cubism shaped Picasso’s "Les Demoiselles d’Avignon."
• Gustav Klimt’s "The Kiss" and its ties to Viennese culture.
• Hokusai’s woodblock techniques in "The Great Wave off Kanagawa."
• Bauhaus principles that still influence graphic design today.
• Emotions and color in Mark Rothko’s abstract paintings.
• Leonora Carrington’s role in the Surrealist movement.
• Gaudí’s architectural genius in designing La Sagrada Familia.
• Industrial scenes captured in Charles Sheeler’s Precisionist art.
• Jean-Michel Basquiat’s take on graffiti and cultural identity.
• Frida Kahlo’s evolving self-portraits through her life.
• Claude Monet’s unique use of light in his Impressionist works.
• Diego Rivera’s murals as powerful political statements.
• The simplicity and impact of Donald Judd’s minimalist sculptures.
• How African art influenced Henri Matisse during his Fauvist period.

Research Topics on Sports

Sports offer a wide range of topics that are both intriguing and highly relevant. Here are some specific research ideas to consider if you're looking to explore the world of sports:

• The biomechanics behind sprinting techniques in elite athletes.
• The psychological effects of team sports on adolescent development.
• Injury prevention strategies in professional football (soccer).
• The impact of altitude training on endurance performance in marathon runners.
• Gender equity in sports: The evolution of women’s participation in the Olympics.
• The role of nutrition in recovery and performance for endurance athletes.
• How advanced analytics are changing strategies in basketball.
• The effects of early specialization in youth sports on long-term athletic development.
• The influence of sports media coverage on public perceptions of athletes.
• Technology in sports: The use of wearable devices to monitor athlete performance.
• Doping scandals and their long-term impact on athletes' careers.
• Mental health challenges faced by retired professional athletes.
• The economics of hosting major sporting events like the World Cup or Olympics.
• How climate change is affecting outdoor sports events and training schedules.
• The evolution of sports science in enhancing athlete training programs.

In 2024, some of the most popular research topics include the impact of technology on sports, the psychological aspects of team dynamics, and the evolution of gender equity in athletics. 

If you’re still unsure about which topic to choose or need help with your essay, EssayService is a great option. Our research paper writing service can assist with everything from selecting the perfect topic to crafting a well-written paper, making the whole process a lot easier.

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Key Health Care Trends: Nationally and in Each of the States

Key Takeaways

Between 2013 and 2022, Obamacare’s mandates and regulations more than doubled the average cost of individual market health insurance coverage in 40 states.

Medicaid historically has covered poor children, seniors, and the disabled; Obamacare added 19.8 million work-capable adults to the program between 2013 and 2022.

Under the Biden Administration, seniors now have a choice of 31 percent fewer Medicare prescription drug plans, and the average premium has increased 46 percent.

Select a Section 1 /0

For decades, the health care debate was focused primarily on coverage and the uninsured. The vast majority of Americans now have or have access to health care coverage, either privately or publicly. Today, the health care debate is focused on affordability and access.

This report, using available data, tracks and quantifies key health care trends related to these measures. In brief:

• Premiums continue to climb,
• Provider access is more restricted, and
• Choice of plans remains lower.

Without change, these trends are likely to continue, further undermining access to and the affordability of health care for millions of Americans.

The key elements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)—also known as Obamacare—took effect in 2014, thus making 2024 the law’s tenth year of operation. The ACA’s new regulations and government spending primarily affected two subsets of America’s health insurance system: the private individual (or non-group) health insurance market and the publicly funded (federal and state) Medicaid program.

Prior to Obamacare, the individual health insurance market consisted mainly of workers (and their families) without access to employer-sponsored coverage, often because they were self-employed. Also prior to Obamacare, the Medicaid program covered low-income individuals who were either children, pregnant women, elderly, or disabled.

The ACA focused on insuring low-income uninsured individuals through two mechanisms. The first was expanding Medicaid to cover individuals with incomes below 138 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) who were not previously eligible for the program. The second was providing individuals with incomes between 100 percent and 400 percent of the FPL with subsidies to purchase government-approved health plans sold through new individual market exchanges.

The effects were the addition of millions of non-elderly, able-bodied adults without dependent children to the Medicaid program and the provision of heavily subsidized individual market coverage to several million more individuals with incomes just above Medicaid eligibility. As a result, more Americans became dependent on government-run health care, while for those who had private individual health insurance before Obamacare, premiums spiked and coverage options shrank.

Recent passage of the so-called Inflation Reduction Act continues the negative trends that have flowed from Obamacare. Billed as an effort to reduce the cost of prescription drugs for Medicare enrollees, the provisions of this act—most notably the introduction of a mechanism for setting government price controls on widely prescribed drugs—have led to higher premiums and fewer choices for seniors.

Higher Cost of Individual Market Health Insurance Under Obamacare

Obamacare increased the cost of individual market health insurance coverage by 133 percent between 2013—the last year before the implementation of Obamacare—and 2022. In 2013, the national average premium paid for individual market coverage was $244 per member per month. REF In 2022, that figure was $568 per member per month. By comparison, for the same period in the large-employer market, national average premiums paid grew by only 44 percent (from $363 to $524 per member per month). REF

Prior to Obamacare, the cost of individual market coverage was less than that for large-employer coverage. However, because Obamacare-driven cost increases in the individual market substantially outpaced cost growth in the rest of the health system, since 2017, per-enrollee coverage costs have been higher in the individual market than in the large-employer market. Furthermore, that is the case despite the fact that in recent years, 15 states have obtained federal waivers from some Obamacare provisions, enabling insurers in those states to reduce premiums.

Changes in coverage costs varied by state. (See Appendix Table 1.) In nearly every state, consumers on average paid more for coverage under the ACA. By 2022, the per-capita average monthly cost of individual market coverage had more than doubled in 40 states—and had more than tripled in Missouri (+213 percent) and more than quadrupled in Alabama (+309 percent) and West Virginia (+323 percent). In contrast, the state with the smallest growth in coverage cost over this period was Massachusetts (+12 percent), but it was also the state that had the highest cost of coverage back in 2013. That was because almost all the ACA’s new mandates and regulations, along with a similar set of income-related subsidies, were already in place in the Massachusetts individual market before the ACA took effect.

Higher Deductibles Under Obamacare

Faced with escalating claims costs for Obamacare coverage, insurers attempted to hold down premiums by raising deductibles. The middle-income self-employed have been particularly hit by Obamacare’s rising deductibles. Because they are self-employed, their coverage options are generally limited to plans that are sold in the individual market. But because Obamacare subsidies are targeted to lower-income individuals, they qualify for little or nothing in ACA premium tax credits and cost-sharing reductions. REF

The average deductibles for bronze-level plans sold on the exchanges increased by 40 percent between 2014 and 2024. REF For self-only coverage, the average deductible was $5,094 in 2014 but is $7,144 in 2024, while the average deductible for family coverage has increased from $10,278 in 2014 to $14,310 in 2024. REF

By comparison, the Kaiser Family Foundation’s 2023 Employer Health Benefits Survey reports that the average deductible for self-only coverage among workers enrolled in employer-sponsored “high deductible” plans was $3,552 in firms with fewer than 200 workers and $2,317 in firms with more than 200 workers. REF

In contrast, for 2024, all of the bronze-level exchange plans in 38 states have self-only deductibles greater than $3,000, and in 29 of those states, all of the self-only deductibles for bronze plans are more than $4,000. (See Appendix Table 2.)

Narrower Networks Under Obamacare

Another response by insurers to escalating claims costs for Obamacare coverage was to limit enrollee access to providers, either by reducing the number of “in-network” providers, providing no reimbursement for “non-network” providers, or requiring “pre-approval” for more covered services. Data on plan types offered in the exchanges shows how insurers have shifted to more “narrow network” plans. REF For the 2014 plan year, half (51 percent) of bronze plan designs had more restrictive provider networks. In 2024, that figure has increased to three-quarters (76 percent). Silver plans have experienced the same effect, shifting from 53 percent of plan designs having more restrictive networks in 2014 to four-fifths (80 percent) of plan designs in 2024.

Of the different plan types, the one that is least restrictive and offers the broadest network is the Preferred Provider Organization (PPO). It is also the most prevalent plan type in the employer-sponsored group insurance market, with about half of covered workers enrolled in PPO plans. REF By contrast, only 15 percent of bronze plan types and 12 percent of silver plan types offered on the Obamacare exchanges are PPO plans. Furthermore, 21 states have no PPO plans offered at the bronze level in the exchange, and 19 of those states also have no PPO plans offered at the silver level. (See Appendix Tables 3 and 4.)

Less Insurer Choice and Competition Under Obamacare

Although Obamacare’s proponents claimed that the law’s new regulations, subsidies, and exchanges would increase insurer competition, the actual results have been the opposite. In 2013, the year before Obamacare took effect, there were 395 insurers offering coverage in the individual market at the state level. REF By 2018 there were only 181 insurers offering coverage on the Obamacare exchanges, and there were eight states in which only one insurer offered exchange coverage.

The Trump Administration took steps to stabilize the Obamacare exchanges, with the result that insurer choice and competition increased in subsequent years. For 2024, there are 304 insurers offering exchange coverage at the state level. That is an increase of 123 insurers over the low of 181 in 2018, but it still leaves the 2024 exchanges 23 percent less competitive than the individual market was before the implementation of Obamacare. (See Appendix Table 5.)

However, despite increasing insurer participation over the past six years, only eight states have more insurers offering Obamacare exchange coverage in 2024 than they had before the ACA; eight others have the same number, and 34 states and the District of Columbia have fewer.

Greater Dependence on Government Programs Under Obamacare

Obamacare also significantly expanded government-run coverage through Medicaid. Historically, Medicaid provided health care coverage to the vulnerable poor: children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with disabilities. However, Obamacare expanded eligibility to able-bodied, non-elderly adults, most of whom do not have dependent children. Furthermore, Obamacare offers states a much higher level of federal financing (90 percent) for this new population than it offers for their existing Medicaid populations.

Between 2013—the last year before Obamacare took full effect—and 2023, enrollment in Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) increased by more than 24 million individuals, from 61.1 million to 85.4 million. REF In addition, during that 10-year period, enrollment more than doubled in four states: Alaska (+106 percent); Virginia (+106 percent); Oregon (+130 percent); and Nevada (+145 percent). (See Appendix Table 6.)

Furthermore, by providing states with much higher federal subsidies for new coverage of able-bodied adults, Obamacare effectively shifted Medicaid’s focus away from prioritizing the needs of the program’s existing and more vulnerable populations—low-income children, pregnant women, the elderly, and disabled individuals. That shift can be seen in the data for Medicaid enrollment by eligibility category. Between 2013 and 2021, almost 19.8 million newly eligible able-bodied adults were added to the program. In comparison, during the same period, Medicaid enrollment of children and the elderly increased by 2.5 million and 1.2 million, respectively, while the number of disabled enrollees declined by 400,000. (See Appendix Table 7.)

Higher Premiums for Medicare Drug Plans and Fewer Choices

Included in the so-called Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 were a number of changes in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program. REF President Biden and congressional Democrats claimed those provisions would reduce the cost of prescription drugs for Medicare enrollees. So far, however, the result has been fewer Part D plans from which to choose coupled with much higher premiums. The data show that, relative to 2021, there are 31 percent fewer Part D plan choices available to enrollees in 2024, while the national average premium has increased by 46 percent, from $41.60 per month to $60.92 per month. REF In nine states, the average Medicare Part D plan premium has increased by more than 60 percent since 2021—including by 75 percent in Georgia and 84 percent in California. REF (See Appendix Table 8.) Furthermore, both of those adverse trends are expected to accelerate over the next several years as more provisions of the legislation take effect. REF

Across all major health care measures, health care is trending in the wrong direction. Premiums are up, choices are down, and access to providers is restricted.

Obamacare resulted in higher costs and fewer choices in the individual health insurance market and added millions of able-bodied adults to Medicaid. Now the so-called Inflation Reduction Act is beginning to take effect, and it is having similar effects on Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. The result will be increased premiums and fewer plan choices for seniors.

Without change, these trends are likely to continue into the foreseeable future, thereby undermining access to and the affordability of health care coverage for millions of Americans.

Edmund F. Haislmaier is the Preston A. Wells, Jr., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for Health and Welfare Policy at The Heritage Foundation.

Senior Research Fellow, Center for Health and Welfare Policy

Health care reform should be a patient-centered, market-based alternative that empowers individuals to control the dollars and decisions regarding their health care.

Health Care Choices and Premiums Under Obamacare: Numbers By State

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Surgeon General: Parents Are at Their Wits’ End. We Can Do Better.

By Vivek H. Murthy

Dr. Murthy is the surgeon general.

One day when my daughter was a year old, she stopped moving her right leg. Tests found that she had a deep infection in her thigh that was dangerously close to her bone. She was rushed off to surgery. Thankfully, she’s now a healthy, spirited young girl, but the excruciating days we spent in the hospital were some of the hardest of my life. My wife, Alice, and I felt helpless and heartbroken. We got through it because of excellent medical care, understanding workplaces and loved ones who showed up and reminded us that we were not alone.

When I became a parent, a friend told me I was signing up for a lifetime of joy and worry. The joys are indeed abundant, but as fulfilling as parenting has been, the truth is it has also been more stressful than any job I’ve had. I’ve had many moments of feeling lost and exhausted. So many parents I encounter as I travel across America tell me they have the same experience: They feel lucky to be raising kids, but they are struggling, often in silence and alone.

The stress and mental health challenges faced by parents — just like loneliness , workplace well-being and the impact of social media on youth mental health — aren’t always visible, but they can take a steep toll. It’s time to recognize they constitute a serious public health concern for our country. Parents who feel pushed to the brink deserve more than platitudes. They need tangible support. That’s why I am issuing a surgeon general’s advisory to call attention to the stress and mental health concerns facing parents and caregivers and to lay out what we can do to address them.

A recent study by the American Psychological Association revealed that 48 percent of parents say most days their stress is completely overwhelming, compared with 26 percent of other adults who reported the same. They are navigating traditional hardships of parenting — worrying about money and safety, struggling to get enough sleep — as well as new stressors, including omnipresent screens, a youth mental health crisis and widespread fear about the future.

Stress is tougher to manage when you feel you’re on your own, which is why it’s particularly concerning that so many parents, single parents most of all, report feeling lonelier than other adults . Additionally, parents are stretched for time. Compared with just a few decades ago, mothers and fathers spend more time working and more time caring for their children , leaving them less time for rest, leisure and relationships. Stress, loneliness and exhaustion can easily affect people’s mental health and well-being. And we know that the mental health of parents has a direct impact on the mental health of children.

All of this is compounded by an intensifying culture of comparison, often amplified online, that promotes unrealistic expectations of what parents must do. Chasing these expectations while trying to wade through an endless stream of parenting advice has left many families feeling exhausted, burned out and perpetually behind.

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• Systematic Review
• Open access
• Published: 30 August 2024

A scoping review of stroke services within the Philippines

• Angela Logan 1 , 2 ,
• Lorraine Faeldon 3 ,
• Bridie Kent 1 , 4 ,
• Aira Ong 1 &
• Jonathan Marsden 1  

BMC Health Services Research volume  24 , Article number:  1006 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

2 Altmetric

Metrics details

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability. In higher-income countries, mortality and disability have been reduced with advances in stroke care and early access to rehabilitation services. However, access to such services and the subsequent impact on stroke outcomes in the Philippines, which is a lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is unclear. Understanding gaps in service delivery and underpinning research from acute to chronic stages post-stroke will allow future targeting of resources.

This scoping review aimed to map available literature on stroke services in the Philippines, based on Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage-process.

Summary of review

A targeted strategy was used to search relevant databases (Focused: MEDLINE (ovid), EMBASE (ovid), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO (ebsco); broad-based: Scopus; review-based: Cochrane Library, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), JBI (formerly Joanna Briggs Institute) as well as grey literature (Open Grey, Google scholar). The searches were conducted between 12/2022-01/2023 and repeated 12/2023. Literature describing adults with stroke in the Philippines and stroke services that aimed to maximize well-being, participation and function were searched. Studies were selected if they included one or more of: (a) patient numbers and stroke characteristics (b) staff numbers, qualifications and role (c) service resources (e.g., access to a rehabilitation unit) (d) cost of services and methods of payment) (e) content of stroke care (f) duration of stroke care/rehabilitation and interventions undertaken (g) outcome measures used in clinical practice.

A total of 70 papers were included. Articles were assessed, data extracted and classified according to structure, process, or outcome related information. Advances in stroke services, including stroke ready hospitals providing early access to acute care such as thrombectomy and thrombolysis and early referral to rehabilitation coupled with rehabilitation guidelines have been developed. Gaps exist in stroke services structure (e.g., low number of neurologists and neuroimaging, lack of stroke protocols and pathways, inequity of stroke care across urban and rural locations), processes (e.g., delayed arrival to hospital, lack of stroke training among health workers, low awareness of stroke among public and non-stroke care workers, inequitable access to rehabilitation both hospital and community) and outcomes (e.g., low government insurance coverage resulting in high out-of-pocket expenses, limited data on caregiver burden, absence of unified national stroke registry to determine prevalence, incidence and burden of stroke). Potential solutions such as increasing stroke knowledge and awareness, use of mobile stroke units, TeleMedicine, TeleRehab, improving access to rehabilitation, upgrading PhilHealth and a unified national long-term stroke registry representing the real situation across urban and rural were identified.

This scoping review describes the existing evidence-base relating to structure, processes and outcomes of stroke services for adults within the Philippines. Developments in stroke services have been identified however, a wide gap exists between the availability of stroke services and the high burden of stroke in the Philippines. Strategies are critical to address the identified gaps as a precursor to improving stroke outcomes and reducing burden. Potential solutions identified within the review will require healthcare government and policymakers to focus on stroke awareness programs, primary and secondary stroke prevention, establishing and monitoring of stroke protocols and pathways, sustainable national stroke registry, and improve access to and availability of rehabilitation both hospital and community.

What is already known?

Stroke services in the Philippines are inequitable, for example, urban versus rural due to the geography of the Philippines, location of acute stroke ready hospitals and stroke rehabilitation units, limited transport options, and low government healthcare insurance coverage resulting in high out-of-pocket costs for stroke survivors and their families.

What are the new findings?

The Philippines have a higher incidence of stroke in younger adults than other LMICs, which impacts the available workforce and the country’s economy. There is a lack of data on community stroke rehabilitation provision, the content and intensity of stroke rehabilitation being delivered and the role and knowledge/skills of those delivering stroke rehabilitation, unmet needs of stroke survivors and caregiver burden and strain,

What do the new findings imply?

A wide gap exists between the availability of stroke services and the high burden of stroke. The impact of this is unclear due to the lack of a compulsory national stroke registry as well as published data on community or home-based stroke services that are not captured/published.

What does this review offer?

This review provides a broad overview of existing evidence-base of stroke services in the Philippines. It provides a catalyst for a) healthcare government to address stroke inequities and burden; b) development of future evidence-based interventions such as community-based rehabilitation; c) task-shifting e.g., training non-neurologists, barangay workers and caregivers; d) use of digital technologies and innovations e.g., stroke TeleRehab, TeleMedicine, mobile stroke units.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

In the Philippines, stroke is the second leading cause of death, with a prevalence of 0·9% equating to 87,402 deaths per annum [ 1 , 2 ]. Approximately 500,000 Filipinos will be affected by stroke, with an estimated US$350 million to $1·2 billion needed to meet the cost of medical care [ 1 ]. As healthcare is largely private, the cost is borne out-of-pocket by patients and their families. This provides a major obstacle for the lower socio-demographic groups in the country.

Research on implementation of locally and regionally adapted stroke-services and cost-effective secondary prevention programs in the Philippines have been cited as priorities [ 3 , 4 ]. Prior to developing, implementing, and evaluating future context-specific acute stroke management services and community-based models of rehabilitation, it was important to map out the available literature on stroke services and characteristics of stroke in the Philippines.

The scoping review followed a predefined protocol, established methodology [ 5 ] and is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews Guidelines (PRISMA-ScR) [ 6 , 7 ]. Healthcare quality will be described according to the following three aspects: structures, processes, and outcomes following the Donabedian model [ 8 , 9 ].The review is based on Arksey and O'Malley’s five stages framework [ 5 ].

Stage 1: The research question:

What stroke services are available for adults within the Philippines? The objective was to systematically scope the literature to describe the availability, structure, processes, and outcome of stroke services for adults within the Philippines.

Stage 2: Identifying relevant studies:

The following databases were searched. Focused: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO; broad-based: Scopus; review-based: Cochrane Library, Prospero, JBI (formerly Joanna Briggs Institute); Grey literature: Herdin, North Grey, Grey matters, MedRxiv, NIHR health technology assessment, Department of Health Philippines, The Kings Fund, Ethos, Carrot2. Additionally, reference lists of full text included studies were searched.

The targeted search strategy, developed in consultation with an information scientist, was adapted for each database (see supplemental data). Search terms were peer reviewed using the PRESS (Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies) checklist [ 10 ].

The key search concepts from the Population, Concept and Context (PCC) framework were ≥ 18 years with a stroke living in the Philippines ( population ), stroke services aiming to maximize well-being, participation and function following a stroke ( concept ) and stroke services from acute to chronic including those involving healthcare professionals, non-healthcare related personnel or family or friends ( context ). Search tools such as medical subject headings (MESH) and truncation to narrow or expand searches were used. Single and combined search terms were included (see supplemental data). The search was initially conducted over two weeks in December 2022 and re-run in December 2023.

Studies were selected if they described stroke care in the Philippines in terms of one or more of the following: (a) patient numbers and stroke characteristics (b) staff numbers, qualifications and role (c) service resources (e.g., number of beds/access to a rehabilitation unit, equipment used) (d) cost of services and methods of payment (UHC, Insurance, private) (e) content of stroke care (f) duration of stroke care (hours of personnel contact e.g., Therapy hours per day); interventions undertaken (g) outcome measures used in clinical practice.

Additional criteria:

Context: all environments (home, hospital, outpatients, clinic, academic institute).

Date limits: published between 2002 onwards. This is based on the Philippines Community Rehabilitation Guidelines published in 2009 that would suggest that papers earlier than 2002 may not reflect current practice [ 11 ].

Qualitative and quantitative studies including grey literature.

Language: reported in English or Filipino only.

Publication status: no limit because the level of rigor was not assessed.

Type of study: no limit which included conference abstracts, as the level of rigor was not assessed.

Studies were excluded if they were in non-stroke populations or the full text article could not be obtained. Conference abstracts were excluded if there were insufficient data about methods and results.

Searches of databases were performed by one researcher (JM) and searches of grey literature were performed by one researcher (AO). All retrieved articles were uploaded into Endnote X9 software™, and duplicates identified and removed before transferring them to Rayyan [ 12 ] for screening.

Stage 3: study selection

The title and abstract were selected using eligibility criteria. Two pairs of researchers independently screened abstracts and titles;(Databases: JM and AL and grey literature by AO and LF). Where a discrepancy existed for title and abstract screening, the study was automatically included for full text review and discussed among reviewers.

Two reviewers (JM and AL) undertook full-text screening of the selected studies. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus discussions without the need for a third reviewer. There were no discrepancies that required a third reviewer. Reason for exclusion were documented according to pre-determined eligibility criteria. References of included full text articles were screened by each reviewer independently and identified articles were subjected to the same screening process as per the PRISMA-ScR checklist (Fig.  1 ).

PRISMA-ScR flow diagram

Stage 4: Charting the data

Two reviewers independently extracted the data using a piloted customized and standardized data extraction form including (1) Structure: financial (e.g., costs, insurance, government funding), resources (structure and number of stroke facilities, staff (number, profession/specialism, qualifications etc.), stroke characteristics (2) Process: duration of care, content of stroke care within acute, secondary care, community, outcome measures used; (3) Outcome: survival, function, patient satisfaction, cost (admission and interventions), and (4) year of publication, geographical location (including if Philippines only or multiple international locations) and type of evidence (e.g., policy, review, observational, experimental, clinical guidelines). Critical appraisal of included studies was not undertaken because the purpose of the review was to map available evidence on stroke services available within the Philippines.

Stage 5: Collating, summarising and reporting the results

The search identified 351 records from databases and registers. A total of 70 records are included and reasons for non-inclusion are summarized in Fig.  1 .

Study descriptors

The characteristics of included studies are shown in Supplementary Material Table 1. Of the 70 included studies, 36 were observational with most being based on a retrospective review of case notes ( n  = 31), two were audits, eight were surveys or questionnaires, four were consensus opinion and/or guideline development, three were randomized controlled trial (RCT) or feasibility RCT, 1 was a systematic review, two were policy and guidelines, 11 were narrative reviews or opinion pieces, two were case series or reports and one was an experimental study.

Of the 70 studies, 32 (45.7%) were based in a single tertiary hospital site. There were only three papers based in the community (4.3%). Papers that were opinion pieces or reviews were classified as having a national focus. Of the 22 papers classified as having a national focus, 10 (45.5%) were narrative reviews/ opinion pieces (Table 1 ).

The primary focus of the research studies (excluding the 11 narrative reviews and 2 policy documents) were classified as describing structure ( n  = 8, 14%); process ( n  = 21,36.8%) or outcomes ( n  = 29, 49.2%). The structure of acute care was described in seven studies out of eight studies ( n  = 7/8 87.5%) whilst neurosurgery structures were described in one out of eight studies (12.5%). Acute care processes were described in 11 out of 21 studies ( n  = 11/21 52.3%) whilst rehabilitation processes were described in six out of 21 studies (28.6%), with three out of 21 studies primarily describing outcome measurement (14.3%). The primary focus of the outcomes were stroke characteristics (25 out of 28 papers, 89.2%) in terms of number of stroke (prevalence), mortality or severity of stroke. Measures of stroke quality of life were not reported. Healthcare professional knowledge was described in two studies ( n  = 2/28 7.1%) whilst risk factors for stroke were described in one study ( n  = 1/28, 3.6%). Carer burden was described in one study ( n  = 1/28, 3.6%).

A summary of the findings is presented in Table 2 .

This scoping review describes the available literature on stroke services within the Philippines across the lifespan of an adult (> 18 years) with a stroke. The review has identified gaps in information about structures, processes and outcomes as well as deficits in provision of stroke services and processes as recommended by WHO. These included a low number of specialist clinicians including neurologists, neuro-radiographers and neurosurgeons. The high prevalence of stroke suggests attention and resources need to focus on primary and secondary prevention. Awareness of stroke is low, especially in terms of what a stroke is, the signs/symptoms and how to minimize risk of stroke [ 25 ]. Barriers exist, such as lack of healthcare resources, maldistribution of health facilities, inadequate training on stroke treatment among health care workers, poor stroke awareness, insufficient government support and limited health insurance coverage [ 22 ].

The scoping review also highlighted areas where further work is needed, for example, descriptions and research into the frequency, intensity, and content of rehabilitation services especially in the community setting and the outcome measures used to monitor recovery and impairment. PARM published stroke rehabilitation clinical practice guidelines in 2012, which incorporated an innovative approach to contextualize Western clinical practice guidelines for stroke care to the Philippines [ 42 ]. Unfortunately, availability and equitable access to evidence-based rehabilitation for people with stroke in the Philippines pose significant challenges because of multiple factors impacting the country (e.g., geographical, social, personal, environmental, educational, economic, workforce) [ 25 , 40 , 43 ].

The number of stroke survivors with disability has not been reported previously, thus, the extent and burden of stroke from acute to chronic is unknown. The recent introduction of a national stroke registry across public and private facilities may provide some of this data [ 82 ]. The project started in 2021 and captures data on people hospitalized for transient ischemic attack or stroke in the Philippines. National stroke registries have been identified as a pragmatic solution to reduce the global burden of stroke [ 83 ] through surveillance of incidence, prevalence, and outcomes (e.g., death, disability) of, and quality of care for, stroke, and prevalence of risk factors. For the Philippine government to know the full impact and burden of stroke nationally, identify areas for improvement and make meaningful changes for the benefit of Filipinos, the registry would need to be compulsory for all public and private facilities and include out of hospital data. This will require information technology, trained workforces for data capture, monitoring and sharing, as well as governance and funding [ 83 ].

This scoping review has generated a better understanding of the published evidence focusing on availability of stroke services in the Philippines, as well as the existing gaps through the lens of Donabedian’s Structure , Process and Outcome framework. The findings have helped to inform a wider investigation of current stroke service utilization conducted using survey and interview methods with stroke survivors, carers and key stakeholders in the Philippines, and drive forward local, regional and national policy and service changes.

Conclusions

This scoping review describes the existing evidence-based relating to structure, processes and outcomes of stroke services for adults within the Philippines. The review revealed limited information in certain areas, such as the impact of stroke on functional ability, participation in everyday life, and quality of life; the content and intensity of rehabilitation both in the hospital or community setting; and the outcome measures used to evaluate clinical practice. Developments in stroke services have been identified however, a wide gap exists between the availability of stroke services and the high burden of stroke in the Philippines. Strategies are critical to address the identified gaps as a precursor to improving stroke outcomes and reducing burden. Potential solutions identified within the review will require a comprehensive approach from healthcare policymakers to focus on stroke awareness programs, primary and secondary prevention, establishing and monitoring of stroke protocols and pathways, implementation of a compulsory national stroke registry, use of TeleRehab, TeleMedicine and mobile stroke units and improve access to and availability of both hospital- and community-based stroke rehabilitation. Furthermore, changes in PhilHealth coverage and universal credit to minimize catastrophic out-of-pocket costs.

Limitations

Although a comprehensive search was undertaken, data were taken from a limited number of located published studies on stroke in the Philippines. This, together with data from databases and grey literature, may not reflect the current state of stroke services in the country.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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We acknowledge the TULAY collaborators: Dr Roy Francis Navea, Dr Myrna Estrada, Dr Elda Grace Anota, Dr Maria Mercedes Barba, Dr June Ann De Vera, Dr Maria Elena Tan, Dr Sarah Buckingham and Professor Fiona Jones. We are grateful to Lance de Jesus and Dr Annah Teves, Research Assistants on the TULAY project, for their contribution to some of the data extraction.

This research was funded by the NIHR Global Health Policy and Systems Research Programme (Award ID: NIHR150244) in association with UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK’s Department of Health and Social Care.

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How does this emergency compare with one declared in 2022, when mpox cases spread around the globe? How is this virus behaving compared with the version that triggered that outbreak, a type called clade II? And will Africa be able to rein this one in? Nature talks to researchers about information they are rushing to gather.

Is clade Ib more deadly than the other virus types?

It’s hard to determine, says Jason Kindrachuk, a virologist at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. He says that the DRC is experiencing two outbreaks simultaneously. The clade I virus, which has been endemic in forested regions of the DRC for decades, circulates in rural regions, where people get it from animals. That clade was renamed Ia after the discovery of clade Ib. Studies in animals suggest that clade I is deadlier than clade II 1 — but Kindrachuk says that it’s hard to speculate on what that means for humans at this point.

Even when not fatal, mpox can trigger fevers, aches and painful fluid-filled skin lesions.

Growing mpox outbreak prompts WHO to declare global health emergency

Although many reports state that 10% of clade I infections in humans are fatal, infectious-disease researcher Laurens Liesenborghs at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium, doubts that this figure is accurate. Even the WHO’s latest estimate of a 3.5% fatality rate for people with mpox in the DRC might be high.

There are many reasons that fatality estimates might be unreliable, Liesenborghs says. For one, surveillance data capture only the most severe cases; many people who are less ill might not seek care at hospitals or through physicians, so their infections go unreported.

Another factor that can confound fatality rates is a secondary health condition. For example, people living with HIV — who can represent a large proportion of the population in many African countries — die from mpox at twice the rate of the general population 2 , especially if their HIV is untreated. And the relatively high death rate among children under age 5 could be partly because of malnutrition, which is common among kids in rural parts of the DRC, Liesenborghs says.

Is clade Ib more transmissible than other types?

The clade Ib virus has garnered particular attention because epidemiological data suggest that it transmits more readily between people than previous strains did, including through sexual activity, whereas clade Ia mostly comes from animals. An analysis posted ahead of peer review on the preprint server medRxiv 3 shows that clade Ib’s genome contains genetic mutations that seem to have been induced by the human immune system, suggesting that it has been in humans for some time. Clade Ia genomes have fewer of these mutations.

But Liesenborghs says that the mutations and clades might not be the most important factor in understanding how monkeypox virus spreads. Although distinguishing Ia from Ib is useful in tracking the disease, he says, the severity and transmissibility of the disease could be affected more by the region where the virus is circulating and the people there. Clade Ia, for instance, seems to be more common in sparsely populated rural regions where it is less likely to spread far. Clade Ib is cropping up in densely populated areas and spreading more readily.

Jean Nachega, an infectious-disease physician at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, says that scientists don’t understand many aspects of mpox transmission — they haven’t even determined which animal serves as a reservoir for the virus in the wild, although rodents are able to carry it. “We have to be very humble,” Nachega says.

How effective are vaccines against the clade I virus?

Just as was the case during the COVID-19 pandemic, health experts are looking to vaccines to help curb this mpox outbreak. Although there are no vaccines designed specifically against the monkeypox virus, there are two vaccines proven to ward off a related poxvirus — the one that causes smallpox. Jynneos, made by biotechnology company Bavarian Nordic in Hellerup, Denmark, contains a type of poxvirus that can’t replicate but can trigger an immune response. LC16m8, made by pharmaceutical company KM Biologics in Kumamoto, Japan, contains a live — but weakened — version of a different poxvirus strain.

Hopes dashed for drug aimed at monkeypox virus spreading in Africa

Still, it’s unclear how effective these smallpox vaccines are against mpox generally. Dimie Ogoina, an infectious-disease specialist at Niger Delta University in Wilberforce Island, Nigeria, points out that vaccines have been tested only against clade II virus in European and US populations, because these shots were distributed by wealthy nations during the 2022 global outbreak . And those recipients were primarily young, healthy men who have sex with men, a population that was particularly susceptible during that outbreak. One study in the United States found that one dose of Jynneos was 80% effective at preventing the disease in at-risk people, whereas two doses were 82% effective 4 ; the WHO recommends getting both jabs.

People in Africa infected with either the clade Ia or Ib virus — especially children and those with compromised immune systems — might respond differently. However, one study in the DRC found that the Jynneos vaccine generally raised antibodies against mpox in about 1,000 health-care workers who received it 5 .

But researchers are trying to fill in some data gaps. A team in the DRC is about to launch a clinical trial of Jynneos in people who have come into close contact with the monkeypox virus — but have not shown symptoms — to see whether it can prevent future infection, or improve outcomes if an infection arises.

Will the vaccines help to rein in the latest outbreak?

Mpox vaccines have been largely unavailable in Africa, but several wealthy countries have pledged to donate doses to the DRC and other affected African nations. The United States has offered 50,000 Jynneos doses from its national stockpile, and the European Union has ordered 175,000, with individual member countries pledging extra doses. Bavarian Nordic has also added another 40,000. Japan has offered 3.5 million doses of LC16m8 — for which only one jab is recommended instead of two.

Monkeypox in Africa: the science the world ignored

None of them have arrived yet, though, says Espoir Bwenge Malembaka, an epidemiologist at the Catholic University of Bukavu in the DRC. Low- and middle-income nations cannot receive vaccines until the WHO has deemed the jabs safe and effective. And the WHO has not given its thumbs up yet. It is evaluating data from vaccine manufacturers, delaying donors’ ability to send the vaccines.

Even when the vaccines arrive, Bwenge Malembaka says, “it’s really a drop in the bucket”. The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, estimates that 10 million doses are needed to rein in the outbreak.

Bwenge Malembaka says that the uncertainty over vaccine arrival has made it difficult for the government to form a distribution plan. “I don’t know how one can go about this kind of challenge,” he says. Bwenge Malembaka suspects that children are likely to receive doses first, because they are highly vulnerable to clade I, but officials haven’t decided which regions to target. It’s also unclear how the government would prioritize other vulnerable populations such as sex workers, who have been affected by clade Ib. Their profession is criminalized in the DRC, so they might not be able to come forward for treatment.

Researchers lament that public-health organizations didn’t provide vaccines and other resources as soon as the clade I outbreak was identified, especially given lessons learnt from the 2022 global mpox outbreak. “The opportunity was there a couple months ago to cut this transmission chain, but resources weren’t available,” Liesenborghs says. “Now, it will be more challenging to tackle this outbreak, and the population at risk is much broader.”

Nature 633 , 16-17 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02793-9

Americo, J. L., Earl, P. L. & Moss, B. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120 , e2220415120 (2023).

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Yinka-Ogunleye, A. et al. BMJ Glob. Health 8 , e013126 (2023).

Kinganda-Lusamaki, E. et al. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.13.24311951 (2024).

Yeganeh, N. et al. Vaccine 42 , 125987 (2024).

Priyamvada, L. et al. Vaccine 40 , 7321–7327 (2022).

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The Quality of Services in Healthcare Essay

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Introduction

Importance of quality, quality management, quality services, service quality model, the significance of the study.

It is imperative to mention that the role of quality is an interesting topic that is frequently discussed by scholars. The demands of customers are always increasing, and their expectations are set incredibly high most of the time. Furthermore, many companies have recognized that the focus on this aspect is vital and may lead to significant profits. Also, it helps to establish long-term relationships with clients, and this is especially true for the healthcare industry.

This approach is beneficial for both institutions and patients because trained professionals would have a better understanding of the needs and preferences of a particular individual, and valuable time is not lost for the examination of patient history. It is in the interest of a hospital to ensure that customers are retained, and it can be achieved if the quality is viewed as one of the most important factors. Moreover, it is important to understand that activities that are focused on the promotion of quality must be justified from the economic point of view, and it is necessary to find the right balance.

It is necessary to understand that the health and well-being of patients are of utmost importance, and the information that is gained with the use of assessments may be analyzed to identify ways in which the experience of customers may be improved. Also, it is imperative to mention that Riyadh City is developing at rapid rates and the need for high-quality healthcare is also enormous. A focus on quality may be incredibly important because the country is determined to become a force in the global economy, and it cannot be achieved without a well-developed healthcare system. Also, it is important to understand that patients that are satisfied with the quality of services are willing to pay more, and such an approach would help to build long-term relationships.

Moreover, practitioners can share their experiences to develop new techniques. The participation of patients in the process also should not be disregarded, and their opinions and suggestions may be valuable. Also, it is necessary to mention that it has been proven that patients that are satisfied with the level of quality of services are much more likely to recommend an institution to others. This aspect should not be disregarded because the primary goal of private hospitals is to receive profits.

Patients are satisfied with the quality of services provided most of the time in the city. However, the issue is that many employees think that transformational leadership needs to be improved because it is currently not as efficient as it should be. Moreover, it is important to understand that job satisfaction is a critical factor that affects performance levels of health care professionals, and it is closely connected with the quality of service, and this issue should not be overlooked.

Such hospitals are preferred by expatriates because they are known because of high-quality services, and it may be hard to get insurance in some cases. Another difference that needs to be mentioned is that private hospitals are rated in the country. Stars are received based on percentages of positive outcomes, and other factors are also considered. Furthermore, an institution may have to deal with numerous competitors, and it would be beneficial to avoid complaints and complications because the reputation of the healthcare facility is of utmost importance.

Another aspect that needs to be discussed is that the role of private hospitals has been increasing, and it can be hard for the government to control the quality of services. However, management outsourcing has helped with the promotion of high levels of quality standards. Moreover, the fact that such positions as quality managers have been established in Saudi Arabia hospitals is also vital. Such professionals are capable of identifying possible weaknesses and develop ways in which they can be addressed. Also, it is important to understand that quality needs to be measured at all stages of treatment, and such assessments require enormous amounts of resources.

The need to utilize the latest technologies also should not be overlooked, and all the information that is collected needs to be stored and analyzed because the results that are received may be incredibly valuable. Private hospitals have become complicated, and it may not be an easy task to measure all the necessary aspects, and it is important to ensure that a quality management system is established. Moreover, it is necessary to note that technologies that are used to support such activities have also been improved, and it is much easier to store information with the use of spreadsheets (Schneider, 2014).

The fact that private hospitals in Riyadh City use the latest software programs to collect such data is vital, and it may be important to collaborate with foreign organizations to share ideas and experience. However, the issue is that it is noted that complications related to quality occur during such processes as the installation of systems, and it is quite problematic because maintenance costs may be increased (Hassanain, Assaf, Al‐Ofi, & Al‐Abdullah, 2013).

Also, it is necessary to mention that cultural aspects should not be overlooked, and particular alterations to established approaches may be important to improve their efficiency. For example, people in this country do not like it when nurses ask about aspects related to behavior, and this is a problem because such questions are used to improve the number of positive outcomes and quality of services (Aldossary, Barriball, & While, 2013).

Furthermore, both clients and healthcare professionals should understand that collaboration is necessary in this case. One of the studies has shown that the health state of an individual is a critical factor and leads to bias most of the time because the patient will not be satisfied with services if treatment is not successful. It is also stated that such aspects as involvement, information and communication must be prioritized to ensure that satisfaction levels of clients are high (Badri, Attia, & Ustadi, 2009). It is necessary to note that efficient management of resources is incredibly important, and it cannot be achieved without excellent leadership in most cases.

It is important to understand that it may be necessary to hire an external professional team that would perform all the measurements. One of the most important factors that must be discussed is that many firms are focused on the provision of such services, and they have enormous experience in this industry. Also, it is imperative to understand that employees would not have to be distracted, and can focus on their tasks. Such positions and quality analysts and managers should be available in every single private hospital because they will guarantee that the data received is reliable, and no issues with validity are present.

Also, it is necessary to understand that various techniques can be used to increase the level of quality in a particular organization. For example, the role of planning and education should not be overlooked (Mosadeghrad, 2014). A set of goals and outcomes is vital because it can be used to identify if any process has been shown or any issues with scheduling are present. Furthermore, healthcare professionals actively participate in training programs, and a focus on development is also vital because every individual recognizes that high levels of quality cannot be achieved without an understanding of the latest approaches and techniques.

The fact that employers have started to pay enormous attention to the competency of workers is also vital because there have been instances when employees are extremely unprofessional in the past, and it has led to numerous complications. The problem is that a consensus on what measures of quality should be used has not been reached. However, some of the models that are suggested are quite comprehensive and have proven to be efficient most of the time (Yildiz & Demirors, 2014).

It is imperative to mention that the approach is focused on five factors, but not all of them are equally important. Assurance is one of the most important aspects that should not be disregarded. It is important to understand that numerous tests and examinations may be necessary in some cases to ensure that diagnosis is appropriate, and treatment is reasonable. However, patients should be able to trust doctors because any doubt from the side of healthcare providers is not acceptable, and they should be confident in their decision-making skills.

Moreover, it is imperative to mention that most private hospitals are extremely reliable, and health care professionals are determined to provide customers with services of the highest possible quality. Responsiveness is another aspect that is worth mentioning, and it is important to mention that it may be quite problematic in some cases because an enormous percentage of the population is expatriates. Moreover, it may not be easy for some patients to express their needs or voice their opinions.

Furthermore, it may be necessary to develop a particular set of signs that can be used to improve communication. The importance of tangibles also should not be overlooked, and it affects the experience of customers. For instance, the appearance of personnel and facilities is vital most of the time. It is imperative to note that the design of most private hospitals is outstanding because they have access to enormous amounts of resources. Another aspect that needs to be mentioned is that the focus on hygiene is also critical and needs to be mentioned. The problem that many institutions have to deal with is that some of the equipment is outdated and needs to be replaced.

Empathy is also vital and must be considered because it affects the satisfaction levels of customers. The problem that healthcare professionals have to deal with at the moment is that they have a different understanding of what this concept means. The issue is that cultural differences are quite significant because an enormous number of nurses are expatriates, and it leads to numerous complications. Furthermore, employees should participate in pieces of training that would increase their knowledge on this topic because the way that empathy affects the quality of services should be taken into account. Another core aspect that should not be disregarded is that the role of reliability is critical. Healthcare professionals must ensure that the standards of quality are considered in all cases, and patients are treated equally.

It is important to note that the difference between expected and perceived service may be enormous in some situations, and it is the responsibility of private hospitals to ensure that the expectations of consumers are met. Overall, it is imperative to understand that reliability is a factor that is valued by patients the most, and it is imperative to take all the necessary measures to ensure that only the latest and most efficient techniques are used. Moreover, such factors as communication and empathy are viewed as the most problematic at the moment and are in need of improvement.

It is necessary to note that this topic is incredibly important because many private hospitals in the city have started to focus on such aspects as the quality of service to meet global standards and expectations of consumers. Moreover, this study is vital because the information that has been received can be analyzed to get a better understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of health care institutions. Furthermore, it may be important to develop new approaches to ensure that some of the issues that are currently present are promptly addressed. The need to consider the experience of other countries and study the strategies that have proven to be effective also needs to be taken into account.

Moreover, cooperation with an international organization and participation in exchange programs may be vital. Also, one of the core issues that are frequently overlooked is that some conditions are much more common in Saudi Arabia than in other countries, and it may be important to develop particular guidelines. Another issue that needs to be discussed is that health care professionals have to deal with numerous changes, and it may not be an easy task to keep track of all the policies and techniques.

The level of experience is a critical factor that affects the overall quality of services. Furthermore, nurses and other specialists should be provided with all the necessary resources that would help them to stay competitive and develop as professionals and individuals. It is paramount to mention that this sector was quite problematic not so long time ago, and there have been many instances of misdiagnosis and unequal treatment of patients.

However, the government has recognized that it is a significant issue that needs to be resolved, and many policies have been introduced. The situation has been getting over the years, and it is entirely possible that Saudi Arabia will be one known for its high-quality healthcare in the future. Another aspect that is worth mentioning is that it may not be an easy task for the government to measure quality levels in such institutions, and it is necessary to establish a particular set of standards that should be acknowledged. In conclusion, it is evident that the current state of the industry is satisfactory, but several changes can be made to ensure that the quality of services is increased because it is one of the core factors that affect satisfaction levels of customers.

Aldossary, A., Barriball, L., & While, A. (2013). The perceived health promotion practice of nurses in Saudi Arabia. Health Promotion International, 28 (3), 431-441. Web.

Badri, A.M., Attia, S., & Ustadi, M.A. (2009). Healthcare quality and moderators of patient satisfaction: Testing for causality. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 22 (4), 382-410. Web.

Hassanain, A.M., Assaf, S., Al‐Ofi, K., & Al‐Abdullah, A. (2013). Factors affecting the maintenance cost of hospital facilities in Saudi Arabia. Property Management, 31 (4), 297-310. Web.

Mosadeghrad, A. M. (2014). Factors influencing healthcare service quality. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 3 (2), 77-89. Web.

Schneider, E. C. (2014). Hospital quality management: a shape-shifting cornerstone in the foundation for high-quality health care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 26 (1), 1. Web.

Yildiz, O., & Demirors, O. (2014). Healthcare quality indicators – a systematic review. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 27 (3), 209-222. Web.

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