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English as the language of research: But are we missing the mark?

“The manuscript would also benefit from a comprehensive proofread by a native speaker to enhance readability of the paper.”

The phrase above may sound familiar to many authors. It sounds harmless but when received repeatedly, it has a deeper impact on many non-native English speaking authors. 1 In research writing, language is a medium used to convey the discovery of new knowledge. Although research articles are published in several languages, English is by far the commonest language in national and international publications. Many authors of scholarly publications are non-native speakers of English. Unfortunately, many manuscripts were found to be rejected due to poor language proficiency. 2 Poor language is also a common cause of desk-rejection. 3

Rejection of manuscripts due to poor language proficiency may lead to failure in conveyance of new knowledge, some of which may be relevant to tackle pressing issues at hand. Personally, as a coordinator of research activities in my department, I realise that many young researchers have low motivation to put their work in writing simply because of self-perceived lack of proficiency in English. Boosting the confidence to put their research in writing seems challenging despite having solutions such as proofreading services. 4

Moreover, the cost of proofreading and editing services can be problematic. Manuscript proofreading and editing charges may vary by hour, pages, word count or the qualifications and credentials of the proofreader. Although many sources of funding are available for academicians to produce publications, practicing professionals conducting research still face challenges in sourcing and securing funding for their research. Many still self-fund their real-world research, making spending for proofreading or editing services their last priority. Commendable effort have been shown by some proofreading companies who provide free online training to help authors to improve the readability of their manuscripts. Authors of non-native speakers of English could take advantage of these services in an effort to improve their writing skills.

Manuscripts submitted for publication consideration are reviewed by editors and peer reviewers; who perform their uncompensated and time-consuming role while managing a fulltime job. The role of the reviewer is not only to ensure the quality of the discovery of new knowledge, but also the clarity of the conveyance of the new knowledge i.e. clarity of presentation. 5 Clarity of presentation in this context refers to organized, meaningful, and logical flow as well as clarity of the text in order to reap the full impact of the knowledge discovered. When receiving reviewers' comments on the lack of clarity of the text, authors should strategize on improving the readability of their manuscript, rather than considering it as a criticism or personal attack.

There are strategies that non-native English speaking authors can employ to improve readability of their research writing at minimum or no cost. First and foremost, authors should develop a positive mindset and be more acceptable toward reviewers' comments on language. Authors are encouraged to create ‘reading time’ in their daily routine to scan through published articles and take note of the language style used. It is also helpful to keep a manual or digital compendium of catchy words and phrases that can be used in future writing. Other than that, convenience editing 6 can be implemented whereby authors can get connected with the right people who can help each other to proofread or edit manuscript at no cost. Forming an in-house editing team has also proven to increase manuscript writing and publication. 7 Research committees within an organization could conduct training programs to improve manuscript writing skills of practitioners who have special interest in research. Alternatively, non-native English speaking authors could look for opportunities for research collaboration with English speaking authors in an effort to produce high quality research articles. They might also hopefully be empathetic toward researchers who are non-native English speakers and convey that empathy in their reviews and in their outlook toward the potential in papers, even while not having a different set of quality standards for those papers and their authors.

In conclusion, the main focus in research writing, at least in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields should be the new knowledge discovered and noton the medium used to convey the new knowledge. However, writing skills and language used in the production of a research article deserves due attention in order to enhance the impact of the new knowledge.

The author received no funds.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The author declare no competing interests.

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Can GPT-4 suggest the optimal sequence for brain magnetic resonance imaging?

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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of GPT-4, a large language model, in assisting radiologists to determine brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols. Materials and methods: We used brain MRI protocols from a specific hospital, covering 20 diseases or examination purposes, excluding brain tumor protocols. GPT-4 was given system prompts to add one MRI sequence for the basic brain MRI protocol and disease names were input as user prompts. The model's suggestions were evaluated by two radiologists with over 20 years of relevant experience. Suggestions were scored based on their alignment with the hospital's protocol as follows: 0 for inappropriate, 1 for acceptable but nonmatching, and 2 for matching the protocol. The experiment was conducted in both Japanese and English to compare GPT-4's performance in different languages. Results: GPT-4 scored 27/40 points in English and 28/40 points in Japanese. GPT-4 gave inappropriate suggestions for Moyamoya disease and neuromyelitis optica in both languages and cerebral infarction in Japanese. For the other protocols, the suggested sequences were either appropriate or better. The suggestions in English differed from those in Japanese for seven protocols. Conclusion: GPT-4 generally suggested suitable MRI sequences. The study demonstrates that GPT-4 can help radiologists to determine protocols; however, further research is required for the radiological application of LLMs.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Data Availability

All data obtained from GPT-4 are compiled in an Excel sheet containing data sheets in both English and Japanese and available as Supplement.

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EULAR Updates Recommendations on Patient Research Partners

Elena Riboldi

August 02, 2024

The European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) has updated its recommendations regarding the involvement of so-called Patient Research Partners (PRPs) in scientific projects in rheumatology. Through a document published in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, experts aim to provide a guide to enable researchers and PRPs to establish effective and mutually beneficial collaborations. 

Who Are PRPs?

EULAR's definition of a PRP is "a person with a relevant medical condition who acts as an active member of a research group on an equal basis with professional researchers, adding the benefits of their experiential knowledge to every phase of the project." According to the experts at EULAR, direct experience of the disease is needed, and informal caregivers cannot act as PRPs, except in the case of parents of pediatric patients.

It is essential to understand that the PRP is not one of the patients enrolled in the study but a patient included in the research team to offer a patient's perspective. They must have "a high health literacy," said Serena Oliveri, a researcher at the Department of Health Sciences at the University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Oliveri was a leader of the PREFER project, which is part of the Innovative Medicines Initiative. The latter initiative is a partnership between the European Community and European pharmaceutical industries aimed at improving the development of new therapies. 

Within the PREFER project, several studies were conducted (including two on rheumatoid arthritis) to evaluate how to integrate patient preferences in the development, approval, and postapproval phases of new therapies. These studies helped clarify the impact of patient participation in research, as well as potential obstacles.

Multiple Benefits 

What inspires a patient to become a PRP? According to EULAR experts, it is the possibility of acquiring more information about their disease, gaining self-confidence, performing a useful task, and getting a more precise idea of scientific research.

However, the inclusion of PRPs benefits the quality of research, "including improvements in the relevance of the questions posed to patients during the experimentation," said Oliveri. Interacting with PRPs promotes the use of appropriate language and avoids terms that are "excessively medicalized and depersonalized, potentially leading to participants' disengagement from the study."

Discussion with the patient is a source of new ideas and motivation for the researcher because he or she becomes able to appreciate the real-life implications of the research. "PRPs provide researchers with basic information about how the symptoms of the disease impact patients' daily activities and quality of life," said Oliveri. PRPs "then play key roles in disseminating the results of clinical studies to the general population, thus increasing the general population's trust in scientific progress." Although the potential impact of the PRP is more self-evident in clinical studies, according to the EULAR task force, patients should be involved in all types of research, including basic and translational research.

Support and Respect

Using PRPs is not always easy. Drawing on the knowledge gained from the PREFER project, Oliveri said that "the most frequent obstacle concerns the inadequacy of resources to support the involvement and dedication of PRPs (eg, the lack of a dedicated budget for reimbursing patient partners or the absence of a formal on-boarding and training activity specific to the clinical study). Another problem is the uncertainty about how to make the role of the PRP operational, including the lack of a formal description of the involved patient partner." The EULAR document emphasized that facilitating the involvement of PRPs is the responsibility of all team members.

Another obstacle, according to Oliveri, is that sometimes PRPs perceive "a sort of difference in preparation on the topic between them and the other members of the research team, which leads to feeling partially inadequate to provide their support to the research itself." In this regard, EULAR experts recommend including more than two PRPs in the study so that the patient feels encouraged to express their opinion even when it contrasts with that of a researcher. The parties should discuss differences with mutual respect, which, as one of the general principles of EULAR states, is an essential element "for building a partnership and an equal collaboration" that benefits both.

This story was translated from Univadis Italy , which is part of the Medscape Professional Network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. 

Send comments and news tips to [email protected] .

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• 23 July 2024

Boost French research by increasing freedom for scientists and universities

• Christine Musselin   ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-0707 0

Christine Musselin is a CNRS research professor at the Centre for the Sociology of Organisations and CNR, Paris, France.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

You have full access to this article via your institution.

In the run-up to the French election, many academics worried that a victory for the far-right National Rally party could result in cuts to research budgets and a weakening of cross-border collaboration owing to harsher immigration policies. Although the worst-case scenario for the higher-education sector has been staved off for now, the incoming government still has a lot to do.

Government funding of education and research , for instance, is below the country’s national and international commitments. In 2000, France signed up to the European Commission’s Lisbon Strategy , which had a goal of increasing investment in publicly funded research to 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2010. But, with only 2.18% of GDP going towards research and development in 2022, France lags behind several other European Union members as well as countries such as the United States, Japan and China.

Scientists relieved by far-right defeat in French election — but they still face uncertainty

Having explored higher-education policy for much of my academic career, I have three recommendations for the new government.

First, increase funding for universities and research institutions — this is a top priority. Resources are dwindling: in the mid-1990s, the government spent 7.7% of GDP on education but, according to provisional data, only 6.8% in 2022. Worse, these numbers hide stark inequities, even in higher education: because students taking preparatory classes at public elite institutions ( grandes écoles ) benefit more than do those attending universities (€17,260 compared with €11,190, respectively, in 2022). This gap must be closed.

Last year, the French military was given a massive budget increase to €413 billion until 2030 — 40% more than it received in the previous six-year period. Higher education needs a similar boost.

A large increase in public spending would also make a modest hike in university tuition fees (up to €1,000 a year, for instance) more palatable. But such increases in tuition should avoid penalizing students who are already under-privileged, and should be accompanied by fellowships or student aid, not loans. Student fees are meant to supplement, not replace, public funding. Universities should commit to improving study conditions and student life for those with the highest risk of dropping out — the undergraduate community.

‘Incomprehensible’: scientists in France decry €900-million cut to research

Second, give institutions a higher level of autonomy. Over the past decade or so, national attention and supplementary budgets have been directed towards a handful of research-intensive universities . As centres of excellence, nine institutions with a comprehensive research profile have been given a label of IdEx — including in Paris and Strasbourg. And eight that excel in a specific field have received an I-SITE label. For instance, the University of Pau and the Adour region focuses its resources and research on the energy and environmental transition. After a four-year probation period, if universities retain an IdEx or I-SITE label, they receive a regular grant.

But no public policy currently supports the development of most institutions, which are not classed as IdEx or I-SITE. Research is not the only mission of higher-education institutes: they also train knowledgeable citizens and contribute to a qualified workforce and locally to social, cultural and economic development. Each institution should be allowed to clarify its profile and set its own priorities and developmental plans. Those that are not oriented towards international research should not be deprived of funds.

This means that the ministry of higher education and research should modify the way in which it allocates its budgets. Rather than metric-based funding mechanisms that apply the same criteria to all institutions, and mostly allocate budgets annually, multi-year contracts based on the institution’s chosen profile should be introduced. The financial gap between universities with an IdEx or I-SITE status and those without must be reduced.

Finally, France needs to redesign its national science policies. The government should focus less on what research to encourage and more on how to attract and retain researchers. This will foster an environment in which ideas can grow. Several national research programmes have been initiated in a top-down manner, often without providing much information about who made the decisions and on what basis. But this approach can overlook fundamental research, which can have unexpected yet important implications. Early work on messenger RNA, for example, wasn’t a national priority in the 1990s, but was essential for vaccine design during the COVID-19 pandemic . More such efforts need to be encouraged by offering good working conditions and career progression in publicly funded research laboratories.

As a researcher who studies organizations, I might have been expected to suggest a redesign of the French education and research landscape. But I do not think that is what is required right now. The French system has already been through important structural reforms and at a fast pace, in recent years — including several mergers between universities, grandes écoles and research institutes , for instance. Now, institutions need stability. As stressed by the historian of firms Alfred Chandler, ‘structure follows strategy’. Let’s first concentrate on strategic issues that affect the whole system. Relevant structures, and results, will follow.

Nature 631 , 711 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02382-w

Reprints and permissions

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

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Google adds some intelligence to Chrome on Mac with new AI-based search tools

Google on Thursday announced three new features for Chrome for Macs that are based on Google AI and Gemini models. The new features are being rolled out in upcoming updates to the Chrome browser. Here’s how the new features will enhance the way you search using Chrome.

Google Lens

Google Lens is one of the best features of mobile Chrome on iPhone, and now it’s coming to Chrome for Mac this week. On Chrome for Android or iPhone, you can tap the camera icon, take a picture of an item, and Google will perform a search based on the photo’s content.

Google Lens on Chrome for Mac has a new camera icon that will appear in the address bar. When a user selects it, the user can click or drag over anything in the current browser tab, and then Google will do a search based on the contents selected. The search can be refined or users can ask follow-up questions, which could result in an AI Overview response.

Tab compare for product research

When doing product research on the web, Chrome will now be able to create a single comparison table for your reference, so you don’t have to visit several different websites to get your info. According to Google, this feature works by being able to sense the product information in open tabs; Chrome will offer to create a table of the products in those tabs. The Google chart appears in a new tab. This feature is coming “in the next few weeks” starting in the U.S.

Using AI to search your history

In another feature “starting in the U.S. in the coming weeks,” users will be able to search their browser history using natural language queries. All the user needs to do is access the Chrome history and then input a query in the address bar. A drop-down menu will appear with relevant websites from the history, Google says that the results will not include any sites that were accessed while in Incognito mode. This feature can be turned off in Chrome’s settings.

Apple is bringing AI to the Mac with Apple Intelligence starting in iOS 18.1 this fall. Among the new features is a new Summarize feature in Safari that scans web pages and creates capsules to tell you what the page is about. Apple is also rumored to be working on its own search engine , so it’s likely that features like these come to Safari in the future.

Author: Roman Loyola , Senior Editor, Macworld

Roman is a Macworld Senior Editor with over 30 years of experience covering the tech industry, focusing on the Mac and other products in the Apple ecosystem. He is also the host of the Macworld Podcast. His career started at MacUser, where he received Apple certification as a repair technician (when Apple did that kind of thing). He's also worked for MacAddict, MacLife, and TechTV.

Recent stories by Roman Loyola:

• This app shows how the MacBook’s ugly notch can be pretty useful
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