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CSS English Essay Past Papers (PDF Updated)

On this page, you’ll find a compilation of CSS Essay Past Papers for English from 2010 to 2023. These CSS Essay Past Papers serve as a crucial tool for CSS aspirants. Examining these papers enables candidates to grasp the exam’s structure, recognize common topics, and enhance their essay writing abilities. Wishing you the best of luck with your CSS preparations!

• Essay – 2010
• Essay – 2011
• Essay – 2012 
• Essay – 2013
• Essay – 2014
• Essay – 2015
• Essay – 2016
• Essay – 2017
• Essay – 2018
• Essay – 2019
• Essay – 2020
• Essay – 2021
• Essay – 2022
• Essay – 2023

“And there’s nothing for man except what he strives for.” (Al- Quran, 53:39)

Past Papers Analysis (CSS 2015-2023)

English essay (css 2024).

English Essay Syllabus for CSS 2024 Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given. Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English Essay writing will be…

English Precis and Composition (CSS 2023)

English (Precis & Composition) Paper Syllabus for CSS 2023 The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the candidate’s abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Structuring, Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc. Downloadable Content Recommended Books

Current Affairs (CSS 2023)

General science and ability (css 2022), islamic studies (css 2023), pakistan affairs (css 2023).

CSS Exam Info

CSS Past Papers

Preparing for the CSS (Central Superior Services) exams requires access to quality study materials, and past papers are among the most valuable resources you can use. Our website offers a comprehensive collection of CSS past papers, which you can easily download to aid in your exam preparation.

How CSS Past Papers Can Help in Exam Preparation

Understanding Exam Format : By going through past papers, you will become familiar with the structure of the CSS exams. This includes the distribution of marks, the types of questions (e.g., multiple-choice, short answer, essay), and the time allocated for each section.

Identifying Key Topics : Past papers help you identify the recurring themes and important topics that are frequently tested. This allows you to focus your study efforts on areas that are likely to appear in the exam, making your preparation more efficient.

Practice and Self-Assessment : Solving past papers is an excellent way to practice. It enables you to test your knowledge, improve your problem-solving skills, and manage your time effectively during the actual exam. Additionally, by comparing your answers with provided solutions (where available), you can assess your performance and identify areas that need improvement.

Boosting Confidence : Regular practice with past papers helps build confidence. As you become more familiar with the exam format and types of questions, you will feel more prepared and less anxious on exam day.

Why Download CSS Past Papers from Our Website?

Extensive Collection : We provide past papers for all CSS compulsory and optional subjects, covering years from 2007 to the most recent exams. This extensive archive helps you familiarize yourself with the exam format and the types of questions that frequently appear.

Free and Easy Access : Our website allows you to download CSS past papers for free in PDF format. This convenience means you can access these resources anytime, anywhere, and start your preparation without any financial burden.

Updated Content : We ensure that our database is regularly updated with the latest past papers, including the most recent exams. This keeps you abreast of any changes in exam patterns and trends.

English Essay

Precis & Composition

General Science & Ability

Current Affairs

Pakistan Affairs

Islamic Studies

Comparative Study

Accountancy & Auditing

Computer Science

Political Science

International Relations

Applied Mathematics

Pure Mathematics

Business Administration

Public Administration

Governance & Public Policies

Town Planning & Urban Management

History of pakistan & india

Islamic History & Culture

British History

European History

History of USA

Gender Studies

Environmental Sciences

Agriculture & Forestry

ENGLISH Literature

Urdu Literature

Constitutional Law

International Law

Muslim Law & Jurisprudence

Mercantile Law

Criminology

Journalism & Mass Communication​

Anthropology

To download CSS Past Papers from Federal Public Service Commission Official website, click here .

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CSS English Essay Paper 2024

• February 29, 2024
• CSS Past Papers 2024

Here, you will find the CSS English Essay Paper 2024. You can view or download this CSS English Essay Past Paper 2024 . The English Essay paper of CSS was held on 29-02-2024.

See the CSS English Essays and Topics here.

English Essay Paper for CSS 2024

1. Hope: the greatest driving force.

2. CPEC and “Indo-Middle East – Europe”, new war fronts.

3. The power of propaganda and Muslim World.

4. Phase out of fossil fuel and Arab Economics.

5. Pragmatism vs Passion in politics.

6. Brics and Pakistan: Prospects of Recovery.

7. Artificial Intelligence : The death of creativity.

8. Pathways to Pakistan’s prosperity.

9. Globalization and National Economics .

10. Political Polarization; Governance and Society.

View CSS English Paper 2024 here:

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• November 20, 2023
• Best in Pak , Big Questions , CSS Past Papers
• 11279 Views

CSS Essays, CSS Solved Essays, PMS Essays, PMS Solved Essays, CSS 2024, CSS 2025, PMS 2024, PMS 2025, Sir Syed Kazim Ali,

CSS Essays up till 2023

The CSS essay and precis papers have been a nightmare for thousands of aspirants. However, since 2015, these papers have started eroding the future of 95% of aspirants each year, not because of aspirants but because of academies, young qualifiers, and inept teachers. They teach students only tips and tricks rather than teaching them the proper way of writing an essay: how to break the chosen topic down, how to write the thesis statement, what is a relevant and coherent outline, what the topic sentence is, and how to write it; how to articulate thoughts and give specific pieces of evidence to support them; and how to connect sentences or give transitions between them. However, to qualify for the essay paper, aspirants must understand the basics to differentiate between essay writing and daily conversation. For example, in your everyday conversation with your friends and family, you make assertions, and they understand because they know you and never challenge you to give reasons for your statements. On the other hand, the CSS examiner, who reads and evaluates your essays, does not even know you and needs support, reasons, and arguments for each of your assertions. 

Qualifying for the CSS and PMS English essay and precis papers moves around writing skills. Writing is the primary tool that helps an aspirant present his thoughts on the given topic on the exam paper. Therefore, cracking English essay and precis papers requires an aspirant to have good written communication skills. However, that greatly depends upon how rationally, analytically, and logically an aspirant writes and transfers his viewpoints and ideas to the examiner. Competitive aspirants think memorizing facts, figures, and data alone will help them crack these papers. Moreover, aspirants build an analytical approach by learning quality books and content alone; they do not even practice and learn to give their thoughts words. As a result, despite having a great deal of knowledge regarding subjects, aspirants cannot transfer their ideas to the examiner satisfactorily and fail the papers. Therefore, if you need to pass the CSS and PMS essay papers, you must communicate effectively and provide evidence for any point or claim you make. Simply, whoever learns how to support his ideas with specific and relevant reasons usually qualifies for the essay paper easily.

How Can These Solved Essays Help Me Prepare & Qualify for the Essay Paper?

All essays published on the Cssprepforum website have been attempted by Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s students, who either qualified for the CSS or PMS examinations or scored the highest marks in the essay papers. The essays are uploaded to help other CSS & PMS aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper. Reading these essays with great consideration, from the outline to thesis statement and introduction to conclusion, can help you understand how to crack the essay topic, build a thesis statement, write an introduction, and present your arguments based on the thought process. The activity will also help you in several ways:

Developing a Strong Foundation in English Grammar and Usage

Sir Syed Kazim Ali is known for his in-depth English grammar and usage knowledge. His students’ essays can help you build a solid foundation in these areas, essential for writing clear, concise, and grammatically correct essays.

Enhancing Your Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills

The CSS English Essay Paper requires strong critical thinking and analytical skills. Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s teaching methods, present in the solved essays, can help you develop these skills by encouraging you to analyze complex issues, form well-structured arguments, and support your claims with evidence.

Improving Your Essay Writing Skills

Being Pakistan’s best CSS and PMS English essay teacher, Sir Syed Kazim Ali has extensive experience teaching essay writing. His students’ essays guide you through the process of crafting a well-structured essay, from developing a thesis statement to organizing your arguments and providing relevant evidence.

Expanding Your Vocabulary and Knowledge Base

A strong vocabulary and broad knowledge base are crucial for writing compelling essays. These essays can help you expand your vocabulary and enhance your understanding of various topics, enabling you to write informative and insightful essays.

Who is Sir Syed Kazim Ali?

Sir Syed Kazim Ali is a known English language writing coach, grammarian, educationist, and author. He is the founder of Cssprepforum , an online education platform that provides preparation for the Central Superior Services (CSS) and Provincial Management Services (PMS) exams to thousands of aspirants. He is also the founder of Howfiv , an online learning management system (LMS) used by millions of students in Pakistan and worldwide. Sir Syed Kazim Ali is known for his innovative and effective teaching methods. He has helped thousands of students improve their English language skills and succeed in competitive exams such as the CSS, PMS, GRE, GAT, SAT, GMAT, etc. He is a passionate advocate for education and social development. He believes that education is the key to unlocking the potential of individuals and societies. He is actively involved in various educational and social development projects and committed to making a difference in the lives of others.

He is Pakistan’s top CSS and PMS English essay and precis teacher with the highest success rate of his students. The way he explains and simplifies the concepts no other English teacher across the country can do. He knows that CSS and PMS aspirants’ approach to learning the English language is different, and over the years, he has developed a unique teaching methodology that helps his students crack English essays and precis papers easily. His online creative English writing sessions give aspirants the skills and confidence to get the best possible exam results. He focuses on aspirants’ exam’s critical areas, helps them identify their strengths and weaknesses, and equips them with the writing skills they need to correctly and confidently express their thoughts and opinions.

Click on any link to start reading the solved essays

1- * Inter-Cultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War *

Inter-Cultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War

2- * I Fall Upon The Thorns of Life, I bleed! *

I Fall Upon the Thorns of Life, I Bleed!

3- * Frailty Thy Name is Woman *

Frailty Thy Name Is Woman Essay

4- * The Controversial Issues of Feminism and the Contemporary Women’s Rights Movements *

The Controversial Issues of Feminism and the Contemporary Women’s Rights Movements

5- * Inter-Cultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War (2nd Essay) *

Intercultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War

6- * Uni-polar, Bipolar or Multi-polar: New Direction of the World *

Unipolar, Bipolar or Multipolar: New Direction of the World Essay

7- * Pakistani Women Have the Same Chances as Men *

Pakistani Women Have the Same Chances as Men.

8- * Social Media Has Destroyed Real Life Communication *

Social Media Has Destroyed Real Life Communication

9- * It Matters Not What Someone Is Born, But What They Grow To Be *

It Matters Not What Someone is Born, but What They Grow to Be

10- * Artificial Intelligence has Overstepped its Bounds *

Artificial Intelligence has Overstepped its Bounds

11- * Children Must be Taught How to Think, not What to Think *

Children Must be Taught How to Think, not What to Think

12- * The War on Terror has Contributed to the Growing Abuse of Human Rights *

The War on Terror has Contributed to the Growing Abuse of Human Rights

13- * The Cost of Inaction is Greater than the Cost of Action *

The Cost of Inaction is Greater than the Cost of Action

14- * Both Parents Should Assume Equal Responsibility in Raising a Child *

Both Parents Should Assume Equal Responsibility in Raising a Child

15- * Instruction in Youth is Like Engraving in Stone *

Instruction in Youth is like Engraving in Stone

16- * People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology *

People Have Become Overly Dependent On Technology

17- * A Friend Walks in When Everyone Else Walks Out *

A Friend Walks In When Everyone Else Walks Out

18- * Feminism is Not Really a Third World Issue *

Feminism Is Not Really a Third World Issue

19- * Cooperation, Not Competition, Leads the World Towards Peace and Prosperity *

Cooperation Not Competition Leads the World Towards Peace and Prosperity

20- * I Do Not Agree with What You Have to Say, But I Will Defend to Death Your Right to Say It *

I Do Not Agree With What You Have To Say, But I Will Defend To Death Your Right To Say It

21- * Development is About Transforming Lives of People Rather Than Economy of a State *

Development Is About Transforming Lives of People Rather Than the Economy of a State

22- * Governance Crisis in Pakistan: Need for Reforms and Institutional Building *

Governance Crisis in Pakistan: Need for Reforms and Institutional Building

23- * Education in Pakistan has Failed to Achieve Efficient Human Resource *

Education in Pakistan has failed to Achieve Efficient Human Resource

24- * Advancement in Science and Technology is the Gateway to the Economic Prosperity of a Country *

Advancement in Science and Technology is the Gateway to the Economic Prosperity of a Country

25- * Boys Will be Boys *

Boys Will Be Boys

26- * Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation *

Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation

27- * The Threat of Global Warming and the Ways to Counter it *

The Threat of Global Warming and the Ways to Counter it

28- * Democracy and Illiteracy Do Not Move Together *

Democracy and Illiteracy Do Not Move Together

29- * Classrooms Decide the Future of the Nations *

Classrooms Decide the Future of the Nations

30- * The Fool Speaks, and the Wise Listen *

The Fool Speaks, and the Wise Listen

* For more Essays Click on the Links Below *

* CSS Solved Essays *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/css/css-solved-essays

* PMS Solved Essays *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/pms/pms-essays/

* PMS Solved 20-Marks Paragraphs *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/pms/pms-solved-paragraphs/

* PMS Ministerial Solved Essays *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/featured/pms-ministerial-essays/

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CSS Essay Past Paper (2016-2024)

This guide serves you a comprehensive collection of CSS Essay past paper from 2016-24. Make yourself familiar with the structure, style, and difficulty level of actual CSS Essay questions. Luckily, CSS past papers serve as invaluable material for understanding the exam format, assessing strengths and weaknesses of oneself, and ultimately, achieving success.

To download CSS Essay past papers! Click on the button⬇️

Additional Resources for CSS Essay Preparation

CSS Essay Syllabus:

• Carefully study the official CSS syllabus for Essay paper to make sure you cover all essential topics.

Textbooks and Study Guides:

• Utilize recommended textbooks and study guides to build a strong theoretical foundation.

Remember, consistent practice and effective utilization of Essay CSS Past Papers are key ingredients for success in this competitive exam

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CSS 2020 Papers

CSS Past Papers > CSS 2020 Papers

Download CSS 2020 Papers in PDF.

Compulsory Papers

• Islamic Studies / Comparative Religions
• General Science & Ability
• Pakistan Affairs
• Current Affairs

Optional Papers

• Accountancy & Auditing – I
• Accountancy & Auditing – II
• Economics – I
• Economics – II
• Computer Science – I
• Computer Science – II
• Political Science – I
• Political Science – II
• International Relations – I
• International Relations – II
• Chemistry-I
• Chemistry-II
• Applied Mathematics
• Pure Mathematics

GROUP – III

• Business Administration
• Public Administration
• Governance & Public Policies
• Town Planning & Urban Management
• History of Pakistan & India
• Islamic History & Culture
• British History
• European History
• History of the U.S.A
• Gender Studies
• Environmental Sciences
• Agriculture & Forestry
• English Literature
• Urdu Literature
• Constitutional Law
• International Law
• Muslim Law & Jurisprudence
• Mercantile Law
• Criminology

GROUP – VII

• Journalism & Mass Communication
• Anthropology

COMPETITIVE EXAMS MCQ's

DOWNLOAD FPSC/NTS/CSS/PPSC/SPSC/BPSC/KPSC/PTS/OTS/BTS/GOVT JOBS MCQs

CSS ESSAY PAST PAPERS 2000 TO 2021

Download css e ssay past papers 2000 to 2021 for css exams.

Essay writing activity as an intellectual stimulation of our thoughts and such an activity would be highly beneficial at a younger age. For teachers, essays are one great way to assess the students on how well they have understood a concept and evaluate their vocabulary, writing and communication skills. It also shows that a student is not memorizing the answers and actually has in depth knowledge about the topic. When it comes to students, in school aside from learning academic subjects, it is also necessary for them to learn how to formulate their own opinions about varied topics and become capable in expressing those opinions and essay writing does exactly that. In fact for a student, who usually ends up doing what the teachers want or what the parents ask him to do, essays can be that one medium where they actually get to have a voice in the first place. Essay writing comes with specific deadlines, which students are required to maintain anyhow. You will learn to manage your time wisely and in a proper way. You will be able to plan, organize, research within the time limit given to you. If you scan through the points discussed above, you will know why essay writing is so crucial for students and how it is a part of their academic growth. In this site you can download CSS ESSAY PAST PAPERS for preparation of your CSS Exams.

WHY ESSAY WRITING IS IMPORTANT FOR CSS STUDENTS?

Essay Writing is Important Because:

• It makes you think
• It is the dedicated time, when you think on given topics.
• It is the test of your abilities. Whether you are capable of gathering right thoughts on time or not?
• It also shows you your weaknesses. Suppose you are not in a habit of reading newspapers, books, not even Google news then you will find it difficult to write on the given subject.
• It forces you to search for the topics, whether you are interested or not. This can be helpful to cultivate your interest and researching abilities of yours can be enhanced.
• One can write essay on any topic if well informed, well read. It is not necessary to write essay only in examination hall.
• Improvement in writing style, thought gathering, vocabulary, knowledge, handwriting can be done through essay writing.
• It helps the person/teacher/people to understand who you are, and how your overall personality is. People can judge you from your writings.
• Time management while writing an essay can be tested. Your skills of time management can be enhanced.
• Overall, essay is your projection, projection of your mind, brain, memory, smartness.
• If one is excelled in essay writing, he/she can become good speaker, reader, writer, and anchor, can excel in any field which needs above qualities.

DOWNLOAD CSS ESSAY PAST PAPERS 2000 TO 2021 FOR CSS EXAMS

Download CSS Essay Past Papers 2000 To 2021 For Preparation Of your CSS Exams.

• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2000
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2001
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2002
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2003
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2004
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2005
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2006
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2007
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2008
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2009
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2010
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2011
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2012
• English CSS Essay Paper 2013
• English CSS Essay Paper 2014
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2015
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2016
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2017
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2018
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2019
• CSS ESSAY PAST PAPER 2020
• English Essay CSS Paper 2021

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CSS Essay Past Papers

Download CSS Essay Past Papers here to prepare for CSS exams. Download 2011-2021 Current Affairs Past Papers for CSS Exam Preparation. Just click on each year’s essay past papers to obtain the PDF.

• Essay CSS Past Paper 2017
• Essay CSS Past Paper 2018
• Essay CSS Past Paper 2019
• Essay CSS Past Paper 2020
• Essay CSS Past Paper 2021
• Essay CSS Past Paper 2022
• Essay CSS Past Paper 2023

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Conquering the CSS Exam: A Guide to First-Attempt Success

Written By Areeba Sajid       Aug 13, 2024

The CSS exam, a gateway to prestigious civil service careers in Pakistan, is notoriously challenging. However, with a strategic approach and focused effort, passing on your first attempt is achievable. This guide equips you with essential tips to optimize your study plan, select high-scoring optional subjects, and master the English essay section.

Selecting Right Optional Subjects

The choice of optional subjects significantly impacts your success. Here's a framework for choosing wisely:

Skills Analysis: Prioritize subjects where you already possess some knowledge or experience. This minimizes new information you need to learn, reducing workload.

Personal Interest: Opting for subjects that pique your interest can make learning more engaging and efficient.

Subject Nature: Consider the types of questions (open-ended or closed-ended) and syllabus length to gauge workload.

Curriculum Overlap: Look for subjects with overlapping content to maximize efficiency.

Pro Tip: Explore our resources on "15 High Scoring Subjects in the CSS Exam" for a detailed walkthrough.

Further, Sir Abrar has explained the method of selecting optional subjects in the most efficient way. Don’t forget to have a look at it.

Link: https://nearpeer.org/css/1.-free-courses/css-preparation-strategy

Mastering the English Essay

The English essay, a major hurdle for many, requires focused attention. Here are key strategies:

Topic Selection: Choose topics aligning with your knowledge and prefer open-ended questions if you excel in elaboration. Practice writing on topics relevant to your optional subjects for a wider knowledge base.

Structure is Key: Develop a strong essay structure. Utilize a well-drafted outline, a clear introduction, and a compelling conclusion.

Language Skills: Regular reading is crucial. It hones your writing skills and keeps you informed about current affairs, a valuable asset for many optional subjects.

Fueling Your Knowledge

A well-rounded knowledge base is vital. Here are essential resources to consider:

Newspapers: Regularly read international and domestic news, paying close attention to political events and editorial pages. Opt for English newspapers to enhance language skills.

CSS-Specific Magazines: Stay updated on the latest CSS trends and exam-related information by subscribing to reputable CSS magazines. Explore "CSS Chronicles" for reliable and engaging content.

Hang on, we have a Super Assignment feature for aspirants through which they can get their assignments evaluated within 15 seconds through our high end AI technology.

Link: https://nearpeer.org/css/2.-bundles/8-css-super-assignments

Building a Winning Study Plan

Time management is paramount for success. Here are key elements for an effective study plan:

Effective Note-taking: Make your own notes, tailored to your learning style. This not only improves organization but also aids in information retention. Utilize diagrams, tables, and charts for better visual memory.

Past Paper Analysis: Thoroughly analyze past papers and examiner reports. Understanding question styles and scoring trends equips you to answer questions effectively. Explore solved past papers for deeper insights.

Don't Forget Your Well-Being: Prioritize mental health throughout your preparation. Address negativity and take breaks to maintain motivation. Avoid discussing your preparation excessively with others, but seek constructive feedback from mentors or study groups.

Bonus Tip: Focus on the present after the exam. Don't dwell on the outcome. Utilize the waiting period productively by catching up on missed activities.

With dedication, strategic planning, and the right resources, you can ace the CSS exam on your first attempt. Remember, success is within your reach!

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Constitutional Law Past Paper 2024

CSS Constitutional Law Past Paper 2024 is given below in PDF form. You can download the paper by clicking on the download button just below the paper.

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50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1971 to 2021

Title: 50 Years CSS English Essay Papers Edition: 2021 Edition Papers: 1971 to 2021 Pages: 57 Publisher: The CSS Point Subject: CSS English Essay

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50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1971 to 2021 Book online Download or Cash on Delivery all Over Pakistan. This is the latest and updated edition for CSS Compulsory Subject English Essay, and published by The CSS Point and its author Agha Zuhaib Khan has tried to provide maximum and up to date information for the subject to help students in their competitive examination. Get Latest Edition on your home address as Cash on Delivery, order now online or Call/WhatsApp us on 03336042057 – 0726540141.

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What happened in the Kolkata rape case that triggered doctors’ protests?

Activists and doctors in India demand better safeguarding of women and medical professionals after a trainee medic was raped and murdered in Kolkata.

Activists and doctors across India continued to protest on Wednesday to demand justice for a female doctor, who was raped and murdered while on duty in a hospital in the eastern city of Kolkata.

Feminist groups rallied on the streets in protests titled “Reclaim the Night” in Kolkata overnight on Wednesday – on the eve of India’s independence day – in solidarity with the victim, demanding the principal of RG Kar Medical College resign. Some feminist protesters also marched well beyond Kolkata, including in the capital Delhi.

Keep reading

Doctors across india protest rape and murder of medic in kolkata, india supreme court to monitor investigations into manipur sexual violence, goals not guns: how a girls football team in india’s manipur beats violence, four arrested after spanish blogger on india motorcycle tour gangraped.

While the protests were largely peaceful, a small mob of men stormed the medical college and vandalised property. This group was dispersed by the police.

This comes after two days of nationwide protests by doctors following the incident at RG Kar Medical College in West Bengal’s capital city. “Sit-in demonstrations and agitation in the hospital campus will continue,” one of the protesting doctors, identified as Dr Mridul, told Al Jazeera.

Services in some medical centres were halted indefinitely, and marches and vigils shed light on issues of sexual violence, as well as doctors’ safety in the world’s most populous nation.

What happened to the doctor in Kolkata?

A 31-year-old trainee doctor’s dead body, bearing multiple injuries, was found on August 9 in a government teaching hospital in Kolkata.

The parents of the victim were initially told “by hospital authorities that their daughter had committed suicide,” lawyer and women’s rights activist Vrinda Grover told Al Jazeera. But an autopsy confirmed that the victim was raped and killed.

Grover has appeared for victims in sexual violence cases in India in the past, including Bilkis Bano , a Muslim woman who was gang-raped during the 2002 Gujarat riots, and Soni Sori, a tribal activist based in Chhattisgarh state.

Thousands of doctors marched in Kolkata on Monday, demanding better security measures and justice for the victim.

On Tuesday, the Kolkata High Court transferred the case to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

The Federation of Resident Doctors Association (FORDA) called for a nationwide halting of elective services in hospitals starting on Monday. Elective services are medical treatments that can be deferred or are not deemed medically necessary.

On Tuesday, FORDA announced on its X account that it is calling off the strike after Health Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda accepted protest demands.

One of these demands was solidifying the Central Protection Act, intended to be a central law to protect medical professionals from violence, which was proposed in the parliament’s lower house in 2022, but has not yet been enacted.

FORDA said that the ministry would begin working on the Act within 15 days of the news release, and that a written statement from the ministry was expected to be released soon.

Press release regarding call off of strike. In our fight for the sad incident at R G Kar, the demands raised by us have been met in full by the @OfficeofJPNadda , with concrete steps in place, and not just verbal assurances. Central Healthcare Protection Act ratification… pic.twitter.com/OXdSZgM1Jc — FORDA INDIA (@FordaIndia) August 13, 2024

Why are some Indian doctors continuing to protest?

However, other doctors’ federations and hospitals have said they will not back down on the strike until a concrete solution is found, including a central law to curb attacks on doctors.

Those continuing to strike included the Federation of All India Medical Associations (FAIMA), Delhi-based All India Institute Of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and Indira Gandhi Hospital, local media reported.

Ragunandan Dixit, the general secretary of the AIIMS Resident Doctors’ Association, said that the indefinite strike will continue until their demands are met, including a written guarantee of the implementation of the Central Protection Act.

Medical professionals in India want a central law that makes violence against doctors a non-bailable, punishable offence, in hopes that it deters such violent crimes against doctors in the future.

Those continuing to protest also call for the dismissal of the principal of the college, who was transferred. “We’re demanding his termination, not just transfer,” Dr Abdul Waqim Khan, a protesting doctor told ANI news agency. “We’re also demanding a death penalty for the criminal,” he added.

“Calling off the strike now would mean that female resident doctors might never receive justice,” Dr Dhruv Chauhan, member of the National Council of the Indian Medical Association’s Junior Doctors’ Network told local news agency Press Trust of India (PTI).

Which states in India saw doctors’ protests?

While the protests started in West Bengal’s Kolkata on Monday, they spread across the country on Tuesday.

The capital New Delhi, union territory Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh capital Lucknow and city Prayagraj, Bihar capital Patna and southern state Goa also saw doctors’ protests.

Who is the suspect in the Kolkata rape case?

Local media reported that the police arrested suspect Sanjoy Roy, a civic volunteer who would visit the hospital often. He has unrestricted access to the ward and the police found compelling evidence against him.

The parents of the victim told the court that they suspect that it was a case of gang rape, local media reported.

Why is sexual violence on the rise in India?

Sexual violence is rampant in India, where 90 rapes were reported on average every day in 2022.

Laws against sexual violence were made stricter following a rape case in 2012, when a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern was brutally gang-raped and murdered on a bus in Delhi. Four men were hanged for the gang rape, which had triggered a nationwide protests.

But despite new laws in place, “the graph of sexual violence in India continues to spiral unabated,” said Grover.

She added that in her experience at most workplaces, scant attention is paid to diligent and rigorous enforcement of the laws.

“It is regrettable that government and institutions respond only after the woman has already suffered sexual assault and often succumbed to death in the incident,” she added, saying preventive measures are not taken.

In many rape cases in India, perpetrators have not been held accountable. In 2002, Bano was raped by 11 men, who were sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2022, the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi authorised the release of the men, who were greeted with applause and garlands upon their release.

However, their remission was overruled and the Supreme Court sent the rapists back to jail after public outcry.

Grover believes that the death penalty will not deter rapists until India addresses the deeply entrenched problem of sexual violence. “For any change, India as a society will have to confront and challenge, patriarchy, discrimination and inequality that is embedded in our homes, families, cultural practices, social norms and religious traditions”.

What makes this case particularly prominent is that it happened in Kolkata, Sandip Roy, a freelance contributor to NPR, told Al Jazeera. “Kolkata actually prided itself for a long time on being really low in the case of violence against women and being relatively safe for women.”

A National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report said that Kolkata had the lowest number of rape cases in 2021 among 19 metropolitan cities, with 11 cases in the whole year. In comparison, New Delhi was reported to have recorded 1, 226 cases that year.

Prime Minister Modi’s governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has called for dismissing the government in West Bengal, where Kolkata is located, led by Mamata Banerjee of All India Trinamool Congress (AITC). Banerjee’s party is part of the opposition alliance.

Rahul Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in parliament, also called for justice for the victim.

“The attempt to save the accused instead of providing justice to the victim raises serious questions on the hospital and the local administration,” he posted on X on Wednesday.

Roy spoke about the politicisation of the case since an opposition party governs West Bengal. “The local government’s opposition will try to make this an issue of women’s safety in the state,” he said.

Have doctors in India protested before?

Roy explained to Al Jazeera that this case is an overlap of two kinds of violence, the violence against a woman, as well as violence against “an overworked medical professional”.

Doctors in India do not have sufficient workplace security, and attacks on doctors have started protests in India before.

In 2019, two junior doctors were physically assaulted in Kolkata’s Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital (NRSMCH) by a mob of people after a 75-year-old patient passed away in the hospital.

Those attacks set off doctors’ protests in Kolkata, and senior doctors in West Bengal offered to resign from their positions to express solidarity with the junior doctors who were attacked.

More than 75 percent of Indian doctors have faced some form of violence, according to a survey by the Indian Medical Association in 2015.

What happens next?

The case will now be handled by the CBI, which sent a team to the hospital premises to inspect the crime scene on Wednesday morning, local media reported.

According to Indian law, the investigation into a case of rape or gang rape is to be completed within two months from the date of lodging of the First Information Report (police complaint), according to Grover, the lawyer.

The highest court in West Bengal, which transferred the case from the local police to the CBI on Tuesday, has directed the central investigating agency to file periodic status reports regarding the progress of the investigation.

The FIR was filed on August 9, which means the investigation is expected to be completed by October 9.

Bengal women will create history with a night long protest in various major locations in the state for at 11.55pm on 14th of August’24,the night that’ll mark our 78th year as an independent country. The campaign, 'Women, Reclaim the Night: The Night is Ours', is aimed at seeking… pic.twitter.com/Si9fd6YGNb — purpleready (@epicnephrin_e) August 13, 2024

How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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