example of lens essay

Writing a “Lens” Essay

This handout provides suggestions for writing papers or responses that ask you to analyze a text through the lens of a critical or theoretical secondary source.

Generally, the lens should reveal something about the original or “target” text that may not be otherwise apparent. Alternatively, your analysis may call the validity of the arguments of the lens piece into question, extend the arguments of the lens text, or provoke some other reevaluation of the two texts. Either way, you will be generating a critical “dialogue between texts.”

Reading the Texts

Since you will eventually want to hone in on points of commonality and discord between the two texts, the order and manner in which you read them is crucial.

First, read the lens text to identify the author’s core arguments and vocabulary. Since theoretical or critical texts tend to be dense and complex, it may be helpful to develop an outline of the author’s primary points. According the to Brandeis Writing Program Handbook, a valuable lens essay will “grapple with central ideas” of the lens text, rather than dealing with isolated quotes that may or may not be indicative of the author’s argument as a whole. As such, it’s important to make sure you truly understand and can articulate the author’s main points before proceeding to the target text.

Next, quickly read the target text to develop a general idea of its content. Then, ask yourself: Where do I see general points of agreement or disagreement between the two texts? Which of the lens text’s main arguments could be applied to the target text? It may be easier to focus on one or two of the lens text’s central arguments. 

With these ideas in mind, go back and read the target text carefully, through the theoretical lens, asking yourself the following questions: What are the main components of the lens text and what are their complementary parts in the target text? How can I apply the lens author’s theoretical vocabulary or logic to instances in the target text? Are there instances where the lens text’s arguments don’t or can’t apply? Why is this? It is helpful to keep a careful, written record of page numbers, quotes, and your thoughts and reactions as you read.

Since this type of paper deals with a complex synthesis of multiple sources, it is especially important to have a clear plan of action before you begin writing. It may help to group quotes or events by subject matter, by theme, or by whether they support, contradict, or otherwise modify the arguments in the lens text. Hopefully, common themes, ideas, and arguments will begin to emerge and you can start drafting!

Writing the Introduction and Thesis

As your paper concerns the complex interactions between multiple texts, it is important to explain what you will be doing the introduction. Make sure to clearly introduce the lens text and its specific arguments you will be employing or evaluating. Then introduce the target text and its specific themes or events you will be addressing in your analysis. 

These introductions of texts and themes should lead into some kind of thesis statement. Though there are no set guidelines or conventions for what this thesis should look like, make sure it states the points of interaction you will be discussing, and explains what your critical or theoretical analysis of the target text reveals about the texts.

Writing the Body

The body is where you apply specific arguments from the lens text to specific quotes or instances in the target text. In each case, make sure to discuss what the lens text reveals about the target text (or vice versa). Use the lens text’s vocabulary and logical framework to examine the target text, but make sure to be clear about where ideas in the paper are coming from (the lens text, the target text, your own interpretation etc.) so the reader doesn’t become confused.

By engaging in this type of analysis, you are “entering an academic conversation” and inserting your own ideas. As this is certainly easier said than done, Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein’s concept of “Templates” may prove useful. In their book, They Say, I Say, the authors lay out numerous templates to help writers engage in unfamiliar forms of critical academic discourse. They encourage students to use the templates in any capacity they find useful, be it filling them in verbatim, modifying and extending them, or using them as an analytical entry point, then discarding them completely.

Here I modify their basic template (They say ________. I say ________.), to create lens essay-specific templates to help you get started:

The author of the lens text lays out a helpful framework for understanding instances of ________ in the target text. Indeed, in the target text, one sees ________, which could be considered an example of ________ by the lens author’s definition. Therefore, we see a point of commonality concerning ________. This similarity reveals ________.

According to the lens text _______ tends to occur in situations where _______. By the lens author’s definition, ________ in the target text could be considered an instance of _______. However, this parallel is imperfect because _______. As such, we become aware of ________.

One sees ________ in the target text, which calls the lens author’s argument that ________ into question because ________.

If the author of the lens text is correct that ________, one would expect to see ________ in the target text. However, ________ actually takes place, revealing a critical point of disagreement. This discord suggests that ________. This issue is important because ________.

Wrapping Things up and Drawing Conclusions

By this point in your essay, you should be drawing conclusions regarding what your lens analysis reveals about the texts in questions, or the broader issues the texts address. Make sure to explain why these discoveries are important for the discipline in which you are writing. In other words, what was the point of carrying out your analysis in the first place? Happy lens writing!

Brandeis UWS Writing Handbook, 70.

UWS Handbook, 76.

Birkenstein, Cathy and Gerald Graff, They Say, I Say. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007), 2-3.

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How to Write a Critical Lens Essay Successfully Step by Step

Critical lens essay writing is a type of literary analysis where the writer is required to analyze and interpret a specific piece of literature or a quote. The essay typically involves discussing the meaning of the quote and how it relates to two literary works. The author is expected to use literary elements and techniques to support their interpretation and provide evidence from the texts.

The term "critical lense" refers to the perspective or lenses through which the scribe views and analyzes the literature. It often involves exploring the cultural, historical, or philosophical context of the works being analyzed. The goal is to demonstrate a deep understanding of the literature and present a well-argued interpretation.

In this guide, we’ll explore such crucial aspects of how to write critical lens essay, its definition, format, and samples. Just in case you’re in a big hurry, here’s a link to our essay writer service that can help you cope with a task at hand quickly and effortlessly.  

What Is a Critical Lens Essay and How to Write It

A critical lens analysis is a form of literary exploration that challenges students to interpret and analyze a specific quote, known as the "lens," and apply it to two pieces of literature. This type of composition aims to assess a student's understanding of literary elements, themes, and the broader implications of the chosen quote. Effectively producing a research paper involves several key steps, each contributing to a comprehensive and insightful analysis. 

The critical lens meaning is to provide a unique perspective into the complexities of literature. It goes beyond mere summarization, urging students to explore the layers of meaning embedded within the chosen quote and its application to literary works. Unveiling the assignment's meaning requires a keen eye for nuance and an appreciation for the intricate dance between language and interpretation.

Knowing how to write a lens essay involves mastering the art of interpretation. As students embark on this literary journey, the process of achieving this task becomes integral. It demands an exploration of the chosen quote's implications, an in-depth analysis of its resonance with the selected literature, and a thoughtful synthesis of ideas. A step-by-step approach is crucial, from deciphering the meaning to meticulously weaving insights into a cohesive and compelling narrative.

A lens analysis is more than a scholarly exercise; it's a nuanced exploration of the intersections between literature and life. It prompts students to unravel the layers of meaning embedded within the viewpoint, dissecting its implications for characters, themes, and overarching narratives. This analytical journey not only refines academic skills but also cultivates a deeper appreciation for the profound impact literature can have on our understanding of the human experience. For those seeking to delve deeper into critical analysis or needing assistance with their academic workload, there is an opportunity to find someone to write papers for money and get proper help.

Step-by-Step Writing Guide

In this guide, we will explore the assignment’s prerequisites and outline five steps to help students understand how to write a critical lens essay.

STEP 1 - Understand the Critical Lens Quote

The journey of crafting a compelling draft begins with a deep understanding of the chosen quote or viewpoint. This quote typically embodies a philosophical or thematic idea that serves as a foundation for analyzing the selected literary works. Students should dissect the quote, exploring its nuances, underlying meanings, and potential applications to literature.

STEP 2 - Select Appropriate Literary Works

Once the sources are comprehended, the next step is to select two literary works that can be effectively analyzed through this framework. Choosing appropriate texts is crucial, as they should offer rich content and thematic depth, allowing for a comprehensive exploration. Students must consider how the texts align with and diverge from the central ideas presented in the quote.

STEP 3 - Interpret the Chosen Texts

With the literary works in hand, students embark on a close reading and analysis of the selected texts. This involves identifying key themes, characters, literary devices, and narrative elements within each work. The goal is to understand how each text relates to the material and to uncover the deeper meanings encapsulated in the literature.

STEP 4 - Write a Thesis Statement for Your Critical Lens Essay

The thesis statement is the compass guiding the entire document. It should succinctly capture the composer’s interpretation of the original source and how it applies to the chosen texts. A well-crafted thesis statement not only outlines the focus of the essay but also provides a roadmap for the subsequent analysis, showcasing the author’s unique perspective.

STEP 5 - Structure the Essay Effectively

The final step involves organizing the tract into a coherent and persuasive structure. A well-structured article typically includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, students present their interpretation, introduce the chosen texts, and offer a clear thesis statement. Body paragraphs delve into specific aspects of lenses and their application to each text, supported by relevant evidence and analysis. The conclusion synthesizes the key findings, reinforces the thesis, and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

A successful article requires a meticulous approach to interpreting the quote, selecting appropriate literary works, closely analyzing the texts, crafting a robust thesis statement, and structuring the document effectively. By following these five key steps, students can develop a well-rounded and insightful article that not only demonstrates their understanding of literature but also showcases their ability to apply analytical thinking skills to literary analysis. Should you find the process challenging, simply contact us and say, ‘ Write an essay for me ,’ so we can find you a perfect writer for the job.

Critical Lens Essay Outline

Creating a comprehensive lens essay outline is an essential preparatory step that helps students organize their thoughts and ensures a well-structured effort. Below is a suggested outline, dividing the task into logical sections:

Introduction:

• Hook: Begin with a captivating hook or quote to engage the reader.
• Quote: Introduce the chosen quote, providing context and potential interpretations.
• Interpretation: Offer your initial interpretation and its implications.
• Thesis Statement: Clearly state your thesis, outlining how the document applies to the chosen literary works.

Body Paragraphs:

Paragraph 1: First Literary Work

• Brief Overview: Provide a concise summary of the first literary work.
• Connection to Critical Lens: Analyze how it applies to this text.
• Evidence: Incorporate relevant quotes or examples from the text to support your analysis.
• Interpretation: Discuss the deeper meanings revealed through the analysis.

Paragraph 2: Second Literary Work

• Brief Overview: Summarize the second literary work.
• Connection to Critical Lens: Examine how it is reflected in this text.
• Evidence: Include specific quotes or instances from the text to bolster your analysis.
• Interpretation: Explore the profound implications illuminated by the material.

Paragraph 3: Comparative Analysis

• Common Themes: Identify shared themes or patterns between the two works.
• Differences: Highlight key differences and divergent interpretations.
• Unity: Emphasize how both work collectively to reinforce the analysis.
• Counterargument.

Conclusion:

• Recapitulation: Summarize the main points discussed in the body paragraphs.
• Thesis Restatement: Reiterate your thesis in a compelling manner.
• Concluding Thoughts: Offer final reflections on the broader implications of your analysis.

By adhering to this outline, students can systematically approach their essays, ensuring a coherent and well-supported exploration of the chosen perspective and literary works. The outline serves as a roadmap, guiding the author through each essential element and facilitating a more organized and impactful final product. You will also benefit from learning how to write a character analysis essay because this guide also offers a lot of useful tips.

Introduction

The introduction plays a pivotal role in capturing the reader's attention and establishing the foundation for the ensuing analysis. Begin with a compelling hook or a thought-provoking quote that relates to the chosen perspective. Following the hook, introduce the quote itself, providing the necessary context and initial interpretations. This is also the space to present the thesis statement, succinctly outlining how the outlook applies to the literary works under examination. The thesis should offer a roadmap for the reader, indicating the key themes or ideas that will be explored in the body paragraphs.

The main body paragraphs constitute the heart of the article, where the essayist delves into a detailed analysis of the chosen literary works through the framework provided. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific literary work, providing a brief overview, connecting it to the perspective, presenting evidence from the text, and offering interpretations. Use clear topic sentences to guide the reader through each paragraph's main idea. Strive for a balance between summarizing the text and analyzing how it aligns with the outlook. If applicable, include a comparative analysis paragraph that explores common themes or differences between the two works. This section requires a careful integration of textual evidence and insightful commentary. Keep in mind that learning the ins and outs of a literary analysis essay might also help you improve your overall written skills, so check it out, too!

The conclusion serves as a synthesis of the analysis, offering a concise recapitulation of the main points explored in the body paragraphs. Begin by summarizing the key findings and interpretations, reinforcing how each literary work aligns with the work’s angle. Restate the thesis in a conclusive manner, emphasizing the overarching themes that have emerged from the analysis. Beyond a mere recap, the conclusion should provide broader insights into the implications of the outlook, encouraging readers to contemplate the universal truths or societal reflections brought to light. A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression, prompting reflection on the interconnectedness of literature and the perspectives that illuminate its depth.

Critical Lens Essay Example

Final Remark 

Through the exploration of literary works, students not only refine their understanding of diverse perspectives but also develop essential analytical thinking skills. The ability to decipher, analyze, and articulate the underlying themes and conflicts within literature positions students as adept communicators and thinkers.

Armed with the skills cultivated in dissecting and interpreting texts, students gain a formidable ally in the pursuit of effective communication. By committing to harnessing the insights gained through this assignment, students empower themselves to produce richer, more nuanced pieces. 

How to Write a Thesis Statement for Your Critical Lens Essay?

How does using a critical lens essay help writers, what are the best critical lens essay examples.

Ryan Acton is an essay-writing expert with a Ph.D. in Sociology, specializing in sociological research and historical analysis. By partnering with EssayHub, he provides comprehensive support to students, helping them craft well-informed essays across a variety of topics.

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The Barker Underground

Writing advice from the harvard college writing center tutors, the four parts of a lens essay argument.

by Emily Hogin

One of the most common prompts I see at the Writing Center is the “lens essay.” A lens essay brings two texts in dialogue with one another in a very particular way. It asks you to use Text B – the lens – to illuminate something you didn’t already know about Text A.

How Not to Argue a Lens Essay

A lens essay is not a list of differences and similarities between two texts. The following are some (exaggerated) examples of a bad argument for a lens essay I’ve come across at the Writing Center:

Even though one is philosophy and the other is a novel, both Text A and Text B talk about the imagination.

This first thesis statement notes a similarity between the two texts that will likely be obvious to readers of the text. It doesn’t use one text to illuminate anything about the other.

While both Text A and Text B argue that human nature is unchangeable, Text A asserts that humans are inherently good and Text B asserts that humans are inherently bad.

This thesis makes a claim about each text but doesn’t say anything about them in relation to each other.

Text A, a poem, does a better job of communicating the emotional struggles of living with HIV than Text B, a statistical report, because a poem allows readers to identify emotionally with other people while statistics are more abstract and cold.

This third thesis statement does make an argument that connects both texts, but again fails to use one text to tell us something we don’t already know about the other text.

In my experience, a successful lens essay implies a certain kind of thought-process that has at least four parts:

(1) I read Text A

(2) I read Text B (my lens)

(3) I re-read Text A and noticed something I didn’t notice before

(4) That something turns out to carry consequences for my overall reading of Text A (thesis/argument)

(And if you really want to wow your reader, you’d add a final part:)

(5) Applying Text B (my lens) in this way also reveals something significant about Text B

When I say significance or consequences, I don’t mean that it has to alter the meaning of a text radically; it can be something small but important. For example, you might find that one element is a lot more important (or a lot less important) to the overall text than you had previously thought.

As an example, here is an excerpt from the introduction to my last lens essay:

The concept of the imagination is ambiguous throughout Venus in Furs : at times, the imagination appears as passive as a battleground that external forces fight to occupy and control; at other times, the imagination appears to drive the action as if it is another character. Any theory of sexuality that seeks to explain Venus in Furs thus must be able to explain the ambiguity over the imagination. Foucault’s theory of the inescapable knowledge-power of sexuality comes close to being able to explain Sacher-Masoch’s ambiguous concept of the imagination, but applying Foucault in this way highlights Foucault’s own difficulty situating the imagination within his theory.

You can see my lens essay thought-process in just these three sentences:

(1) I read Venus in Furs (Text A) and noticed that the imagination is ambiguous

(2) I read Foucault (Text B, my lens) (3) to better understand the imagination in Venus in Furs

(4) Foucault helped explain why an ambiguous imagination is an appropriate way to look at sexuality

but (5) applying Foucault to the imagination tells me that Foucault’s own theory is challenged when he has to account for the imagination.

Once you have an argument for a lens essay, you will have to structure your paper in a way that allows this lens essay thought-process to come across. This means that each of your topic sentences should refer back to this thought-process. Even if you need a paragraph that discusses one of the texts primarily, your topic sentence should justify why you’re doing that. Your complicated and interesting thesis will likely require you to move back and forth between Text A and Text B (your lens).

Of course, your argument will depend on your assignment, but I’ve found this four-part approach successful in a number of courses where the assignment asked me to bring two texts in dialogue with one another.

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Step-by-step guide on how to write a highly impressive and effective critical lens essay to earn top grades.

Unleashing the true essence of literature, a critical lens essay delves deep into the realm of literary analysis, exploring the layers beneath the surface. By employing a critical lens, readers embark on a journey towards deciphering a text’s hidden messages, constructing an analytical perspective that transcends the conventional meaning. Embarking on such a venture requires a skillful blend of literary prowess and brainstorming techniques. With this handy guide, you’ll find a treasure trove of strategies and insights to navigate the intricate web of analysis, unlocking the true potential of your critical lens essay.

Excellence in crafting a critical lens essay lies in the art of interpretation and analysis. By adopting a unique lens through which to view a text, readers expose themselves to an array of interpretations and perspectives. Armed with this newfound insight, the essayist can dissect the intricate web of symbols, themes, and literary devices strewn across the pages, intertwining them to form a cohesive analysis. Captivating the reader with a compelling argument and thoughtful analysis underscores the importance of employing meticulous thought when embarking on this intellectual pursuit.

Approaching the construction of a critical lens essay should be akin to delicately weaving together a tapestry of ideas and concepts. An essay of this nature demands a panoramic view of the text, exploring not only the surface-level narrative but also the hidden meanings and salient themes lurking within. Examining the characters, their motivations, and the author’s underlying message allows the essayist to challenge preconceived notions and offer fresh insights. As you embark upon this engaging journey, remember that every word you pen contributes to the intricate mosaic of ideas that is your unique interpretation.

Approaching a Crucial Perspective Composition

When it comes to tackling a significant perspective essay, a thoughtful and strategic approach can make all the difference. This type of essay requires you to analyze and interpret a specific quote, known as the critical lens, by considering different perspectives and providing your own insight. To excel in this task, it is essential to understand the nuances of the critical lens and develop a structured approach to effectively convey your thoughts and analysis.

To begin with, familiarize yourself with the critical lens you will be working with. Take time to carefully deconstruct the lens and understand its underlying message. Identify the two literary works that can be used to support or reject the lens. This will form the foundation of your essay and influence your subsequent analysis.

Once you have a firm grasp on the critical lens and the literary works that will be incorporated, it is crucial to develop a clear thesis statement. The thesis statement should succinctly state your perspective on the lens and how it can be interpreted through the chosen literary works. This statement will guide the direction of your essay and provide structure for your arguments.

As you progress into the body paragraphs, make sure to fully analyze each literary work in relation to the critical lens. Remember to include specific examples and quotes from the texts to support your analysis. In addition to explaining how the texts align with or challenge the lens, consider the broader implications of these connections. Explore the underlying themes, messages, and character motivations that are relevant to the lens.

Lastly, conclude your essay by summarizing your arguments and reiterating your thesis statement. Leave the reader with a final thought that encompasses the overall significance of the critical lens and the literary works. Ensure that your conclusion reinforces the message you conveyed throughout the essay and leaves a lasting impression.

By approaching a crucial perspective essay with a well-defined plan and a deep understanding of the critical lens and the literary works, you can effectively analyze and interpret the given quote. Be sure to take the time to develop a strong argument, support it with pertinent evidence, and present your ideas in a clear and concise manner. With a strategic approach, you can craft a compelling essay that showcases your critical thinking skills and understanding of the texts at hand.

The Significance of Comprehending the Quotation

One of the crucial aspects of writing a critical lens essay lies in understanding the significance of the chosen quote. The quote serves as the foundation of the essay, shaping the overall analysis and interpretations that follow. By comprehending the quote, a writer can effectively develop a well-structured essay that showcases their ability to critically analyze and evaluate various literary works and perspectives.

When approaching a critical lens essay, it is essential to carefully examine the quote and break it down into its core elements. This involves deciphering the underlying meaning, identifying key terms, and considering the context in which it was originally written. By gaining a thorough understanding of the quote, a writer is equipped to explore its implications within the framework of the literature being analyzed.

Additionally, comprehending the quote allows writers to establish a clear focus for their essay. It enables them to define the central idea or theme that will guide their analysis and shape their argument. By understanding the quote, writers can develop a coherent and logical structure that supports their interpretation and evaluation of the chosen literary works.

Furthermore, understanding the quote helps writers to establish credibility and authority in their essay. By demonstrating a deep understanding of the quote and its relation to the literature, writers can present a well-informed analysis that engages readers and garners their trust. This is particularly important in critical lens essays, as the writer is required to provide a thoughtful and balanced evaluation of the literary works in question.

In conclusion, the importance of understanding the quote in a critical lens essay cannot be overstated. It forms the foundation of the essay, guiding the analysis and interpretations that follow. By comprehending the quote, writers can effectively develop a well-structured essay that showcases their ability to critically analyze and evaluate various literary works and perspectives.

Choosing the appropriate literature to support your analysis

One of the crucial aspects of writing a critical lens essay is selecting the right texts to support your analysis. The literature you choose should align with the quote, allowing you to explore the various perspectives and ideas present in the texts. By carefully considering the content and themes, you can effectively incorporate textual evidence to develop a strong argument.

When selecting the literature, it is vital to choose works that have a diverse range of ideas and perspectives. This will allow you to present a well-rounded analysis and demonstrate your understanding of different viewpoints. Consider choosing texts that provide contrasting opinions or present distinct themes, as this will make your argument more nuanced and compelling.

Additionally, it is important to choose texts that have a depth of meaning. Look for works that provoke thoughtful analysis and can be interpreted in various ways. Texts with complex characters, intricate plots, and rich symbolism often provide ample material for critical analysis. By selecting texts with depth and complexity, you will have more material to support your analysis and demonstrate your ability to engage with complex ideas.

Furthermore, consider the literary techniques used in the texts. Pay attention to the language, imagery, symbolism, and narrative structure employed by the authors. These techniques can enhance your analysis and provide evidence for your interpretations. Choose texts that utilize literary devices effectively and align with the quote, as this will help you construct a persuasive argument.

In conclusion, choosing the right texts is crucial for a successful critical lens essay. By selecting literature with diverse perspectives, depth of meaning, and effective literary techniques, you can support your analysis and develop a strong argument. Carefully consider the themes, ideas, and content of the texts, ensuring they align with the quote and allow for a comprehensive exploration of different viewpoints. With the right selection of literature, you will be able to critically analyze the quote and provide a well-supported argument.

Analyzing the literary devices and techniques

In this section, we will explore the different literary devices and techniques used in writing and how they contribute to the overall meaning and impact of a text. By understanding and analyzing these devices, readers can gain a deeper insight into the themes and ideas presented by the author.

One common literary device is symbolism, which involves the use of symbols to represent deeper meanings or ideas. Symbols can be objects, characters, or even actions that carry a symbolic significance. By analyzing the symbolism in a text, readers can uncover hidden meanings and themes that may not be immediately apparent.

Another important technique is foreshadowing, which is the use of clues or hints to suggest future events or outcomes. By carefully examining the foreshadowing in a text, readers can anticipate and understand the unfolding of the story, as well as the motivations and actions of the characters.

One of the most powerful literary devices is imagery, which involves the use of descriptive language to create vivid mental images in the reader’s mind. By analyzing the use of imagery, readers can engage with the text on a sensory level, experiencing the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures described by the author.

Another technique that authors employ is irony, which involves a contrast between what is expected or intended and what actually occurs. By recognizing and analyzing the use of irony in a text, readers can gain insight into the author’s point of view and the themes of the work.

These are just a few examples of the many literary devices and techniques that authors use to convey their ideas and messages. By analyzing these devices, readers can deepen their understanding and appreciation of a text, and develop their own interpretations and insights.

Creating a strong and coherent argument

In order to write a compelling and persuasive critical lens essay, it is crucial to create a strong and coherent argument. This means presenting a clear and logical line of reasoning that supports your interpretation of the quote and the texts you have chosen to analyze. A strong argument is one that is well-supported by evidence, well-reasoned, and effectively conveys your main ideas.

One key element in creating a strong argument is providing evidence to support your claims. This can include quotations from the text, examples from real life or other works of literature, and any other relevant information that helps to validate your point of view. The more evidence you provide, the more convincing your argument will be.

Another important aspect of creating a strong argument is logical reasoning. This means organizing your thoughts in a clear and structured manner, making sure that each point flows logically from the previous one. It is also important to anticipate and address counterarguments or opposing viewpoints, showing that you have thoroughly considered different perspectives and have a strong response to them.

In addition to presenting a coherent argument, it is essential to convey your main ideas effectively. This involves using clear and concise language, avoiding unnecessary jargon or complex terminology that may confuse your reader. It also means using rhetorical devices such as repetition, parallelism, and analogy to enhance the persuasiveness of your argument.

Finally, a strong and coherent argument requires a strong and confident tone. This means expressing your ideas with conviction and authority, while also acknowledging any limitations or weaknesses in your argument. It is important to strike a balance between confidence and humility, demonstrating that you have fully thought through your argument and are open to constructive criticism or alternative interpretations.

In summary, creating a strong and coherent argument is crucial in writing a successful critical lens essay. By providing evidence, employing logical reasoning, conveying your main ideas effectively, and adopting a confident tone, you can persuade your reader to accept your interpretation of the quote and the texts you are analyzing.

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How To Write A Lens Essay

A lens essay is a type of comparative paper that, instead of comparing two subjects, compares two different interpretations of one subject. When writing a lens essay, it is important to choose a text that has two different interpretations. These interpretations can be from different time periods, different authors, or even different schools of thought. The key to writing a successful lens essay is to use your own critical analysis of the texts to argue for the validity of one interpretation over the other.

There are a few steps you can take to ensure your lens essay is successful. First, it is important to have a clear understanding of both interpretations of the text. Second, you need to develop a thesis that takes a position on which interpretation is more valid. Finally, you must use evidence from the texts to support your position.

When writing your lens essay, be sure to:

1. Choose a text that has two different interpretations.

2. Develop a thesis that takes a position on which interpretation is more valid.

3. Use evidence from the texts to support your position.

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Understanding the Purpose of a Lens Essay

A lens essay is a type of critical writing that focuses on a single text, poem, play, or work of art through the perspective of a particular idea, theory, or lens. The purpose of a lens essay is twofold: to explore the significance of the text under analysis and to articulate your own argument about that text.

When approaching a lens essay, it is important to keep in mind that you are not writing a traditional research paper. In a research paper, you would typically present a series of evidence to support your argument. In a lens essay, however, your goal is not to simply present evidence, but to critically engage with the text under analysis. This means that you will need to bring your own interpretation to the text and use evidence from the text to support your claims.

There is no one right way to approach a lens essay, but there are a few things that you should keep in mind as you write. First, it is important to select a text that you can find interesting and that you can find evidence to support your claims about. Second, you will need to develop a clear thesis statement that articulates your argument about the text. And finally, you will need to support your claims with evidence from the text itself.

If you are having trouble getting started on your lens essay, try brainstorming a few possible ideas. Once you have selected a text and a lens, you can begin to develop a thesis statement. Remember, your goal is not simply to summarize the text or to provide evidence, but to critically engage with the text and to develop your own argument.

Once you have developed a thesis statement, you can begin to gather evidence from the text to support your claims. As you read, take note of passages or quotes that you think could be helpful in supporting your argument. When you have gathered enough evidence, you can begin to organize your essay.

When organizing your lens essay, it is important to keep your argument in mind. Begin by introducing your text and your lens, and then present your thesis statement. After your thesis statement, you can provide evidence from the text to support your claims. Finally, conclude your essay by reaffirming your argument and showing how your evidence supports your claims.

Remember, a lens essay is not a research paper. You are not simply presenting evidence, but critically engaging with the text under analysis. By approaching the text from a particular perspective, you can bring new insights and interpretations to the text. By developing a clear argument and supporting it with evidence, you can write a successful lens essay.

Selecting a Primary Text and Secondary Source

A lens essay is a type of comparative paper that, instead of comparing two subjects, compares a single subject against a secondary text. The purpose of a lens essay is twofold: to demonstrate your critical reading and writing skills, and to reveal your ability to analyze a complex text through the lens of another text.

In order to write a successful lens essay, you must first choose an appropriate primary text and secondary source. The primary text is the work that you will be using as your lens; it is the work through which you will interpret the secondary source. The secondary source is the work that you will be using as your main point of reference; it is the work that you will be interpreting through the lens of the primary text.

When choosing your primary and secondary texts, there are a few things to keep in mind. First, the texts should be from different genres (e.g., you wouldn’t want to compare a novel to a non-fiction work). Second, the texts should be of different lengths; a short story would not be an appropriate primary text if your secondary source is a full-length novel. Third, the texts should be from different time periods; it would be difficult to compare a contemporary work to a work from the Victorian era, for example.

Once you have selected your primary and secondary texts, you are ready to begin writing your lens essay. The first step is to read both texts carefully, taking note of any passages or ideas that stand out to you. As you read, you should also be thinking about how the two texts might be connected; what are the similarities and differences between them? What is it about the lens text that makes it a good tool for interpreting the secondary text?

After you have finished reading both texts, it is time to start writing your essay. The first step is to write a thesis statement; this should be a single sentence that sums up the overall point you will be trying to make in your essay. For example, your thesis statement might be “In ‘The Great Gatsby,’ Fitzgerald uses the character of Jay Gatsby as a lens through which to critique the empty materialism of the 1920s.”

Once you have written your thesis statement, you can start to develop your argument. In your body paragraphs, you will want to discuss how the lens text sheds light on the secondary text. What does the lens text reveal about the secondary text that we might not have been able to see otherwise? How does the lens text help us to understand the themes and ideas of the secondary text in a new way?

When you are writing your essay, be sure to support your claims with evidence from both texts. Quotations from the texts will help to illustrate your points, and will also show that you have read both texts closely. In addition, you should also make sure to explain how your evidence supports your thesis statement; simply quoting a passage from the text is not enough, you must also explain why that passage is significant.

A lens essay can be a challenging, but ultimately rewarding, assignment. By carefully selecting your texts and developing a well-supported argument, you can use the lens essay to reveal new insights into familiar works.

Analyzing and Interpreting the Primary Text

A lens essay is a type of close reading that focuses on a single text or group of texts. Unlike other forms of close reading, a lens essay requires that you not only analyze the text (or texts) in question, but also interpret it in light of another text, typically one that is considered to be a classic or canonical work.

The idea behind a lens essay is that you take a single text and use it as a lens through which to view another text. In other words, you use the first text to shed light on the second text. The lens text can be either shorter or longer than the target text, but it should be of a similar genre (e.g., if you’re writing about a novel, you would use another novel as your lens).

To write a successful lens essay, you’ll need to do the following:

1. Choose a target text and a lens text.

2. Read both texts closely, taking careful notes.

3. Develop a thesis about how the lens text illuminates the themes, ideas, or characters in the target text.

4. Write an essay in which you analyze the target text using the lens text as a guide.

When choosing a target and lens text, look for works that share common themes, ideas, or characters. For example, if you’re interested in the theme of love in Romeo and Juliet, you could use another Shakespeare play, like A Midsummer Night’s Dream, as your lens. Or, if you’re interested in the character of Hamlet, you might use another character-driven play, like Macbeth, as your lens.

Once you’ve chosen your texts, read them both closely, taking careful notes. As you read, think about how the lens text sheds light on the target text. What themes, ideas, or characters do they share? How do they differ? What does the lens text reveal about the target text that you might not have noticed otherwise?

Once you’ve considered these questions, you should be ready to develop a thesis about how the lens text illuminates the target text. Your thesis should be specific, and it should make an argument about how the lens text helps us to understand the target text in a new or different way.

Finally, write an essay in which you analyze the target text using the lens text as a guide. In your essay, be sure to discuss both the similarities and the differences between the two texts. How do they illuminate each other? What can we learn from looking at the target text through the lens of the other?

A lens essay can be a challenging, but ultimately rewarding, exercise in close reading and interpretation. By using one text to shed light on another, you can gain a deeper understanding of both.

Exploring the Lens or Theoretical Framework

When you are asked to write a lens essay, you will be asked to analyze a particular text through a specific lens. This may be a literary work, a film, a political document, or anything else that can be looked at in different ways. In order to write a successful lens essay, you will need to have a strong understanding of the text you are analyzing and the lens through which you will be viewing it.

There are a few steps you can take to ensure that your essay is successful. First, it is important that you have a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument of your paper. Next, you will need to provide a detailed analysis of the text, using evidence from the work itself to support your claims. Finally, you will need to discuss the implications of your analysis and how the work can be interpreted in different ways.

If you follow these steps, you will be well on your way to writing a successful lens essay. Remember to stay focused on your argument and to use evidence from the text to support your claims. With a little practice, you will be able to write a lens essay that explores the different ways a text can be interpreted.

Identifying Points of Convergence and Divergence

In a lens essay, two texts are brought into conversation with one another in order to shed new light on each. The lens essay typically employs a theoretical text as a lens and uses it to examine a more concrete text. In this way, the lens essay brings together two texts that may initially seem quite different in order to explore a larger issue.

There are a few things to keep in mind when writing a lens essay. First, it is important to identify the points of convergence and divergence between the two texts. Convergence occurs when the texts share something in common, while divergence occurs when the texts differ from one another. It is important to note both the points of convergence and divergence, as they will inform your reading of the texts.

Next, it is important to situate the texts within a larger context. What is the historical moment in which the texts were written? What are the larger issues at play that the texts address? By situating the texts within a larger context, you can begin to see how they speak to one another.

Finally, it is important to bring your own critical lens to the texts. What are you hoping to learn by bringing these texts into conversation with one another? What new insights can you glean from this conversation?

By keeping these things in mind, you can write a strong lens essay that brings two texts into conversation with one another in order to explore a larger issue.

Crafting a Clear Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is a sentence or two that states the main argument of your essay. It tells your readers what you’re going to be discussing in the paper and helps to keep your writing focused. In a lens essay, your thesis statement will typically be located at the end of your introduction.

There are a few things to keep in mind when crafting your thesis statement for a lens essay:

1. Make sure that your thesis statement is clear and concise.

2. Be sure to take a position on the issue at hand. A lens essay is not simply a summary of another text.

3. Be sure that your thesis statement is arguable. In other words, it should be something that someone could reasonably disagree with.

4. Keep in mind that your thesis statement will likely be one of the first things that your readers encounter in your paper. As such, it’s important to make sure that it is well-crafted and pack a punch.

With these things in mind, let’s take a look at a few examples of thesis statements for lens essays.

“In ‘The Great Gatsby,’ F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the lens of Jay Gatsby to explore the issue of the American dream.”

In this thesis statement, we can see that the author has taken a position on the issue at hand (the American dream) and that they are using the character of Jay Gatsby as a lens through which to examine it. This is a strong thesis statement that is arguable and provides a clear focus for the rest of the essay.

“Though ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ is often seen as a coming-of-age story, Holden Caulfield’s lens reveals a much darker view of adolescence.”

This thesis statement also takes a position on the interpretation of the novel, in this case arguing that it should be seen as a darker story than is typically assumed. Again, the use of Holden Caulfield as a lens is key to this interpretation.

“Through the lens of Scout Finch, Harper Lee’s ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ challenges the idea that justice is always served.”

This thesis statement argues that the novel is not a simple story of justice being served, as is often assumed, but instead uses the character of Scout Finch to challenge this idea.

These are just a few examples of thesis statements for lens essays. In each case, the thesis statement takes a position on the interpretation of the text and uses the lens character to support this interpretation.

If you’re having trouble crafting a strong thesis statement for your lens essay, remember to keep these things in mind: take a position on the issue, make sure your thesis is arguable, and focus on creating a strong, punchy statement that will grab your reader’s attention.

Integrating Evidence and Examples

A lens essay is a type of critical writing that focuses on a particular text or piece of artwork through the lens of a critical theory or approach. In other words, a lens essay provides a critical interpretation of a given text or artwork by using a particular theoretical framework or lens.

There are a number of different ways to approach writing a lens essay, but regardless of approach, there are a few key elements that all lens essays should include. First and foremost, a lens essay must provide a thesis statement that states the overall argument or interpretation that the essay will be providing. This thesis should be based on a close reading of the text or artwork in question and should make use of evidence and examples from the text or artwork to support the thesis.

In addition to a thesis statement and evidence-based support, a lens essay should also include a discussion of the implications of the argument or interpretation. What does this argument or interpretation mean for our understanding of the text or artwork in question? What are the larger implications of this argument or interpretation? These are the kinds of questions that a lens essay should seek to answer.

If you are interested in writing a lens essay, there are a few things that you will need to keep in mind. First, you will need to choose a text or artwork to focus on. It is important to choose a text or artwork that you are familiar with and that you feel confident in your ability to interpret. Second, you will need to choose a critical theory or approach to use as your lens. There are many different critical theories and approaches that can be used, so it is important to choose one that you are familiar with and that you think will help you to interpret the text or artwork in question in a new and interesting way.

Once you have chosen a text or artwork to focus on and a critical theory or approach to use as your lens, you will need to close read the text or artwork in question. As you close read, you should be looking for evidence and examples that you can use to support your thesis statement. Once you have gathered this evidence, you can begin to formulate your argument or interpretation.

Once you have formulated your argument or interpretation, you should then turn your attention to the implications of this argument or interpretation. What does this argument or interpretation mean for our understanding of the text or artwork in question? What are the larger implications of this argument or interpretation? These are the kinds of questions that you should seek to answer in your lens essay.

If you keep these key elements in mind, you should be well on your way to writing a successful lens essay.

Writing a Comparative Analysis

A comparative analysis essay is an essay that compares two or more subjects. These subjects can be related to each other, or they can be completely different. For example, you might compare two different theories, or two different works of literature.

When writing a comparative analysis essay, you need to first identify the similarities and differences between the subjects you are comparing. Once you have done this, you can then start to write your essay.

There are a few different ways that you can structure your comparative analysis essay. One way is to simply list the similarities and differences between the subjects. Another way is to start with a general introduction, and then move on to discuss the similarities and differences between the subjects.

Whichever way you choose to structure your essay, make sure that each paragraph focuses on one particular point. Also, make sure to use evidence from both subjects to support your points.

If you are having trouble getting started, try brainstorming a list of the similarities and differences between the subjects you are comparing. Once you have this list, you can then start to create your essay outline.

If you need help writing your comparative analysis essay, there are a few places you can turn to for assistance. First, you can speak to your professor or TA. They will be able to give you some tips on how to get started.

You can also find a number of resources online that can help you write your essay. There are a number of websites that offer essay writing tips, and there are also a number of essay writing services that you can use.

Remember, when writing your comparative analysis essay, it is important to first identify the similarities and differences between the subjects you are comparing. Once you have done this, you can then start to write your essay. Use evidence from both subjects to support your points, and make sure to structure your essay in a way that makes it easy to follow.

Concluding with a Critical Evaluation

A lens essay is a type of analytical essay that focuses on a particular text or piece of media. In order to write a successful lens essay, you must have a clear thesis, an engaging introduction, and a well-organized argument.

Your thesis should be a statement about how the text or media you are analyzing reflects a larger issue or theme. For example, you could argue that the novel you are studying reflects the social ills of its time period.

Your introduction should give your reader a clear sense of your argument. It should also explain why you have chosen to focus on this particular text or piece of media.

Your argument should be well-organized and supported by evidence from the text or media you are analyzing. Be sure to use specific examples to illustrate your points.

Your conclusion should summarize your argument and offer a critical evaluation of your evidence. It should also explain how your analysis contributes to our understanding of the larger issue or theme you were exploring.

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Tag Archives: lens essay

“the death of ivan ilych: a psychological study on death and dying” as a lens essay.

The lens essay is a commonly-assigned paper, particularly in Writing Seminars. The prompt for such a paper often asks students to “critique and refine” an argument, to use a source as a lens through which to view another source and in the process gain a better understanding of both sources. This type of essay can be hard to explain and difficult to understand, so it is one of the most common types of essays we see in the Writing Center.

Recently, I read Y.J. Dayananda’s paper “ The Death of Ivan Ilych : A Psychological Study On Death and Dying ” which uses the lens technique. In this paper, Dayananda examines Tolstoy’s famous short story The Death of Ivan Ilych through the lens of Dr. E. K. Ross’s psychological studies of dying, particularly her five-stage theory. Dayananda’s paper features strong source use, shows how structure can be informed by those sources, and serves as a model for an effective and cross-disciplinary lens essay.

Dayananda establishes the paper’s argument clearly at the end of the introduction, setting up the paper’s thesis in light of this lens technique and providing the rationale (part of the motive) behind applying Ross’s study to Tolstoy’s story:

I intend to draw upon the material presented in Dr. Ross’s On Death and Dying and try to show how Tolstoy’s Ivan Ilych in The Death of Ivan Ilych goes through the same five stages. Psychiatry offers one way to a better illumination of literature. Dr. Ross’s discoveries in her consulting room corroborate Tolstoy’s literary insights into the experience of dying. They give us the same picture of man’s terrors of the flesh, despair, loneliness, and depression at the approach of death. The understanding of one will be illuminated by the understanding of the other. The two books, On Death and Dying and The Death of Ivan Ilych , the one with its systematically accumulated certified knowledge, and disciplined and scientific descriptions, and the other with its richly textured commentary, and superbly concrete and realistic perceptions, bring death out of the darkness and remove it from the list of taboo topics. Death, our affluent societies newest forbidden topic, is not regarded as “obscene” but discussed openly and without the euphemisms of the funeral industry.

Dayananda then organizes the paper in order of the five stages of Dr. Ross’s theory: denial, loneliness, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. This gives the paper a clear structure and places the texts into conversation with each other on an organizational level. As the reader moves through each stage, Dayananda combines quotations from Dr. Ross’s study and evidence from The Death of Ivan Ilych to show how Ivan Ilych experiences that stage.

Dayananda’s interdisciplinary close-reading of Tolstoy’s text through the lens of Dr. Ross’s study allows us to better understand what Ivan is experiencing as we learn the psychology behind it. As Dayananda writes, “psychoanalysis offers a rich, dynamic approach to some aspects of literature.” The only way Dayananda’s paper could have been strengthened is if the essay also argued explicitly how reading the literature critiques or refines the psychological text, as the best lens essays run both ways. However, overall, Dayananda sets up and executes an original and effective lens reading of The Death of Ivan Ilych.

–Paige Allen ’21

Dayananda, Y. J. “ The Death of Ivan Ilych: A Psychological Study On Death and Dying .” Tolstoy’s Short Fiction: Revised Translations, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism , by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi and Michael R. Katz, Norton, 1991, pp. 423–434.

The Shade of the Body: Notions of Materiality in Rauschenberg’s Dante Series

In a Tortoiseshell: In the paper excerpted below, the author builds a graduated version of the lens thesis: She analyzes Robert Rauschenberg’s 34 Drawings for Dante’s Inferno in the context of Dante’s Inferno itself, using close reading as well as scholarly texts to make a subtle argument about both texts.

Continue reading →

The “Immense Edifice”: Memory, Rapture, and the Intertemporal Self in Swann’s Way

In a Tortoiseshell: This excerpt from Andrew Mullen’s essay “The ‘Immense Edifice”:  Memory, Rapture, and the Intertemporal Self in Swann’s Way ” concerns the analysis of Marcel Proust’s “ Swann’s Way ” through the lens of Claudia Brodsky’s essay on narration and memory. Andrew’s essay is a prime example of the lens essay –an essay that is structured around the analysis of a source text using a theoretical framework provided by another. Continue reading →

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Critical Lens Essay Example for English Regents

A critical lens essay is a type of essay aimed at providing a personal interpretation and analysis of a certain quotation or statement, proving one’s opinion with the help of literature references. Though it contains a word “critical” in its name, it is not meant to be a critical piece. As a matter of fact, a critical lens essay is focused on highlighting strong and weak points of a given quote. Thus, the word “critical” stands for the demonstration of critical thinking skills of the author by means of supporting his claim with certain arguments taken from literary works. Linking one’s opinion to reputable sources makes a convincing effect on the reader, proving your ideas to be true.

How is a critical lens essay used?

Writing such type of essay appears to be quite a challenging assignment for students. First, while studying at high school, college, or university, one has to obtain and develop such essential skills as critical and analytical thinking; ability to compare facts, theses, quotes, and ideas, make one’s own statements and prove them, draw right conclusions. Second, a profound research on the given topic should be done, as it determines the further direction of your writing. Finally, a student needs to have an excellent command of grammar, spelling, and punctuation in order to express his/her thoughts clearly and academically correctly.

Thus, critical lens essays are perfect opportunities for professors to check students’ skills and abilities. No wonder this specific type of essay is often one of the tasks on the Regents, a New York State set of exams required for graduation. For this reason, one should know how to write a critical lens essay at the high academic level, because it reflects the general level of education of a student. Hence, the student is evaluated accordingly.

What is a critical lens essay format?

Typically, a critical lens essay follows a standard essay format pattern. Therefore, it consists of five paragraphs, including introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion, so it should not be long like a research paper . In order to develop the critical analysis, a student has to use examples from two literature pieces, each one discussed in a separate paragraph. The book titles need to be underlined and capitalized, written in accordance with the capitalization and punctuation rules. As for the language and general tone of writing, it should be objective, without revealing any of the author’s personal beliefs. All the claims need to be referred to reputable literature sources that would support the author’s thesis and present the evidence of its validation. In order for the tone to sound objective, one should avoid using personal pronouns, for example, “I”, “me”, “my”, “you”, “your”, “we”, “our”. On the contrary, it is recommended to replace them with third person pronouns or general words like “people”, “readers”, “audience”.

Tips to make a critical lens essay outline

As it was mentioned above, a critical lens essay template coincides with the fixed classic essay pattern.

Introduction

The first part of an essay is the introduction. This is the first thing that makes an impression upon the reader. So, the intro part should be captivating enough to get the reader really interested in what you have to say. The introduction starts with the quote, which is not just an ordinary sentence from the text, but a significant statement that holds considerable value. It should be universally acknowledged and meaningful; the author’s name should also be provided.

After introducing the quote, a writer has to interpret it in one sentence using his/her own words. Such an interpretation is called the thesis. It plays a role of the foundation of the entire essay, which makes it a crucial part of the paper. Therefore, a key to a high-quality critical lens essay is arranging the thesis in a wise and profound way, as it presents the criteria for the further analysis.

Having provided the thesis, the writer needs to support or refute it. Though, the decision whether to agree or disagree is based not on his personal opinion, but on two literature references related to the quote. Connecting the essay with relevant references affirms the objective approach. The titles and authors of the chosen literature works have to be underlined. The intro part ends with adding a few words about the chosen reference texts topics.

Body Paragraphs

There should be two body paragraphs introducing two literature works mentioned in the introduction. The writer needs to use the references as the means for supporting his thesis. Both topic and concluding sentences demonstrate and prove the connection between the reference examples and the thesis. There should not be any summarizing; just highlighting and analysis of the main points of both literary texts explaining their relevance to the core statement. Moreover, there is no need to retell the plot of the chosen texts. On the contrary, the writing should be laconic, but clear. To convey the arguments in the most appropriate way, some literary elements from the reference texts should be chosen, such as the following:

• Characterization (direct or indirect way to describe the character);
• Conflict (opposition of the ideas, forces, views);
• Figurative language (metaphor, simile, hyperbole, alliteration, personification);
• Flashback (describing the past event that is necessary to know at present);
• Foreshadowing (hints on the events to come);
• Setting (describing time and place of action);
• Symbolism (representing something through another thing);
• Theme (main idea, message of the text);
• Tone (author’s attitude towards the audience or subject).

The last essay part summarizes the arguments and proves the initial thesis right or wrong. The quote and the thesis should be restated here, but the thesis has to be rephrased, not taken from the intro part word by word. If the essay is written in a right manner, then the conclusion would follow in the most logical way and the readers would totally agree to it. While body paragraphs persuade the reader of the correctness of the thesis, the conclusion just states the fact: the thesis is true and it is absolutely confirmed. So, the reader is satisfied, though intrigued to investigate the topic more.

How to choose the right quote?

This is not an easy task to do. The quote determines the quality of the essay, depending on whether it’s relevant or not. Below there is a list of possible quotes that are approved to be used for critical lens essays as they are widely applied at the English Regents.

English Regents critical lens quotes list:

• “Courage is never to let your actions be influenced by your fears” (Arthur Koestler);
• “Individuality is freedom lived” (John Dos Passos);
• “Obedience is the mother of success and is wedded to safety” (Aeschylus);
• “Nobody can acquire honor by doing what is wrong” (Thomas Jefferson);
• “Do what you can, with what you have, and where you are” (Theodore Roosevelt);
• “Price is what you pay. Value is what you get” (Warren Buffet);
• “Some books leave us free and some books make us free” (Ralph Waldo Emerson);
• “The final forming of a person’s character lies in their own hands” (Anne Frank);
• “Prejudice is the child of ignorance” (William Hazlitt);
• “If there is no struggle, there is no progress” (Frederick Douglas);
• “It is impossible to go through life without trust” (Graham Green);
• “Fear is simply the consequence of every lie” (Fyodor Dostoevsky);
• “No two persons regard the world in exactly the same way” (J. W. von Goethe);
• “We pay a price for everything we get or take in this world” (L. M. Montgomery);
• “Men are at the mercy of events and cannot control them” (Herodotus);
• “Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it” (Helen Keller);
• “Divide each difficulty into as many parts as is feasible and necessary to resolve it” (Rene Descartes);
• “Don’t cry because it’s over, smile because it happened” (Dr. Seuss);
• “You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough” (Mae West);
• “In three words I can sum up everything I’ve learned about life: it goes on” (Robert Frost);
• “Insanity is doing the same thing, over and over again, but expecting different results” (Albert Einstein);
• “Life is what happens to you while you’re busy making other plans” (John Lennon);
• “It is better to be hated for what you are than to be loved for what you are not” (André Gide);
• “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving” (Albert Einstein);
• “The real hero is always a hero by mistake” (Umberto Eco);
• “It is the human lot to try and fail” (David Mamet);
• “You must take life the way it comes at you and make the best of it” (Yann Martel);
• “The human heart has ever dreamed of a fairer world than the one it knows” (Carleton Noyes);
• “To gain that which is worth having, it may be necessary to lose everything else” (Bernadette Devlin);
• “All that is literature seeks to communicate power” (Thomas De Quincey);
• “It is not what an author says, but what he or she whispers, that is important” (Logan Pearsall Smith);
• “What lasts is what is written. We look to literature to find the essence of an age” (Peter Brodie);
• “Good people are good because they’ve come to wisdom through failure” (William Saroyan);
• “All literature is protest. You can’t name a single literary work that isn’t protest” (Richard Wright);
• “The bravest of individuals is the one who obeys his or her conscience” (J. F. Clarke);
• “We do not read novels for improvement or instruction” (Oliver Wendell Holmes);
• “In a dark time, the eye begins to see” (Theodore Roethke);
• “A person is a person through other persons” (Archbishop Desmond Tutu);
• The right good book is always a book of travel; it is about a life’s journey” (H.M. Tomlinson).

The quotations listed above serve as appropriate examples of the NYS English Regents critical lens essay quotes. Thus, they might be widely used during the preparation for the Regents or any other type of exam where a critical lens essay is one of the tasks.

How to write a critical lens essay step by step?

Below there are detailed steps that may serve as an instruction for writing this type of essay. Each step will be followed by the relevant part of a critical lens essay example to make the guideline even more clear.

Step 1. Choose a meaningful quote and introduce it, indicating its author. Add a few sentences before it to get the readers involved and let them follow the logical flow of your thoughts.

Step 2. Interpret the quote, rewrite it using your own words. That would be your thesis.

Step 3 . Agree or disagree with the thesis.

Step 4. Introduce two literary references that prove your thesis. Express in a few words how they support the thesis.

Step 5. Start writing the first body paragraph focusing on the first literary reference mentioned in the intro part. Choose the literary element, through which the text and thesis would be connected. Prove that the text example supports the quote.

Step 6 . Do the same thing focusing on the other literary work while writing the second body paragraph.

Step 7. Summarize everything you have written. State the quote and thesis again, the latter should be rephrased, though. The conclusion has to prove the coherence between the thesis and arguments written above.

Below there is a sample of a critical lens essay that may be referred to during the preparation for the English Regents.

Critical lens essay example for English Regents

Human life is a constant alternating between success and failure. Today one may enjoy the abundance of money and opportunities, while tomorrow may bring something totally different. Theodore Roosevelt once said, “Do what you can, with what you have, and where you are.” One’s duty in life is to do one’s best, strive to survive and get moving using all the skills and resources available, regardless of the circumstances. Life indeed often forces people to keep trying even in the most unfavorable conditions and teaches that doing this is the only key to win. Both Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe and Love of Life by Jack London support the idea that all the problems can be solved if the person is well motivated and wise enough to direct all the efforts and chances towards one’s goal.

The novel Robinson Crusoe illustrates a strong will of an ordinary man who faced unpredictable circumstances after a shipwreck. He has lost everything and everyone just in a moment. The fate left him alone on the desert island in total despair. Daniel Defoe uses the direct method of characterization showing main hero’s desire to survive. He was not expecting such a fatal failure. Robinson got a tremendous challenge that let him acknowledge himself as a miserable creature but also created perfect conditions for self-discovery. On the unknown out-of-the-way patch of the Earth, he found himself completely helpless and alone in his struggle for life. Nevertheless, Crusoe realized the real value of human life and gathered all the possible means he could ever find on the island, which combined with his brilliant intellect and willpower saved him afterwards. The story is narrated in the form of his own diary, which pictures the hero in the most veritable way. He kept trying over and over again while building his refuge place, acquiring hunting and farming skills. The long twenty-eight years way through failures to victory taught him that the main thing in life is the ability to pull oneself together when there seems like nothing can be done. Robinson proved that it is not the setting and opportunities that matter, but a strong goal-oriented approach to the problem.

Love of Life demonstrates another example of overcoming hardships in life. Gold seekers are lost in the White Desert. While one of them leaves his comrade in trouble, he succeeded to survive. Through the tone of the novel, it is evident that Jack London supports his hero picturing him as a symbol of a victorious will power. Physical exhaustion, freezing cold of the White Desert, pain from the betrayal of the only friend, fear of loneliness, hunger, which is not eased with the miserable stuff that cannot even be called food. Moreover, he suffers from the pain in legs, being severely injured. Torturing body ache is combined with the despair of useless attempts to gain food and unbearable exhaustion, which leads to hallucinations. Yet, in spite of all he has encountered, despite being frightened and despaired, the man found enough courage not to give up but went on with a great passion for life, which helped him during struggles with a bear and a wolf. His irresistible desire to live, tranquility, and patience is what removed the fear and saved him from death. The hero was doing what he could: he was able to walk, he walked; he could only crawl, he crawled; he was obliged to fight with wild animals, so he did. As long as there were those primitive means for survival, no matter how adverse the setting, the man continued his difficult path and, finally, he succeeded.

All things considered, it seems sensible to assume that in order to lead the life to the full and survive despite all the troubles, one needs to use each little thing around, notwithstanding the limits. The core of success is human mind and will that dominates over poor conditions, situations that seem to be impossible, fears, and desperate obstacles. Thus, the saying “Do what you can, with what you have, and where you are” serves as the right motto for the general life philosophy.

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University Writing Program

A living document with dead ideals, by sam ackerman.

Lens Paper | UWS 8b The American Dream | Jared Berkowitz | Fall 2019 

About this paper |  This paper as PDF | MLA format

To the Founding Fathers, the United States of America was to be a country like none that came before it. It would be a country built on tenets of the Enlightenment in Europe, whether they be political or philosophical in nature. It was to be a country that would lead the way to its tenets in their time and beyond. However, the Founding Fathers were purposefully ignorant of a key element of the Enlightenment: equality. While the idea is displayed prominently in the document and documents which came before it, the Constitution does a poor job of securing freedom for all. Through Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto , it is possible to view the Constitution in this light. Even in the optimistic The American Constitution: A Graphic Adaptation by Johnathan Hennessey, the document is portrayed as securing freedom for the rich, and when viewed through the lens of Marx and Engels, more inequalities are exposed. The Constitution is a document written in a time without the same ideals as those of modernity. While in the past it was a document of relative equality, today the public may look at it as a document of pure inequality. The Constitution actively opposes the American Dream as it destroys equal opportunity by protecting those who have property, and by actively propelling the bourgeoisie up in social status while restricting the powers of the proletariat. The Constitution, as seen by Marxism, is a document made by the bourgeoisie for the bourgeoisie, and it therefore prevents the American Dream from being realized.

According to Marx, around the turn of the nineteenth century came the epoch of modern capitalism. This corresponds to the industrial revolution and societal changes due to the Napoleonic wars. The first event changed labor relations with machinery and the second with widespread ideas of liberalism. This was a time of large social change and a shift away from feudalism, and Marx describes it himself as a time of “simplified class antagonism” (Engels and Marx 63). By this he means that the class struggle known throughout time has become much less complicated in terms of classes. In this epoch of capitalism there are “two great classes directly facing each other—bourgeoisie and proletariat” (Engels and Marx 63). These two classes are all that is left over from previous class antagonisms, and are the second-to-last step in the progress of society throughout history. The final step is the condensation of all peoples into one single class, effectively removing the conception of class from human society altogether. However, before this is able to occur, the proletariat, a large class of poor workers, must overthrow the ruling bourgeoisie class, a small class of powerful land-owning elites. According to Marx, in every capitalist society, that is to say the most advanced societies in his time, this simple class struggle exists. Every day the proletariat grows in numbers, while the bourgeoisie shrinks. Even still, the bourgeoisie hold on to power through their ownership of means of production and extravagant wealth. Since this holds true in every capitalist nation, the United States has always had this class struggle as it has always been a capitalist nation. It is an odd case because slavery existed and arguably created a third class, but because the institution parallels Marx’s conception of wage labor, in his terms slaves are members of the proletariat. Marx defines wage labor as the “quantum of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the laborer in bare existence as a laborer” (Engels and Marx 84). This description aptly describes conditions of slaves in terms of the material relation between them and their masters and is a direct corollary to actual wage labor that occurred in the United States at the time of slavery and after the Emancipation Proclamation. To Marx the class division in the United States could not be more pronounced.

To see why Marx would have believed this inequity between bourgeoisie and proletariat has persisted in America in the forms of slavery, wage labor, and class division, one must first look to the Framers of the Constitution. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and by considering the views of its authors, a greater narrative of its purpose can be construed. To understand this, the analysis must go back to the catalyst of constitutional thought, the Revolutionary War. Most causes of the war were taxes such as the “passage of … the 1765 Stamp Act” (Hennessey 12). This act only affected the bourgeoisie as they were the only ones who could afford products this tax effected. This bourgeois issue was marketed to the proletariat as an issue of representation, but even with representation the conflict sparked war. After the war, the newly independent states had to organize a government. Originally they adopted the Articles of Confederation. This document had many flaws for all people, but “the big problem was power” (Hennessey 18). The central government had no power over the squabbling states. Both proletariat and bourgeoisie had their ideas on how to fix this, yet it was the bourgeoisie who got the privilege of doing so. The Framers committed treason against the Articles of Confederation. Instead of only fixing its flaws, which was the task they were assigned to do, they created a whole new document. In other words the Framers performed a coup on the old regime. With their new document they set up a system of governing that favored the bourgeoisie class. This is extremely evident in the classes they left out of governing, being the poor, non-whites, and women. The war that started the lengthy process of creating the Constitution had begun because of a lack representation, and after all was said and done these groups, most notably the proletariat, still had no representation. To Marx the true goals of the bourgeoisie are blatant at this point. The most notable of these is the protection of bourgeoisie property and businesses; in the first Article the Framers gave the federal government “the authority to ‘regulate commerce’ between states and foreign countries” (Hennessey 42). The commerce clause is included here in the first Article as it is what was on the top of the Framers’ list of priorities. The Constitution, in its raw form, is a document protecting the bourgeoisie while keeping a status quo with the rights and representation of the proletariat.

Another aspect of the Constitution that Marx would have believed elevates bourgeois power within the institutions of government is the implementation of a representative republic, as this is not a guarantee of democracy. Democracy is a tool of the proletariat as democratization increases their power as they are the majority. However, there is not a single mention of democracy in the entire Constitution. Rather there is only mention of the word republic. Staying true to the Constitution, the following government initially only represented the bourgeoisie. It was not one of equality or democracy, but rather it was a republic that represented one class and its interests. Voting, for instance, was not an important enough issue for the Framers, and they passed the task onto the states. For most states, land ownership was a voting requirement, and “Rhode Island was the last state to get rid of the … restriction, in 1888” (Hennessey 32). The new government was “not a democracy [but] a republic” (Hennessey 28), precisely because the Framers did not trust the common man. This issue was exacerbated when the bourgeoisie was granted more power by the “three-fifths” compromise, which stated that “each slave would be counted as three-fifths … of a free man” (Hennessey 31). Slaves were not citizens and therefore could not vote. Their vote went to the slave owners instead. Owning capital was a way to increase your voting power. If you controlled labor through the form of slaves, you could acquire more influence in government. If all that was said before was not enough to warrant the accusation that representation was a scheme to elevate the bourgeoisie, the three-fifths compromise is the most damning evidence in proving such an accusation true. The bourgeoisie were represented whilst the proletariat was left at the whims of their decisions.

Some may argue that because the republic is representative, the representatives align their votes with the majority of their constituency. Marx sees through the façade of this institution of representation as one of oppressive bourgeoisie representatives ruling the proletariat masses. This system that the Framers set up favored the bourgeoisie as candidates for representative positions. The people are “governed by [these] elected representatives” (Hennessey 28) and while this seems democratic to most, the truth is that voting for representatives is an extremely undemocratic system. In order to run for any position, a candidate must show that he has legitimacy to be in that position. This is done through merit. This seems straightforward and uncontroversial at first glance, but then the implications of legitimacy and merit appear. To have merit, one must have been in a political position, and in turn that candidate must have some idea of what they are doing. In order for that to occur, they need schooling. There is no naturally politically charismatic and confident candidate. Even today, most people’s first qualification is the education they got. Back in the times of the Framers, education was much more exclusive than it is now, and still the average working class person cannot afford an expensive education. They are wage laborers that work to pay for daily life, and they cannot simply take a four-year break for higher education. Therefore the rich bourgeoisie stepped in and became political figures for not just the bourgeoisie, but also the proletariat. Holding office was inherently a position that went to the bourgeoisie. The proletariat for most of its history could not vote in a candidate that represented them. The closest to proletarians in office are state government representatives elected in rural counties, and, more impressively the farmer-turned-President Jimmy Carter, who earned his BS at the US Naval Academy. The meritocratic system that the Framers set up has kept the proletariat out of policy making and has soured the taste the American people have for proletariat candidates. This is a reason that “in the modern representative state, [the bourgeoisie have] exclusive political sway” (Engels and Marx 66).

To Marx it is not just office that was created with a bourgeoisie bias, but also many other functions of government. It has been established that the Framers did not trust the every man, and so they put in guarantees that would keep the bourgeoisie in control. One prime example of this bias is the institution of the Electoral College. When the people of the United States of America vote for their president, they are not voting for the president, but rather they “vote for electors, who then choose the president” (Hennessey 55). This in itself shows the distrust that the Framers saw in the proletariat. The way electors were chosen was up to the states originally and the method was not always streamlined. In some states, “electors were picked by the people, in others, by the state legislators” (Hennessey 55). Today the position is normally “given to active and highly regarded members of political parties” (Hennessey 55). The electorate is therefore a barrier of direct election of the president. The position of the highest member in the Executive Branch is chosen by an elite electorate. These elites can and have voted against what their constituency has voted for and have done so as recently as 2016. If Marx’s vision of a mass class awakening of the proletariat were to happen and the proletariat decide to start a democratic revolution by voting in communist candidates, the established parties would use the Electoral College to vote against the interests of the proletariat and in favor of bourgeoisie interests.

 There have been small proletariat victories despite the constant domination of the bourgeoisie, for example the expansion of suffrage to more groups in the form of Amendments. The “14 th Amendment … states that U.S. citizenship is a birthright” (Hennessey 122), and the 15 th Amendment “bestowed full voting rights on all men, regardless of race [or] color” (Hennessey 124). Later the 17 th amendment created direct election of senators, the 19 th gave women the right to vote, and the 26 th lowered the minimum voting age to 18 years old. All of these have to do with the issues of citizenship and voting, both of which are extremely important when it comes to the functions of government. Citizens receive benefits from the government, and those who vote can have a say in what those benefits are. Amendments may seem to be the way to close the gap between proletariat and bourgeoisie, however they are extremely rare. It took these amendments too long to be ratified by enough states to make them law. Women could not vote until 131 years after the republic was founded. The system is too slow because it requires either “a yes vote [on an amendment] from 3/4 ths of [state legislatures]” or “special conventions of the people in all the states, … [and] again it would take 3/4 ths of the states to approve” (Hennessey 80-81). This supermajority is extremely high and must begin with a proposal being approved by a vote of at least 2/3 rds from both houses of Congress. The process was made to be slow and inefficient in bringing about change, and as of now the special conventions of the people have never been successful. All change has been in the hands of the elected elite, and that is why it has been so slow to adopt new ideas. It creates an issue where moderate additions are seen as radical. For example the Equal Rights Amendment has never been ratified, and has been tossed around ever since the 1920s. While it is common sense to the proletariat to ratify this amendment, the bourgeoisie have argued the notion that it is not needed due to the implication of other laws and that has kept it out of the Constitution. This is an idea that would protect the interests of the proletariat as it protects many groups within the proletariat population from discrimination. This is a bourgeoisie plot as they can discriminate against a group, such as when they pay women lower wages, and they will fight to keep that ability by keeping progressive ideas out of the Constitution.

A much better way to fight for proletariat interests is through the courts and Judicial Review. It is a power that was not stated explicitly in the Constitution and is therefore not an institution the Framers created, as the main purpose of the courts shifted from their initial vision. The process of Judicial Review has allowed “landmark Supreme Court cases [to] shape … our laws and government” (Hennessey 72). These cases include Brown v. Board of Education which declared that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place” (Hennessey 133). Most social progress occurs through the courts. Groups such as the ACLU have the collective legal power to fight for proletariat interests. Without the courts many civil rights would not exist. Desegregation, legal homosexuality, secular schools, and criminal rights may never have been written into law. All of these rights have been fought by the proletariat for the proletariat. To Marx this is a mini-class awakening, with proletarians pushing back against the bourgeoisie. It is much faster and more effective for the proletariat to use the court system to secure rights and equity rather than to hope that the bourgeoisie will benevolently pass an amendment. The only flaw in the system is the Supreme Court decides which cases they hear. Despite the fact, more landmark cases have influenced an increase in power for the proletariat than all of the amendments ratified after the Bill of Rights. The system is not perfect, but for the time being the courts are the best tool of the proletariat in influencing the bourgeoisie government that rules them, as other than that the proletariat would have to play “a revolutionary part” (Engels and Marx 66) in order to secure rights. However, the courts are a bloodless way to achieve parts of the whole proletariat goal.

The government, while still under the control of the bourgeoisie, has gradually granted more rights and representation to the proletariat. Despite this, the governing document that guides the country heavily favors the bourgeoisie. This bias can be tracked all the way back to the Framers who made the Constitution for their own bourgeois purposes. With the assistance of Marx, one can deduce that equity was never a goal of the Framers, and that decision is a prime cause for inequity in modern times. Without equity, the idea of equality in the American Dream can never be realized, and therefore has only been able to exist in the realm of idealism.

Works Cited

Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. The Communist Manifesto . Penguin, 1998.

Hennessey, Johnathan, art by Aaron McConnell. The United States Constitution: A Graphic Adaptation . Hill and Wang, 2008.

About This Paper

Lens essay assignment, the lens essay.

Now that you have a solid grounding in the analytical technique of close reading, we can apply that knowledge to other texts. For the primary text of the lens essay we will read the graphic novel: The United States Constitution: A Graphic Adaptation by Jonathan Hennessey and Aaron McConnell. This work depicts the framing of the constitution and subsequent debates over ratification and the bill of rights.  For the lens texts, you will choose excerpts from either Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’ The Communist Manifesto (1848) or Frederick Douglass’ oration, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July” delivered on July 5, 1852. These documents each wrestle with ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy while reaching different conclusions. For Marx and Engels capitalist democratic systems “sow the seeds” of their own destruction through inevitable class conflict leading to revolution, and eventually socialism. Frederick Douglass’ oration assesses what the promise of America might hold, if anything, for the slave and/or the free African-American.

For this essay make an argument about how either Douglass or Marx and Engels complicate and challenge the graphic novels’ presumptions about the American Dream. Some elements to consider are: 

For Marx/Engels:

• What is the relationship between equality and the American Dream? Does the conception of class and the inevitability of class conflict, developed by M/E frustrate the promises of the Founders?
• How does the United States Constitution deepen or resolve class conflict?
• What social classes appear to be emerging (or have emerged) in the U.S as a consequence of this new constitutional order?

For Douglass:

• What does the Constitution promise for the slave? Is Douglass’ assessment one of tragedy or optimism, i.e. hope?
• What strikes you about the tone of Douglass’ oration? How does the Constitution, as portrayed by the graphic novel, work against Douglass’ argument? Or does it support Douglass?
• Was the Constitution designed to establish egalitarian democracy? What ideas developed by Douglass and portrayed by the novel support or refute this? Do you see a correlation between democratic governance and the American Dream?

Essay length: 7-8 pages

The first draft of the essay will be due in class and on LATTE by Sept. 28 at 5p. Final Drafts will be due on Oct. 8 by 12 noon.  Essays must use 1-inch margins and 12 point Times New Roman font. Do not enlarge your punctuation. Essays must have a title, be double-spaced and have page numbers.

This assignment presents you with a number of new challenges :

• You will be transferring your close reading skills from one text to another.
• The writings of Marx and Douglass are accessible yet complex. As such, it is essential that you exercise patience and learn how to make sense of them effectively. Part of your task for this paper is to let your readers know what Marx or Douglass are saying and why. Assess their motives, arguments, and effectiveness.
• You will be offering an interpretation of The United States Constitution informed by either a Marxian-socialist analysis or democratic republican theory that will help you investigate what the text has to say, how it constructs its meanings, and what the implications of those meanings are. As a result, you will be able to reflect back on philosophical ideas with a refined and even critical perspective.
• Open with an engaging introduction that makes your motive clear. Recall Gordon Harvey’s description of motive as “the intellectual context that you establish for your topic and thesis at the start of your essay, in order to suggest why someone besides your instructor might want to read an essay on this topic or need to hear your particular thesis argued—why your thesis isn’t just obvious to all, why other people might hold other theses that you think are wrong.” Ask of your thesis, “So what? Why would someone care?  What’s unexpected here?  How is this interesting?” until you can respond with a satisfying answer. The answer will lead you to your motive.
• Create a dialogue between two texts. Don’t settle for a baseline reading of symmetrical points between primary and lens texts. Instead, devise a thesis that identifies how (and how well) these texts complicate your understanding of the American Dream. You will also want to identify a “twist,” a place where your case and the lens don’t match up. This is your opportunity to revise, refine, or even critique the lens—you need not agree wholeheartedly but explain why you disagree and examine the merits and faults of the arguments. You are being asked to interpret the story and reflect on your lens . As always, close readings of specific passages are required to support and/or complicate your argument.
• Grapple with the theory’s central ideas, rather than taking isolated passages out of context to support your ideas . Whenever you are called on to bring a critical text into an assignment, your essay will not only be judged on the merit of your original ideas but also on how accurately you represent and make use of the critical text. Even when you disagree with the author, you must explain why you disagree, and that requires you to fully understand the author’s position. When you refer to Marx or Douglass, be sure you engage with their main ideas and not a side detail of those ideas.
• Document quotations using MLA in-text citation method. This citation method requires that you cite your sources parenthetically in text.

Pre-Draft Sequence

Pre-draft 2.1:  understanding the lens for marx and douglass.

One method that will clarify challenging texts like Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto  and Frederick Douglass’ “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July,” is called “reverse outlining.”  To do this, you create an outline that maps out the ideas of Marx and Douglass by using the format below. A reverse outline forces you to boil that text down to its constituent ideas, decide for yourself which ideas are the most important, and arrange those ideas in an organized hierarchy. Once you have actively read and marked up the essay, produce one reverse outline for Marx and another for Douglass. Use the following format for your outline, define the concepts and answer the questions in your own words. In addition, cite the page number(s) on which you find your evidence.

Marx and Engels :

• Class Struggle
• Proletarians
• According to Marx, why is class struggle/conflict inevitable?
• What are the stages of history according to Marx
• How are the communists distinct from the proletarians?
• What is the problem with capitalism?
• What is the solution?
• What are the different strands of socialism Marx analyzes?
• Do you agree? Why? Why not? Was Marx right?
• Central argument:
• Liberty: (define)
• Democracy: (define)
• How does Douglass use religion to attack the institution of slavery?
• Citizen: (define)
• Slave: (define)
• What is does the constitution protect according to Douglass?

PRE-DRAFT 2.1 DUE SUNDAY SEP. 13 AT 5P VIA LATTE

Pre-Draft 2.2:  Mini Lens Analysis  

Lens analysis asks you to put two or more texts in conversation in order to produce a reading that you couldn’t have made through close reading alone. After analyzing and considering The Communist Manifesto and “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July” in relation to “The United States Constitution” in detail, choose one chapter from the graphic novel for Marx and another for Douglass. Next:

• Using the first chapter, make a mini-argument (two paragraphs) using Marx’s notion of class struggle to complicate the American Dream. Be sure to cite at least one piece of  from the chapter in your analysis. This exercise offers a microcosm of the lens essay, and you should be able to use your reading for this pre-draft in the final essay.
• Using the second chapter, make am mini-argument (two paragraphs) using Douglass’s concept of freedom complicate the American Dream. Be sure to cite at least one clause or article. This exercise offers a microcosm of the lens essay, and you should be able to use your reading for this pre-draft in the final essay.

PRE-DRAFT 2.2 DUE ON WED. SEPT. 16 AT 12P SUBMIT VIA LATTE

Pre-draft 2.3: Outline for Rough Draft

A comprehensive outline will ensure that your paper has a logical structure and evidence that is relevant to your argument.  Each paragraph should have a separate claim that supports the thesis, as well as evidence and analysis.  In order to organize your paragraphs you will have to select and analyze quotations.  The argument should develop as the paper unfolds.  In other words, paragraphs should not be interchangeable.  The outline should follow the format below:

• Topic Sentence: This should summarize the main idea of the paragraph What is Utilitarianism
• Evidence: include the quotation and the page numbers for each idea about Utilitarianism that is relevant to your paper (you will need 2-3 quotations)
• Analysis: briefly explain in you own words what you’ve quoted
• Relevance: a brief statement of how the evidence relates to your thesis
• Topic Sentence: This should summarize the main idea of the paragraphs
• Contextualization: When you cite your evidence, what is happening in the episode?
• Evidence: include the quotation (use just one quotation)
• Analysis: brief statement of how you will close read the evidence
• Topic Sentence: This should summarize the main idea of the paragraph
• Evidence: include the quotation (use just one quotation) or describe the moment you’ll be analyzing if no dialogue
• Analysis: brief statement of how you will close read the evidence.
• Relevance: a brief statement of how the evidence relates to your thesis.

Etc… for ALL of the body paragraphs. You should have a minimum of seven body paragraphs. The remaining four paragraphs should either provide evidence to support your thesis or a counter-argument (no more than one counter-argument). Evidence should be organized from weakest to strongest.

Final paragraph:  Conclusion—what are the larger implications of your argument?  How does the text comment on a broader theme than just your specific claims?

OUTLINES ARE DUE BY 12 NOON SEPT. 24 ON LATTE

Video: Interview with the Author and his UWS Instructor

Write Now! editor Doug Kirshen spoke with Samual Ackerman and his UWS instructor, Jared Berkowitz, about Sam's paper.

Interview Transcript

Doug Kirshen : Sam, let me start with you. Tell us about the topics. What were your choices and why did you choose what you wrote about?

Samuel Ackerman : In this class we were looking at conceptions of American ideals through different lens points, mostly through leftist ones, such as in this assignment, Marxism. So we had to read [Friedrich Engels and] Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto . First time I ever read it. I had not read any leftist theory, any political theory at all up to this point. We had to use Marx to analyze the Constitution, essentially to see whether, through this viewpoint, this is a good or bad document. Does it support and reinforce the American Dream or does it tell us that the American Dream is a fraud, not real. And so I remember reading it and coming to the conclusion that Marx would never have thought that this was a document that fulfills the ideals that would achieve the American dream. So I wrote about that, and a few classmates of mine wrote the counterpoint. And so it was just very interesting because I'm pretty sure no one in that class had come into reading Marx or at least analyzing it to the level that we did.

Doug Kirshen : Were you surprised to find that perspective on the Constitution told you things you didn't know about it? I mean, that's the idea, I suppose, of the lens paper.

Samuel Ackerman : Yeah. For me personally, I had a very strange high school experience. My English teacher was very [critical of] the Constitution. He did not like the Founding Fathers. ... So I come into the [UWS] already kind of had having that in the background. I had not made up my decision, or I haven't made my mind up on what I personally thought of the document. But I did have a counterpoint in mind, and definitely some of my old teacher's might have come from Marx or other like-minded philosophers.

Doug Kirshen : Jared, what were your expectations for this assignment? What were you hoping that students would do with it?

Jared Berkowitz : My vision for the assignment was really to challenge the assumptions that we have when we think about the Constitution, when we think about our founding documents. The primary text was a graphic novel that that gives an illustration of the Revolution and the framing of the Constitution,  Constitutional Convention and all the rest of it.  And then we had, there were two theoretical texts, two lenses that the students could choose from. One was Frederick Douglass: "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" and the other one is   The Communist Manifesto . Both lead us to dramatically different conclusions, one revealing a very hopeful, positive view of the Constitution, and the other one emphasizing the struggle and the problem of inequality in American history. And so what I wanted the students to do is look at that document, look at the Constitution, look at the graphic novel through the eyes of these two theorists. And then make an argument about whether the Constitution functions as something that supports the achievement of the American Dream or something that frustrates our path to achieving the American dream.

Doug Kirshen : Sam, what it was like to get started on this paper? Was it tough to get rolling or were you into it from the beginning?

Samuel Ackerman : It was a little rough at the beginning. I knew that I wanted to do Marx and not Frederick Douglass, only for the reason that I thought Douglass was, in the document given, not as comprehensive over the entirety of the Constitution as our primary text, the graphic novel. During my drafting phases, I was really thinking about using what Marx had to say about elections, and then I thought, there's so much more room to  discuss things with Marx. But it was frustrating, trying to get started with Marx only because one I had not ever read this type of lliterature before, but because I had to learn a lot of the vocabulary. A lot of the concepts, such as autonomy, were new to me, and I had to do some outside research and reach out to a professor to really figure out what Marx is saying, so I don't get his words misconstrued.

Doug Kirshen : Can you tell us about your process? You wrote a draft and did a revision, went through the peer review. Anything jump out that was significant?

Damuel Ackerman : Well with other students, we had a peer review in class, but I always like people that know how I write to look at my and things too, because I know, for instance, if I ever give a piece of work to my father — we have very different ways of conveying the same ideas, and he will just try to [change] every single sentence. I remember in the peer review, at least in class, there was someone like that who kind of just saw my style. And he was very much like, oh you should say it this way. ... So I had to go outside and find someone who was okay with my style, more familiar with it, to really look and see if the substance was good. It's very hard to be a peer reviewing another person's work, especially if it's work that you don't agree with, which was very prevalent in that class. 

Doug Kirshen : There was controversy in that class. That's a good thing. Jared,  what did some of your students struggle with in this assignment, and what did some of your better results, like Sam's paper, do well?

Jared Berkowitz : The majority of the class chose to use Douglass to analyze the Constitution, and  I think that was really the easier essay to write. Sam chose the more challenging one in going with Marx and wrestling with that really complicated theory.  What most of the papers did was follow the standard assumptions about political equality and use Douglass's text as the perfect example of it, and and there's a really good argument to be made there. But what what I was really excited to see in Sam's paper was his ability to really look at this through the eyes of Marx and and take the theory seriously and take the process of lens analysis seriously. And just develop a really great analytical piece that's  going to set aside the things that we think we know about the Constitution and look at it with fresh eyes. And be able to see the imperfections in these documents, and Marx helps us see that. That was one of the things I thought Sam's paper did really well. In addition to just having a really cogent argument, great supporting evidence, and all the standard pieces of good writing.

Doug Kirshen : Sam I have one last question for you. What would your advice be to next semester's UWS students coming in doing a lens paper? What would be one or two things that you would suggest to them?

Samuel Ackerman : So I'll give them a warning and then my advice to overcome it. The hardest thing for the lens essay is not imposing yourself within it. And I think that's what a majority of people struggle with. In this [case], I know that people specifically chose Frederick Douglass because they didn't want to disagree with the Constitution, and I know that some people chose Marx because they wanted to. It's very hard to remove yourself from the argument you're about to make. It's very unnatural. And so what I would do a lot of the times is write very short bits and I would leave it, because I know for a lot of people, if you just write and write and write, you tend to maybe deviate from your source or [even unintentionally] make things up. But with the lenses, you want to stay super strict with the source you're using and make sure that you never deviate. Because if you do, it can really bring up inconsistency in your argument ...  So just try to remove your all of your personal attachments to whatever argument you're making, try to remove them completely, writing in short bursts, so that you don't try to impose them again. This is probably the most difficult paper we wrote, since it's so unconventional in that way. And so, the only advice, try to remove yourself, do those short bursts and just always keep always keep rereading the material you're working from.

Doug Kirshen : Good idea. Any last words from anybody, Jared, Sam?

Jared Berkowitz: Just one more piece of advice on the lenses, and that is just know the lens and know the theory cold, and do what Sam was talking about. This practice of scholarly objectivity is a big adjustment for first-year students, and the lens essay is a really good exercise to to work through that.

Doug Kirshen : Sam, Jared. Thank you very much for your time.

• First-Year Writing
• Writing-Intensive Requirement
• J.V. Cunningham Awards