Original creative works | | |
A Word about Wikipedia
- Wikipedia: A Good Starting Point But NOT A Citable Source
What is Pop-sci?
What is pop-sci?
Elements of a Scholarly Research Article
Common elements of a scholarly article:
- Authors and their credentials
- Introduction including background information on subject, literature review, statement of research problem, and hypothesis
- Limitations of research
- Recommendations for further research
Quick Summary
- Next: Videos about Information Sources >>
- Last Updated: Dec 7, 2023 8:46 AM
- URL: https://libraryguides.uwsp.edu/InformationSourcesInTheSciences
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Chapter 5: The Literature Review
5.3 Acceptable sources for literature reviews
Following are a few acceptable sources for literature reviews, listed in order from what will be considered most acceptable to less acceptable sources for your literature review assignments:
- Peer reviewed journal articles.
- Edited academic books.
- Articles in professional journals.
- Statistical data from government websites.
- Website material from professional associations (use sparingly and carefully). The following sections will explain and provide examples of these various sources.
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles (Papers)
A peer reviewed journal article is a paper that has been submitted to a scholarly journal, accepted, and published. Peer review journal papers go through a rigorous, blind review process of peer review. What this means is that two to three experts in the area of research featured in the paper have reviewed and accepted the paper for publication. The names of the author(s) who are seeking to publish the research have been removed (blind review), so as to minimize any bias towards the authors of the research (albeit, sometimes a savvy reviewer can discern who has done the research based upon previous publications, etc.). This blind review process can be long (often 12 to 18 months) and may involve many back and forth edits on the behalf of the researchers, as they work to address the edits and concerns of the peers who reviewed their paper. Often, reviewers will reject the paper for a variety of reasons, such as unclear or questionable methods, lack of contribution to the field, etc. Because peer reviewed journal articles have gone through a rigorous process of review, they are considered to be the premier source for research. Peer reviewed journal articles should serve as the foundation for your literature review.
The following link will provide more information on peer reviewed journal articles. Make sure you watch the little video on the upper left-hand side of your screen, in addition to reading the material at the following website: http://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/c.php?g=288333&p=1922599
Edited Academic Books
An edited academic book is a collection of scholarly scientific papers written by different authors. The works are original papers, not published elsewhere (“Edited volume,” 2018). The papers within the text also go through a process of review; however, the review is often not a blind review because the authors have been invited to contribute to the book. Consequently, edited academic books are fine to use for your literature review, but you also want to ensure that your literature review contains mostly peer reviewed journal papers.
Articles in Professional Journals
Articles from professional journals should be used with caution for your literature review. This is because articles in trade journals are not usually peer reviewed, even though they may appear to be. A good way to find out is to read the “About Us” section of the professional journal, which should state whether or not the papers are peer reviewed. You can also find out by Googling the name of the journal and adding “peer reviewed” to the search.
Statistical Data from Governmental Websites
Governmental websites can be excellent sources for statistical data, e.g, Statistics Canada collects and publishes data related to the economy, society, and the environment.
Website Material from Professional Associations
Material from other websites can also serve as a source for statistics that you may need for your literature review. Since you want to justify the value of the research that interests you, you might make use of a professional association’s website to learn how many members they have, for example. You might want to demonstrate, as part of the introduction to your literature review, why more research on the topic of PTSD in police officers is important. You could use peer reviewed journal articles to determine the prevalence of PTSD in police officers in Canada in the last ten years, and then use the Ontario Police Officers´ Association website to determine the approximate number of police officers employed in the Province of Ontario over the last ten years. This might help you estimate how many police officers could be suffering with PTSD in Ontario. That number could potentially help to justify a research grant down the road. But again, this type of website- based material should be used with caution and sparingly.
Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introduction Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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Chapter 2: What is a Literature Review?
Learning objectives.
At the conclusion of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Recognize how information is created and how it evolves over time.
- Identify how the information cycle impacts the reliability of the information.
- Select information sources appropriate to information need.
2.1 Overview of information
Because a literature review is a summary and analysis of the relevant publications on a topic, we first have to understand what is meant by ‘the literature’. In this case, ‘the literature’ is a collection of all of the relevant written sources on a topic. It will include both theoretical and empirical works. Both types provide scope and depth to a literature review.
2.1.1 Disciplines of knowledge
When drawing boundaries around an idea, topic, or subject area, it helps to think about how and where the information for the field is produced. For this, you need to identify the disciplines of knowledge production in a subject area.
Information does not exist in the environment like some kind of raw material. It is produced by individuals working within a particular field of knowledge who use specific methods for generating new information. Disciplines are knowledge-producing and -disseminating systems which consume, produce and disseminate knowledge. Looking through a course catalog of a post-secondary educational institution gives clues to the structure of a discipline structure. Fields such as political science, biology, history and mathematics are unique disciplines, as are education and nursing, with their own logic for how and where new knowledge is introduced and made accessible.
You will need to become comfortable with identifying the disciplines that might contribute information to any search strategy. When you do this, you will also learn how to decode the way how people talk about a topic within a discipline. This will be useful to you when you begin a review of the literature in your area of study.
For example, think about the disciplines that might contribute information to a the topic such as the role of sports in society. Try to anticipate the type of perspective each discipline might have on the topic. Consider the following types of questions as you examine what different disciplines might contribute:
- What is important about the topic to the people in that discipline?
- What is most likely to be the focus of their study about the topic?
- What perspective would they be likely to have on the topic?
In this example, we identify two disciplines that have something to say about the role of sports in society: allied health and education. What would each of these disciplines raise as key questions or issues related to that topic?
2.1.1.1 Nursing
- how sports affect individuals’ health and well-being
- assessing and treating sports injuries
- physical conditioning for athletes
2.1.1.2 Education
- how schools privilege or punish student athletes
- how young people are socialized into the ideal of team cooperation
- differences between boys’ and girls’ participation in organized sports
We see that a single topic can be approached from many different perspectives depending on how the disciplinary boundaries are drawn and how the topic is framed. This step of the research process requires you to make some decisions early on to focus the topic on a manageable and appropriate scope for the rest of the strategy. ( Hansen & Paul, 2015 ).
‘The literature’ consists of the published works that document a scholarly conversation in a field of study. You will find, in ‘the literature,’ documents that explain the background of your topic so the reader knows where you found loose ends in the established research of the field and what led you to your own project. Although your own literature review will focus on primary, peer-reviewed resources, it will begin by first grounding yourself in background subject information generally found in secondary and tertiary sources such as books and encyclopedias. Once you have that essential overview, you delve into the seminal literature of the field. As a result, while your literature review may consist of research articles tightly focused on your topic with secondary and tertiary sources used more sparingly, all three types of information (primary, secondary, tertiary) are critical to your research.
2.1.2 Definitions
- Theoretical – discusses a theory, conceptual model or framework for understanding a problem.
- Empirical – applies theory to a behavior or event and reports derived data to findings.
- Seminal – “A classic work of research literature that is more than 5 years old and is marked by its uniqueness and contribution to professional knowledge.” ( Houser, 4th ed., 2018, p. 112 ).
- Practical – “…accounts of how things are done” ( Wallace & Wray, 3rd ed., 2016, p. 20 ). Action research, in Education, refers to a wide variety of methods used to develop practical solutions. ( Great Schools Partnership, 2017 ).
- Policy – generally produced by policy-makers, such as government agencies.
- Primary – published results of original research studies .
- Secondary – interpret, discuss, summarize original sources
- Tertiary – synthesize or distill primary and secondary sources. Examples include: encyclopedias, directories, dictionaries, handbooks, guides, classification, chronology, and other fact books.
- Grey literature – research and information released by non-commercial publishers, such as government agencies, policy organizations, and think-tanks.
‘The literature’ is published in books, journal articles, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations. It can also be found in newspapers, encyclopedias, textbooks, as well as websites and reports written by government agencies and professional organizations. While these formats may contain what we define as ‘the literature’, not all of it will be appropriate for inclusion in your own literature review.
These sources are found through different tools that we will discuss later in this section. Although a discovery tool, such as a database or catalog, may link you to the ‘the literature’ not every tool is appropriate to every literature review. No single source will have all of the information resources you should consult. A comprehensive literature review should include searches in the following:
- Multiple subject and article databases
- Library and other book catalogs
- Grey literature sources
2.2 Information Cycle
To get a better idea of how the literature in a discipline develops, it’s useful to see how the information publication lifecycle works. These distinct stages show how information is created, reviewed, and distributed over time.
The following chart can be used to guide you in searching literature existing at various stages of the scholarly communication process (freely accessible sources are linked, subscription or subscribed sources are listed but not linked):
Guide to searching for literature at various stages of the scholarly communication process Steps in the Scholarly Communication Process | Publication Cycle | Access Points |
Research and develop idea | Unpublished documents such as lab notebooks, personal correspondence, graphs, charts, grant proposals, and other ‘grey literature’ | Limited access (Health Services and Sciences Research Resources) (Database of NIH funded research projects) |
Present preliminary findings | Preliminary reports: letters to the editor or journals, brief (short) communication submitted to a primary journal | (limiting search results to Letter under Limits) Web of Science (Science Citation Index) |
Report research | Conference literature: preprints, conference proceedings | PapersFirst ProceedingsFirst Conference web sites |
| Research reports: master’s theses, doctoral dissertations, interim or technical reports | (limiting search results to Technical Report under Limits) Professional association web sites |
Publish research | Research paper (scholarly journal articles): research papers published in peer-reviewed/refereed journals | CINAHL PsycINFO Web of Science |
Popularize research findings | Newspapers, popular magazines, TV news reports, trade publications, web sites | (limiting search results to News and Newspaper Article under Limits) Media outlets Internet search engines |
Compact and repackage information | Reviews, systematic reviews, guidelines, textbooks, handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias | Library Catalogs |
2.3 Information Types
To continue our discussion of information sources, there are two ways published information in the field can be categorized:
- Articles by the type of periodical in which an article it is published, for example, magazine, trade, or scholarly publications .
- Where the material is located in the information cycle, as in primary, secondary, or tertiary information sources .
2.3.1 Popular, Trade, or Scholarly publications
2.3.1.1 types of periodicals.
Journals, trade publications, and magazines are all periodicals, and articles from these publications they can all look similar article by article when you are searching in the databases. It is good to review the differences and think about when to use information from each type of periodical.
2.3.1.2 Magazines
A magazine is a collection of articles and images about diverse topics of popular interest and current events.
Features of magazines:
- articles are usually written by journalists
- articles are written for the average adult
- articles tend to be short
- articles rarely provides a list of reference sources at the end of the article
- lots of color images and advertisements
- the decision about what goes into the magazine is made by an editor or publisher
- magazines can have broad appeal, like Time and Newsweek , or a narrow focus, like Sports Illustrated and Mother Earth News .
Popular magazines like Psychology Today , Sports Illustrated , and Rolling Stone can be good sources for articles on recent events or pop-culture topics, while Harpers , Scientific American , and The New Republic will offer more in-depth articles on a wider range of subjects. These articles are geared towards readers who, although not experts, are knowledgeable about the issues presented.
2.3.1.3 Trade Publications
Trade publications or trade journals are periodicals directed to members of a specific profession. They often have information about industry trends and practical information for people working in the field.
Features of trade publications:
- Authors are specialists in their fields
- Focused on members of a specific industry or profession
- No peer review process
- Include photographs, illustrations, charts, and graphs, often in color
- Technical vocabulary
Trade publications are geared towards professionals in a discipline. They report news and trends in a field, but not original research. They may provide product or service reviews, job listings, and advertisements.
2.3.1.4 Scholarly, Academic, and Scientific Publications
Scholarly, academic, and scientific publications are a collections of articles written by scholars in an academic or professional field. Most journals are peer-reviewed or refereed, which means a panel of scholars reviews articles to decide if they should be accepted into a specific publication. Journal articles are the main source of information for researchers and for literature reviews.
Features of journals:
- written by scholars and subject experts
- author’ credentials and institution will be identified
- written for other scholars
- dedicated to a specific discipline that it covers in depth
- often report on original or innovative research
- long articles, often 5-15 pages or more
- articles almost always include a list of sources at the end (Works Cited, References, Sources, or Bibliography) that point back to where the information was derived
- no or very few advertisements
- published by organizations or associations to advance their specialized body of knowledge
Scholarly journals provider articles of interest to experts or researchers in a discipline. An editorial board of respected scholars (peers) reviews all articles submitted to a journal. They decide if the article provides a noteworthy contribution to the field and should be published. There are typically few little or no advertisements. Articles published in scholarly journals will include a list of references.
2.3.1.5 A word about open access journals
Increasingly, scholars are publishing findings and original research in open access journals . Open access journals are scholarly and peer-reviewed and open access publishers provide unrestricted access and unrestricted use. Open access is a means of disseminating scholarly research that breaks from the traditional subscription model of academic publishing. It is free of charge to readers and because it is online, it is available at anytime, anywhere in the world, to anyone with access to the internet. The Directory of Open Access Journals ( DOAJ ) indexes and provides access to high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarly articles.
In summary, newspapers and other popular press publications are useful for getting general topic ideas. Trade publications are useful for practical application in a profession and may also be a good source of keywords for future searching. Scholarly journals are the conversation of the scholars who are doing research in a specific discipline and publishing their research findings.
2.3.1.6 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources
Primary sources of information are those types of information that come first. Some examples of primary sources are:
- original research, like data from an experiment with plankton.
- diaries, journals, photographs
- data from the census bureau or a survey you have done
- original documents, like the constitution or a birth certificate
- newspapers are primary sources when they report current events or current opinion
- speeches, interviews, email, letters
- religious books
- personal memoirs and autobiographies
- pottery or weavings
There are different types of primary sources for different disciplines. In the discipline of history, for example, a diary or transcript of a speech is a primary source. In education and nursing, primary sources will generally be original research, including data sets.
Secondary sources are written about primary sources to interpret or analyze them. They are a step or more removed from the primary event or item. Some examples of secondary sources are:
- commentaries on speeches
- critiques of plays, journalism, or books
- a journal article that talks about a primary source such as an interpretation of Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, or the flower symbolism of Monet’s water garden paintings
- textbooks (can also be considered tertiary)
- biographies
- encyclopedias
Tertiary sources are further removed from the original material and are a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources. Some examples are:
- bibliography of critical works about an author
- textbooks (also considered secondary)
A comparison of information sources across disciplines:
SUBJECT | PRIMARY | SECONDARY | TERTIARY |
Education | Journal article reporting on quantitative study of after school programs | Article in Teacher Magazine about after school programs | Handbook of afterschool programming ERIC database |
Nursing | Journal article reporting on a Cclinical trial of a treatment or device | Systematic review of treatment or device, such as those found in the | Encyclopedia of Nursing Research |
Psychology | Patient notes taken by clinical psychologist | Magazine article about the patient’s psychological condition | Textbook on clinical psychology |
2.4 Information Sources
In this section, we discuss how to find not only information, but the sources of information in your discipline or topic area. As we see in the graphic and chart above, the information you need for your literature review will be located in multiple places. How and where research and publication occurs drives how and where the information is located, which in turn determines how you will discover and retrieve it. When we talk about information sources for a literature review in education or nursing, we generally mean these five areas: the internet, reference material and other books, empirical or evidence-based articles in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings and papers, dissertations and theses, and grey literature.
The World Wide Web can be an excellent place to satisfy some initial research needs.
- It is a good resource for background information and for finding keywords for searching in the library catalog and databases.
- It is a good tool for locating professional organizations and searching for information and the names of experts in a given discipline.
- Google Scholar is a useful discovery tool for citations, especially if you are trying to get the lay of the land surrounding your topic or if you are having a problem with keywords in the databases. You can find some information to refine your search terms. It is NOT acceptable to depend on Google Scholar for finding articles because of the spotty coverage and lack of adequate search features.
2.4.2 Books and Reference Sources
Reference materials and books are available in both print and electronic formats. They provide gateway knowledge to a subject area and are useful at the beginning of the research process to:
- Get an overview of the topic, learn the scope, key definitions, significant figures who are involved, and important timelines
- Discover the foundations of a topic
- Learn essential definitions, vocabulary terms, and keywords you can use in your literature searching strategy
2.4.3 Scholarly Articles in Journals
Another major category of information sources is scholarly information produced by subject experts working in academic institutions, research centers and scholarly organizations. Scholars and researchers generate information that advances our knowledge and understanding of the world. The research they do creates new opportunities for inventions, practical applications, and new approaches to solving problems or understanding issues.
Academics, researchers and students at universities make their contributions to scholarly knowledge available in many forms:
- masters’ theses
- doctoral dissertations
- conference papers
- journal articles and books
- individual scholars’ web pages
- web pages developed by the researcher’s’ home institution (Hansen & Paul, 2015).
Scholars and researchers introduce their discoveries to the world in a formal system of information dissemination that has developed over centuries. Because scholarly research undergoes a process of “peer review” before being published (meaning that other experts review the work and pass judgment about whether it is worthy of publication), the information you find from scholarly sources meets preset standards for accuracy, credibility and validity in that field.
Likewise, scholarly journal articles are generally considered to be among the most reliable sources of information because they have gone through a peer-review process.
2.4.5 Conference Papers & Proceedings
Conferences are a major source of emerging research where researchers present papers on their current research and obtain feedback from the audience. The papers presented in the conference are then usually published in a volume called a conference proceeding. Conference proceedings highlight current discussion in a discipline and can lead you to scholars who are interested in specific research areas.
A word about conference papers: several factors contribute to making these documents difficult to find. It may be months before a paper is published as a journal article, or it may never be published. Publishers and professional associations are inconsistent in how they publish proceedings. For example, the papers from an annual conference may be published as individual, stand-alone titles, which may be indexed in a library catalog, or the conference proceedings may be treated more like a periodical or serial and, therefore, indexed in a journal database.
It is not unusual that papers delivered at professional conferences are not published in print or electronic form, although an abstract may be available. In these cases, the full paper may only be available from the author or authors.
The most important thing to remember is that if you have any difficulty finding a conference proceeding or paper, ask a librarian for assistance.
2.4.6 Dissertations and Theses
Dissertations and theses can be rich sources of information and have extensive reference lists to scan for resources. They are considered gray literature, so are not “peer reviewed”. The accuracy and validity of the paper itself may depend on the school that awarded the doctoral or master’s degree to the author.
2.5 Conclusion
In thinking about ‘the literature’ of your discipline, you are beginning the first step in writing your own literature review. By understanding what the literature in your field is, as well as how and when it is generated, you begin to know what is available and where to look for it.
We briefly discussed seven types of (sometimes overlapping) information:
- information found on the web
- information found in reference books and monographs
- information found in scholarly journals
- information found in conference proceedings and papers
- information found in dissertations and theses
- information found in magazines and trade journals
- information that is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
By conceptualizing or scoping how and where the literature of your discipline or topic area is generated, you have started on your way to writing your own literature review.
Finally, remember:
“All information sources are not created equal. Sources can vary greatly in terms of how carefully they are researched, written, edited, and reviewed for accuracy. Common sense will help you identify obviously questionable sources, such as tabloids that feature tales of alien abductions, or personal websites with glaring typos. Sometimes, however, a source’s reliability—or lack of it—is not so obvious…You will consider criteria such as the type of source, its intended purpose and audience, the author’s (or authors’) qualifications, the publication’s reputation, any indications of bias or hidden agendas, how current the source is, and the overall quality of the writing, thinking, and design.” ( Writing for Success, 2015, p. 448 ).
We will cover how to evaluate sources in more detail in Chapter 5.
For each of these information needs, indicate what resources would be the best fit to answer your question. There may be more than one source so don’t feel like you have to limit yourself to only one. See Answer Key for the correct response.
- You are to write a brief paper on a theory that you only vaguely understand. You need some basic information. Where would you look?
- If you heard something on the radio about a recent research involving an herbal intervention for weight loss where could you find the actual study?
- You are going to be doing an internship in a group home for young men. You have heard that one issue that comes up for them is anger. Where would you look for practical interventions to help you manage this problem if it came up?
- You have the opportunity to work on a research project through a grant proposal. You need to justify the research question and show that there is an interest and a need for this research. What resources would you cite in your application?
- You have been assigned a project to find primary sources about classroom discipline used in early 20th-century schools. What primary sources could you use and where would you find them?
- You have an idea for a great thesis but you are afraid that it has been done before. Since you would like to do something original, where could you find out if someone else has done the project?
- There was a post on Facebook that welfare recipients in Arizona were recently tested for drug use with only three in 140,000 having positive results. Where can I find out if this number is accurate?
Test Yourself
Question 1 match the type of periodical to its content.
Trade publication Scholarly journal Magazine
- Contains articles about a variety of topics of popular interest; also contains advertising.
- Has information about industry trends and practical information for professionals in a field.
- Contains articles written by scholars in an academic field and reviewed by experts in that field.
Question 2: Given what you know about information types and sources, put the following information sources in order from the least accurate and reliable to the most accurate and reliable. (1 least accurate/4 most accurate)
- Books and encyclopedias
- News broadcasts and social media directly following an event.
- Analysis of an event in the news media or popular magazine weeks after an event.
- Articles written by scholars and published in a journal.
Question 3: What is information called that is either a diary, a speech, original research, data, artwork, or a religious book.
Question 4: to find the best information in the databases you need to use keywords that are used by the scholars. where do you find out what keywords to try.
- From websites
- In journal articles
- All of the above
Question 5: Which of the following is NOT true about scholarly journals?
- They contain the conversation of the scholars on a particular subject.
- They are of interest to the general public.
- The articles are followed by an extensive reference list.
- They contain reports of original research.
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Literature Reviews for Education and Nursing Graduate Students Copyright © by Linda Frederiksen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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JSmol Viewer
Systematic literature review of heuristic-optimized microgrids and energy-flexible factories.
1. Introduction
- the optimal system sizing of microgrids (OSS);
- the optimization of electrical energy distribution to storage systems and consumers (EED); and
- the energy flexibilization of factories (EF)?
- What is the scope of the functionality of the models and optimization algorithms of the respective research approaches?
- To what extent do research approaches that integrate these three areas into a common use case already exist?
2. Foundations of Microgrids, Energy-Flexible Factories, and Optimization Concepts
2.1. introduction to microgrids, 2.2. electrical energy distribution strategies, 2.3. economic and sustainable optimization objectives, 2.4. energy flexible factories, 2.5. basics of simulation models, 2.6. introduction to metaheuristic optimization, 3. implementation of the systematic literature review, 3.1. phase a—comprehensive collection of literature.
- For the SLR OSS search path, synonyms were chosen in the areas of hydrogen storage, decentralized energy supply, PV, BESS, and P2P systems, and methods for optimizing the MG component dimensions.
- For the SLR EED search path, functionalities related to load shifting, demand management, flexibility, dynamic pricing, and optimization were included.
- For the SLR EF search path, keywords were formulated in the areas of flexibility, resource scheduling, production planning, energy management, and factory decarbonization.
3.2. Phase B—Selection of Sources
4.1. descriptive analysis, 4.2. individual analysis, 4.2.1. analysis of the research area of the optimal system sizing of microgrids.
Source | Ya. Zhang et al. [ ] | Ya. Zhang [ ] | Akhavan Shams et al. [ ] | Singh et al. [ ] | Yi. Zhang et al. [ ] | Crespi et al. [ ] | Crespi et al. [ ] | Chen et al. [ ] | Xing et al. [ ] | Le et al. [ ] |
---|
OSS/EED/EF | ●/◑/○ | ●/◑/◑ | ●/○/○ | ●/○/○ | ●/○/○ | ●/◑/○ | ●/○/○ | ●/○/○ | ●/◑/○ |
GRID/PV/WT | ●/●/○ | ●/●/● | ●/●/○ | ●/●/● | ●/●/○ | ●/●/● | ●/●/● | ●/●/○ |
BESS/P2P | ●/● | ●/● | ●/● | ●/● | ●/● | ○/● | ●/● | ●/● | ●/● |
Model Type | Dynamic | Deterministic | Dynamic | Stochastic | Deterministic | Deterministic | Deterministic | Dynamic |
Steps; Period | 1 h; 25 a | 1 h; 20 a | 1 h; 20 a | 1 h; 1 a | 1 h; 1 a | 1 h; 6 a | 1 h; 30 a | 1 h; 25 a |
Stage | Design, Operation | Design | Design | Design | Design, Operation | Design, Operation | Design | Design, Operation |
Cost Model | NPV | NPV | NPV | NPV | NPV | NPV | NPV | NPV |
Electricity Model | ToU, DAM, Fees | Fixed | ○ | ToU (Buying) | ToU | ToU, DAM | Fixed | ○ | ToU |
Sustainability Model | SSR | Social Costs | CO per kWh | SSR | SSR | SSR | SSR | SSR |
Simulation Functionalities | ○ | * CHP | ○ | ○ | ○ | Ramp-Up | H Sale | ○ | Degradation |
Stochastics | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Metaheuristic | Genetic Algorithm | Genetic Algorithm [OSS] | ABC-PO [OSS] | NSGA-II [OSS] | ○ | MOPSO [OSS] | PSO and NSGA-II [OSS] | MOMFA [OSS/EED] |
* [OSS/EED] | [OSS/EED/EF] |
Solver | MILP | ○ | ○ | ○ | MILP [OSS/EED] | ○ | ○ | ○ |
[EED] | [EED/EF] |
Objectives | NPV, SSR, LLR | NPV, SSR | LCOE | NPV, SSR, LLR | LCOE | NPV, SSR, LLR | NPV, SSR, LLR | NPV, SSR, LLR | NPV, SSR |
Optimizer Functionalities | MILP Integrated | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | Hyperparameter Tuning | ○ |
EED Strategy | Conventional, Peak Shaving | Conventional | Conventional | Conventional, Grid Charging | Conventional, Grid Charging | Conventional | Conventional | Conventional, Grid Charging |
EF Strategy | ○ | Load Shifting | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Case Study | Multi-Apartment Building | University Building | University Building | ○ | 1 MW Load | Factory | Port | Community | Warehouse |
Location | Sweden | Iran | India | China | Italy | China | China | Vietnam |
4.2.2. Analysis of the Research Area for the Optimization of Electrical Energy Distribution to Storage Systems and Consumers
Source | Jaramillo et al. [ ] | Khan et al. [ ] | Shahryari et al. [ ] | Ruiming [ ] | Mosa et al. [ ] | Cambambi et al. [ ] | Vaish et al. [ ] | Guo et al. [ ] |
---|
OSS/EED/EF | ○/●/◑ | ○/●/○ | ○/●/◑ | ○/●/○ | ○/●/○ | ○/●/○ | ○/●/○ | ○/●/○ |
GRID/PV/WT | ●/●/○ | ●/●/● | ●/●/● | ●/●/● | ●/●/○ | ●/●/● | ●/●/● | ●/●/● |
BESS/P2P | ○/● | ●/● | ●/● | ○/● | ●/● | ●/● | ●/● | ●/● |
Model Type | Deterministic | Dynamic | Stochastic | Dynamic | Dynamic | Deterministic | Deterministic | Dynamic |
Steps; Period | 15 min; 2 wk | 1 h; 1 d | 1 h; 1 d | 1 h; 1 d | 1 h; 1 d | 1 h; 1 d | 1 h; 1 d | 1 h; 1 a |
Stage | Operation | Operation | Operation | Operation | Operation | Operation | Operation | Operation |
Cost Model | O&M, Peak Load Fees, | O&M | O&M | O&M | O&M, CaPex, Load Loss | O&M | O&M | NPV |
Electricity Model | ToU, DAM | ToU | ToU (buying), DAM | ToU | ToU | ToU | ToU | ToU |
Sustainability Model | CO per kWh | CO , NO , SO per kWh | CO , NO , SO per kWh | CO per kWh | CO , NO , SO per kWh | ○ | ○ | CO per kWh |
Simulation Functionalities | Standard Load Profile, Ramp-Up | Multi-Agent Approach | DAM | Degradation, Ramp-Up | DAM, PV Load Forecast, Ramp-Up | Degradation | CHP, Ramp-Up | SOC Forecast |
Stochastics | ○ | ○ | RES, ToU, Loads | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Metaheuristic | ○ | ○ | MOGSO [EED/EF] | NSGA-II [EED] | ○ | ○ | Physic-Based [EED] | Rolling Horizon [EED] |
Solver | MILP [EED/EF] | ○ | ○ | ○ | BARON [EED] | MILP [EED] | ○ | MILP [EED] |
Objectives | OpEx, Peak Loads, Emissions | ○ | OpEx, Emissions | OpEx, Emissions | OpEx | OpEx | LCOE | NPV, SSR |
Optimizer Functionalities | ○ | ○ | Stochastic Modeling | Interactive Search | ○ | ○ | ○ | Data-Driven Scheduling |
EED Strategy | Optimizer, Peak Shaving, Grid Charging | Conventional | Optimizer | Optimizer | Optimizer | Optimizer | Optimizer | Optimizer |
EF Strategy | E-Charging | ○ | Load Shifting | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Case Study | University Building | Community | Generic | Generic | Multi-Apartment Building | Generic | Generic | Generic |
Location | Germany | Malaysia | Iran | China | Egypt | Brazil | India | China |
4.2.3. Analysis of the Research Area of the Energy Flexibilization of Factories
4.3. research gap analysis.
- Although energy pricing incorporated granular dynamic ToU prices, emissions were not considered in similar detail. A ToU consideration of emissions per kWh of electricity could shift focus from predominantly economic to sustainability considerations. Databases, such as [ 69 ], have already provided time- and location-dependent emissions of electricity.
- A holistic multi-agent simulation and optimization model covering all three research areas could not be identified. It is advisable to develop an overarching optimization algorithm that integrates various metaheuristics, thereby combining their respective advantages.
- The increasing complexity of optimization models, arising from the integration of numerous sub-models and functionalities into the optimization calculations, should not be underestimated. There is a risk of becoming trapped in local optima during the optimization process. However, the accumulation of experiential knowledge and the precise tuning of hyperparameters for various metaheuristics in relation to the specific application can enhance the results and improve the robustness of the methodology and models.
- Various functionalities have been introduced; however, an approach that implements all functionalities cannot be found. It is crucial to emphasize that not all functionalities can be applied within a single simulation and optimization model because of the potential complexity that could outweigh the benefits.
- Studies analyzing all functionalities through sensitivity analyses to determine their criticality are lacking, particularly for EED and EF strategies. Furthermore, an analysis should be conducted to determine which functionalities and model characteristics are better suited for the design and operation stages.
- A user-friendly modeling approach specifically tailored for factories, particularly a holistic implementation methodology with template-based generic sub-models designed for SMEs, is currently lacking.
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Source | Fazli Khalaf and Wang [ ] | Caro-Ruiz et al. [ ] | Lombardi et al. [ ] | Beier et al. [ ] | Wanapinit et al. [ ] | Küster et al. [ ] |
---|
OSS/EED/EF | ○/◑/● | ◑/◑/● | ○/○/● | ◑/◑/● | ○/◑/● |
GRID/PV/WT | ●/●/● | ○/●/○ | ●/●/● | ●/●/● | ●/●/● | ●/●/○ |
BESS/P2P | ●/○ | ●/○ | ●/● | ●/○ | ●/○ | ●/○ |
Model Type | Stochastic | Deterministic | Dynamic | Dynamic | Deterministic | Dynamic |
Steps; Period | 5 min; 1 d | 1 h; 1 a | 1 s; 1 h | 5 min; 1 wk | 1 s; 1 d |
Stage | Operation | Design and Operation | Operation | Design and Operation | Operation |
Cost Model | Electricity Costs | ○ | Electricity Costs | Electricity Costs | Electricity Costs |
Electricity Model | ToU, DAM | ○ | Peak Fees | ToU, DAM | ToU |
Sustainability Model | ○ | SSR | SSR; CO per kWh | ○ | SSR |
Simulation Functionalities | ○ | BESS/Buffer Sizing Methodology, PPR Modeling | Throughput times, PPR Modeling, Multi-Agents, CO per product | PPR Modeling, Flexibilization Analysis, CHP | PPR Modeling |
Stochastics | RES | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Metaheuristic | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | Genetic Algorithm [EF] |
Solver | SMILP [EED/EF] | MILP [EED/EF] | ○ | ○ | MILP [EED/EF] | ○ |
Objectives | Electricity Costs | SSR | ○ | SSR | Electricity Costs | Fitness Function |
Optimizer Functionalities | 2 Stages: Deterministic and Stochastic | ○ | ○ | ○ | Scheduling Processes as Alleles |
EED Strategy | Optimizer | Optimizer | Conventional | Conventional | Optimizer | Conventional |
EF Strategy | Flow-Shop | Flow-Shop | Flow-Shop | Flexible Job-Shop | Flexible Job-Shop |
Case Study | Factory | Factory | Factory | Factory | Factory |
Location | USA | Germany | Germany | Germany | Germany |
Group | Feature | SLR OSS | SLR EED | SLR EF | Total |
---|
Metaheuristic/Solver | Evolutionary Based | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Swarm Based | 4 | 1 | - | 5 |
Linear Solver | 3 | 4 | 3 | 10 |
Objectives | Single-Objective | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 |
Multi-Objective | 8 | 4 | - | 12 |
Emissions-Related Objectives | 9 | 4 | 2 | 15 |
Costs-Related Objectives | 12 | 7 | 2 | 21 |
Group | Feature | SLR OSS | SLR EED | SLR EF | Total |
---|
Step Size | s/min/h | -/-/10 | -/1/7 | 2/2/2 | 2/3/19 |
Simulation Period | h/d/wk/a | -/-/-/10 | -/6/1/1 | 1/2/1/2 | 1/8/2/13 |
Cost Model | Only Electricity Costs | - | - | 4 | 4 |
CaPex | - | 1 | - | 1 |
OpEx | - | 8 | - | 8 |
NPV | 10 | 1 | - | 11 |
Electricity Model | DAM | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
ToU Buying/Selling | 5/3 | 7/6 | 3/3 | 15/12 |
Peak Fees | 2 | - | 1 | 3 |
Electricity Price Trend | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Sustainability model | CO , NO , SO Emissions | 1 | 6 | - | 7 |
Social Costs | 1 | - | - | 1 |
SSR | 8 | - | 4 | 12 |
Simulation Model Functionalities | CHP | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Ramp-Up | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
H Sale, Buying | 1 | 1 | - | 2 |
Degradation | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
Standard Load Profile | - | 1 | - | 1 |
Multi-Agent | - | 1 | - | 1 |
Load Forecast | - | 1 | - | 1 |
RES Forecast | - | 1 | - | 1 |
SOC Forecast | - | 1 | - | 1 |
PPR Modeling | - | - | 4 | 4 |
Flexibilization Analysis | - | - | 2 | 2 |
KPIs per Product | | | 1 | 1 |
| Stochastics | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Optimization Model Functionalities | MILP Integrated | 2 | - | - | 2 |
Hyperparameter Tuning | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Stochastic Modeling | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Interactive Search | - | 2 | - | 2 |
Data-Driven Scheduling | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Scheduling Process as Alleles | - | - | 1 | 1 |
EED Strategy | Conventional | 10 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
Grid Charging | 7 | - | - | 7 |
Optimizer | - | 7 | 3 | 10 |
EF Strategy | Load Shifting | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
Flow-Shop | - | - | 4 | 4 |
Flexible Job-Shop | - | - | 2 | 2 |
Case Study | Factory/Building/Generic | 4/5/- | -/3/5 | 6/-/- | 10/8/5 |
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Share and Cite
Prior, J.; Drees, T.; Miro, M.; Kuhlenkötter, B. Systematic Literature Review of Heuristic-Optimized Microgrids and Energy-Flexible Factories. Clean Technol. 2024 , 6 , 1114-1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6030055
Prior J, Drees T, Miro M, Kuhlenkötter B. Systematic Literature Review of Heuristic-Optimized Microgrids and Energy-Flexible Factories. Clean Technologies . 2024; 6(3):1114-1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6030055
Prior, Johannes, Tobias Drees, Michael Miro, and Bernd Kuhlenkötter. 2024. "Systematic Literature Review of Heuristic-Optimized Microgrids and Energy-Flexible Factories" Clean Technologies 6, no. 3: 1114-1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6030055
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Learn how to choose and use different sources of literature for your dissertation, such as primary, secondary and tertiary sources. Find examples of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, online articles and grey literature for your literature review.
Research for your literature review can be categorised as either primary or secondary in nature. The simplest definition of primary sources is either original information (such as survey data) or a first person account of an event (such as an interview transcript). Whereas secondary sources are any publshed or unpublished works that describe ...
A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis ). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays).
A secondary source is a document or work where its author had an indirect part in a study or creation; an author is usually writing about or reporting the work or research done by someone else. Secondary sources can be used for additional or supporting information; they are not the direct product of research or the making of a creative work.
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Finding sources (scholarly articles, research books, dissertations, etc.) for your literature review is part of the research process. This process is iterative, meaning you repeat and modify searches until you have gathered enough sources for your project. The main steps in this research process are:
Primary source: Usually a report by the original researchers of a study (unfiltered sources) Secondary source: Description or summary by somebody other than the original researcher, e.g. a review article (filtered sources) Conceptual/theoretical: Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or concepts associated with the topic.
Writing a literature review requires a range of skills to gather, sort, evaluate and summarise peer-reviewed published data into a relevant and informative unbiased narrative. Digital access to research papers, academic texts, review articles, reference databases and public data sets are all sources of information that are available to enrich ...
Finding sources (scholarly articles, research books, dissertations) for your literature review is part of the research process, a process that is iterative--you go back and forth along the process as new information is gathered and analyze until all necessary data is acquired and you are ready to write. The main steps in this research process are:
Example: Predictors and Outcomes of U.S. Quality Maternity Leave: A Review and Conceptual Framework: 10.1177/08948453211037398 ; Systematic review: "The authors of a systematic review use a specific procedure to search the research literature, select the studies to include in their review, and critically evaluate the studies they find." (p. 139).
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories.A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that ...
A literature review is a review and synthesis of existing research on a topic or research question. A literature review is meant to analyze the scholarly literature, make connections across writings and identify strengths, weaknesses, trends, and missing conversations. A literature review should address different aspects of a topic as it ...
Gather information from primary sources that you can't access directly (e.g. private letters or physical documents located elsewhere) When you conduct a literature review or meta analysis, you can consult secondary sources to gain a thorough overview of your topic. If you want to mention a paper or study that you find cited in a secondary ...
A literature or narrative review is a comprehensive review and analysis of the published literature on a specific topic or research question. The literature that is reviewed contains: books, articles, academic articles, conference proceedings, association papers, and dissertations. It contains the most pertinent studies and points to important ...
A good quality literature review involves searching a number of databases individually. The most common method is to search a combination of large inter-disciplinary databases such as Scopus & Web of Science Core Collection, and some subject-specific databases (such as PsycInfo or EconLit etc.). The Library databases are an excellent place to ...
The term primary source is used broadly to embody all sources that are original. Primary sources provide first-hand information that is closest to the object of study. Primary sources vary by discipline. In the natural and social sciences, original reports of research found in academic journals detailing the methodology used in the research, in ...
A literature review is an integrated analysis-- not just a summary-- of scholarly writings and other relevant evidence related directly to your research question.That is, it represents a synthesis of the evidence that provides background information on your topic and shows a association between the evidence and your research question.
When searching the literature for pertinent papers and reviews, the usual rules apply: be thorough, use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP, Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), and. look at who has cited past relevant papers and book chapters.
A good literature review evaluates a wide variety of sources (academic articles, scholarly books, government/NGO reports). It also evaluates literature reviews that study similar topics. This page offers you a list of resources and tips on how to evaluate the sources that you may use to write your review.
Primary Sources: Primary sources of information are first hand accounts of research or an event including original scholarly research results, raw data, testimony, speeches, historic objects or other evidence that provides unique and original information about a person or an event. These sources were created at the time which the observation or ...
Because peer reviewed journal articles have gone through a rigorous process of review, they are considered to be the premier source for research. Peer reviewed journal articles should serve as the foundation for your literature review. The following link will provide more information on peer reviewed journal articles.
2.1 Overview of information. Because a literature review is a summary and analysis of the relevant publications on a topic, we first have to understand what is meant by 'the literature'. ... When we talk about information sources for a literature review in education or nursing, we generally mean these five areas: the internet, reference ...
Secondary literature consists of interpretations and evaluations that are derived from or refer to the primary source literature. Examples include review articles (e.g., meta-analysis and systematic reviews) and reference works. Professionals within each discipline take the primary literature and synthesize, generalize, and integrate new research.
Check whether the source includes references. Depending on the citation style, these may be parenthetical references or notes, and there should generally be a reference list at the end. Typically, most of the cited works will be other scholarly sources like journal articles and books. It includes original research or analysis
Decentralized renewable energy generation and consumption through microgrids, coupled with short- and long-term storage systems and enhanced demand flexibility, represent a promising strategy for mitigating grid stress and reducing emissions in the industrial sector. However, transitioning into a sustainable industry often poses challenges in terms of economic feasibility. This review surveys ...
While users seek trustworthy sources of health information, they often lack adequate health and digital literacies, which is exacerbated by social and economic inequalities. ... During, and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Literature Review Prevalence of Health Misinformation on Social Media—Challenges and Mitigation Before, During, and ...