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Case Studies  

Below you will find case studies that demonstrate the 'whole building' process in facility design, construction and maintenance. Click on any arrow in a column to arrange the list in ascending or descending order.

Many case studies on the WBDG are past winners Beyond Green™ High-Performance Building and Community Awards sponsored by the National Institute of Building Sciences.

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Turner Construction Company Case Study

Turner Construction Company is a global construction and building services company with a 10,000-person strong team, completing 1,500 projects annually with a value of $13 billion. The North America-based company has built a reputation for delivering large, complex projects using innovative and emerging technologies. These projects are made buildable by regional Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) teams. One such department is led by Renzo di Furia who applies his fifteen-year construction model building experience as Northwest Regional VDC Manager. 

Renzo’s group develops operational process improvements through applied research, specializing in parametric modeling, and digital prefabrication. Follow along as we discuss how the team leverages technology and research to deliver high-impact projects. 

Renzo, tell us a bit about yourself and how you started 3D modeling.

I started my career working as a carpenter while simultaneously attending college for a Construction Management degree at the University of Washington.  After graduating, I worked as a project engineer for a large commercial contractor in Seattle for about five years. At that time, there was a regional need for more project superintendents (an on-site project manager that ensures project quality and success) so I transitioned and served in that capacity for fifteen years, working on many high-profile projects. 

I joined Turner as a concrete superintendent in 1999 when our Seattle office first began to self-perform concrete. To self-perform concrete means a company delivers the concrete work on a project without relying on external contractors. 

When my twins were born in 2003, stable hours and weekends with my family became more important; so, I transitioned into estimating and ended up, to my surprise, enjoying it!

Images clockwise from the bottom left show a concrete pour cycle. Created in SketchUp.

Soon after, I was offered a company-sponsored opportunity to learn and implement a model-based estimating workflow. I had taken SolidWorks classes a couple of years before at a community college and had also built physical models, but the time and money required for the latter had prevented implementation across the company’s projects. The idea of virtual modeling from the superintendent and estimating perspective was too good to pass up.

Left: SketchUp model of a speed ramp. Right: Site image showing the speed ramp under construction by the Turner team.

Following the training, I started our model-based estimating program in 2006, which focused on supporting the company’s self-perform concrete operations. That first success led to subsequent model-based implementations which have now become the foundation of my VDC department. We design and implement concrete formwork and rebar, produce lift drawings, plan site layout for efficient logistics and safety, and deliver wood framing, miscellaneous steel shops, and laser scanning. We also have a scale model building shop with 3D printers and an industrial CNC router that we use for concrete formwork prefabrication.   

Photo of the Seattle VDC prefabrication shop.

You now hold a key role at Turner. Tell us about it and the team that you manage.

Today, I manage Seattle’s virtual design and construction (VDC) team. We operate as a centralized group, providing all the required expertise from our main office and no longer place VDC engineers on multiple job sites. Over time, we’ve gradually expanded our services to include other Turner business units; and now a third of our work volume is for projects outside of the Seattle business unit.

Turner Construction Team Scale figures drawn with SketchUp.

As a team, we have over 120 years of combined construction experience, with a mix of architects, project engineers, carpenters, construction, and architectural technologists. We range from interns to seasoned practitioners, fresh graduates to folks with master’s degrees, and PhDs. Overall, it's a highly educated group with technology and operational backgrounds.

What are some of your typical projects?

Turner's Pike Place Market Project

Turner delivers preconstruction, demolition, construction, redevelopment, seismic reinforcement, infrastructure repair, and renovation services on projects ranging from schools to stadiums, residential to commercial, multi-story office complexes, mixed-use developments, aviation, transportation, healthcare, and infrastructure. 

Rendering showing a bird's eye view of Turner's Seattle Aquarium project

Some exciting Turner projects include the Seattle Aquarium, which is currently in preconstruction, and a 50,000-square-foot pavilion adjacent to it with a 325,000-gallon warm-water tank that will house sharks, rays, and other larger species.

A rendering of Turner's Seattle Aquarium project

Another iconic project for Turner that is currently under construction is the 42-story tower located at 555 108th. Set to be the tallest in the Seattle suburb of Bellevue, it has approximately one million square feet of rentable space (approximately 1.5M square feet with parking). The concrete core and steel superstructure tower includes a pavilion, a public plaza, a retail pavilion at street level, and five levels of below-grade parking.

Turner’s 555 108th in Bellevue, Seattle

A rendering of the 700 Dexter Yard Project

How do you start a new project?

Most of our projects start at the pre-construction stage, typically with a guaranteed maximum price cost-contract. With this contract type, the client is assured that the project will not exceed a certain price, regardless of changeable factors like material costs or economic fluctuations. As opposed to bids, we negotiate contracts with owners who are often returning customers. As such, we are usually engaged during pre-construction to help develop and complete the design, a process that sometimes takes more than a year before site work begins.

In addition to this, we support our business development department with generating bids by creating visual content that tells a clear story of how we plan to build the project. This could take the form of 3D printed or laser-cut timber models produced in our onsite model shop. When the project is awarded, the next step is estimating.

An example of Turner’s models for estimation. Left to right: Quality control model (SketchUp), concrete model (ArchiCAD), and exterior envelope model (SketchUp).

For the purpose of estimating, we always build our own 3D models with a quality control model in SketchUp to map out the desired square footage, surface area, and volume. Next, we build a detailed concrete model in ArchiCAD, laid out with the self-perform process in mind. Finally, we create an exterior envelope model in SketchUp specifically for quantity takeoff.

2D logistics plans are still being used today by many practitioners.

Beyond this, we explore logistics planning in 3D by using SketchUp to develop the construction sequence and other detailed drawings. 2D logistics plans were and still are being used today by many practitioners.

Construction logistics sequence from Turner’s 700 Dexter project.

Instead of simply listing data, we aim to tell a rich, multi-dimensional story and immerse the client in our solution.

SketchUp equips us to develop and tell a much better visual storytelling in 3D. It also ensures that designers put more thought into proposing impactful solutions.

What has technology added to Turner’s process efficiency?

We have always focused on refining our process over accruing technology, particularly when exploring new opportunities to use construction tolerance modeling to improve existing workflows. For us to achieve repeatable, predictable, and scalable implementation, we’ve realized that improvements need to be familiar, easy to understand, and compatible with existing practices. By adopting a scientific approach where practice and measured results are more important than a hypothesis, we’ve been able to avoid unintended negative consequences.  

Although we use many 3D software programs, our workflow utilizes SketchUp for more than 50% of all-out modeling tasks. 

The ability SketchUp gives us to pre-plan in great detail using construction tolerance modeling has helped us to eliminate waste while increasing production, quality, safety, and customer satisfaction.

Rendering of Turner's Waverly project.

What other Trimble products contribute to your workflow?

Our tech stack is extensive and includes both Trimble software and hardware. We recently purchased a TX8 Scanner for laser scanning, and use Trimble RealWorks for point cloud processing and analysis. We rely on Trimble Total Stations for model-based layout. 

Trimble’s Tekla is the go-to for all our rebar and concrete lift drawing modeling. It enables us to carry out detailed constructability planning for complex installation sequences, a process that isn’t always pre-planned in the industry.

Doing this cuts out a lot of waste and errors, and helps us bake in extensive efficiency into our build process. 

Clockwise from top left: 1. A rebar model of the Capitol Hill Light Rail Station created in Trimble’s Tekla software | 2. Capitol Hill Light Rail Station in situ. | 3. Foundations for 425 Fairview.

An added benefit of rebar modeling is that we can divide building components into truck delivery loads. This helps us keep tight control on just-in-time site deliveries and improves project efficiency. 

Another benefit of the holistic Trimble solution is that we can seamlessly export our Tekla rebar models into SketchUp to pre-plan the erection of the map footings, which makes our design solutions more accessible to non-specialists. We organize the SketchUp model into layers, leverage scenes and textures to differentiate between build stages, and collaborate with material manufacturers to determine exactly how things will be built and bundled for delivery.

From your observations, how has technology transformed the construction industry over the past few decades?

The adoption of new technologies has had a profound effect on eliminating waste and increasing productivity, but it can also lead to unexpected negative consequences. The proliferation and evolution of technology has led to an exponential increase in the amount of gathered and generated data. The industry now requires a more technically skilled staff in order to manage and interpret this data as previously simple tasks have become more complex. That being said, we are able to envision, design, and construct buildings that would have been unimaginable thirty or forty years ago.

What are some future trends you foresee within the industry? Can technology unlock greater growth within the construction industry?

Digital prefabrication and the use of construction robotics are two areas that will see considerable growth and adoption. These technologies rely heavily on sophisticated model building and model coordination skills, so I’m excited to see where that will lead. I’m confident that we will create improved working environments and reclaim lost craftsmanship. In order to ensure success, the industry will need to do a better job providing attractive career opportunities for young professionals interested in technology and construction.

About Turner

Turner Construction Company was founded in 1902 by Henry C. Turner and pioneered the use of steel-reinforced concrete during the turn of the century to create safer, stronger, and more efficient buildings. Today, Turner has an approach to innovation that channels the ingenuity of its people to advance breakthroughs and deliver new value to clients and partners. Turner Construction’s Corporate offices are located in New York City.

• +1 403 971 5632
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How to Write Construction Case Studies

Construction case studies are one of the best kinds of text-based content you can add to your construction website, and they're also a great opportunity to share images of your projects or create a project gallery.

Let's take a closer look at how you can write construction case studies for your website, no matter what industry, sector or specialty you focus on.

1. Download Our Construction Case Study Template

We write case studies very often, and we've found a formula that works really well for information gathering. Download the free case study template on this page so you can organize your thoughts and put all the relevant information on one page.

Download Our Explainer Video Here

Download 20studies

2. Create Your Sections and Headings

When we write construction case studies, we usually work according to the same format, based on different headings and sections, which are usually:

• Project overview, which is a high-level summary of what you did during that project
• The problem or scope of work - every project is about solving a problem for a client, whether that's needing a new building for a specific purpose or expanding floor space during a renovation - this section should describe what the client needed to achieve
• The solution - describe how your company approached the problem and if there were any creative or innovative solutions used on the project
• Project budget - provide a brief description of the project budget and whether you came in under, on, or over budget, and don't forget to explain why!
• Project timeline - after money, one of the most important construction criteria is always time, so explain how you finished on time, or if you ran into challenges that affected timing, how you tackled them to minimize their impact
• Conclusion - wrap things up at the end by again highlighting the main successes on your project

It's important to note that case studies aren't all marketing and sales, and it's okay to admit there were challenges in your case study. Just make sure you also explain how you overcame those challenges.

3. Write Your Case Study

Once you've got your headings set up for your case study, it's time to get writing!

Case studies are intended for customers and end users, so they're usually not as technical as a white paper might be, but they tend to be a little more formal and less conversational than a blog post, so make sure your style and tone are based around that.

Like any other content you post on your website, you also need to ensure that you pay close attention to spelling and grammar as well as the flow of the piece. Try to use shorter sentences, avoid too much jargon, and don't repeat words if you can avoid it.

Use a proofing tool like Grammarly to double-check your case study before you publish it.

4. Optimize It

Case studies are fantastic for construction company content marketing because they usually contain location information, which is good for local SEO, but they are also a fantastic opportunity to include keywords and phrases on your website.

You can also link to service pages on your website from your case studies, and don't forget to add metadata and keywords when you publish your case study.

Download Our Case Study Template Here

Construction case study template pdf, before download..., construction case study template word.

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Tenacious Timber

These timber case studies demonstrate how the material can be used for inside and out.

The latest timber products demonstrate how advanced applications of this age-old material have become in recent years. Reengineered and reimagined, sustainably sourced wood can be harnessed in everything from interior finishes to skyscraper structures. The following selection of durable flooring, sophisticated cladding, and sturdy framing solutions highlights the dynamism of North America’s expanding timber industry. Innovative fasteners and cutting-edge software specifically for timber construction help the AEC design community find new uses for this material. The following timber case studies show how these materials and tools can be masterfully implemented.

Karsh Alumni and Visitors Center

Architect: Centerbrook Architects Location: Durham, North Carolina

Landscape architect: Stephen Stimson Associates Landscape Architects Structural engineer: LHC Structural Engineers MEP/FP engineer: Dewberry Civil engineer: HDR Contractor: LeChase Construction Services Lighting design: Cline Bettridge Bernstein Lighting Design

The Karsh Alumni and Visitors Center welcomes people to the Duke University campus with a series of warmly lit courts and pavilions that combine new construction techniques with historical motifs. The 48,000-square-foot complex includes various social spaces that comfortably host both large and small groups, including a two-story alumni association office, a meeting pavilion, and the newly renovated Forlines House, originally designed by Horace Trumbauer, the architect of much of Duke’s campus.

Adjacent to the neo-Gothic West Campus, the visitors center reflects Duke’s identity as a “university in the forest.” Exposed wood elements featured across the buildings and a main courtyard complement the locally quarried Duke stone and bird-friendly glass paneling that make up the central pavilion. – Keren Dillard

EF Education First

Designer: Gensler Location: Denver

Acoustical consultant: K2 Audio Client and collaborator: EF Architecture & Design Studio General contractor: Rand Construction MEP engineer: Salas O’Brien Structural engineer: KL&A CLT/Timber supplier: Nordic Structures

EF Education First, an international school that specializes in experiential learning, looked to Gensler to create a sustainable office in Denver that would embody the company’s ethos and the spirit of Colorado. The resulting CLT structure echoes the look and feel of the neighboring Rocky Mountains, connecting visitors to the great outdoors through natural colors, textures, and materials.

High ceilings, natural light, and exposed timber beams create airy interiors. The biophilic color palette of the spaces—including soft tones and warm woods—mimics the surrounding landscape. A minimal reception desk, molded out of rammed earth from local soil, nods to Colorado’s red rock canyons, and a stairway with rows of floor-to-ceiling pine boards conjures the feeling of hiking through a forest. Adjacent lounges and workspaces are flanked by movable timber walls that allow team members to alter spaces depending on their needs. – Ali Oriaku

Hotel Magdalena

Architect: Lake | Flato Architects Location: Austin, Texas

Client and interior designer: Bunkhouse Group, Tenaya Hills Timber superstructure structural engineer: StructureCraft Base building steel and concrete structural engineer: Architectural Engineers Collaborative MEP engineer: Integral Group Landscape architect: Ten Eyck Landscape Architects General contractor: MYCON General Contractors Dowel-laminated timber panels: StructureCraft Windows and doors: Sierra Pacific Aluminum Clad Wood Windows/Doors, La Cantina Aluminum Doors, EFCO 5600 Slimline Aluminum Storefront

Hotel Magdalena is the first mass timber boutique hotel in North America. This 100,000-square-foot oasis honors the former site of the Austin Terrace Motel in Austin, Texas. Hotel Magdalena welcomes its visitors with a two-way gridded porte-cochère and hosts a series of vibrant common exterior spaces, outdoor walkways, shaded porches, and lushly planted terraces that recall lake houses and natural artesian springs found in the Texas Hill Country. The exposed wood in every space provides a warm and textured ambiance that ensures the timber structural components are an integral part of the hotel experience. This is also meant to spur daily conversations about sustainable construction and building practices. – Keren Dillard

NW 28th Brewery and Office Space

Firm: ZGF Location: Portland, Oregon

Developer: OSB2LAN MGM Fire protection engineer: Wyatt Fire Protection General contractor: Centrex Construction Structural engineer: KPFF Consulting Engineers Timber installer: Carpentry Plus Timber suppliers: DR Johnson Lumber, Nakamoto Forestry

A former warehouse in Northwest Portland, Oregon, has been transformed into the home of Great Notion Brewing, whose state-of-the-art taproom, coffee shop, and office space enliven the industrial neighborhood. Designed by ZGF, the building uses modern timber technology and locally harvested materials to showcase the region’s manufacturing roots.

The repurposed taproom, constructed of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and clad in naturally weathering Cor-ten steel panels, is connected to a spacious lobby made of yakisugi Japanese burnt timber. The raw CLT panels contrast with the black charred wood entry to create a bright, warm, and inviting space where patrons can drink Great Notion’s beers and marvel at the massive metal fermentation tanks that sit behind a nearby glass wall. – Ali Oriaku

Architect: Perkins&Will Location: Soo Valley, British Columbia

Client: Delta Land Development Electrical engineer: Rainbow Electric Energy consultants: Gencell, VREC Fire protection engineer: Viking Fire Protection General contractor: Durfeld Builders Glazing: Blackcomb Glass HVAC: Custom Air Structural engineer: StructureCraft Timber supplier: Structurelam Welder: OpenWide Welding Windows: Optiwin

Overlooking the Soo Valley in British Columbia’s Coast Mountains, SoLo, designed by Perkins&Will, is a Passive House–certified home made almost entirely of Douglas fir. Perkins&Will transformed the remote site into a luxury off-grid retreat that produces more energy than it consumes, with combustion and fossil fuels removed from its daily operations.

The project’s strategically limited material palette reduces the home’s embodied carbon footprint. The modular, prefabricated timber panels were trucked to the site and lifted into place by crane, reducing waste and construction time. Because of the valley’s harsh climate, the enclosure is composed of two layers of timber, with a heavy outer frame serving as a weather shield, and an insulated inner layer designed to contain heat. A glass curtain wall found at the rear of the home lets guests take in a view of the valley. – Ali Oriaku

Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design

Design architect: The Miller Hull Partnership Collaborating architect and prime architect: Lord Aeck Sargent Location: Atlanta

Timber installer/framer: Universal Timber Structures Timber supplier: Unadilla Laminated Products Salvaged lumber finishes supplier: Raydeo Enterprises General contractor: Skanska Landscape architect: Andropogon Design engineer: PAE Electrical engineer: Newcomb & Boyd Civil engineer: Long Engineering Structural engineer: Uzun + Case Graywater systems water consultant: Biohabitats

The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design is the first mass timber building on the Georgia Institute of Technology’s campus, and its 46,848 square feet of programmed space makes it the largest higher education building to achieve Living Building certification. It uses FSC-certified, responsibly harvested timber for its decking, benches, tables, and counters. According to the architects, that has saved 33 percent more carbon from being released than if the wood had come from a non–sustainably sourced supplier. The architects also said that the wood in the project has sequestered more than 100,00 kilograms of carbon dioxide. The Kendeda Building embodies a bold, values-driven vision that promotes sustainable construction and design methods. – Keren Dillard

Gensler and Maison Sarah Lavoine translate Café Joyeux’s social mission into a brightly colored eatery in New York City

Miller Hull is designing a mass timber public library in central Oregon

HKS Architects is designing Bally’s riverfront casino in Chicago

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Cases in Contemporary Construction

As the final component in the required sequence of technology courses, this professionally-oriented course develops an integral understanding of the design and construction of buildings and their related technologies: structural, constructional, and environmental. Building on fundamentals covered in GSD 6123: Construction Systems, the course looks in detail at examples of innovative construction techniques in wood, steel, and concrete structures. Building design and construction will be evaluated within the context in which technological innovation takes place by exploring the relationship of the principal project participants, such as designers, contractors, building product manufacturers, and the owner(s). On this, the course will introduce the fundamentals of managing design and construction projects as well as the principal project delivery methods and scheduling techniques. Aspects such as risk management and environmental and social impacts on projects will be introduced, as well as topics related to facilitating innovation and developing talent.

Class meetings concentrate on case studies of recent buildings, which students are expected to study prior to class meetings. Each main course theme will be introduced by a lecture, and certain cases may have participants from the project team as guest speakers. Detail drawings as well as issues of project and construction management are introduced for discussion. Computer applications on structures, construction, environmental control systems, and techniques and decision-making frameworks on managing projects and teams are an integral part of the course.

Prerequisites: GSD 6123, 6125, and 6229, or equivalent.

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Modern Construction Case Studies

Emerging innovation in building techniques.

• Andrew Watts
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• Language: English
• Publisher: Birkhäuser
• Copyright year: 2016
• Audience: Architects, students
• Main content: 224
• Coloured Illustrations: 600
• Keywords: Complex Geometry ; Innovative Construction ; Enhanced Performance ; Freiformflächen ; Nutzungsflexibilität ; innovative Baukonstruktion
• Published: October 24, 2016
• ISBN: 9783035608809

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Case Studies

There are many projects that reflect the success and innovation of design-build project delivery. Design-build continues to grow in all states and across all sectors, and a look at just some of these impressive design-build projects illustrate why. These projects reflect the innovation and inspiration behind design-build and helps us take a look back as our industry moves forward.

The effort to rebuild areas damaged by 9/11 was a design-build success in every sense of the word.

One of the myths of design-build is that it works only for a specific type of project. Nothing could be further from the truth. No matter the sector and no matter the cost, design-build’s collaborative approach puts project results ahead of the needs of any one team members. This mindset often delivers faster than expected, costing less than expected. And we all like the sound of that.

Here is one 2018 National Design-Build Award-winning project that clearly demonstrates how the power of design-build delivers so much more than bricks and mortar to our communities. Meet the team who listened, learned and took the risks needed to deliver a cultural hub for Washington State University.

One of the groundbreaking design-build projects in the state of New York.

Design-build excels in the water/wastewater sector.

Design-build works on projects of all sizes.

See hundreds of quality design-build projects today in DBIA’s projects database.

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Case Studies

At Morgan Sindall Construction, our purpose is to create inspiring places that enhance the communities in which we all live, learn, work, play, care and protect.

Take a look at the case studies of just some of the projects our teams have delivered for our customers.

Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham

Collaborative Teaching Laboratory

Highfields Spencer Academy

Enterprise Centre, University of East Anglia

Potteries Museum and Art Gallery

Barbara Hepworth Building (School of Art & Design)

Named after local Wakefield-born sculptor, Barbara Hepworth, the new building has allowed the University of Huddersfield’s Art, Design and Architecture Schools to be housed in one creative and technologically advanced hub.

Lambeth Town Hall

The ‘Your New Town Hall’ project has rejuvenated Lambeth’s historic Grade II-listed, Edwardian town hall, driven by the Council’s ambition to provide a modern, energy efficient worksplace while increasing public access and community use.

Woodside & Gorbals Health & Care Centres

Morgan Sindall Construction delivered two brand-new primary care facilities to modernise the services available to patients in the Glasgow and Clyde area.

Theatre extension and refurbishment, James Padget Hospital

In response to population growth and increased operation numbers, the James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust commissioned the extension and refurbishment of its theatre complex at the James Paget Hospital in Great Yarmouth.

Hackney Britannia project

55 Colmore Row

Crystal Island by Foster + Partners

Crystal Island appears to be some ethereal giant from any dystopian science fiction at first glance. However, iconic architecture firm Foster+Partners has dreamed of turning this vision into reality in the land of Moscow. The massive tent-like structure is going to be the biggest building in the world roughly having the four times square footage of the Pentagon. The narrative hook of this massive mixed-use structure might be the notion that- it is going to be “the world’s first archaeology”, where “ archaeology ” acts as the fusion of ecology and architecture.

Crystal Island- one step towards the futuristic Moscow 

This mega structure will be located on Nagatino Peninsula, edged by the Moscow River. This location is only 7.5 km from the Kremlin and offers panoramic views over Moscow. In the words of the architect Norman Foster – “Crystal Island is one of the world’s most ambitious building projects and it represents a milestone in the 40-year history of the practice. It is the largest single building in the world, creating a year-round destination for Moscow and a sustainable, dynamic new urban quarter. It is a paradigm of compact, mixed-use, sustainable city planning , with an innovative energy strategy and ‘smart’ skin which buffers against climate extremes.” 

Being the world’s most perplexing project, Crystal Island has been granted preliminary planning permission in Moscow. The project is of an unprecedented scale and is contained within a massive mega-structure with a total floor area of 2.5 million square meters. The proposal is one of the world’s tallest skyscrapers and has the greatest volume at 450 meters. The Moscow skyline also produces a magnificent new emblem. Moreover, the tower will have lighting at night to serve as a beacon that can be seen from the surrounding river and farther inland.

Giant “Christmas Tree” houses a wide range of activities

The spiralling shape of this “Christmas Tree” structure rises dramatically from a recently planted park, rising in opposite directions to create a diagonal grid. The project’s unusual geometry continues into the park. As a consequence, the plan is smoothly incorporated into a brand-new park’s landscape , which offers a variety of year-round sports, such as cross-country skiing and ice skating in the winter. In addition, to maintain a vibrant and active public realm throughout the day, Crystal Island will contain a variety of cultural, exhibition, and performance facilities, as well as offices, stores, and about 3000 hotel rooms and 900 serviced apartments. 

A highly populated suburb with every resource within easy walking distance, including an international school with 500 pupils, allows residents to work and live there. Individual components of mixed-use buildings utilize energy at various times, supporting the area’s diversity of economic and social activity while also making a compelling case for energy balance. Moreover, the Crystal Tower has panoramic views over the city of Moscow from a viewing platform 300m (980 ft) above the ground, and another platform at 150m (480 ft). 

Sustainable features- “Smart Skin” and many more | Crystal Island

The superstructure provides a ‘second skin’ that acts as a breathable covering for the inner layers. This feature is termed “smart skin” to buffer against extreme temperatures. The internal domain will have dynamic enclosure panels inserted into the structural framing to allow daylight to enter deep inside the structure. Moreover, these panels will be adaptable to modify the interior temperature- shut in winter for extra warmth and opened in summer to permit natural ventilation. 

To protect the privacy of each unit, a vertical louvre system covers the internal facades. The exterior facade will be solar sensitive and will include solar panels , along with wind turbines to produce energy for the mega-structure. However, Within the triangulated steel mega frame, the interior constructed volumes adopt a staggered shape, extending flush against the exterior’s slope faceted glazed surface. Several winter gardens are created by this terracing. Curling arrows in section drawings show air convection currents and exchanges through the tent’s chimney and through an ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) membrane that will wrap the structure and provide superior light transmission than glass.

Despite significant opposition during planning sessions, the design was approved. Aleksei Klimenko, a leading member of Moscow’s expert council on architecture, said it would overshadow a Unesco-protected church in the nearby Kolomenskoye district. He told Radio Svoboda that the structure was excessively oriental and resembled a “dahlia stuck in a string bag”. He added there were also issues with the concentration of heavy metals at the site, which were leached from surrounding manufacturers. Moreover, an architect who opposed the project, Yuri Bocharov, said: ” It appears that aliens from other planets have touched down in a flying saucer.” He continued that the structure contradicted the character of the city.

On the other hand, the Crystal Island construction received accolades from several city planners, and Moscow’s mayor, Yuri Luzhkov, noted how the creative design stood out from the “cubes and squares” of other international architects. Alexander Kudryavtsev, president of the Moscow Architectural Institute, said, “At first I understood I’d been shown some type of Christmas tree.” “But then I reasoned that such a magnificent building is a fitting illustration of modern technology and all of our accomplishments. The skyscraper might come to represent Moscow in the twenty-first century.”

Final Words | Crystal Island

The paradoxical “Crystal Island” is yet to be built and many people are indeed precarious about turning this vague project into reality. Nevertheless, the extraordinary imagination of Norman Foster has sprouted the seed of designing the dream in many minds. Fosters+Partners has pinned their hopes on the technological advancement of modern times. Who knows, we might see “Crystal Island” growing in the domain of Moscow soon.

• Welch, A. (2022) Crystal Island Tower Moscow building, Russia – e-architect , e . Available at: https://www.e-architect.com/moscow/crystal-island-tower (Accessed: November 3, 2022). 
• Easterling, K. (2008) Keller Easterling on Norman Foster’s Crystal Island , The online edition of Artforum International Magazine . Available at: https://www.artforum.com/print/200806/norman-foster-s-crystal-island-20379 (Accessed: November 3, 2022). 
• Moscow rises to Foster’s space-age vision (2008) The Guardian . Guardian News and Media. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/04/architecture.uk (Accessed: November 4, 2022). 
• More from this author See All cmsadmin LEAF Review cmsadmin Atlantis Corporation et al. (2008) Crystal Tower , Design Build Network . Available at: https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/crystal-island/ (Accessed: November 4, 2022). 

A young and enthusiastic architect from Bangladesh who has an immense interest in writing and content-making. She loves to connect with different people while sharing thoughts and ideas. Also, she is determined to be an ecologically concerned designer of tomorrow.

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Scrum In Design + Construction

Why Scrum In Design + Construction

A Better Way To Design, Plan, and Build

Agile and Scrum are revolutionizing Design + Construction. From mega-projects and infrastructure to commercial buildings and residential construction, Scrum projects are safer and consistently come in under budget and early. Embracing agility improves owner satisfaction, quality, collaboration, and important metrics like average tool time by decreasing waste and costly delays.

We understand that tradespeople, no matter their field, take great pride in their work. You’ve taken years, sometimes decades, mastering your craft. You want to take part in creating the extraordinary. Scrum in Design + Construction leads to better outcomes, happier employees and partners, and higher profits for contractors and subcontractors alike. Deliver quality on-time, on budget, and better.

Real-World Success

Boosting productivity by 200% or more.

Accurate cost estimations are both crucial and complex. A small error can mean the difference between a profitable project with a happy owner and a late, over-budget disaster. Therefore, construction estimation teams must be efficient and effective especially given current trends like fixed-bid projects.

This is why one such team at McCarthy Building Companies decided to implement Scrum. Before they started, they could successfully manage two or three projects simultaneously. In short order, they were using Scrum to successfully manage all the tasks on a large healthcare patient bed tower project while simultaneously managing up to six smaller projects ranging in size from half a million to several million dollars in value.

Now, just three years on, they can successfully manage nine simultaneous projects. That’s a 200%-350% increase in productivity achieved with the same personnel. And they work fewer hours than before.

Design + Construction Specific Thought Leadership

Our Steel and Sticky Notes Blog Series and More

Steel and sticky notes part 3: how stable teams dramatically boost productivity.

No matter the trade, function, or job, stable teams will always be your most productive teams. Scrum Inc.’s Dee Rhoda recently saw how a stable Design+Construction team boosted productivity by 467%. She explores how and why this occurs.

Steel and Sticky Notes Part 2: Lean, Scrum, and a Priority Culture

Lean Thinking is starting to make an impact on the Design and Construction industry. But Lean alone can only take you so far. Scrum Inc.’s Dee Rhoda examines how combining Scrum and Lean helps companies and teams achieve more, innovate, and deliver.

Steel and Sticky Notes Part 1: Alignment

The use of Scrum in the Design and Construction industry continues to grow. But some companies are not sure where – or how to start. This series answers those questions through the example of a massive project being built now in Sacramento.

11 Simple Steps to Launch Your Scrum in Construction Pilot

11 Simple Steps to Launch Your Scrum in Construction Pilot by Felipe Engineer-Manriquez | August 26, 2020 | Blog Scrum is a team framework that allows complex projects to be delivered with adaptation yet supports people to both productively and creatively produce work...

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Scrum Inc.’s Dee Rhoda and a panel of industry and Agile experts from around the globe explore how and why Design + Construction projects done with Scrum are safer, come in under budget, and finish early. We also share strategies you can implement right now to give you an advantage and take the lead in your market.

Additional Resources

What Others Are Saying About Scrum In Design + Construction

Scrum in Front-End Planning: ABInBev Capital Project

ABInBev produced a case study on a Scrum implementation during the Front-End Planning phase of a capital project. Using Scrum, the team was able to reduce the $50 million total project value by 15% with no significant changes in project scope. Interdependence between team members in the accomplishment of their tasks, resulting in an overall increase in the quality of product delivered. A universal theme among all team members was that Scrum dramatically increases the accountability of the team collectively and the individual team members.

Read the  full case study .

Cemetery Road Baptist Church – Sheffield, England

Read the case study from Ollio, The Building Performance Consultancy 

The Secret to Gaining Market Advantage in the Construction Industry

Are you one of those people who think that Scrum is for a bunch of software nerds who sit around programming all day? Maybe it’s time to shift your perspective.

Scrum has returned to its roots making waves in other industries from oil and gas to consumer products, and the military. Apart from the US Army, companies such as Tesla and Google use agile delivery methods to improve their project delivery.

Scrum is now entering design and construction with early adopters gaining market advantage.

Read this blog featured on Lean IPD .

Destination For Creatives – Sheffield, England

In this case study Ollio worked with Kollider Music, and its future tenant customers Barclays Eagle Labs, TMI The Writers collective to create a new destination for writers, musicians and producers of music. The project was a critical component of the success of the Kollider venture in Sheffield to bring a tech innovation hub to the city. Using Agile, they sparked something that all involved thought was truly special.

Featured on the The EBFC (Easier, Better For Construction) Podcast

Dr. Jeff Sutherland and Scrum Inc. Principal, Dee Rhoda, share why design & construction companies are implementing Scrum to gain market advantage, honor people to increase pride in work well done, drive towards desired outcomes, deliver projects on-time, deliver on-budget, and better meet customer expectations. Listen to the podcast .

Understanding The Basics Of Scrum

Scrum allows you and your Scrum Team to inspect and adapt your product, process, and plans more quickly. This short video explains the basic 3-5-3 structure of the Scrum Framework.

Read The Scrum Guide

Scrum is a lightweight framework that helps people, teams, and organizations generate value through adaptive solutions for complex problems. The 13 page Scrum Guide explains each element of the framework and how they fit together.

Get Your Comparison Guide

Download your free comparison of what Scrum, Lean, and traditional project management can do in Design + Construction.

Deliver Value Faster

Interested in exploring how scrum can help you with design + construction.

Scrum Inc. is the global authority on Scrum, the most widely used Agile framework. We  pioneered the use of Scrum beyond the information technology sector. Our customizable approach delivers real-world success in diverse industries, sectors, and functions. Our customizable approach leads to better results starting now.

How to Design a Case Study to Attract Clients

Designing a case study can feel like winding through a puzzle, especially for inbound marketers aiming to attract more reach and conversions. A case study showcases your success stories, but the real challenge lies in crafting one that resonates with your target audience and builds trust. 

How to Design a Case Study

• Define the Goal: Understand the main goal of a case study.
• Structure the Content: Use a clear and engaging format with a title, overview, challenge, solution, benefits, and CTA to persuade your audience to take action.
• Select a Case Study Template: Choose a suitable case study template to customize your design.
• Boost Readability: Organize the case study with clear headings, concise paragraphs, and easy-to-read points. 
• Create Visual Appeal: Use engaging color combinations, pictures, brand assets, and unique layouts. 
• Build Credibility: A polished, professional design creates a positive impression of your brand.
• Drive Conversions: Include clear calls to action and well-placed contact information in your design.
• Download and Promote: Finally, download your case study design and distribute it on all channels.

So, here I am again with my secret tips and a detailed design guide. If you want to design a case study that stops the scroll, read on! Earn the crown of organic reach and, most importantly, attract more clients with your absolute state-of-the-art case study designs from DocHipo. 

This blog uncovers the true purpose of case study designs and their roles. Discover the best-kept design hacks and follow a simple guide to design and promote your new case studies.

Table of Contents

What is the main goal of a case study design, roles of a defined case study design, what are the major components of a case study design, case study design tips, how to design a case study with dochipo.

• Promote Your Case Study to Make it Easily Accessible 

The purpose of a case study is to spotlight your success stories and show how your product or service solves real problems. Essentially, it’s about building trust and credibility with potential clients by showcasing your proven results.

A great case study design does more than tell a story; it makes the content clear and engaging. Use a well-defined structure, eye-catching visuals, and straightforward language to do this. A clear format, plain language, and engaging colors help readers quickly find and understand the key points. Plus, a neat and functional design boosts your SEO.

 When search engines see a clear, structured format, they rank your content higher, driving more traffic and attracting potential clients. A half-baked case study design won’t cut it. If you want to make a strong impression and attract clients, your design has to be sleek.

Let’s understand why focusing on a polished design is essential while creating a case study. Case study formats and their design may vary. However, the overall design of your case study presentation can elevate the experience for your target audience. Six visible ways a good design can impact your inbound marketing : 

1. Boosts Readability

A precise design ensures your case study is easy to read. If you want to design a case study but don’t follow the basic design principles for an effortless viewer experience, then it’s a waste of time. By using clear headings, concise paragraphs, easy-to-read points, and organized sections for every design element, you make it simple for readers to grasp key information quickly.

2. Captivates the Reader  

An engaging case study presentation with distinctive color combinations and unique layouts grabs attention and keeps your audiences interested. 

3. Communicates Information Clearly  

Effective design organizes information by its importance, making it easy for readers to follow along. You guide them smoothly through the key points, making sure they see what’s most crucial first. This approach not only helps them grasp the main ideas quickly but also keeps them engaged and focused. In short, it makes your content clear, compelling, and easy to follow.

4. Builds Credibility and Trust

A polished and professional design enhances your credibility. When your case study looks redefined and well-crafted, it reflects positively on your brand, establishing trust with potential clients and stakeholders.

5. Drives Conversions 

A strategically designed case study includes clear calls to action and well-placed contact information, guiding readers toward the next step. This spontaneous focus on conversion turns interested readers into actual clients or leads.

6. Creates a Lasting Impression

Memorable case study layouts stand out because they combine striking visuals with a compelling narrative. When a layout is unique, it captures attention and engages readers on a deeper level. This could be through clever use of space or an intuitive flow of information. If you create a long-lasting impression, you slowly become their favorite brand. 

Let’s dive a little deeper now with the major components of a case study. 

There are six common components of a case study that you must follow; you can customize these components by adding or removing headings and information according to your needs. 

• Title: Craft a compelling headline instantly revealing the case study’s focus.
• Introduction: Set the stage by outlining the fundamental problem or challenge.
• Background: Offer context and details about the client or project.
• Solution: Explain the strategies and actions that solve the problem. 
• Results: Showcase the outcomes and benefits through the implementation of your solutions.
• Conclusion: Wrap it up with a summary that reinforces the main takeaways.

If you want to design a case study, focus on key components: a compelling title, clear introduction, detailed background, well-explained solution, impactful results, and a strong conclusion.

Throughout the blog, I’ve discussed nuances that can improve your case study. But now, let’s dive into the design basics and some insider tips. Stick with me, and you’ll be able to design a case study with ease and expertise.

1. Professional Layout

Let’s kick things off by focusing on the look and feel of your case study sample! Because it’s an important part of your inbound marketing strategy, you must design it carefully. Ensure it showcases high-quality content paired with a stellar design that aligns perfectly with your branding.

Take a look at the case study for marketing design. It grabs your attention with crisp visuals, clean lines, bold headers, and an effortless layout.

2. Break Your Case Study into Scannable Sections

Use bold headings, short paragraphs, and distinctive rectangular boxes in subtle shades with lines and bullet points to break your case study into scannable sections. The following IT solution case study template’s clean layout makes it easy on the eyes and keeps you hooked from start to finish. 

Get This Template and More

3. Engaging Visuals

Engaging visuals, such as high-quality images, graphs, and charts, don’t just break up the text—they pull your readers in, making complex data easy to digest and your story impossible to ignore.

The following design case study starts with a punchy yet professional stock photo to engage the unique visitors. 

Watch this video to upload your image files and customize the design.

4. Readable Typography

Pick a maximum of three clean, professional fonts that are easily comprehensive and attractive. Keep the size readable on any device. Use bold and italics to make information pop. This simple approach will instantly elevate your case study design. Look at the advertising design case study that utilizes readable typography to stand out. 

5. Color Scheme for Clear Contrast

Choosing a suitable color scheme is like giving your case study its signature style. Use your brand colors to keep everything on-brand, and make sure there’s enough contrast between text and background so your content is easy to read. 

Remember to add pops of color to highlight specific info – this way, your audience will find what matters quickly. The following IT consulting case study example subtly follows this color scheme rule. It clearly contrasts with the clean, white background and black, bold text. 

If you want subtle background colors, try the background widget. Watch the video to apply and make your canvas with simple color contrast.

6. White Space for Balanced Composition

White space gives your content room to breathe and shine. To make balancing easier, DocHipo offers adjustable margins that you can turn on whenever you need them.

Try to use enough white space balance in your design to point out the most important information that can convert your viewers into clients. If you are trying to find more clients for social media marketing, try the following case study template. The balanced use of white space in the “About” section emphasizes the key features of your company and services.

Watch this video to learn more about this convenient feature.

7. Visual Hierarchy to Enhance Readability

Visual hierarchy is one of the most important case study principles. Use bold headings and subheadings to guide your readers, and add short lines to keep the journey smooth and easy. 

Check out the webinar software case study where the Subject is bold and prominent, immediately drawing attention and establishing the topic of the case study. Key sections like “Case Study Title,” “Introduction,” and headings under “Customer Name,” “Industry,” and “Country” are clearly defined using bold fonts, enhancing their readability. 

8. Client Logos and Photos

Using your client’s brand logo and photo creates a professional look and adds credibility for future prospects. Check out how BrowserStack leverages this strategy to add a personal touch that speaks volumes.

9. Interactive Elements for More Customer Involvement

Interactive elements like clickable links, video embeds, and even QR codes can drive inbound traffic while giving your clients a more engaging and enjoyable experience.

QR codes have become an essential element in marketing collaterals . You can easily create a customized QR code in DocHipo and add it to your design. 

Check out the motion graphic case study design and how easily you can generate your own QR code to attach it for a better CTA. You can even choose the right color for the QR code to match your brand colors. 

Watch this video to generate QR codes with AI. 

Also, you can watch the video to add clickable links to any design you create.

10. Mobile-Friendly Design

Imagine your audience skimming your case study on their phone during a coffee break. A mobile-friendly design ensures they can easily read and engage with your content, no matter where they are.

 11. Proofread and Test

Proofread your case study carefully—look for typos or awkward phrasing. Then, test it on different devices to ensure a seamless experience.

12. Use Templates

Using case study templates saves you time and ensures a smooth workflow between tight deadlines. They guide you step by step so you can focus on adding your unique flavor without worrying about the basics. Plus, they help you create polished, professional case studies every time.

Check out a few DocHipo case study templates you can easily customize and use for any industry.

Are you feeling overwhelmed by all these instructions? Don’t worry! It’s tempting to look up existing case studies and examples online for inspiration. But here’s the thing—why settle for someone else’s designs when you can create your own branded case study in just three simple steps? And guess what? It’ll only take you three minutes, maybe even less! So, let’s explore how you can design a case study with DocHipo templates.

Step 1: Select Your Case Study Template

First thing, sign up for DocHipo to use its free case study maker . Once you register, you’ll see an intuitive UI with a minimalistic design that will help you easily find the case studies inside the design tool.

Currently, we have many broadly used categories for case study templates. From accounting to marketing, design to consulting, and IT services to software case studies, find any industry that needs case study designs to attract new clients. 

You’ll also discover custom case study designs catering to every niche service in these industry-specific categories. Check out the categories below—they dive into particular services and offer exclusive, easy-to-use case study options. Perfect for busy marketers like you!

These are only a few handy Accounting case study templates that focus on niche accounting services with specific problems to tackle. 

Here’s a sneak peek at important consulting case study types that you can use to meet your deadlines. 

Step 2: Customize Accordingly

Customization in the case study template is essential to leave a mark on your business clients. Let’s explore how to redefine these templates with a blend of customization features and convenient drag-and-drop applications in the DocHipo editor . 

I’m choosing a UI design case study template to show you the different customization steps and design a case study with personalized aesthetics. 

a. Select Brand Kits and Themes from the Panel

I’ll start with a simple, quick customization trick that creates a branded look: customizing templates with your brand kit . If you use the DocHipo brand kit, you don’t have to manually upload or change every design element on a template because it keeps all your brand assets , like the logo , colors, visuals, and font pairing , in one place. 

Choose the “Brand Kit and Themes” option from the left-side panel. Then, use the dropdown menu to select brand kits to customize your design with brand assets. 

You get to add and edit three very specific and essential components for branded case study customizations: colors, fonts, and assets.

b. Change Colors according to Your Brand Color Theme

You can upload your brand colors in the DocHipo Brand Kit. Also, upload the font styles and brand assets like logos, images, and videos to keep things handy while designing your case study. 

Apply the brand colors to customize your case study presentation pages. 

c. Choose Your Branded Fonts

Move to fonts to apply branded fonts and create your usual typography in the design. To edit the content, you can add texts as titles, subtitles, and body paragraphs.

Because these templates are very niche, you can dive right in by selecting the text body and editing the content directly.

d. Add Your Brand Logo

Next, you can add your brand logo, brand pictures, and videos to apply to your design. This feature eases the process of overall brand management . 

Click on the logo you want to apply to your case study. After adding the logo, it will look like this.

e. Add Visuals

Then, choose branded images from your uploaded asset library. To replace the default one, drag the image and drop it on the canvas. You can also resize it.

Also, you can add free stock images on the cover of your case study. With the stock image integration, you can enjoy endless high-quality stock images for free. Find this feature in the “picture” design asset from the “Graphics and Media” drop-down option. 

Watch this short video to learn more about using stock images in your design.

You can create or customize your case study design with these easy steps. 

Watch this short tutorial video on how to use the brand kit tool in DocHipo.

Also, watch how easily you can recreate any on-brand design for your case study with the DocHipo case study maker.

Step 3: Download Your Design

Click on the three dots at the top right corner and put the cursor on the “download” option.

Since it’s a multi-page marketing document, you can download all or only the selected pages. 

Also, you can choose the file format, such as a high-quality PDF, JPEG, or PNG.  Preferably, choose the PDF format for case studies. 

After selecting the file format, hit the download button to get it on your device instantly. 

Watch the video to download your designs in DocHipo. 

I crafted the final design for you, ensuring a harmonious contrast and balance.

Promote Your Case Study to Make it Easily Accessible 

The customization steps help you to design a case study easily, but if you don’t know how to promote it effectively, your efforts will be in vain. Follow these steps to promote your design effortlessly. 

1. Post on Your Website Directly

DocHipo lets you publish your content directly on the website. To avail of this feature, click on the right corner, and a tab like the following will appear on your screen. 

You can turn on specifications allowing viewers to download or set unique passwords for data security. 

Watch the video to apply filters to control the download option for the viewers.

2. Share Across Social Media Channels

The power of social media in this digital age is evident. Imagine uploading your content directly to your social media pages without any hassle. DocHipo provides this unique feature so that you can continue to be productive in your marketing strategies. 

Simply hit the “publish” button and find all the up-to-date social media options lined up at the bottom of the tab. 

3. Use Email Integration to Stay Connected with the Team

You can send your case study via email to stay connected with internal teams.

Watch the video to use this feature.

Additionally, you can use DocHipo’s MailChimp integration to boost your newly designed case studies through email marketing. By sharing these case studies with your audience in weekly emails, you’ll keep your clients engaged and loyal.

Watch this video to apply this feature.

4. Incorporate into Sales Presentations and Pitches

Case studies are powerful tools for highlighting your strengths and unique selling points. Your clients crave real data showing your expertise, client base, and ability to solve real business challenges. There’s nothing more persuasive than including these marketing assets in your sales presentations and pitch decks .

5. Provide as a Downloadable Resource

Downloadable case studies can boost your visibility by making it easy for potential clients to access, share, and engage with your success stories.

In conclusion, when you design a case study, focus primarily on the basic design principles and the standard case study format. For quick and easy case study creation, sign up for DocHipo to access exclusive templates and fantastic design assets for effortless customization.

How do you design a case study?

Designing a case study is the second last step in the process of creating a case study. After you create a format of the case study and gather information, it’s time to put those data into a comprehensive, readable format. To design a case study, use a template and customize it according to your needs. You can change the titles and, sub-headings, and paragraphs and add visuals and subtle color contrast to create a simple yet catchy design that demands your attention. Customize the content to recreate your design. 

How to design a case study?

To design a case study, start by identifying a specific problem or question to address. Then, gather relevant data, conduct interviews if necessary, analyze the information, and organize the findings into a coherent and engaging narrative. Then, follow the basic design principles to create an attractive composition that is a tapestry of visual hierarchy, white space, color contrast, and layout. 

How do I make my own case study?

You can try any free DocHipo template for case studies and customize it in three simple steps. After adding a touch of personalization, save the new design.

What makes a compelling case study?

Maintaining a central theme, adding brand assets like colors, logos, typography, arresting color contrast, and showing data in charts, graphs, or bulletins creates a stunning case study.

Turn your ideas into beautiful design

No prior design skill required

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Engineering Case Study - The Channel Tunnel

Subject: Design, engineering and technology

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

22 August 2024

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The Channel Tunnel Engineering Case Study -

This resources looks at the engineering design and construction of the Channel Tunnel. These activities are specifically designed for emergency cover lessons when the usual classroom teacher is absent. However, it is also a great resource for presenting content in an Engineering or Design and Technology lesson.

They have been formatted to allow for quick printing of individual lessons for emergency cover lessons due to teacher absence.

The activities include within this resource are for students studying examples of great engineering achievements. This activity specifically looks at The Channel Tunnel .

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• Channel Tunnel reading comprehension activity

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Study on the impact of deep foundation pit construction on nearby elevated structures—case study.

1. Introduction

2. project overview, 2.1. project profile, 2.2. engineering geology and hydrogeological conditions, 3. three-dimensional finite element model and calculating conditions, 3.1. model design and calculation parameters, 3.2. excavation support and boundary simulation, 4. results and discussion, 4.1. displacement analysis of the total structure, 4.2. displacement analysis of foundation pit support structures, 4.3. influence of the foundation construction on the elevated bridge, 4.3.1. displacements of the elevated bridge, 4.3.2. internal force analysis of bridge foundation structure, 5. construction and monitoring onsite, 5.1. construction onsite, 5.2. monitoring onsite, 5.3. analysis and discussion of the settlement values, 6. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Huang, J.; Yan, J.; Guo, K.; Yang, X.; Peng, S.; Wu, C. Study on the Impact of Deep Foundation Pit Construction on Nearby Elevated Structures—Case Study. Buildings 2024 , 14 , 2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082541

Huang J, Yan J, Guo K, Yang X, Peng S, Wu C. Study on the Impact of Deep Foundation Pit Construction on Nearby Elevated Structures—Case Study. Buildings . 2024; 14(8):2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082541

Huang, Junzhou, Jun Yan, Kai Guo, Xingyue Yang, Sheng Peng, and Cai Wu. 2024. "Study on the Impact of Deep Foundation Pit Construction on Nearby Elevated Structures—Case Study" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082541

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• Open access
• Published: 22 August 2024

Designing and additive manufacturing of talus implant for post-traumatic talus avascular necrosis: a case study

• François Antounian 1 ,
• Hayk Avagyan 2 ,
• Tsovinar Ghaltaghchyan 3 ,
• Yaroslav Holovenko 4 ,
• Hayk Khachatryan 1 &
• Marina Aghayan 3  

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research volume  19 , Article number:  501 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

New technologies in additive manufacturing and patient-specific CT-based custom implant designs make it possible for previously unimaginable salvage and limb-sparing operations a practical reality. This study presents the design and fabrication of a lattice-structured implant for talus replacement surgery. Our primary case involved a young adult patient who had sustained severe damage to the talus, resulting in avascular necrosis and subsequent bone collapse. This condition caused persistent and debilitating pain, leading the medical team to consider amputation of the left foot at the ankle level as a last resort. Instead, we proposed a Ti6Al4V-based patient-specific implant with lattice structure specifically designed for pan-talar fusion. Finite element simulation is conducted to estimate its performance. To ensure its mechanical integrity, uniaxial compression experiments were conducted. The implant was produced using selective laser melting technology, which allowed for precise and accurate construction of the unique lattice structure. The patient underwent regular monitoring for a period of 24 months. At 2-years follow-up the patient successfully returned to activities without complication. The patient’s functional status was improved, limb shortening was minimized.

Introduction

Today, numerous biomedical applications employ personalized products, such as prosthetics and implants that replace injured limbs or bones, whether partially or completely [ 1 , 2 ]. Patient-specific metallic orthopedic implants manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) have garnered significant attention due to their accelerated bone regeneration effects [ 3 , 4 ]. Importantly, AM enables the creation of implants with high geometrical freedom, accuracy and precision using initial data from medical images [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].

Recently, AM technology is used to produce metal- and ceramic-based implants for total talar replacements (TTR), which give promising outcomes at early-or mid-term follow up reports [ 6 , 8 ]. The complication rate is still high at long-term follow-up [ 6 ]. Reports mainly addressed TTR with smooth metallic or ceramic implantation, which give promising outcomes in early- and mid-term follow-up [ 9 , 10 ]. However, high complication rates are registered in long term follow-up [ 11 , 12 ]. Morita et al. showed long-term results after using alumina ceramic based implants [ 13 ]. They achieved significant improvement in pain and function. Similar implants were chosen by Katsui et al. [ 14 ]. After 12–84 months follow-up they concluded that the alumina based custom whole -talus implants are excellent for patients with comminuted talar fractures. However, results are not good for open fracture and bony defects. Alumina-based ceramic prostheses indeed show promising results, but they are costly and time-consuming to produce [ 6 ].

Abramson et al. reported about 8 patients who underwent TTR using titanium based bulk implants with smooth surface [ 11 ]. After the follow up period (range 12–49 months) the mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 79.25 (range, 69–88). The patient with the longest duration of follow-up showed radiological changes of tibial wear, although he remained symptom free. Kadakia et al. reported about 27 patients at a follow-up range of 12–43 months using cobalt-chromium TTR implants [ 15 ]. There were three complications. The outcome scoring using the Foot and Ankle outcome score (FAOS) for the patient improved significantly.

Dekker et al. used titanium cage for complex foot and ankle limb salvage, deformity correction, and arthrodesis procedures [ 16 ]. They noticed bone incorporation in 13 of 15 patients. Two patients had failure because of infection and nonunion. The authors proposed that when titanium implants are used, there is a risk of infection, particularly in uncontrolled diabetic patients and smokers. Abar et al. [ 17 ] reported about 39 cases with 12–74 months follow-up using 3D printed titanium cages. Thirteen cases required additional surgery, of which three were because of failure of non-3D printed hardware, ten implants were removed because of nonunion. Ramhamadany et al. used titanium cages for three patients [ 18 ]. During follow-up period (range 24–48 months) no postoperative complications were recorded. Each patient progressed to satisfactory union with bridging trabeculae and incorporation of bone into the cage structure by 1 year.

The aim of our work is to design and manufacturing of a patient-specific orthopedic implant for talus replacement with a lattice structure for treatment of defect created because of the death and collapse of the talus Avascular necrosis (AVN).

Lattice structures offer several advantages, including stiffness fine-tuning, weight control through lightweight design, osteoconductivity, and osteointegration [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Consequently, extensive efforts have been devoted to understanding the properties of lattice structures and their advantages or limitations for specific applications [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].

The predominant metals used in implants have much higher modulus and strength creating a stress-shielding effect. For example, Ti-based alloys have Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength of 105–125 GPa and 758–1200 MPa, respectively. Creating a lattice structure may reduce the effective modulus and help avoid stress-shielding effects. At the same time, lattice structure provides additional benefits, i.e. weight reduction of the implants. The main challenge of lattice structures is to maintain mesh strength in all directions. Lattice structures can thus be very robust against compression but break relatively easily when twisted.

Experimental

Design of the customized implants.

Digital model of the implant is created based on imaging data obtained from the damaged area. The commonly employed techniques for capturing and imaging are “thin slice” Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

In order to generate Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models for CT raw data, we used the Materialise Mimics 22.0 imaging software. Volume rendering was done followed by surface rendering (high resolution and pixel value 200). The file was then exported to STL format, in order to compare CT-data with 3D surface scan data. (Fig.  1 )

( a-b ) Model of the bone, ( c-d ) model of the implant. CT data was used to generate the CAD model of the bone. The implant model was created to fill the void of the bone defect

After creating the implant model, a finite element simulation is conducted to estimate its performance. COMSOL Multiphasic software package was used for Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation. The implant model was imported into COMSOL Multiphysics software, and a solid object with defined material properties was generated. A linear elastic material model was assigned to the mesh material, with Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio values obtained from the software database. The size of mesh and number of degrees of freedom, as well as, parameters of mesh, boundary conditions, boundary and loading conditions is detailed in Additional file 1.

The simulation results serve as a basis for fine-tuning and optimizing the model to meet specific requirements. Figure  1 (c-d) depicts the implant model based on CT data for talus replacement.

To evaluate the mechanical behavior of the mesh structure, a numerical simulation was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software (version 5.0, COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA, USA). The software’s capabilities in finite element analysis were utilized to model and simulate the mesh structure under various loading conditions.

The mesh geometry was imported into COMSOL Multiphysics, and a three-dimensional model was created. The mesh structure was considered a solid object with defined material properties. A linear elastic material model was assigned to the mesh material. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio values was obtained from the software database.

The simulation involved application of mechanical loads to the mesh structure to analyze its deformation and stress distribution. Boundary conditions, including fixed supports and applied loads, were defined based on the experimental setup. The simulation was performed using a stationary solver with appropriate settings to accurately capture the mesh’s response.

The mesh structure was discretized using a suitable meshing technique provided by the software. A combination of tetrahedral and other element types was employed to accurately represent the geometry and capture the behavior of the mesh structure.

It is important to note that the simulations were conducted under idealized conditions, assuming linear elastic behavior and neglecting potential non-linear effects. The simulations served as a complementary tool to the experimental investigation, providing insights into the mesh structure’s mechanical response and aiding in the interpretation of the experimental findings.

Compressive testing

Compressive testing of the specimens was conducted using an Instron 5100 Universal Testing Machine (Instron Corporation, Norwood, MA, USA). The samples were subjected to a constant loading rate of 5 mm/min, which was applied using the crosshead displacement control mode of the Instron 5100 machine. This loading rate was selected based on prior research to ensure a consistent and controlled deformation rate across all tested specimens [ 27 ]. Two types of geometry were explored, (i) cubic and (ii) cylindrical structure to ensure reliability. The cubic samples were 19 × 19 × 19 mm in size while the cylindrical samples were 18 mm in diameter and 27 mm in height. Applied force was up to 5100 N to estimate the cracking onset [ 27 ]. Using high load, it was possible to estimate the points of critical failures and crack generation. Thus, in some samples a high load was applied aiming to monitor the crack formation and propagation process.

The compressive testing was conducted until the desired strain or a predefined endpoint was reached. The force-displacement data were continuously recorded by the Instron Bluehill ® software. To ensure the repeatability and reliability of the experimental results, a minimum of three replicate tests were performed for each specimen configuration.

• Additive manufacturing

Gas atomized Ti-6Al-4 V Grade 23 (AP&C, Canada) powder with a particle size of 15–45 μm was used. The samples and talus implants were fabricated using Concept Laser M2 machine, at a scanning speed of 900 mm/s, laser power of 80 W, spot size of 50 μm, layer thickness of 25 μm. Layers were scanned by continuous laser in stripped pattern, which was rotated 60° between each layer. Argon was employed as a protective gas, and the oxygen content was kept below 0.05% during the manufacturing process. The platform pre-heating temperature was maintained at 200 °C.

All samples and the talus implant were annealed at 750 ºC for 4 h, at heating rate of 5 º/min in a furnace under argon atmosphere, then were gradually cooled to room temperature. The samples were cleaned in bath ultrasound in ethyl alcohol.

Results and discussion

The structure design, simulation and mechanical testing.

The mesh structure of the talus implant was designed using periodically repeated unit cells. Numerous mesh structures have been studied and verified in the literature, demonstrating that the structure, shape, and unit cell size significantly contribute to the mechanical performance of customized implants [ 28 , 29 ]. Considering the specific requirements for the talus implant, such as low weight, sufficient load-bearing capacity (approximately 100 kg), and large cell size to accommodate a bone graft, the unit cell size was set to be 10 mm.

In this study, we considered two different unit cell structures for the talus implant: (i) the “rotating cross” structure (Fig.  2 ), (ii) the “rhombic dodecahedron” structure (Fig.  3 ). The relative density of all unit cells was set to 30%.

To assess the performance of this lattice structure, a load of 100 kg (approximately 980 N) was applied, representing the weight of a patient. Considering the surface area of the talus (approximately 0.002 m²) and load distribution between both feet, the load applied to the mesh structure for talus loading was approximately 73.5 kN/m².

Simulation results indicated that for “Rotating Cross” lattice structure stress concentration occurred when the load was applied in directions other than the normal direction (Fig.  2 ). Stress reached up to 25 MPa at the edges of the nodes where struts are connected, while normal loading resulted in stresses less than 2.8 MPa. It means shearing or twisting (e.g., loading at 45°) may lead to a fatal outcome. For the “Rhombic Dodecahedron” lattice structure, the loading direction has minimal effect (Fig.  3 ).

Simulated results for the “Rotating Cross” lattice structure. The figure illustrates overall view of the 45° loaded samples ( a ), where stress reached to 25 MPa at the edges of nodes ( b ). The overall view of the samples loaded in the normal direction ( c ) shows that stress reaches to 2.28 MPa at the struts ( d )

Simulated results for the “Rhombic Dodecahedron” lattice structure. The figure illustrated overall view of the samples loaded in the normal direction ( a ), where stress reached to 10.1 MPa at nodes where struts are connected ( b )

To verify the lattice structure’s tolerance to mechanical loading, samples were tested in a universal testing machine. In Fig.  4 the applied force vs. strain (blue curve) and generated stress vs. strain (orange curve) are depicted for the “Rotating Cross” sample with a size of 19 × 19 × 19 mm. As Fig.  4 clearly shows the sample was compressed up to 3.5% without fracture; however, plastic deformation occurred around 0.7–1.5%, indicated by a distinct transition zone in the stress-strain curve.

Stress-strain curve and loading path for a cubic sample with the “Rotating Cross” structure. The blue curve illustrates applied force vs. strain, while orange curve shows the generated stress vs. strain

After three cycles of loading and unloading, the samples failed (Fig.  4 ). The failure may be attributed to the small rod dimensions during the printing process and stress concentrations at the strut connections.

In conclusion, even though the stress is well below the yield point of the Ti alloy, the sample failed to pass the fatigue test. This may be related to both poor printing processes due to small rod dimensions and stress concentrations at the strut connections. Both factors are important, hence we need to evaluate which one has the greater impact.

Figure  5 shows the SS curves and load hysteresis for a “rhombic dodecahedron” lattice (Fig.  5 a) and dynamically loaded and unloaded sample response (Fig.  5 b). Mechanical testing of the “Rhombic Dodecahedron” lattice structure demonstrated that the samples passed all tests without failures (Figs.  5 and 6 ). The hysteresis curve showed minimal energy dissipation, indicating that the sample withstood the load without undergoing mechanical changes.

SS curve and loading–unloading path for the cubic sample with “rhombic dodecahedron” structure. The samples withstand stress of 14MPa ( a ), and the cycled loading-unloading of load of 5100 N

The samples were then loaded at 5100 N and held for 1 h. After this loading cycle, the sample was dynamically cycled again, but the load was held relatively long.

As shown in Fig.  6 , this multiple-loaded sample undergoes stress relaxation as the second cycle begins. A stress of about 0.64 MPa was estimated to be released in 200 s. This change can be seen in the hysteresis curve where the unloading curve deviates from the load path.

These changes indicate that there have been specific changes to the sample. Further loading destroyed the sample (Fig.  6 ).

Long-term loading – unloading path of “rhombic dodecahedron” cubic sample and hysteresis curve. Long-term loading – unloading path shows stress relaxation ( a ), which is evident in hysteresis of loading–unloading curve ( b )

The modification of the lattice structure improved the mechanical performance, but the sample has not yet been qualified for use as an implant due to the risk of failure. The extreme load used in testing (5100 N) accelerated the failure and helped monitoring its mechanisms within a measurable time frame.

Further optimization was done by increasing the nodal diameter. Figure  7 shows the “rhombic dodecahedron” lattice structures with strut sizes of 2.5 mm. Both structures exhibit well-formed struts and none visible defects, unlike the thin node cases.

Actual 3D printed lattice structure; ( a ) the view, and ( b ) its microstructure

Figure  8 a shows the SS curve of the “rhombic dodecahedron” sample loaded up to 5100 N. After loading, samples were held for 40 min and then dynamically loaded (Fig.  8 b). Mechanical testing of the samples with increased strut sizes showed that they passed all tests without failures. This indicates that “rhombic dodecahedron” structures with strut sizes greater than 1.9 mm can be considered for implant design.

SS curve of the “rhombic dodecahedron”. ( a ) energy dissipation and ( b ) dynamic loading curves

To explore the shear loading response, a 45° shear stress was applied to the samples. According to the results, the “rhombic dodecahedron” withstood all loads and no damage was found. This led to the conclusion that the optimal structure of the talus might be the “rhombic dodecahedron”.

Case description and treatment plan

The patient was a 41-year-old male surgeon who sustained a traumatic fracture dislocation of his left talus in 2016 in a car accident. He is a smoker and overweight with no other known medical comorbidities.

His initial treatment consisted of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with screw fixation within 24 h, which failed to heal. This led to the removal of the screws a year post-surgery, and the nailing the ankle from the calcaneus up which ended with an established AVN of the talus.

In 2018, an attempt was made to fuse the ankle joint by a calcaneal-tibial locked nailing. In 2019, with no fusion visible on X-rays and with pain, he had drilling of the talus and tibia plus distal dynamization of the rod by removing the calcaneus screws.

This did not lead to fusion. There was increasing and disabling pain, a stiff ankle and subtalar joint with deformity in the midfoot. Advice was given to obtain a Syme amputation. He refused that option and sought advice on a salvage procedure.

His surgeon consulted us for a foot-sparing solution to rid the patient of pain and allow ambulation without crutches. The plan was not to gain ankle motion but to ambulate without pain retaining his foot. The solution of a pan-talar fusion with triple arthrodesis was proposed and accepted by the patient. The patient was counseled on smoking cessation before his proposed surgical treatment, and for at least a year post-op to allow for the prosthetic 3-D printed implant to incorporate with the adjacent bones.

The staged approach was to first remove the locked nail that failed to fuse the ankle joint. This would be followed by implanting an antibiotic cement spacer, taking gap measurements of this stiff multiply operated ankle/foot.

“Neo Talus” implant design and implantation

The “Neo Talus” implant had to achieve not only ankle fusion, but also solid fixation with the tibia without subluxation or extrusion of the implant, fuse the subtalar joint and make sure there would not be a talo-navicular pain or subluxation with time. The design of the “neo talus” needed to have plates to the distal tibia – anteriorly and medially – and areas in its design to accommodate 2 screws fixation to each the calcaneus and the navicular. Additionally, a separate lateral plate would span from the tibia after resecting the distal fibula, cross-lateral to the “neo talus” and get affixed to the calcaneus.

In Fig.  9 , AM manufactured customized implant was implanted into the excised talus space after the removal of the antibiotic cement spacer. The implant was filled with morselized bone graft obtained from the resected distal fibula (Fig.  9 ). The wounds were closed, and the leg and foot were immobilized in cast for a total of 6 weeks.

At 6 weeks post-op, he was transferred to a plastic molded ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) continuing non-weight bearing for 3 months. Partial weight-bearing was started, and by 5 months he was fully weight-bearing and walking with the AFO on it and no pain.

Figure  10 shows CT images of the patient’s ankle 14 months after surgery. It shows the designed implant perfectly fits the bony defect area. He remained painless, walking without canes or crutches at his last follow-up at 2 years post-op.

We have good early results and a happy patient who is back to working as a surgeon using both hands, standing, and walking without the need for crutches.

X-rays after insertion of implant intra-operatively; The implant is in a correct place, ( a ) front view, ( b ) side view

CT scans performed after 14 months: The implant is well aligned and in a good position ( a ) front view, ( b ) side view

We are cognizant that it is still too early to apply this approach to every case of AVN of the talus, and that there may be other ways to treat them. But in case of failures or more complicated deformed ankles and hindfeet, our solution seems to have addressed this patient’s need, returning him early to gainful employment in his profession as a surgeon.

A challenge in using metallic materials for implant fabrication is the difference in stiffness between the metal and bone. This difference causes stress shielding, where the mechanical protection of the bone results in its weakening and degradation, leading to implant failure [ 30 ]. To avoid stress shielding, porous or latice structured metal materials were proposed and successfully utilized. These materials allow for fine-tuning of the topological configuration and relative density to adjust both the mechanical properties and biological functions [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].

Dekker et al. [ 16 ] used lattice structured 3D printed implant. They observed bone incorporation in 13 out of 15 patients, with no evidence of stress shielding or implant failure. Moreover, they resulted in significant improvements in functional outcome scores and a high overall rate of patient satisfaction. The group extended their study including 39 cases [ 17 ]. Ten of 3D printed implants were removed because of nonunion. In the removed implants the authors noticed extensive osteointegration. Ramhamadany et al. [ 18 ] proposed that 3D-printed lattice structured titanium implants have roughened surface which promote bone ingrowth and could prevent infection. Extensive studies have reported that a micro-/nanostructured material surface has a key role on cellular response including cell adhesion, extension, proliferation, and differentiation [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Generally, macropores ranging from 100 to 1000 μm facilitates the ingrowth of bone tissue and blood vessels, and interconnected pores ranging from 10 to 100 μm are beneficial for nutrient transport. Micropores less than 10 μm promotes protein adsorption and cell attachment [ 37 , 38 ].

As addressed above, successful implantation and bone regeneration is strongly depended on several factors including shape, size, composition, etc. Therefore, in the lattice implant design, biocompatibility considerations and surface morphology all contribute to the overall success of implantation and bone regeneration. All these factors were incorporated into the implant’s design and fabrication process to ensure both mechanical stability and biological integration.

A mesh structure of the implant was proposed and designed to reduce the weight of the implant and promote osteoconductivity.

“Rotating cross” and “Rhombic Dodecahedron” unit cells were selected to evaluate the mechanical reliability. The simulations showed that the principal stresses are concentrated at the connections of the struts. Although the stress was less than the yield strength of the structural alloy, it was estimated that the specimen could fail mechanically under dynamic loading. Increasing the strut thickness to over 1.9 mm provided a reliable structure capable of passing all tests including static and dynamic loads.

The best-estimated structure was the “rhombic dodecahedron” structure, which was able to withstand both normal and shear loads.

After pre-operational preparation and the successful operation, the implant was successfully integrated with the bone and after 14 months the X-ray image showed bone ingrowth into a mesh structure.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the Science Committee of MESCS RA, in the frames of the research project № 21APP-2F011 and № 22rl-012. As well as, the work was financially supported by the Higher Education and Science Committee, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport RA under Grant [number 22AA-2F022 and number 22IRF-05].

This research is funded by the Higher Education and Science Committee, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport RA under Grants [number 22AA-2F022 and number 22IRF-05].

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Hayk Avagyan

A.B. Nalbandyan Institute of Chemical Physics NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia

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Contributions

François Antounian contributed to the development, treatment plan and concept of design of the “Neo Talus” implant. Hayk Avagyan the patient’s surgeon participated in, and reviewed the design of the implant and performed the surgery with mentorship from François Antounian.Yaroslav Holovenko participated in designing and modeling of the “Neo Talus” implant. Hayk Khachatryan made simulations. Tsovinar Ghaltaghchyan did mechanical testing and manufacturing of the implant. Marina Aghayan organized and oversaw the complete process. Marina Aghayan and Hayk Khachatryan analyzed the results and wrote the article.

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Antounian, F., Avagyan, H., Ghaltaghchyan, T. et al. Designing and additive manufacturing of talus implant for post-traumatic talus avascular necrosis: a case study. J Orthop Surg Res 19 , 501 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-04948-w

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-04948-w

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