ieee format for research paper latex

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• Conferences

Manuscript Templates for Conference Proceedings

• Conference Publication Form
• IEEE Financial Reporting Form
• IEEE Publication Form

The purpose of a conference template is to provide a consistent format for papers appearing in the conference proceedings. IEEE strongly encourages use of the conference manuscript templates provided below. 

IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for composing and formatting conference papers. Please ensure that all guidance text is removed from your conference paper prior to submission to the conference. 

Failure to remove template text from your paper may result in your paper not being published.

Accessing the templates

Microsoft Word

• US letter (DOC, 30 KB) Updated 2024
• A4  (DOC, 30 KB) Updated 2024

LaTeX Template Instructions (PDF, 63 KB) [ Be sure to use the template's  conference  mode.]

• Template (ZIP, 700 KB) Updated 2024
• LaTeX Bibliography Files  (ZIP, 309 KB)
• When working in Overleaf, the template is available at https://www.overleaf.com/gallery/tagged/ieee-official

1. For conference organizers:  The use of the conference manuscript templates provided by  IEEE eXpress Conference Publishing  will greatly reduce the chance for errors in the metadata visible in IEEE Xplore ® , and IEEE's downstream Indexing partners. Errors may result in delays in posting or in making any approved corrections, or in some cases, may simply persist. Using the templates is one of the ways to reduce errors.

If you wish, you may link to this webpage in its entirety. It is not recommended that you link to individual files, however, because they may be updated or replaced without notice.

2. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, which provided the current LaTeX template.

3. Other templates that more closely align with the IEEE Transactions article format are available.

Authoring Tools and Templates

Creating your journal article for IEEE should be seamless. Save time and effort with authoring tools and resources that will help you write, prepare, and share your research better. 

Use IEEE article templates in Word or LaTeX to easily format your article for publication. Write collaboratively with your co-authors in Overleaf , an authoring tool for LaTeX and rich text documents. Overleaf is preloaded with IEEE templates for your convenience. Both Overleaf and LaTeX resources are available online for beginners and advanced users. Choose from a variety of quick guides, tutorials, webinars, and detailed documentation based upon your individual needs and level of expertise.

Streamline your authoring process with IEEE Collabratec , a cloud-based hub for scholarly collaboration that integrates authoring and productivity tools with a global community dedicated to technology professionals. Overleaf is free to use by connecting it through your IEEE Collabratec   account.

Get your article ready for publication with IEEE Author Tools. Find the right publication  for your article and validate your  references , PDF , and  LaTeX  files. Claim your  unique ORCID identifier  to get full credit for your work.

Share your data with other researchers through the data repository  IEEE DataPort ™ and the executable code platform  Code Ocean .

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Authoring Tools and Templates

Creating your conference paper for IEEE should be seamless. Save time and effort with authoring tools and templates that will help you write, prepare, and share your research better.

Use   IEEE conference templates   in Word or LaTeX to easily format your paper for publication. Write collaboratively with your co-authors in   Overleaf , an authoring tool for LaTeX and rich text documents. Overleaf is preloaded with IEEE templates for your convenience. Overleaf and LaTeX resources are available online for both beginners and advanced users. Choose from a variety of quick guides, tutorials, webinars, and detailed documentation based upon your individual needs and level of expertise.

Get your paper ready for publication with IEEE Author Tools. Find the right conference   for your paper. Validate your   references  and   LaTeX   files. Claim your unique   ORCID identifier   to get full credit for your work.

Share your data and code with other researchers through the data repository   IEEE DataPort ™ and the executable code platform   Code Ocean .

Quick start for modern LaTeXing for an IEEE conference

Simplified ieee template.

Quick start for modern LaTeXing for an IEEE conference, based on the Manuscript Template for Conference Proceedings .

The official template is distributed via CTAN as the IEEEtran package , which is actively maintained. However, de-facto configurations (hyperref) and modern features of latex (microtype) are not configured. This template does it.

This template is for the conferences. It is based on the bare_conf_compsoc.tex distributed by IEEE. In case you need other configurations, please adapt paper-conference.tex or run the latex template generator .

To build the whole document, execute following command. Note that this requires a working perl installation.

In case something goes wrong, you can instruct the LaTeX compiler to stop at the first error:

Following features are enabled in this template:

• Provides a skeletal paper.tex file
• Shows how IEEE copyright notice can be added.
• (Optional) Typesetting of listings using advanced highlighting powered by the minted package.
• Generated PDF allows for copy and paste of text without getting words with ligatures such as “workflow” destroyed. This is enabled by glyphtounicode , which encodes ligatures (such as fl) using unicode characters.
• Support of hyperlinked references without extra color thanx to hyperref .
• Better breaking of long URLs.
• Support for \powerset command.
• (Optional) Support todos as pdf annotations. This is enabled by the pdfcomment package.
• microtypographic extensions for a better look of the paper.
• Modern packages such as microtype , cleveref , csquotes , paralist , hyperref , hypcap , upquote , booktabs .
• (Optional) LaTeX compilation using the modern lualatex compiler.
• Ready-to-go configuration for latexindent .

Disabled features

Following features were not activated for this template. You can run the latex template generator to enable the features.

Hints on writing an abstract and thesis by Dirk Fahland.

• paper-conference.pdf - regular conference paper.
• paper-conference-minted.pdf - conference paper showing minted in action.

Quick start

• Click on Download ZIP or here .
• Extract main.zip in the folder where you want to write your paper.
• Edit paper-conference.tex .
• latexmk paper-conference .

Attention regarding compsocconf

Some conferences distribute a IEEEtran.cls V1.7a dated 2007 and a parameter compsocconf . The parameter compsocconf was NEVER included in Michael Shell’s IEEEtran.cls file. It is unclear, who did this patch and why it is around in the wild.

The most recent version is V1.8b and automatically distributed over CTAN, because it is actively maintained by Michael Shell at http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/ . A full changelog is available at http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/changelog.txt .

The class parameter compsocconf never existed officially. One has to use conference, compsoc , because the parameters are “orthogonal”: Either “conference” or “journal”, either “compsoc” or not. With a modern IEEEtran.cls, you’ll get

compsoc option is not needed any more

When using the 2007 version or the most recent version with (the unhandled) compsocconf , you’ll get paper-conference.pdf instead of paper-conference-compsoc.pdf . That differs significantly in the style used for section headings. paper-conference-compsoc.pdf was removed from the build since August 2021, because compsoc option was not used by computer science conferences in 2021.

IEEE distributes their templates at https://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/publishing/templates.html . With the update of July 2017, the archive https://www.ieee.org/documents/ieee-latex-conference-template.zip contains both bare_conf.tex and bare_conf_compsoc.tex . Thus, the conference should state which option to use.

All in all, the distributions of IEEEtran from 2007 are roughly equivalent to \documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran} (and version V1.8b), which does not comply with IEEE’s rules for computer science conferences, because the compsoc option is missing.

Hence, double check with your conference whether you have to use compsoc or not.

Statement from IEEE:

Please note that, as stated on the webpage https://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/publishing/templates.html . “IEEE does not require a specific format for their conference articles”. Thus, we dot not purport that the “compsoc” is a requirement for publishing conference papers with us.

There is currently no official biblatex support. A first step towards that is done at the biblatex-ieee package .

MiKTeX installation hints are given at http://latextemplates.github.io/scientific-thesis-template/#installation-hints-for-windows .

• Grammar and spell checking is available at TeXstudio . Please download LanguageTool (Windows: choco install languagetool ) and configure TeXstudio to use it . Note that it is enough to point to languagetool.jar . If TeXstudio doesn’t fit your need, check the list of all available LaTeX Editors .
• Use JabRef to manage your bibliography (Windows: choco install jabref ).

To have minted running properly, you have to do following steps on Windows:

• Install python: choco install python - that uses chocolatey to install Python
• Install pygments : pip instal pygments - that uses the Pyhton package manager to install the pygments library
• When latexing, use -shell-escape : pdflatex -shell-escape paper . You can also just execute latexmk paper .

Usage with docker

The generated Dockerfile is based on the Dockerfile by reitzig . The idea of that system is to host the document sources in a directory separated from the output directory.

Following one-time setup is requried:

Q: I have questions on the IEEEtran class itself.

The author of the class offers a large FAQ at http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/ . Please read on there. The other possiblity is to execute texdoc ieeetran and read in the documentation. For example, there is an explanation of how to typeset the afficiliation information with four or more authors properly.

Q: How can I synchronize updates from the template to my repository?

• Initialize your git repository as usual
• Add this repository as upstream: git remote add upstream https://github.com/latextemplates/LNCS.git
• Merge the branch upstream/main into your main branch: git merge upstream/main .

After that you can use and push the main branch as usual. Notes on syncing with the upstream repository are available from GitHub .

Q: I get the error ! pdfTeX error (font expansion): auto expansion is only possible with scalable fonts.

Install the cm-super package using the MiKTeX package manager. Then, run initexmf --mkmaps on the command line. (Long description: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/324972/9075 )

Q: I get Package csquotes Error: Unbalanced groups or invalid nesting. What can I do?

A: You have activated \MakeOuterQuote{"} and used some special babel command to allow hyphenation at other places as a dash. One example is writing application"=specific . Now, you have to decide whether you want keep using plain quotes to enquote a word or use the special hyphenation command. In other words: Do you want "quote" and app\-lication\-specific or \enquote{quote} and application"=specific ?

Note that this should not happen when the template is generated as the setting tweak_outerquote ensures that these two options are mutually exclusive.

Q: I need more space. What can I do?

The most simple solution to get more space is to exchange the font.

Q: How can I reformat my .tex files?

Execute following command:

Q: I want to obey the one-sentence-per-line rule. How can I do that?

Attention! This is work in progress and does not always produce best results.

Q: Can I also write in German?

Yes. You can regenerate the template and choose “German” as language.

Further information

• Other templates: https://latextemplates.github.io/

Have a language expert improve your writing

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• Knowledge Base
• IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

Published on August 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 6, 2023.

IEEE provides guidelines for formatting your paper. These guidelines must be followed when you’re submitting a manuscript for publication in an IEEE journal. Some of the key guidelines are:

• Formatting the text as two columns, in Times New Roman, 10 pt.
• Including a byline, an abstract , and a set of keywords at the start of the research paper
• Placing any figures, tables, and equations at the top or bottom of a column, not in the middle
• Following the appropriate heading styles for any headings you use
• Including a full list of IEEE references at the end
• Not including page numbers

To learn more about the specifics of IEEE paper format, check out the free template below. Note that you may not need to follow these rules if you’ve only been told to use IEEE citation format for a student paper. But you do need to follow them to submit to IEEE publications.

Table of contents

Ieee format template, ieee heading styles, frequently asked questions about ieee.

The template below can be used to make sure that your paper follows IEEE format. It’s set up with custom Word styles for all the different parts of the text, with the right fonts and formatting and with further explanation of key points.

Make sure to remove all the explanatory text in the template when you insert your own.

Download IEEE paper format template

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

IEEE recommends specific heading styles to distinguish the title and different levels of heading in your paper from each other. Styles for each of these are built into the template.

The paper title is written in 24 pt. Times New Roman, centered at the top of the first page. Other headings are all written in 10 pt. Times New Roman:

• Level 1 text headings begin with a roman numeral followed by a period. They are written in small caps, in title case, and centered.
• Level 2 text headings begin with a capital letter followed by a period. They are italicized, left-aligned, and written in title case.
• Level 3 text headings begin with a number followed by a closing parenthesis . They are italicized, written in sentence case, and indented like a regular paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon .
• Level 4 text headings begin with a lowercase letter followed by a closing parenthesis. They are italicized, written in sentence case, and indented slightly further than a normal paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon.
• Component headings are used for the different components of your paper outside of the main text, such as the acknowledgments and references. They are written in small caps, in title case, centered, and without any numbering.

You should use 10 pt. Times New Roman font in your IEEE format paper .

For the paper title, 26 pt. Times New Roman is used. For some other paper elements like table footnotes, the font can be slightly smaller. All the correct stylings are available in our free IEEE format template .

No, page numbers are not included in an IEEE format paper . If you’re submitting to an IEEE publication, page numbers will be added in the final publication but aren’t needed in the manuscript.

IEEE paper format requires you to include an abstract summarizing the content of your paper. It appears at the start of the paper, right after you list your name and affiliation.

The abstract begins with the word “Abstract,” italicized and followed by an em dash. The abstract itself follows immediately on the same line. The entire section is written in bold font. For example: “ Abstract —This paper discusses … ”

You can find the correct format for your IEEE abstract and other parts of the paper in our free IEEE paper format template .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, April 06). IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines. Scribbr. Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ieee/ieee-paper-format/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

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Three-Day Faculty Development Program on “Research Paper Writing using LaTeX”

Department of EEE organized Three-Day Faculty Development Program on “ Research Paper Writing using LaTeX” on 28.07.2022 to 30.07.2022. An immerse response was witnessed. There was participation from the departments of EEE, ECE and CSE faculty of GPCET, Kurnool and other faculty from surrounding colleges with a total of 80 faculties attended the program in online mode. The Inaugural function has started at 09:40 AM in Block-II Seminar Hall and was continued up to 10:30AM. The resource person for the program was Dr.P.Kishore Kumar from Jain University, Bangalore. 

  Date and Time

  location,   hosts,   registration.

• Start time: 28 Jul 2022 10:00 AM
• End time: 30 Jul 2022 12:30 PM
• All times are (UTC+05:30) Chennai

• G. PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGIES
• KURNOOL, Andhra Pradesh

• Contact Event Host

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How to Line Up Author Names in IEEE Template [duplicate]

i have to use the IEEE Latex Template for the Conference Paper. I downloaded it and the Authors do not line up correctly. The names are displayed to each other.

There's a (remarkably) similar question here, answered by @Werner.

https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/458208/174282

He creates a new command \linebreakand, which is place after your third author to make the proper alignment. Read his answer linked above to learn more. I've just pasted it quickly into your example.

And here's the output:

• Welcome to TeX.SX! If the question is a duplicate, it is better to mark it as such than to copy answers from the duplicate. (You will be able to leave comments pointing to the duplicate once you have some more reputation.) –  schtandard Commented Sep 23, 2019 at 16:03

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged templates ieee-style author .

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Mastering IEEE Conference Paper Formatting with Overleaf

Krishnaranjani

Ever dreamt of getting your research published at a prestigious IEEE conference? Well, along with groundbreaking ideas, flawless formatting is crucial for acceptance. Do not worry, Dude!!, because Overleaf, the collaborative LaTeX editor, has arrived to streamline your journey

What’s the Deal with LaTeX?

Alright, before we dive into the thick of it, let’s talk about LaTeX. Think of it as a magical language that helps you create beautifully formatted documents without pulling your hair out over formatting issues.

Instead of fiddling with fonts and spacing, you focus on your content, and LaTeX does the heavy lifting for you. Pretty neat, huh?

For more detailed content on latex Visit my previous Blog on LaTex on Overleaf

First things first, you’ll need a LaTeX distribution installed on your computer. I recommend TeX Live for Windows, macOS, and Linux users, or MiKTeX if you’re on Windows and prefer a lighter package.

Once you have LaTeX up and running, it’s time to choose a text editor. You can go old school with Vim or Emacs, but if you prefer something more user-friendly, check out TeXworks, TeXShop, or Overleaf for online LaTeX editing.

The IEEE Conference Paper Template

Now, let’s tackle the beast: the IEEE conference paper template. Luckily, IEEE provides templates tailored to different conferences and journals, including those for conferences like INFOCOM, ICC, and ICDCS. For this guide, we’ll focus on the generic IEEEtran template, which is a solid choice for many conferences.

The results of the above given Code format is

Let’s break down what’s happening here:

• `\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}`: This line tells LaTeX that we’re using the IEEEtran document class for a conference paper.
• `\title{}` and `\author{}` : Here, you fill in your paper’s title and author information.
• `\begin{abstract}` and `\end{abstract}` : This is where you write your abstract.
• `\section{}` : Use these commands to create sections in your paper, such as Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Conclusion.
• ` \lipsum[1–2] `, ` \lipsum[3–4] `, etc.: These lines generate dummy text (lorem ipsum) for demonstration purposes. Replace them with your actual content.

The IEEE Conference Paper Template by IEEE

When working in Overleaf, the IEEE Conference template is available here

And there you have it! With this LaTeX template, you’re well on your way to crafting a top-notch IEEE conference paper. Remember, LaTeX has a bit of a learning curve, but don’t get discouraged. Keep tinkering, referencing guides and tutorials, and before you know it, you’ll be a LaTeX wizard.

Happy writing!!!

References:

• https://www.ieee.org/conferences/publishing/templates.html
• https://www.overleaf.com/latex/templates/ieee-conference-template/grfzhhncsfqn

Written by Krishnaranjani

Text to speech

2024 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon)

Upon paper acceptance, authors may start preparing for the final manuscript submission. Below is a simple checklist and guideline for reference:

A. Revise your paper

• Take into account the suggestions and corrections highlighted by the reviewers.
• The length of the final paper should be no more than 6 pages in A4 size, including figures, tables and references.
• All papers must follow the IEEE Conference format which can be downloaded from the following link [ IEEE Paper Template ]
• Please use the given template either in Word or Latex and do not use any other template. Failure to do so may result in your paper exclusion from IEEE Xplore.

B. Upload the camera ready paper

• The camera ready paper MUST be uploaded only through EDAS. Authors need to convert and check their final manuscript before uploading to EDAS at the PDF eXpress website.
• Log in to the  IEEE PDF eXpress site

First-time users should do the following:

• Select the New Users – Click Here link.
• 57683X  for the Conference ID
• your email address
• Continue to enter information as prompted.

An Online confirmation will be displayed and an email confirmation will be sent verifying your account setup.

Previous users of PDF eXpress or IEEE PDF eXpress Plus need to follow the above steps, but should enter the same password that was used for previous conferences. Verify that your contact information is valid.

• Download your final manuscript in pdf format from IEEE PDF eXpress, and then upload your final manuscript to the EDAS.
• Please complete the  IEEE Electronic Copyright Transfer Form (eCF)  in EDAS.

C. Update the presenter information (in EDAS profile of the presenter)

• If the registered author cannot attend the conference, please state who among the authors will be attending and presenting the paper.
• Please also update a short biography of the presenter in his/her EDAS profile.
• Please indicate if the attendee/presenter requires vegetarian meals

NO-SHOW AND ORIGINALITY POLICY

• Please take note that IEEE has a strict policy on “NO-SHOW”. The IEEE has implemented policies to exclude authors who do not present their paper from further distribution of their publication, such as exclusion from IEEE Xplore. Therefore, one of the authors or their representatives  MUST  present the paper at the event.
• Papers that have >30% similarity index will be rejected.

CANCELLATION POLICY

No cancellations policy.

2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing

• SPS Technical Committees
• Special Initiatives
• Editorial Procedures
• Important Dates
• Publishing and Paper Presentation Options
• Author Kit / Instructions
• Paper Submission
• Call for Papers
• Call for Tutorials
• Call for Special Session Proposals
• Call for Workshop Proposals
• Call for Short Course Proposals
• Call for SP Grand Challenge Proposals
• Satellite Events Sponsors
• Bangalore SPS Forum @ SAMSUNG
• Bangalore Author Workshop
• Signal Synergy Conclave
• IEEE SPS Student Chapter Congress
• Gujarat Author Workshop – 2
• Gujarat Author Workshop – 1
• Delhi Pre-ICASSP Workshop
• Sparse Signal Processing in 5G and 6G Wireless Communication
• SPS India Conclave
• Industry Forum
• Patrons & Exhibitors

Author Guidelines

Part i: general information.

The ICASSP 2025 paper submission and review process is being conducted in a manner similar to previous conferences:

• Authors who wish to participate in the conference will create documents consisting of a complete description of their ideas and applicable research results in a maximum of 4 pages for technical content including figures and possible references, and with one additional optional 5th page containing only references.
• Submit the paper electronically before the submission deadline listed below.
• Check the ICASSP 2025 website for the status of your paper.
• Paper submissions will be reviewed by experts selected by the conference committee for their demonstrated knowledge of particular topics. The progress and results of the review process will be posted on this website, and authors will also be notified of the review results by email.
• If your paper is accepted, it will be assigned to either a lecture or a poster session by the program committee. Prepare a lecture or poster presentation accordingly, following the guidelines included in this document.
• All papers accepted to ICASSP 2025 will be published 30 days prior to the first day of the conference and will be freely accessible and downloadable by all in final format from then until the end of the final day of the conference.

The review process is being conducted entirely online. To make the review process easy for the reviewers, and to assure that the paper submissions will be readable through the online review system, we ask that authors submit paper documents that are formatted according to the instructions in Part II.

Requirements

• Papers may be no longer than 5 pages, including all text, figures, and references, and the 5th page may contain only references.
• Papers must be submitted by the deadline. There will be no exceptions.
• Accepted papers MUST be presented at the conference by one of the authors. One of the authors MUST register for the conference at one of the non-student rates offered, and MUST register before the deadline given for author registration. Failure to register before the deadline will result in automatic withdrawal of your paper from the conference proceedings and program. A single registration may cover up to four (4) papers.
• The use of content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) in an article (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) shall be disclosed in the acknowledgments section of any article submitted to an IEEE publication. The AI system used shall be identified, and specific sections of the article that use AI-generated content shall be identified and accompanied by a brief explanation regarding the level at which the AI system was used to generate the content. The use of AI systems for editing and grammar enhancement is common practice and, as such, is generally outside the intent of the above policy. In this case, disclosure as noted above is recommended.

Deadlines and Important Dates

• Special Session Proposals: 8 July 2024
• Workshop Proposals: 8 July 2024
• Grand Challenge Proposals: 8 July 2024
• Grand Challenge Proposal Acceptance Notification: 19 July 2024
• Paper Submissions (ICASSP and ICASSP/OJSP) Deadline Firm: 9 September 2024
• Tutorial Proposals: 9 September 2024
• Short Course Proposals: 23 September 2024
• Author Rebuttal Period: 15-26 November 2024
• SPS Journal Presentation Request: 11 December 2024
• Paper Acceptance Notification: 18 December 2024
• Show and Tell Proposals: 5 January 2025
• Camera Ready Paper Deadline: 13 January 2025
• Author Registration: 13 January 2025
• Open Preview Starts: 7 March 2025

All deadlines are set for 11:59 PM on the respective day in US Pacific Standard Time

Correspondence

Please make sure to include the conference name (ICASSP 2025) and your paper number on all correspondence. Additional questions regarding submission of papers should be directed to the following address:

ICASSP 2025 Conference Catalysts papers@2025.ieeeicassp.org

Frequently Asked Questions

Document preparation, the latex template, microsoft word template, and pdf sample files do not have the exact margins or measurements as those described in the paper kit. what are the correct measurements.

The Paper Kit description should be considered the final word. Because of software version differences, installed font differences, and other system-specific issues, the final PDF file that you create from the given templates may not exactly match the sample manuscript found in the paper kit. The measurements given in these templates and in the official Paper Kit description are not intended to be followed with extreme precision. However, the general structure and layout of the document should be substantially the same as the templates and sample manuscript. This means: the title should appear at the top of the first page, the author list should appear beneath the title, the first paragraph of the document should be the abstract section, the document should be in two-column format with reasonable margins and column spacing, and the font size should be no smaller than 9pt.

I need more time to complete my manuscript; I cannot complete it by the published deadline. Can I have an extension?

The published manuscript submission deadline was selected so that submitted manuscripts may receive sufficient and thorough reviews and so that presenting authors of accepted papers will have sufficient time to arrange for travel to the event site. By granting an extension, the rest of the development of the technical program would be delayed. The deadline for submission of manuscripts is known well in advance, thus, no extension will be granted for any reason.

My manuscript has authors from more than 2 affiliations; My manuscript has several authors. But the LaTeX template supports only 2 authors. How should I list multiple authors in the heading of my manuscript?

There are several formats commonly used for formatting author lists of 3 or more authors or where there are 3 or more different affiliations for authors. The preferred method is to list the author names with identifying marks (superscript numbers, for example) and then a legend below the name list with the respective affiliation descriptions. Be sure that the author list does not exceed the margins of the page. An example is provided: \name{Author Name$^{\star \dagger}$ \qquad Author Name$^{\star}$ \qquad Author Name$^{\dagger}$}

\address{$^{\star}$ Affiliation Number One \\ $^{\dagger}$}Affiliation Number Two

Manuscript Submission

How will i know if my submission is valid for review.

All submitted manuscripts will be inspected for general adherence to the paper kit guidelines (i.e. page count limits, page margins, font problems) and submission procedure (i.e. the title on the uploaded file matches the title typed into the web submission form, the author list on the uploaded file matches the author list typed into the web submission form, etc.). Authors designated as “contact author” will be notified by email only if any problems are found. The status of your submission can be checked online at any time using the assigned paper number and an access code.

Why did my submission fail the document inspection? Can I try again?

There are many reasons why a submitted manuscript might fail the “inspection” process. The inspection failure notification email will contain a description of the problem. The “Revise an already-submitted paper” link on the website will allow for revising of submissions which did not pass inspection. Typically 3-4 days is allowed for corrections to be made in such cases. The most common reasons for inspection failure are:

• The author list shown on the uploaded document file does not match the author list typed into the online form. These two lists MUST MATCH EXACTLY in author names and the order in which these names appear on the uploaded document.
• Page numbers appear on the uploaded file. Do not include page numbers in the submitted manuscript.
• The author list on the uploaded manuscript is blank. Unless explicitly specified otherwise, the review process is not “double-blind”. The submitted manuscript should be in publish-ready format.

How can I withdraw or cancel my submission?

Send an email to the support email address ( papers@2025.ieeeicassp.org ) requesting the withdrawal of the manuscript. This email MUST include the assigned paper ID and should include in the cc: line all of the authors currently listed on the manuscript. If the latter is not done, then a note will be sent to all authors requesting confirmation of the request as withdrawal of a manuscript can only be done on the agreement of all authors.

I recently discovered that I am required to acknowledge the sponsor of my research in order to receive funding, but the deadline for submitting the final manuscript has passed. What should I do?

The deadlines for final manuscript submission are firm and are chosen to allow sufficient time for the preparation and production of the conference proceedings in time for distribution at the event. Be sure to check with financial sponsors before the final manuscript submission deadline concerning this potential requirement.

Registration

The paper kit and web site state that every paper must have an author registered by a certain date. if i am the presenting author of multiple papers, does this mean i should register multiple times.

No, each valid registration to the conference can be linked with up to 4 accepted papers. Note that the registered person should be a named author on any papers he or she is linking with the registration.

The web site states that only non-student registrations can be linked with accepted papers. I am a student and will be the presenting author; how should I register?

The policy is that each paper should be linked with a non-student-rate registration. Students who are the only presenting authors of papers should choose one of the non-student rates. For example, a student who is an IEEE Graduate Student Member and is the only attending author of a paper should choose to register at the IEEE Member rate. A student who is not a member of IEEE in any way should choose to register at the Non-Member rate. Please DO NOT have an author who does not intend to attend, register only to link papers.

When I registered, I was not a member of IEEE, but I recently did join. Can I receive a refund of the difference between the member and non-member registration fees?

No, one must be a member of IEEE at the time of registration in order to receive the lower registration fee benefit. Joining IEEE can be done online quickly and the Member Number is assigned within a few days in most cases.

The members of our team have not yet decided who will be the one(s) to attend and present our paper(s), but the author registration deadline is approaching. Can we change the name of the person registered later on?

A replacement presenter can register first, and then a refund for the original presenter can be considered, in conjunction with all other registration policies. Such requests must be received no later than 2 weeks prior to the start of the event.

Part II: Preparation of the Paper

Document formatting.

Use the following guidelines when preparing your document: LENGTH: You are allowed a total of 5 pages for your document. Up to 4 pages may contain technical content, figures, and references, while the 5th page may contain only references. This is the maximum number of pages that will be accepted, including all figures, tables, and references. Any documents that exceed the 5 page limit or have a 5th page containing anything other than references, will be rejected.

LANGUAGE: All proposals must be in English.

MARGINS: Documents should be formatted for standard letter-size (8-1/2″ by 11″ or 216mm by 279mm) paper. Any text or other material outside the margins specified below will not be accepted:

• All text and figures must be contained in a 178 mm x 229 mm (7 inch x 9 inch) image area.
• The left margin must be 19 mm (0.75 inch).
• The top margin must be 25 mm (1.0 inch), except for the title page where it must be 35 mm (1.375 inches).
• Text should appear in two columns, each 86 mm (3.39 inch) wide with 6 mm (0.24 inch) space between columns.
• On the first page, the top 50 mm (2″) of both columns is reserved for the title, author(s), and affiliation(s). These items should be centered across both columns, starting at 35 mm (1.375 inches) from the top of the page.
• The paper abstract should appear at the top of the left-hand column of text, about 12 mm (0.5″) below the title area and no more than 80 mm (3.125″) in length. Leave 12 mm (0.5″) of space between the end of the abstract and the beginning of the main text.

A format sheet with the margins and placement guides is available in the following file formats:

• PDF file (When you print this file, make sure the “shrink to fit” box is not checked!)

These files contain lines and boxes showing the margins and print areas. If you print one of these files, then stack it atop your printed page and hold it up to the light, you can easily check your margins to see if your print area fits within the space allowed.

Face: To achieve the best viewing experience for the review process and conference proceedings, we strongly encourage authors to use Times-Roman or Computer Modern fonts. If a font face is used that is not recognized by the submission system, your proposal will not be reproduced correctly.

Size: Use a font size that is no smaller than 9 points throughout the paper, including figure captions. In 9-point type font, capital letters are 2 mm high. For 9-point type font, there should be no more than 3.2 lines/cm (8 lines/inch) vertically. This is a minimum spacing; 2.75 lines/cm (7 lines/inch) will make the proposal much more readable. Larger type sizes require correspondingly larger vertical spacing.

TITLE: The paper title must appear in boldface letters and should be in ALL CAPITALS. Do not use LaTeX math notation ($x_y$) in the title; the title must be representable in the Unicode character set. Also try to avoid uncommon acronyms in the title.

AUTHOR LIST: The authors’ name(s) and affiliation(s) appear below the title in capital and lower case letters. ICASSP does not perform blind reviews, so be sure to include the author list in your submitted paper. Proposals with multiple authors and affiliations may require two or more lines for this information. The order of the authors on the document should exactly match in number and order the authors typed into the online submission form.

The LaTeX template has instructions for listing one or two authors. If you need to list more than 2 authors, please use the following structure:

\name{Author Name$^{\star \dagger}$ \qquad Author Name$^{\star}$ \qquad Author Name$^{\dagger}$} \address{$^{\star}$ Affiliation Number One \\ $^{\dagger}$}Affiliation Number Two

ABSTRACT: Each paper should contain an abstract of approximately 100 to 150 words that appears at the beginning of the document. Use the same text that is submitted electronically along with the author contact information.

INDEX TERMS (KEYWORDS): Enter up to 5 keywords separated by commas.

BODY: Major headings appear in boldface CAPITAL letters, centered in the column. Subheadings appear in capital and lowercase, either underlined or in boldface. They start at the left margin of the column on a separate line. Sub-subheadings are discouraged, but if they must be used, they should appear in capital and lowercase, and start at the left margin on a separate line. They may be underlined or in italics.

REFERENCES: List and number all bibliographical references at the end of the paper. The references can be numbered in alphabetical order or in order of appearance in the document. When referring to them in the text, type the corresponding reference number in square brackets as shown at the end of this sentence [2]. An additional final page (the fifth page, in most cases) is allowed, but must contain only references to the prior literature.

The end of the document should include a list of references containing information similar to the following example:

• [1] D. E. Ingalls, “Image Processing for Experts,” IEEE Trans. ASSP, vol. ASSP-36, pp. 1932-1948, 1988.
• ILLUSTRATIONS & COLOR: Illustrations must appear within the designated margins. They may span the two columns. If possible, position illustrations at the top of columns, rather than in the middle or at the bottom. Caption and number every illustration.
• PAGE NUMBERS: Do not put page numbers on your document. Appropriate page numbers will be added to accepted papers when the conference proceedings are assembled.

The following style files and templates are available for users of LaTeX and Microsoft Word: https://www.ieee.org/conferences/publishing/templates.html

We recommend that you use the Word file or LaTeX files to produce your document, since they have been set up to meet the formatting guidelines listed above. When using these files, double-check the paper size in your page setup to make sure you are using the letter-size paper layout (8.5″ X 11″) or A4 paper layout (210mm X 297mm). The LaTeX environment files specify suitable margins, page layout, text, and a bibliography style.

In particular, with LaTeX, there are cases where the top-margin of the resulting PDF file does not meet the specified parameters. In this case, you may need to add a \topmargin=0mm command just after the \begin{document} command in your .tex file. The spacing of the top margin is not critical, as the page contents will be adjusted on the proceedings. The critical dimensions are the actual width and height of the page content.

Part III: Submission and Review of the Paper

The review process will be performed from the electronic submission of your paper. To ensure that your document is compatible with the review system, please adhere to the following compatibility requirements:

File Format

The ‘IEEE Requirements for PDF Documents’ MUST be followed EXACTLY . The conference is required to ensure that documents follow this specification. The requirements are enumerated in:

• IEEE Requirements for PDF Documents v3.2 [PDF]

Papers must be submitted in Adobe’s Portable Document Format (PDF) format.

• must not have Adobe Document Protection or Document Security enabled,
• must have either ‘US Letter’ or ‘A4’ sized pages,
• must be in first-page-first order, and
• must have ALL FONTS embedded and subset.

ALL FONTS MUST be embedded in the PDF file. There is no guarantee that the viewers of the paper (reviewers and those who view the electronic proceedings after publication) have the same fonts used in the document. If fonts are not embedded in the submission, you will be contacted by CMS and asked to submit a file that has all fonts embedded. Please refer to your PDF or PS file generation utility’s user guide to find out how to embed all fonts.

Information for LaTeX users

• PDF files with Type 3 fonts are highly discouraged. PDF files utilizing Type 3 fonts are typically produced by the LaTeX system and are lower-resolution bitmapped versions of the letters and figures.
• You may also need to tell dvips to force letter sized paper with the option: -t letter.
• Some LaTeX installations also include pdflatex, which produces acceptable PDF files as well.

File Size Limit

Authors will be permitted to submit a document file up to 25 MB (megabytes) in size. To request an exception, contact the paper submission technical support at: papers@2025.ieeeicassp.org.

The filename of the document file should be the first author’s first and last name, followed by the appropriate extension (.pdf). For example, if the first author’s name is Johan Smith, you would submit your file as “johan-smith.pdf”. If you have multiple papers, please append sequential numbering to the file name (Ex. johan-smith_1, johan-smith_2, etc.).

Electronic Paper Submission

When you have your document file ready, gather the following information before entering the submission system:

• Document file in PDF format
• Affiliation, email address, and mailing address for each author
• Paper title
• Text file containing paper abstract text, in ASCII text format (for copying and pasting into web page form)

To submit your document and author information, go to the ‘ Paper Submission ‘ link.

The submission system will present an entry form to allow you to enter the paper title, abstract text, review category, and author contact information.

Please note that the list of review categories is very detailed. Please read through the entire list of paper topics before beginning your submission.

Authors should select one primary subject area from the list. A secondary selection is optional and may be selected if the paper matches both categories well.

The first 6 authors (or the first five authors and the corresponding author) must be entered on the online form, and must appear in the online form in the same order in which the authors appear on the PDF.

After you submit this information, the system will display a page with the data that you entered so that you may verify its accuracy. If you need to change the data to fix a mistake, you may use the back button on your browser to return to the information entry form. Once you approve of the data that you have entered, you may choose your document file for upload at the bottom of the verification page. When you click on the button labeled ‘Continue’ at the bottom of this page, the page will check the filename extension to make sure it matches the submission criteria, then your browser will upload your file to our server. Depending on the size of your file and your internet connection speed, this upload may take a few minutes. At the end of a successful upload, you will see a confirmation page displaying the paper number that is assigned to you, and an email message will be sent to the corresponding authors’ email addresses to confirm that the file has been uploaded. If you do not see the confirmation page after uploading your file, we may not have successfully received your file upload. If you encounter trouble, contact the paper submission support at: papers@2025.ieeeicassp.org.

Preprints, including Arxiv

Authors may post their preprints in the following locations:

• Author’s personal website
• Author’s employer’s website
• TechRxiv.org
• Funder’s repository*

This does not count as a prior publication. If copyright to the paper was transferred to IEEE through the completion of an IEEE Copyright Form before the preprint is posted, IEEE must be credited as the copyright holder with the following statement included on the initial screen displaying IEEE-copyrighted material:

“© 20XX IEEE.  Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.”

Upon publication of the paper, the paper’s Digital Object Identifier (DOI) should be added.

Complete information regarding posting of your paper are detailed at https://conferences.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/get-published/post-your-paper/ .

IEEE Copyright Transfer Form

All accepted papers must have an IEEE Electronic Copyright form submitted to be included in the conference proceedings and program. The electronic copyright form is required with the submission of the final “camera-ready” manuscript.

The confirmation page that is displayed after uploading your final, camera-ready document file will also have a link to the IEEE Electronic Copyright Form (eCF) system. That system will guide you through a series of questions to determine the type of copyright form required for your manuscript and will electronically record your signature. You will have the opportunity to download a PDF version of your electronically-signed copyright form, and the IEEE eCF system will send you a confirmation of the receipt of the properly signed form.

Review Process

Your submitted paper will be converted to PDF format by the submission system if necessary, then visually inspected by our submission system staff to assure that the document is readable and meets all formatting requirements to be included in a visually pleasing and consistent proceedings publication for ICASSP 2025. If our submission inspectors encounter errors with your submitted file, they will contact you to resolve the issue. If your paper passes inspection, it will be entered into the review process. A committee of reviewers selected by the conference committee will review the documents and rate them according to quality, relevance, and correctness. The conference technical committee will use these reviews to determine which papers will be accepted for presentation in the conference. The result of the technical committee’s decision will be communicated to the submitting authors by email, along with any reviewer comments.

Rebuttal Guide

Once the online review process is finished, the authors may view their reviews and optionally provide a rebuttal in response. This rebuttal will be analyzed by the Area Chairs, so its main goal is to direct their attention to 1) instances where the authors perceive that one or more reviewers did not seem to understand the paper or have overlooked relevant information; or 2) instances where no explanation is provided for the given scores. The rebuttal should not refer to online or supplementary material, nor include any work that was not in the original manuscript.

A single one-page PDF rebuttal may be prepared to address all reviewer comments. Rebuttals that exceed a single PDF page will be flagged and not be considered in the decision process.

The rebuttal is format free. Authors may freely choose one- or two-column, their favored font type and size, line space or page margin, etc. If proper, you may include detailed math derivations, more results (curves, plots, figures), besides text explanations to justify your claims and address reviewers’ concerns or doubts. However, please make sure the rebuttal is readable. We recommend you don’t use a font smaller than 9pt.

Do not promise to expand your paper to address all the questions raised by the reviewers, as you will not be able to change your article substantially. These promises are likely not to be taken seriously.

Ensure your PDF is able to be opened by standard PDF viewers or a web browser. Note that it is authors’ responsibility to create readable and valid PDFs, and if there are readability problems, authors won’t be notified for such incidents.

Keep your rebuttal polite! Being confrontational does not bring any added value to the paper and the review process. However, if you feel you have received a review that was not courteous, you should point this out.

The Area Chairs will take the rebuttal and additional comments into account when making an accept/reject decision, also provide, if needed additional comments that justify their decision.

Notification of Acceptance

Authors will be notified of paper acceptance or non-acceptance by email as close as possible to the published author notification date. The email notification will include the presentation format chosen for your paper (lecture or poster) and may also include the presentation date and time, if available.

The notification email will include comments from the reviewers. The conference cannot guarantee that all of the reviewers will provide the level of comment desired by you. However, reviewers are encouraged to submit as detailed comments as possible.

Because of the short amount of time between paper acceptance decisions and the beginning of the publication process, ICASSP 2025 is not able to allow for a two-way discourse between the authors and the reviewers of a paper. If there appears to be a logistical error in the reviewer comments, such as the reviewer commenting on the wrong paper, etc., please contact ICASSP 2025 at papers@2025.ieeeicassp.org.

All papers accepted to ICASSP 2025 will be published on 7 March 2025 and will be freely accessible and downloadable by all in final format from 7 March 2025 through 11 April 2025.

Required Author Registration

Be sure that at least one author registers to attend the conference using the online registration system available through the conference website. Each paper must have at least one author registered at a non-student rate, with the payment received by the author registration deadline to avoid being withdrawn from the conference.

No-Show Policy

See Conference Policies .

Copyright Issues for Web Publication

If you plan to publish a copy of an accepted paper on the Internet by any means, you MUST display the following IEEE copyright notice on the first page that displays IEEE published (and copyrighted) material:

Copyright 2025 IEEE. Published in ICASSP 2025 – 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) , scheduled for 6-11 April 2025 in Hyderabad, India. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works, must be obtained from the IEEE. Contact: Manager, Copyrights and Permissions / IEEE Service Center / 445 Hoes Lane / P.O. Box 1331 / Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA. Telephone: + Intl. 908-562-3966.

If you post an electronic version of an accepted paper, you must provide the IEEE with the electronic address (URL, FTP address, etc.) of the posting.

How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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