negative effects of corporal punishment essay

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The Controversy of Corporal Punishment in Schools

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Published: Feb 12, 2024

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Introduction, exploring alternatives to corporal punishment, understanding the adverse impact of physical abuse, examining corporal punishment in public schools, looking towards a solution, works cited.

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The Debate on the Effectiveness of Corporal Punishment Essay (Critical Writing)

Corporal punishment as a form of disciplinary action to children has elicited a fierce debate and controversy over its effectiveness in shaping children’s behavior in the society. Sociologists, psychologists, and legal experts differ on whether corporal punishment has long-term benefits in shaping children’s behavior or not. The difference in opinions has resulted into quest for more research in order to ascertain both short and long-term effects of corporal punishment on children.

Gershoff argues that, “crucial questions remain unanswered, such as what range of child behaviors and experiences are empirically associated with parental corporal punishment, as well as why, how, and for whom corporal punishment might have such effects” (539). Due to lack of empirical evidences to prove whether corporal punishment is harmful or not to the children, the opposing schools of thought are yet to justify their theoretical views and beliefs.

The research concerning corporal punishment is very complex because there are no clear-cut differences between abusive punishment and non-abusive punishment, thus confounding the research findings. Furthermore, corporal punishment and naughty behaviors have intricate relationship in that, it is very difficult to establish causal relationships. Since corporal punishment is associated with untoward childhood behaviors and experiences, it is an ineffective and an undesirable form of parental discipline.

Corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline because it only causes immediate compliance, which has short-term effects in shaping child’s behavior contrary to the long-term expectations by the parents. Numerous studies have shown that parents normally administer corporal punishment with the objective of realizing immediate compliance of the children. Empirical studies have proved that short-term compliance due to corporal punishment is very effective in learning.

“There is general consensus that corporal punishment is effective in getting children to comply immediately, but at the same time there is caution from child abuse researchers that corporal punishment by its nature can escalate into physical maltreatment” (Gershoff 549).

Meta-analysis has proved that administration of corporal punishment does not have long-term behavioral change as expected by the parents; it only causes immediate compliance, and this phenomenon beats the logic of using corporal punishment in disciplining children.

Corporal punishment is essential in achieving control of rowdy and disruptive children; nevertheless, it does not help in long-term development of behavior in children. Although corporal punishment has short-term compliance, continued and consistent administration negatively affects internalization of morals.

Continued and consistent administration of corporal punishment affects children negatively in the process internalizing the desired morals. Moral internalization is appropriate mechanism of developing acceptable behaviors because intrinsic factors rather than the extrinsic factors form the essential driving forces that compel children to mature well. Social and emotional maturation of the children critically depends on the intrinsic factors for such factors enable children to internalize moral values and beliefs in the society.

In contrast, extrinsic factors such as corporal punishment seem to have an imposing influence on the intrinsic factors thus affecting internalization of morals. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate behavior development during the growth of children have mutually exclusive effect in the development of behaviors.

According to the attribution theory, “theorists emphasize that power-assertive methods such as corporal punishment promote children’s external attributions for their behavior and minimize their attributions to internal motivations corporal punishment … may not facilitate moral internalization because it does not teach children reasons for behaving correctly” (Gershoff 541).

Therefore, corporal punishment does not instill the essence of morality to the children for children subjected to corporal punishment behave according to conditioned punishment. Since the children do not understand the essence of morality, they develop aggressive behaviors to resist or avoid severe corporal punishment.

Administration of corporal punishment results into aggressive behavior; hence it is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline. The relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior is very complex to establish causal relationship.

Extensive literature reviews have confirmed that, there is significant positive correlation between corporal punishment and aggressive behaviors among children. These findings imply that corporal punishment promotes development of aggressive behaviors in children, thus inappropriate form of parental discipline.

Based on the attribution theory, the relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior emanate from the fact that corporal punishment interferes with the internalization of moral values and beliefs, leaving children to depend on extrinsic factors as determinants of morality resulting into aggressive defense.

Social control theory also indicates that corporal punishment degrades child-parent relationship, prevent internalization of moral values, and increases aggressive behaviors due to lack of internal motivation and self-control.

Gershoff argues that, “parental corporal punishment affects children primarily by initiating and shaping emotional and cognitive processes in the children, which in turn predispose them to engage in certain behaviors or have particular experiences such as aggression” (551). Hence, cognitive processes are important in mediating and developing aggressive behaviors and experiences. However, it is very difficult to establish causal relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors.

Despite the assumption that untoward behavior and experiences relates with corporal punishment, the causal relation between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors is blurred which makes it difficult to determine the causational effect. Psychological research depends on observational and experiential models to establish causal relationships but the findings do not consider confounding factors that could possibly mediate assumed causal relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors.

Gershoff asserts that although models of correlation have assumed that corporal punishment causes naughty behaviors, they have not sufficiently ruled out the possibility that naughty behaviors to induce corporal punishment, “because corporal punishment occurs rarely and eludes observation, researchers interested in the effects of corporal punishment need to consider more ingenious methods of establishing causality” (556).

Therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to prove that causation relationship exists between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. However, meta-analysis research has attempted to demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that corporal punishment causes naughty behaviors in children.

The establishment of causation relationship is quite possible because meta-analysis research measures and monitors behavior development from the earliest point possible thus considering time precedence and isolating other factors that may confound the causational effect. Since there is no significance evidence to rule out that corporal punishment increases development of naughty behaviors, then corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline.

In a recap, the controversy regarding the effectiveness of corporal punishment still rages as the opposing schools of thoughts have strong evidence to support their views. Sociologists, psychologists and legal experts have not yet reached a conclusion that corporal punishment elicits untoward behaviors and experiences in children. Given that the relationship between corporal punishment and naughty behavior in children is very complex, it is also difficult to establish the causational relationship without making some assumptions.

Nevertheless, meta-analysis has significantly demonstrated that there is causational relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. The relationship between corporal punishment and naughty behaviors portrays chicken-egg relationship in that, it is difficult to establish which one of two comes first.

Works Cited

Gershoff, Elizabeth. “Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.” Psychological Bulletin 128.4 (2002): 539–579.

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IvyPanda. (2018, September 17). The Debate on the Effectiveness of Corporal Punishment. https://ivypanda.com/essays/corporal-punishment/

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Negative Effects of Children Corporal Punishment

1. introduction.

Discussions of corporal punishment are ignited from time to time in many parts of the world, arguing that it is closely related to "child abuse". Statistics concerning the situation of corporal punishment in China released since 2011 are alarming. It draws the great attention of parents, teachers and experts, making the problem public. Chinese are widely known for their high parenting investment and willingness to give whatever it takes to support their children in every possible way; however, corporal punishment is still perceived as an efficient educational strategy to discipline children in China. An extensive consensus is that corporal punishment is generally disapproved in our society because it has been portrayed as oppressive behavior or child abuse, offering only short-term benefits and long-term bad effects. Many parents who have never considered any form of corporal punishment find themselves attracted after their own child's behavior. Consequently, if the long-term adverse effects of corporal punishment are really as overwhelming as they are often portrayed, the majority of parents who choose not to use physical discipline certainly are making the correct choice. This study will highlight the potential negative impacts of corporal punishment on children's development, mental health, and other areas such as modeling and long-term treatment; and, contrary, give feasible and evidence-based intervention recommendations for the negative impacts to enter the right track. Meanwhile, the paper also takes the definitions of corporal punishment and child abuse into account, because the ambiguity between corporal punishment and child maltreatment has hampered the long trend study, resulting in the accumulated contradictory and controversial findings.

1.1. Definition of Corporal Punishment

Corporal punishment involves the application of some form of physical pain in response to undesirable behavior, whether this is a result of criminal activity, antisocial behavior or problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. The constitutionality of the corporal punishment of children is a contested societal issue. From one perspective it is considered unjust and inhuman and constitutes a violation of the constitutional protection to a person’s dignity and not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhumane or degrading manner. From another perspective it is accepted as a necessary and legitimate form of correctional discipline. In light of this ongoing dispute it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the theoretical and empirical issues involved before it can be argued that corporal punishment can be an acceptable and appropriate form of correctional discipline. To achieve this, it is necessary to clarify what punishment is and to examine and discuss the psychological and legal justifications for physically punishing the children. The purpose of punishment is to redress and maintain the moral equilibrium disturbed by antisocial behavior. Punishment is imposed to bring about behavioral change. Positive forms of punishment intend that something unpleasant is acutely present to the person and therefore decreases the undesirable behavior, but it does not help the person to act properly when the aversive stimulation is not present. Children who often experience punishment with physical pain may learn ultimately to avoid situations in which punishment is likely to occur, in particular situations associated with the child’s parents. Prolonged and extensive exposure to corporal punishment can affect the child’s emotional and intellectual development.

1.2. Brief History of Corporal Punishment

Brief history of corporal punishment. Although it is difficult to put a specific date to the starting period of corporal punishment, there are records of these practices in a very distant past. For example, the Roman Empire was highly violent and to be imprisoned was no exception; above all, the slaves that they would exterminate with very violent punishments. The children who survived were then put to work in mines or the fields after they were tortured, while the emperor watched. This practice of violence as a form of punishment is also present in Greece. Athenians approved in 387 A.D. the law that legalized this violence against children, demonstrating to us that this practice was very controversial even at that time. The attitude or actions developed with the idea that it teaches to respect and avoid punishing the children, not responding to their aggression, but rather with proportion, warmth, firmness, interest, reason, and above all transmit values and beliefs to motivate the child to develop into a well-formed adult. In many of the historical and wonderful gestures that are revealed, they refer to the search for everything that has to do with the corporal punishment of children. Daniel Defoe, in his book the famous, made revelations about how the parents treated their children as if they were to blame, and the truth is that laymen can tell us that there was already a clear line that parents had to follow, confessing that sometimes children were excessively beaten to the point of bruises. Everything suggests that it was children who remained the psychological satisfaction of their complex that they would be during adulthood. In ancient Rome and Greece, grown-ups had the habit of using harsh punishments to educate, fear of his authority and thus manage to form children fit only to discipline due to fear. According to the constitution of Athens, approved in 387 A.D., "The son of a man who behaves badly in an indecorous manner may be lawfully beaten blush," it interpreted to the father the reception of the authority and power that acquired on children.

2. Psychological Effects

Physical corporal punishment also brings about psychological effects on children. In a home, corporal punishment may make a child develop fear against the parent and also towards men. This could be revealed in the way children interact with or remind other siblings not to do something wrong using the parent’s threats, making them be bullied at school or in the neighborhood. Furthermore, corporal punishment could use unintended cruel words which may make a child feel insignificant. This lowers their academic performance and standard of living, which promotes poverty. Display of unresolved hostility by a teacher during corporal punishment, accompanied by angry facial expressions and harsh voice pitch, may make a child become anxious, unsettled, and confused. Fears are further found out when it is mathematically supported by the statement made by children from two Sri Lankan schools who talked in front of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child about school corporal punishment. The committee encouraged the children to speak about their views of corporal punishment in their schools. Folds of a piece of green paper were given to them to write their ideas about the issue and put in a container. One student wrote, "We are afraid to disclose our names in fear of repercussions and punishment." Some of the children expressed their habit to avoid their teacher in the classroom because of the school’s physical punishment.

2.1. Impact on Mental Health

This study is related to the theme of corporal punishment and the impact on mental health of children. Specifically, the objectives of this study aimed to analyze the impact of children who suffer from corporal punishment in the educational environment. In relation to the explanatory variables are sociodemographic and family-related characteristics. The impact of corporal punishment suffered by children in their educational development has been evidenced by multiple studies. After an analysis of the most relevant studies it was concluded that corporal punishment is another form of child abuse and it is important to know its impact on the mental health of children. Less well known are the protective factors that can help mitigate their adverse effects. The approach of this study is to identify the risk factors in childhood between the ages of 4 and 12 (sociodemographic and family-related characteristics in terms of self-esteem and parental involvement) and to evaluate its impact on mental health. On the one hand, family-related characteristics, specifically parental involvement, act as a protective factor that helps children cope with violence and the consequences of their mental health. Parental involvement is not a significant variable in emotional problems, immune problems, and behavior towards others. On the other hand, children’s self-esteem stands as a moderator variable. Low levels of self-esteem are a significant risk factor that increases aggressive behavior towards others in children. However, high levels of self-esteem can help lower hostile behavior. Furthermore, lower scores of parental involvement can also increase hyperactivity in children. The specific studies related to this review show that, regardless of the study methodology, all of them confirm that corporal punishment increases mental health problems in children. There is a growing interest on the problems that parents face with their children on a daily basis and the resulting stressful situations. Several studies indicate that parenting is a predictor of multiple children problems, hence they have been investigated very well in the existing literature. Although there is abundant information due to the relevance of this theme, up to date, there is no review that addresses only parental stress or the impact on the mental health of children. Nor does mention protective factors or possible interventions. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of children who suffer from education parental stress. The explanatory variables are also sociodemographic and family-related characteristics (children's self-esteem and parental involvement).

2.2. Development of Aggressive Behavior

Barker et al. found out that physical punishment, as controlled by trait anger and negative emotionality, predicts the development of aggression at the expense of pre-existing aggression. Ratings of less mature empathy from parents and teachers and evidence of conduct disturbances, hyperactive-inattentive difficulties, dependency, and anxiety in school were also affected by physical punishment. Especially in young children, corporal punishment appears to be related to the specific construct of aggression-oppositional behavior rather than the more general construct of aggression, while Iyengar and Ishii-Kuntz showed an increase in children’s aggression and delinquency problems associated with increased use of harsh discipline. In fact, a high prevalence of mental health problems has been found to be related to negative parenting features. In their research, many Thai children identified low parental warmth, low grade attendance, and corporal punishment, which all independently predicted poor mental health. In Pakistan, a country where the corporal punishment of children is socially acceptable and legally allowed to occur, a lack of parental responsiveness and involvement with the child was shown to be a significant predictor of a number of childhood mental health problems. Although the exact nature of the relationship between the tactics parents use to discipline their children and underlying child behavior feature remains unclear, some evidence suggests that personal characteristics of parents may play an important role in that relationship. Klevens and Whitaker argued that child abuse has both direct and indirect impact on children. Discussing previous studies, they mentioned that physical abuse "before the age of 3 and frequent physical punishment of children at the age of 3 as well as emotional and sexual abuse (usually during regressive behavior) at all ages have been associated with an increased risk of being identified as having behavioral problems at the age of 5, 7, and 10 years." Furthermore, the authors pointed out that observational data suggest that physical abuse of children increases as they age. Overall, both emotional and physical abuse too often precede both young and middle-aged children’s emergence.

2.3. Relationship with Anxiety and Depression

Recent cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a link between corporal punishment and internalizing mental health problems, including anxiety and depression. Often the study of these two mental health outcomes are combined; however, there are some notable distinctions between them. Different brain regions have been implicated in the two conditions and rates of occurrence for both conditions vary with demographic factors. Moreover, although anxiety and depression frequently co-occur, there is some evidence that they can have unique and distinct risk factors. Most of the evidence that corporal punishment is associated with these internalizing problems draws from cross-sectional studies, primarily those using American population samples. A growing body of research is examining this relationship within the developmental framework of adolescence, a critical period for the onset and course of anxiety and depressive disorders. Understanding what contributes to these outcomes is crucial in developing targeted interventions. In this study therefore, we tested if physical punishment was associated with reducing connectedness through its association with increases in psychological control. Few studies have looked at the unique longitudinal contributions of these aspects of parenting in fostering adolescent risk for psychopathology in Canadian samples. This study adds to the body of literature by examining the unique contributions of psychological control on anxiety/depression using a Canadian population sample from The Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). In sum, this study adds to the broader literature by a) examining a unique population and b) examining an under-researched aspect of the relationship between parent-child connectedness and the long-term emotional development of youth.

3. Long-Term Consequences

Long-term consequences. There is a growing body of literature on the long-term impact of children’s physical punishment on obtaining later cues about their future violent or aggressive conduct and how effectively they may likely have learned from punishment. Childhood experience of negative relations between children and adults, including aggressive behaviors and physical and verbal punishment, is known to be highly associated with adolescents and adults’ violent and physically aggressive conduct. The results of large prospective longitudinal studies in the criminal justice and child psychology literature suggest that childhood exposure to punishment and negativity in parents’ relations may have a critical role in the growth and exercise of juvenile delinquency and long-term connection to adults’ violent and criminal behavior. In a follow-up survey of 231 Northern European children every five years after preschool, the punitive disciplinary technique of the preschool teacher catastrophically predicted harshly antagonistic and oppositional-bullying force with peers. In a review of the prospective longitudinal study in the clinical psychology literature, those children severely moaningly treated by their parents had a 40% less decrease in problem behavior and more patterns of clinically significant behavior constant to adolescence. In a study of 964 college students, the experience of corporal punishment was associated with a 1.4-fold increase in the risk of alcohol abuse in adulthood. The outcomes also indicated a quicker transition to alcoholic drinking in those who had undergone physical punishment. The National Youth Violent Behavior Survey revealed a 30% increased risk of fighting adolescents who had been rendered to potential average corporal punishment when armed with a deadly weapon, and a 43% higher risk of physical or sexual attack with a weapon by their parents for children who have never experienced it.

3.1. Effects on Relationships

The main long-term problems of punitive parenting are to be found in the area of the quality of the relationships between children and their parents. Boys and girls who were brought up with physical punishment generally mention less positive than negative qualities of their attachment, while punishment without physical violence leads to fragmented or other-autonomous descriptions of their relationship with their parents. Furthermore, studies show that mothers use punishment and physical violence more often when there are emotional conflicts with their children, which damages the existing attachment so much that it endangers the compliance and prosocial behavior of the child. Punitive parenting leads to internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems from 3 to 14 years old. These behavioral problems persist when the offspring are in late adolescence. It does not matter if the emotion regulating behavior of the children is taken into account. Mothers may strike fewer children who show little self-control, because this can keep them safe or can protect them from external dangers. This is not only the case with toddlers but also at preschool and later age. In addition, children who during a discussion are not available and only think of the consequences of their behavior appear less subordinate to their mothers, because they react increasingly angry before they give in.

3.2. Influence on Future Parenting Styles

Contemporary theories and empirical findings show the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment. It is no surprise that directed and modeled violence by the parent towards the child is perpetuated. The clarity of this statement gained in several contemporary researches in which it was suggested a causal link between a more frequent exposure to corporal punishment in childhood and non-knowing of alternative forms of resolving difficult situations and experiencing difficulties in learning control of young children experiencing similar situations. As nurtured attitudes of physical punishment as a means of exerting control or of maintaining good behavior have a special significance, the negative perception and relationships based on power and power relations are harmful to children, which also has long-term effects. The psychological methods that are used by the parent that severely punishes the child are based on power and necessary acceptance of the modeler’s authority, and the desired effects can be experienced only if the individual concerned as an offender is completely isolated. Modeling and a real example of humane behavior do not ensure the achievement of the effect, and the individual remains at the stage of subordination of the perpetrator due to his/her actual dependence of the parent depend on the desires. The situation created is specific by forcing the individual to accept the threat of physical punishment, so that certain behaviors are given up, and that power is the subject of all the influence mechanisms used by the parent towards his/her child.

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