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Automated Evaluation of Handwritten Answer Script Using Deep Learning Approach
August 2022
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What is javascript.
JavaScript is a cross-platform, object-oriented scripting language. It is a small and lightweight language. Inside a host environment ( a web browser), JavaScript can be connected to the objects of its environment to provide programmatic control over them.
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JavaScript Fundamental (ES6 version) Part-I [ 150 Exercises with Solution ]
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Using ChatGPT for Assignments | Tips & Examples
Using ChatGPT for Assignments | Tips & Examples
Published on February 13, 2023 by Jack Caulfield and Tobias Solis. Revised on November 16, 2023.
People are still figuring out the best use cases for ChatGPT , the popular chatbot based on a powerful AI language model. This article provides some ideas for how to use ChatGPT and other AI tools to assist with your academic writing .
These tools can assist you with the following steps when writing a paper, thesis , or dissertation :
Developing a research question
Creating an outline
Generating literature ideas
Paraphrasing and summarizing text
Getting feedback
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text
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Table of contents
Developing a research question with chatgpt, creating an outline of your paper with chatgpt, generate literature ideas, getting feedback from chatgpt, limitations of chatgpt, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.
You can use ChatGPT to help you formulate a clear and concise research question by generating and improving potential questions.
With the help of ChatGPT, you can develop a large number of possible research questions within a short time. This is a great way to generate ideas and different approaches to a topic.
However, make sure that the generated questions make sense and meet your needs. As you can see from our example, you can keep working with ChatGPT to adapt its suggestions to your needs (or just edit the text directly if you already have a clear idea of what you want).
First input
Develop three possible research questions on the following topic: âThe influence of social media on political opinion formation.â
ChatGPT output
To what extent does exposure to diverse political perspectives on social media affect individualsâ political opinions and behaviors?
How does the personalized algorithm of social media platforms shape the formation of political opinions among its users?
What are the underlying factors that determine the effect of social media on political opinion formation, and how can they be measured and analyzed?
Second input
Based on the second research question, develop three further research questions on the topic of polarization in US politics.
Build my scientific method, qualitative discourse analysis, into each question
Include the term “filter bubble” in each question
How does the filter bubble effect on social media platforms contribute to the polarization of political attitudes in the US? A qualitative discourse analysis.
What is the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US? A qualitative discourse analysis.
How does the influence of filter bubbles on social media affect the ability of individuals to engage in productive political discourse across ideological divides in the US? A qualitative discourse analysis.
Third input
Try to incorporate “qualitative discourse analysis” into the questions themselves, instead of using it as a separate sentence.
How does a qualitative discourse analysis of filter bubble effect on social media platforms contribute to understanding the polarization of political attitudes in the US?
What is the contribution of a qualitative discourse analysis to understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US?
How does a qualitative discourse analysis of the influence of filter bubbles on social media inform our understanding of the ability of individuals to engage in productive political discourse across ideological divides in the US?
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You can also use ChatGPT to help you draft a research paper outline or thesis outline . To do this, try generating possible headings and subheadings and then improving them. ChatGPT can help to generate a clear and well-structured outline, especially if you keep adjusting the structure with its help.
However, it doesnât have a deep understanding of your topic. As a result, inappropriate headings may sometimes be generated. Itâs important to check that the outline makes sense and covers all the points needed to answer your research question.
You should also ensure that the headings and subheadings follow a logical structure. Scribbr’s Proofreading & Editing service can help you with this.
Create an outline for an academic research paper with the following research question:
“What is the contribution of a qualitative discourse analysis to understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US?”
The paper will be about 8 pages long.
Background information on filter bubbles and political echo chambers
Purpose of the study
Research question
Thesis statement
Definition and concept of filter bubbles
Definition and concept of political echo chambers
Previous studies on the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers
Critiques and limitations of previous studies
Research design
Participants
Data collection and analysis
Validity and reliability
Findings from qualitative discourse analysis
Results related to the research question
Implications of the findings
Interpretation of the results
Comparison with previous studies
Limitations of the study
Implications for future research
Summary of the results
Implications for understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers
Conclusion and recommendations for future research
List of references used in the paper
Data collection materials
Examples of qualitative data analysis
This seems like too much information to fit into only 8 pages. Can you condense the outline, for example removing the appendices and simplifying the structure?
Background on filter bubbles and political echo chambers
Definition of filter bubbles and political echo chambers
Previous studies on the role of filter bubbles
Limitations of previous studies
Implications for understanding the role of filter bubbles
Final thoughts
ChatGPT can be a useful way to generate ideas regarding what sources you might use in your work. Try asking it for suggestions about where to look and what to consider.
However, we advise against using it to find sources directly. Itâs not designed for this and, if asked to do it, often just creates fake sources and presents them as real. Search a database like Google Scholar instead.
What types of sources could I use to write a paper on the following research question?
When writing a paper on the contribution of qualitative discourse analysis to understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US, you could use the following types of sources:
Academic journals and articles: These are a good place to start when you’re looking for information on specific topics and they can provide you with in-depth analysis and perspectives on the topic at hand.
Books and book chapters: These sources can provide comprehensive overviews of a particular topic and can also offer theoretical frameworks and historical perspectives.
Government reports and studies: Government agencies, such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), may have conducted studies on the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating political echo chambers.
News articles and media reports: These sources can provide insight into the current state of the issue, as well as opinions from various stakeholders.
Online sources: Websites, blogs, and online forums can provide a range of perspectives on the topic and can also be useful in exploring the experiences of individuals who are affected by filter bubbles and political echo chambers.
Data and statistics: Relevant data and statistics on the prevalence and impact of filter bubbles and political echo chambers in the US can be useful in providing evidence to support your arguments.
Expert interviews and focus groups: Conducting expert interviews or focus groups with individuals who have experience with or knowledge of the topic can provide valuable insights and perspectives that can be used to support your arguments.
You can also try using ChatGPT to paraphrase or summarize text. ChatGPT can quickly condense the text or generate a number of different paraphrases of the same idea. You can keep typing âagainâ in the chat until you are satisfied with the result.
This kind of paraphrasing/summarizing can be helpful to, for example, non-native speakers who want to improve the fluency of their text. However, be careful. The outputs often:
Contain grammatical errors
Include false information
So you should always check the output to make sure itâs correct. If youâre unsure, you can run the text through the Scribbr Grammar Checker and cross-reference the information against other, more credible sources .
An alternative is to use the Scribbr Paraphrasing Tool or Scribbrâs free text summarizer , which were designed specifically for these purposes.
Paraphrase the following text:
“A filter bubble results from a social media algorithm’s attempts to cater to an individual user based on data such as their search history and previous behavior on the site. It results in the user only being presented with information that confirms their biases.”
Restructure the sentences and use other phrasings for the following parts:
âresults fromâ
âonly being presented withâ
“A filter bubble is created when a social media algorithm customizes its content for a particular user based on their data, such as their search history and past actions on the platform. This leads to the user being confined to information that reinforces their pre-existing beliefs.” Note We strongly advise against having ChatGPT write text for you and trying to pass it off as your own work. This is academically dishonest and is widely considered plagiarism . It will usually result in an automatic fail, as well as other potential consequences .
You can also use ChatGPT to get feedback on the argumentation and structure of your paper and suggestions for improvements.
An advantage of this is that you can get feedback from ChatGPT on different text excerpts at any time. However, one downside is that ChatGPT does not have a deep understanding of your research question, so its feedback and suggestions may be shallow or inappropriate.
This kind of feedback cannot replace input from an experienced academic supervisor whoâs familiar with your topic. Use ChatGPT feedback as a supplement, not a substitute for human feedback.
If you need in-depth feedback on your writing from someone with academic expertise, try Scribbrâs Proofreading & Editing service .
[Text you want to get feedback on.]
Thank you for submitting your research paper for review. Let me provide you with my constructive criticism:
Clarity of Explanations: Overall, the explanations are clear and concise, but there are a few areas that could benefit from additional clarification. For example, in the first paragraph, you mention “the mental lexicon,” but do not provide a definition or further explanation for what this is. It would also be helpful to provide a definition of “lemma.”
Smoothness of Language: The language in the paper is generally smooth, but there are a few instances where it could be refined. For example, the sentence “The symptoms vary from adding superfluous words and taking pauses to hoarseness of the voice” could be rephrased to “The symptoms of these disorders can range from excessive use of words and pauses to hoarseness.”
Structure of Text: The structure of the text is clear, with each paragraph building on the previous one. However, the transition between the first two paragraphs could be smoother. Perhaps you could add a sentence or two to bridge the gap between the two topics.
Even though ChatGPT is a powerful writing tool, you should keep the following limitations in mind:
No original research
Risk of plagiarism, fake sources, fake âfactsâ.
ChatGPT was trained using existing texts, and the texts created by the AI are based on this data. Itâs not capable of doing its own research, only of synthesizing sources that it was trained on.
Additionally, because the texts that it was trained on only go up to 2021, itâs unfamiliar with more recent world events, cultural trends, and developments in different fields of research. This means it may provide outdated information.
Because ChatGPT was trained using existing text, the AI tends to reuse that content in a way that may be considered plagiarism. The AI may copy text from an online publication in its responses.
Additionally, using ChatGPT to write your assignment for you is considered plagiarism regardless of where it got the content from, because youâre passing off something you didnât write as your own work.
ChatGPT was trained on a wide variety of sources, but itâs not able to accurately tell you what sources itâs using for any given output. Worse, it has a tendency to make up sources that don’t actually exist when you ask.
In addition, ChatGPT is not designed as a citation generator and cannot add correctly formatted citations to your work. Instead, try a tool designed for this purpose, like the Scribbr Citation Generator .
ChatGPT is not always trustworthy when it comes to giving you factually correct information. While it doesnât deliberately lie, it also doesnât have âknowledgeâ in a traditional sense, and it lacks the ability to verify its claims.
Instead, its responses are based on recognizing and reproducing patterns that it has seen in other texts. This means that if it doesnât âknowâ something, it tends to guess. And its guesses are presented with full confidence, just like established facts.
So itâs very important that you carefully check any factual claims made by ChatGPT against more credible sources âand donât cite ChatGPT as a source of factual information for your research.
If you want more tips on using AI tools , understanding plagiarism , and citing sources , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations, examples, and formats.
Citing ChatGPT
Best grammar checker
Best paraphrasing tool
ChatGPT in your studies
Deep learning
Types of plagiarism
Self-plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism
Academic integrity
Best plagiarism checker
Citing sources
Citation styles
In-text citation
Citation examples
Annotated bibliography
You can use ChatGPT to assist in the writing process for your research paper , thesis , or dissertation in the following ways:
Paraphrasing text
No, it’s not a good idea to do so in generalâfirst, because itâs normally considered plagiarism or academic dishonesty to represent someone elseâs work as your own (even if that âsomeoneâ is an AI language model). Even if you cite ChatGPT , you’ll still be penalized unless this is specifically allowed by your university . Institutions may use AI detectors to enforce these rules.
Second, ChatGPT can recombine existing texts, but it cannot really generate new knowledge. And it lacks specialist knowledge of academic topics. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain original research results, and the text produced may contain factual errors.
However, you can usually still use ChatGPT for assignments in other ways, as a source of inspiration and feedback.
No, it is not possible to cite your sources with ChatGPT . You can ask it to create citations, but it isnât designed for this task and tends to make up sources that don’t exist or present information in the wrong format. ChatGPT also cannot add citations to direct quotes in your text.
Instead, use a tool designed for this purpose, like the Scribbr Citation Generator .
But you can use ChatGPT for assignments in other ways, to provide inspiration, feedback, and general writing advice.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. & Solis, T. (2023, November 16). Using ChatGPT for Assignments | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ai-tools/chatgpt-assignments/
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exam paper vs. answer script
Thread starter Sun14
Start date Mar 14, 2023
Senior Member
Mar 14, 2023
Hello, my friends, I was wondering if exam paper and answer script are the same thing or different. If they are the same, which term is widely used? If they are different, do "answer script" mean the paper on which you fill the blanks with answers and "exam paper" mean the paper full of question and you don't need to write the answer to them.
Wordy McWordface
The exam paper is the piece of paper or booklet on which the exam questions are written. In some exams, students write their answers on the exam paper itself. This is often the case with exams for young children: for example, there might be a series of short questions or arithmetic problems, followed by blanks, and the students just write their answers in the blanks on the exam paper. In other exams, students are given both an exam paper and an answer script (or answer sheet or whatever term is used in your school or region). They write their answers on the answer sheet , or tick ABCD boxes on the answer sheet, or do whatever else is required. So, no, they aren't the same thing.
Wordy McWordface said: The exam paper is the piece of paper or booklet on which the exam questions are written. In some exams, students write their answers on the exam paper itself. This is often the case with exams for young children: for example, there might be a series of short questions or arithmetic problems, followed by blanks, and the students just write their answers in the blanks on the exam paper. In other exams, students are given both an exam paper and an answer script (or answer sheet or whatever term is used in your school or region). They write their answers on the answer sheet , or tick ABCD boxes on the answer sheet, or do whatever else is required. So, no, they aren't the same thing. Click to expand...
I have never heard "answer script" in the US, by the way. EDITED: I have heard "answer sheet," though.
Hermione Golightly
I have never heard "answer script", only answer sheet.
I was also puzzled by "answer script", which is why I used "answer sheet" in #2.
Thank you, my friends. I learnt a lot.
Toby Sherman
In colleges/universities in the US, if you take an examination with essay questions, it is common to write the answers in an "examination book". Examination books are sometimes called "blue books", even if the front cover is some other color. Here is a more complete description: Examination book - Wikipedia
Moderato con anima (English Only)
Mar 15, 2023
examination script (ÉȘÉĄËzĂŠmÉȘËneÉȘÊÉn skrÉȘpt ) NOUN British a script with answers written on it by an examination candidate taking a written examination Click to expand...
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12 Interview Scripts (Opening and Closing)
Arley’s comments:
You’ve done a lot well here. You’ve organized your information clearly and have given lots of examples and visuals. You’ve also explained the types of questions that will be in the script. However, when revising, we’ll need to look at source use. There are some sentences and phrases from the original sources that have been included in the document, though the author has made an attempt to cite. We will need to paraphrase these. Also, the graphics don’t have a Creative Commons license, so we will need to make our own or find other sources. We also might want to give a sample script, so the reader can see how these progress.
Judy’s comments:
There is a lot of good information here which is structured and organized well, making it easy to follow and read. However, the focus here is on interview question vs. focusing on creating a script for the opening and closing of an interview. Moving forward what needs to be done is to review the material from Week 5 which pertains to opening and closing an interview and then research this topic further to create guidelines (or tips) for both opening and closing a job interview as well as prepare and include sample scripts for both.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will learn
Introduction
Types of interview questions
Open-Ended interview questions
Guidelines to prepare open-ended interview analysis
objectives of preparing guidelines
Sample script of open-ended interview
Close-Ended interview questions
Guidelines to prepare Close-Ended interview
Sample script of Close-Ended interview
More information about the open-ended and close-ended interview
An interview script refers to a set of questions and answers which is likely to be answered by the candidate, it is more of a streamlined process so that they can be prepared as much as possible. Although those candidates have no idea what type of questions are asked such scripts help to feel more confident and relaxed before attending an interview. Each HR department holds a different interview script to find the right candidate. There are a few steps to consider while formatting an interview script, to keep it organized firstly, one should prepare interviewer questions and then interviewee answers. (LaRock, 2019) In this section, we are going to get a deeper insight into the opening and closing interview scripts, as these are the main areas where we can analyze the personality or presentation of our candidate.
It is important to get prepared well before taking an interview as it is the responsibility of the interviewer to analyze and understand the skills and talents of the candidate, which required asking both open-ended and closed-ended questions rest all the questions come along while conversing with the candidate. The interview questions are classified into 4 as follows:
Open-ended questions are usually the questions to make the candidate feel relaxed and comfortable, these questions require thought and are obliged to reveal the job seeker’s attitudes and opinions, for example, behavioral questions. Here, the candidate demonstrates more about their communication skills, for this, the interviewer asks some personal and past experience-related questions. (Half, 2020)
Examples of Open-ended questions
“Can you describe how you handle tight deadlines on the job?”
“Can you give me an illustration of how you improved productivity at your last job?”
“Why do you want to work for this company?”
“What are your methods for avoiding errors?”
“What are your greatest strengths and weaknesses?”
“What’s the biggest challenge you’ve ever faced in any job?”
“What direction do you see your career taking in five years?”
“What does your ideal job look like?”
“What could your current company do to be more successful?”
(Half, 2020)
When to use it?
These above-mentioned questions should be asked frequently throughout the interview process. This will help you be freer between certain questions or case types, and the interviewer should always ensure that these questions are combined with closed-ended questions. (Half, 2020)
Pitfall to avoid: The interviewer must ask the candidate to understand and answer the question, otherwise they may lose their way and probably will not answer the closed-ended question because both questions must be sufficiently linked. (Half 2020)
Benefits of Open-ended questions
Allow Unlimited Answers – These questions will open a way to ask another set of questions. The interviewer has a great opportunity to gather a lot of information about the candidate. Different candidates carry out conversations in different ways from different angles.
 Provide Unexpected New Insights- Open-ended questions help elicit unexpected answers from different perspectives that the interviewer may never have thought of. For example, suggestions or solutions to different problems can allow the interviewer to understand the potential of the candidate .
 Provides more detail- Here, the responses prepared by the interviewer are just the way the candidate speaks, providing more nuance, explaining them more fluently, and leading to less ambiguous responses.
 Provides more detailed qualitative data- These types of questions provide more qualitative answers and help interviewers read between the lines and understand them as individuals.
 Express your views and opinions- Open-ended questions will allow interviewers to analyze the emotions, feelings, and personality of the person as they discuss the path or ideas based on their personality/point of view.
 Tracking the entire customer journey- Interviewers need to have a general understanding of their candidates to provide feedback and make them satisfied with their performance in the interview. (Learn, 2021)
Limitations of Open-ended questions
Time-consuming – Here, the candidate is likely to talk about his life or personal experience in detail, which may lead to extended conversation time and the interviewer may not be able to complete the interview on time.
 Low response rate -If the candidate takes a long time to answer open-ended questions, this may result in fewer answers to closed-ended questions, and they may answer some questions prepared for closed-ended questions.
 Difficult to compare – Because the answers are objective, it will be a difficult task for the interviewer to compare and recall all answers with data points and consistent results.
 Irrelevant information – Some candidates may provide irrelevant information, which can lead to missing clues to the question and confusion when answering.
 Difficult to analyze- These problems are more difficult to analyze because they contain unstructured data and therefore are not easy to calculate. (Learn, 2021)
 Guidelines to prepare an open-ended interview:
Use Relevant Examples:  Every question is answered with unlimited responses, but they wonât all get you the work . Tailor your response to suit the position by using relevant examples. When asked âIf you’ll have the right job, what wouldn’t it be?â use the responsibilities related to the position to make your dream description , rather than sharing your fantasy of becoming a rocker .
Be Specific: Interviewers ask vague inquiries to see where youâll accompany them. Offer an in-depth response to color a transparent picture of the rationale youâre the simplest choice for the work . The more pointed your response is, the better it’ll be for the hiring manager to measure your fit. Rambling and veering off-track will only earn you a rejection letter.
Practice Replies to Common Inquiries: Expect to be asked standard questions like âTell me about yourselfâ and âWhy are you the simplest person for the job?â Anticipate these inquiries before time and prepare a winning response. It is often difficult to consider an excellent reply on the spot, so do your homework and are available to the interview able to give your well-rehearsed reply.
Let Your Personality Shine: Many companies ask quirky questions like âIf you were an animal, which one would you be?â to urge a glimpse of your personality and see if you’d be an honest fit for their company culture. You canât really anticipate these inquiries, so be able to think fast. Let your true personality show, because thatâs what the interviewer wants to ascertain . If youâre an honest fit for the position, then great. If not, itâs better to understand now than after accepting an employment offers. Â
(Connelly, 2015)
What words are used?
 When people speak, their communication often exceeds their intentions. Pay attention to the connotation of the words used by the interviewee. Look for ambiguous words that can have multiple meanings.
 What is the context?
The interview did not happen in a vacuum; everything the interviewee said happened in a certain context. Sometimes, the context can have a significant impact on the results. For example, comments may be influenced by factors such as widespread media attention on related topics, local news about education cuts, etc.
 To what extent are these beliefs, feelings, or thoughts shared?
One of the biggest challenges of qualitative research is to understand the level of attention paid to various comments. What is a major discovery, what is a minor discovery, and what is not a discovery at all?
 Here are some simple guidelines to help you make these distinctions:
Frequency and amplitude. How often does this view appear in interviews? How many people agree with this view? A widely held view or experience can be an important discovery, while a view that appears only once may not (unless it is a good idea or knowledge).
Strength. How strongly do people feel about this view? Is the interviewee enthusiastic about a particular point of view, or is it neutral and carefree?
Specificity. Are the intervieweesâ feelings and beliefs based on specific personal feelings and experiences, or do they generally refer to âwhat most people sayâ? For example, in a particular OST program, the specific anecdote of injuries due to poor supervision should have more weight than the intervieweeâs âeveryone said that the place is not goodâ. (Workbook E, Page 17)
Manager: Hi Daniel. Thank you for being here today. This is Gracey Katlyn Pleased to meet you.
Applicant: Â Hi, I am Daniel Cortez. Nice to meet you too.
 Manager:  Tell me about yourself.
Applicant: I am an excellent team member. I like to collaborate and contribute as much as possible during the project. If I finish my homework and have free time, I will ask my colleagues if I can do something for them. I always try to take the time to answer any questions, especially questions from new team members. I believe that teamwork and collaboration can help create better and more efficient results. ”
Manager: What are your greatest strengths?
Applicant: Â “I have always been a born leader. I also regularly hone my management skills through 360 reviews and candid meetings with the team, and I know that continuing to develop my leadership skills is the goal of my next position. ”
Manager: What is your motivation?
Applicant: One of my biggest motivations is the end-user experience. In my current role as a front-end developer, I know how many details can improve the product. I want to make sure that each button is in the best position, that the drop-down menu is correct, and that each page can be enlarged. Receiving positive feedback from clients or clients motivates me to do my best. ”
Manager: What makes you a suitable candidate for this job?
Applicant:Â Judging from the information I have gathered about your company; your company has a strong work system and you need organized employees to manage day-to-day operations. My Work experience shows that I have a history of success in organizing and communicating with employees. I look forward to using my skills to benefit the organization. ”
Manager: Where will you be in five years?
Applicant: Â Five Years later, I believe that I am in a middle management position in this company, and I have a strong view of top management. If possible, I want to take on the role of product manager and then maybe take a coaching position. I have worked hard to improve my leadership skills for success and growth, and this company is the ideal environment to do so.
Indeed Editorial Team (November 30, 2020)
Cl ose-ended Inte rvie w Questions
The close-ended questions are usually simple answers which might be yes or no, multiple types, ordinal, interval, and ratio type questions which will help you to gain factual information. They can be complicated and confusing based on the answers given in open-ended questions. (Half, 2020)
Examples of Closed-ended questions:
“How many years did you work for your last employer?”
“Have you ever worked in a different industry?”
“What’s the longest you’ve worked for any employer?”
“Are you comfortable working remotely?”
“Do you have much experience with social media?”
These types of questions are best while eliciting or setting a stage for complex questions as they might get a path to answer or can make them feel relaxed while ending pleasantly. (Half, 2020)
Pitfall to avoid: The interviewer should not ask too many close-ended questions as the candidate can feel interrogated especially when the interviewer is not able to link the entire process. (Half, 2020)
Benefits of Close-ended questions
Easier and quicker to answer: These type of questions can be answered easily and faster as they are one option or one-word answers and does not need much time.
Help in obtaining measurable and quantitative data: These questions can be easily measured or corrected as there is only one answer and the candidates selected with the right one can be hired or called for the next round.
Better understanding through answer options: The candidate doesn’t need to know the answer for all the questions but when they look at the options available it’s easy for them to identify the right one.
Customers are more likely to respond: It takes only less time to answer given questions as they just need to select the answer and don’t have to give any explanation.
Help to get rid of irrelevant answers: This type of question is structured data with predefined relevant answers.
Comparable answers: The answers provided by the candidate are easy to compare with other candidates.
Can be customized easily: these questions are easy to replicate and modify based on the type of survey, organization, or business. (Dawer, 2019)
Limitations of Close-ended questions
Unable to provide detailed information: Although these questions can be answered easily the interviewer won’t be able to acquire the exact answer or reason why they have opted for certain options.
Cannot help to receive customer opinions: The candidate cannot provide the reason why they have rated the products or services of the company and this can hamper the interviewer from selecting the right candidate.
It is not possible to cover all possible answers: All the candidates are different from each other and might not have the option as per their knowledge or thinking this can limit their options or opinions about certain services or products provided by the company.
More choices can create more confusion: Providing more than 3 options can confuse the candidate and they might end up in some answers which they are sure of.
Can suggest answers which the customer may not be thinking: Some candidates might not even be thinking the same way as the questions and options are given but the options will make them think differently.
Customers having no opinion will also answer: In some cases, the candidate might not even have any idea about the questions given but to complete the survey and get the feedback they might tick or select one option other than leaving it unattended.
Not possible to find out if the question is misinterpreted: If the candidate misinterprets the answer in a closed-end question this will make the interviewer realize their mistake when answered the open-ended questions. (Dawer, 2019)
Guidelines to prepare close-ended interview
First, the closing signals the termination of the interview but not the relationship.
Second, the closing may express supportiveness to enhance the relationship and bring the interview to a positive close.
Third, the closing may summarize the interview. A summary must accurately reflect the important elements of the interview.
Be sincere and honest.
Do not rush the closing.
Do not introduce new topics or ideas during the closing.
Leave the door open for future contacts.
Avoid false closings when the interview is not really over.
Avoid failed departures when you soon meet up again with the party after having concluded the interview.  ( Ch4 Structuring the Interview , 2017)
 Manager: Have you at any point been terminated from a task? Indeed or no? Clarify.
 Applicant: No. There has never been any justification a business to release me.
 Manager: Do you get a kick out of the chance to work under tension? Indeed or no? Clarify.Â
 Applicant: Yes. Obviously, it relies upon the sort of pressing factor yet when in doubt I would need to answer that I do. I find that pressing factor will in general further develop my presentation since it builds my assurance to take care of business. I feel that I am a self-starter however pressure gives me that additional motivation or push that we as a whole need every once in a while.
Manager: With what number of different associations have you met? What are their names?
Applicant: This is the solitary meeting I have had up until now. I’m by and large amazingly specific.
Manager: Do you realize how to utilize or work on (typewriter, PC, drill press, the 3 C’s of selling, SWOT examination, and so forth)? Indeed or no? Clarify.
Applicant: Yes. I utilized (a typewriter, PC, drill press, and so on) in my last work and turned out to be intimately acquainted with it. I additionally found that I did very well with it and came to appreciate utilizing it.
Manager: Â Are you looking for work in an organization of a specific size? Indeed or no? Clarify.
Applicant:Â Yes. I might want to work for an organization that offers me an opportunity to create and utilize the entirety of my abilities. I feel an enormous organization can allow me that opportunity.
 Manager: Are you satisfied with your experience with us?Â
Applicant: Yes. I am looking forward to hear from you.
Thank you for your time, Daniel. We will disclose the results soon.
( The Closed-Ended Questions during an Interview , 2014)
Difference between Open-Ended Interview and Close-Ended Interview
(Dossetto, 2014)
https://www.hotjar.com/blog/open-ended-questions/
To conclude, the open and closed-ended questions play an important role in an interview as they offer both quantitative and qualitative answers despite all the case type questions asked, as it is essential for a company to know and understand the communication skill of the employee to attract more customers and for that the employee should able to talk briefly and sufficiently rather than providing some irrelevant answers. These types of characteristics can be only analyzed in the open-ended questions as they will share their personal and professional experience and in the case of close-ended questions, they share more of their feelings or emotions towards certain aspects of situations. Therefore, an interviewer has to be fully prepared and expect surprising answers from the candidates.
Qualitative data: Â Qualitative data focuses on the characteristics. It is generally used when the descriptive form of data is needed to be collected.
Quantitative data: Quantitative data is measured in terms of numerical values. It is collected when there is a need to analyze the statistical data.
Hypothetical interviews: Hypothetical data are a kind of theoretical data based on assumptions.
Out-of-the-box interviews: Out-of-the-box interviews mean being more creative and innovative. It means to think logically.
                                                 Â
LaRock, H. (2019, December 13). How to Write an Interview Script . Bizfluent.
The Closed-Ended Questions during an Interview . (2014, May 14). EmploymentCrossing.Com. https://www.employmentcrossing.com/article/900041500/The-Closed-Ended-Questions-during-an-Interview/
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Shell scripting provides an easy and powerful programming method to help you save time by automating a lot of your repeated manual tasks. Itâs a concept that can be vital for automation testers and DevOps engineers in interview preparations. So we came up with twenty frequently asked Shell scripting questions that you should prepare to answer during interviews.
Being a Shell script programmer, you should be aware of the different shells available on the Linux OS. Before even writing or executing a shell script, you must make sure that you are using the right Shell where the script is intended to run.
You should know that a script targeted for a particular Shell may not run in a different Shell without making appropriate changes. So keeping a tab on the Shell environment will help you avoid any hassle that could have appeared at runtime.
In the below set of Shell scripting questions and answers, weâve mostly used the BOURNE shell a.k.a. BASH. If you are serious about preparing for a Linux interview , then save the below posts to give full throttle to your preparations.
1. How to create a Linux service using a shell script 2. Shell script quiz for beginners 3. Linux commands cheat sheet 4. Bash script code challenges for beginners
Now, you can continue reading the essential Shell scripting questions and examples given below.
Top 20 Shell Scripting Questions and Answers
Q-1. what could possibly make the <cat filename> command return the following error.
The command not found  error occurs when either the PATH variable is corrupt or has some issue in configuration.
Hence, itâll throw the error message as mentioned in the question.
Q-2. How can we pass arguments to a script in Linux? And how to access these arguments from within the script?
We can write a bash script that can accept arguments from the command line in the following manner.
To access these arguments, we can use the positional parameters ($1 to $9) in the script. Each parameter corresponds to the position of the argument on the command line.
The first argument is read by the shell into the parameter $1, the second argument into $2, and so on. After $9, start enclosing the arguments in brackets like ${10}, ${11}, and ${12}.
Some shells donât support the above method. In that case, to access parameters with numbers greater than 9, you can use the shift command. It moves the parameter list to the left.
$1 is lost, $2 becomes $1, $3 becomes $2, and so on. The inaccessible 10th parameter becomes $9 and becomes accessible.
Letâs check out an example for clarity.
Upon execution, the test script will yield the following output.
Q-3. What are the differences between $* and $@ ?
In Linux, $* and $@ are both represent command line arguments passed to a shell script, but they behave differently:
treats all the arguments as a single entity and doesnât preserve whitespace or quote characters.
treats each argument as a separate entity while it ensures to preserve the whitespace and quotes.
combines all the arguments into a single string with spaces as separators.
treats each argument as a separate entity while ensuring to preserve the whitespace and quotes.
If you have arguments with spaces or special characters, they may not be handled correctly.
It maintains the integrity of each argument as it is passed, making it suitable for iterating through arguments safely.
consider this example to understand the $* .
consider this example to understand the $@ .
To summarize, while both $* and $@ enable access to command line arguments. $@ is typically preferred because it preserves the individual arguments correctly, especially when dealing with spaces and special characters.
Q-4. What is the command to display only the regular files in a directory?
The following command filters and displays only the regular files in a directory.
Q-5. Write a shell script to display the last updated file or the newest file in a directory.
Following is the test script to list the most recently changed file.
Another way to achieve the same behavior is as follows:
Q-6. Print the current date, time, username, and current working directory.
Letâs create a file named <stats.sh> and add the following code to it.
First of all, assign the execute permission for the script and then execute it. Itâll display the required information.
Q-7. Write a shell script that adds an extension â.newâ to all the files in a directory.
Please use the following script to change all the files in a directory to a â.newâ extension. Kindly make sure to supply the directory name as an argument while running the test script.
Q-8. Write a shell script to print a number in reverse order. It should support the following requirements.
1. The script should accept the input from the command line. 2. If you donât input any data, then display an error message to execute the script correctly.
Letâs first, jot down the steps involved in the test script.
1. Suppose the input number is n. 2. Set reverse and single digits to 0 (i.e. rev=0, sd=0). 3.  The expression (n % 10) will give the single leftmost digit i.e. sd. 4.  To reverse the number, use this expression <rev * 10 + sd>. 5. Decrease the input number (n) by 1. 6.  If n is greater than 0, then go to step no. 3. Else, execute step no. 7. 7. Print the result.
The script code is as follows.
There are two ways in which we can run the above script.
Instance 1:
If there is no input, you will get the following output.
Instance 2:
When the input is available in the command line Argument, you will get the following output.
Q-9. How will you delete a file that has special characters in its file name?
In Linux or Unix-like systems, you may come across file names including the following special characters, white spaces, backslashes, and more.
Bash shell considers most of the above special characters as commands. Thus, the ârmâ command may not be able to delete such files. The simplest way to delete files having special characters in their name is by using the inode number.
The <-i> option of the <ls> command displays the index number (inode) of each file.
Use the <find> command given below to delete the file, if it has an inode number such as 9966571.
Q-10. How to ask for input in a shell script from the terminal?
In Linux, we can use the <read> command to take input from the user. It reads data from the terminal as the user enters it from the keyboard. And stores into a variable.
Letâs see a sample test script featuring the <read> command.
Upon running the above script, itâll prompt for the name and assign the input value to the variable <name>.
Q-11. How do we do numeric comparisons in Linux?
The test command can perform various types of numeric comparisons using the following operators.
Syntax: INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 Description: INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 Example Code:
Syntax: INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 Description: INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 Example Code:
Syntax: INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 Description: INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 Example Code:
Syntax: INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 Description: INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 Example Code:
Syntax: INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 Description: INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 Example Code:Â Â Â
Syntax: INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 Description: INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 Example Code:
Q-12. What is the syntax for different types of loops available in shell scripting?
Following are the loops supported in shell scripting.
1. <for loop>.
2. <while loop>.
3. <until loop>.
4. <select loop>.
Q-13. How will you find the sum of all numbers in a file in Linux?
Following is the script which computes the sum of all numbers stored in a file.
Q-14. Write a shell script to delete the lines containing a word <dd> if it appears between the 5th and 7th position.
Letâs take a fixed-width file as:
The expected output after script execution is.
The test script to do the expected task is as follows.
Q-15. Find the unique words in a file and also count the occurrence of each of these words.
The following test script/command will count the unique words.
Q-16. Get the total count of the word âLinuxâ in all the â.txtâ files and also across files present in subdirectories.
The following is the test script/command which recursively searches for the â.txtâ files and returns the total occurrences of a word <Linux>.
Q-17. Write a shell script to validate password strength.
Here are a few assumptions for the password string.
Length  â minimum of 8 characters.
Contain both alphabet and number.
Include both the small and capital case letters.
If the password doesnât comply with any of the above conditions, then the script should report it as a <Weak Password>.
Q-18. Write a shell script to print the count of files and subdirectories in the specified directory.
Q-19. print the reverse of an input number using a script., q-20. reverse the list of strings and reverse each string further in the list., summary: essential shell scripting questions and answers.
Congratulations! You have successfully gone through the 20 essential Shell scripting questions and answers. We hope they will help you secure your dream Linux job. If youâve any questions, then please feel free to let us know about it.
Lastly, our site needs your support to remain free. Share this post on social media ( Linkedin / Facebook ) if you gained some knowledge from this tutorial.
Enjoy coding, TechBeamers.
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Python Programming
Python Basic Exercise for Beginners
Updated on:Â August 31, 2023 | 494 Comments
This Python essential exercise is to help Python beginners to learn necessary Python skills quickly.
Immerse yourself in the practice of Python’s foundational concepts, such as loops, control flow, data types, operators, list, strings, input-output, and built-in functions. This beginner’s exercise is certain to elevate your understanding of Python.
Also, See :
Python Quizzes : Solve quizzes to check your knowledge of fundamental concepts.
Python Basics : Learn the basics to solve this exercise.
What questions are included in this Python fundamental exercise ?
The exercise contains 15 programs to solve. The hint and solution is provided for each question.
I have added tips and required learning resources for each question, which will help you solve the exercise. When you complete each question, you get more familiar with the basics of Python.
Use Online Code Editor to solve exercise questions.
This Python exercise covers questions on the following topics :
Python for loop and while loop
Python list , set , tuple , dictionary , input, and output
Also, try to solve the basic Python Quiz for beginners
Exercise 1: Calculate the multiplication and sum of two numbers
Given two integer numbers, return their product only if the product is equal to or lower than 1000. Otherwise, return their sum.
Expected Output :
Accept user input in Python
Calculate an Average in Python
Create a function that will take two numbers as parameters
Next, Inside a function, multiply two numbers and save their product in a product variable
Next, use the if condition to check if the product >1000 . If yes, return the product
Otherwise, use the else block to calculate the sum of two numbers and return it.
Exercise 2: Print the sum of the current number and the previous number
Write a program to iterate the first 10 numbers, and in each iteration, print the sum of the current and previous number.
Reference article for help:
Python range() function
Calculate sum and average in Python
Create a variable called previous_num and assign it to 0
Iterate the first 10 numbers one by one using for loop and range() function
Next, display the current number ( i ), previous number, and the addition of both numbers in each iteration of the loop. Finally, change the value of the previous number to the current number ( previous_num = i ).
Exercise 3: Print characters from a string that are present at an even index number
Write a program to accept a string from the user and display characters that are present at an even index number.
For example, str = "pynative" so you should display ‘p’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘v’.
Reference article for help: Python Input and Output
Use the Python input() function to accept a string from a user.
Calculate the length of the string using the len() function
Next, iterate each character of a string using for loop and range() function.
Use start = 0 , stop = len(s)-1, and step =2 . the step is 2 because we want only even index numbers
In each iteration of a loop, use s[i] to print characters present at the current even index number
Solution 1 :
Solution 2 : Using list slicing
Exercise 4: Remove first n characters from a string
Write a program to remove characters from a string starting from zero up to n and return a new string.
For example:
remove_chars("pynative", 4) so output must be tive . Here, we need to remove the first four characters from a string.
remove_chars("pynative", 2) so output must be native . Here, we need to remove the first two characters from a string.
Note : n must be less than the length of the string.
Use string slicing to get the substring. For example, to remove the first four characters and the remaining use s[4:] .
Also, try to solve Python String Exercise
Exercise 5: Check if the first and last number of a list is the same
Write a function to return True if the first and last number of a given list is same. If numbers are different then return False .
Exercise 6: Display numbers divisible by 5 from a list
Iterate the given list of numbers and print only those numbers which are divisible by 5
Also, try to solve Python list Exercise
Exercise 7: Return the count of a given substring from a string
Write a program to find how many times substring â Emma â appears in the given string.
Use string method count() .
Solution 1 : Use the count() method
Solution 2 : Without string method
Exercise 8: Print the following pattern
Hint : Print Pattern using for loop
Exercise 9: Check Palindrome Number
Write a program to check if the given number is a palindrome number.
A palindrome number is a number that is the same after reverse. For example, 545, is the palindrome numbers
Reverse the given number and save it in a different variable
Use the if condition to check if the original and reverse numbers are identical. If yes, return True .
Exercise 10: Create a new list from two list using the following condition
Create a new list from two list using the following condition
Given two list of numbers, write a program to create a new list such that the new list should contain odd numbers from the first list and even numbers from the second list.
Create an empty list named result_list
Iterate the first list using a for loop
In each iteration, check if the current number is odd number using num % 2 != 0 formula. If the current number is an odd number, add it to the result list
Now, Iterate the first list using a loop.
In each iteration, check if the current number is odd number using num % 2 == 0 formula. If the current number is an even number, add it to the result list
Print the result list
Note: Try to solve the Python list Exercise
Exercise 11: Write a Program to extract each digit from an integer in the reverse order.
For example, If the given int is 7536 , the output shall be “ 6 3 5 7 “, with a space separating the digits.
Use while loop
Exercise 12: Calculate income tax for the given income by adhering to the rules below
Taxable Income
Rate (in %)
First $10,000
0
Next $10,000
10
The remaining
20
For example, suppose the taxable income is 45000, and the income tax payable is
10000*0% + 10000*10% + 25000*20% = $6000.
Exercise 13: Print multiplication table from 1 to 10
See: How two use nested loops in Python
Create the outer for loop to iterate numbers from 1 to 10. So, the total number of iterations of the outer loop is 10.
Create an inner loop to iterate 10 times.
For each outer loop iteration, the inner loop will execute ten times.
In the first iteration of the nested loop, the number is 1. In the next, it 2. and so on till 10.
In each iteration of an inner loop, we calculated the multiplication of two numbers. (current outer number and current inner number)
Exercise 14: Print a downward Half-Pyramid Pattern of Star (asterisk)
Exercise 15: write a function called exponent(base, exp) that returns an int value of base raises to the power of exp..
Note here exp is a non-negative integer, and the base is an integer.
Expected output
I want to hear from you. What do you think of this basic exercise? If you have better alternative answers to the above questions, please help others by commenting on this exercise.
I have shown only 15 questions in this exercise because we have Topic-specific exercises to cover each topic exercise in detail. Please solve all Python exercises .
Did you find this page helpful? Let others know about it. Sharing helps me continue to create free Python resources.
About Vishal
Iâm Vishal Hule , the Founder of PYnative.com. As a Python developer, I enjoy assisting students, developers, and learners. Follow me on Twitter .
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A JS TamperMonkey Script to retrieve and inject answers in the webpage of Quizizz
Jev1337/Quizizz-Assistant
Folders and files.
Name
Name
38 Commits
Repository files navigation
Quizizz assistant.
Quizizz Assistant is a userscript designed to assist with Quizizz games by marking the correct answers. It uses an API(2) to retrieve the answers.
Note: This has only been tested in Test Mode (Free Version) with MCQ and MSQ.
Automatically marks the correct answers in Quizizz games.
Works seamlessly with the Quizizz interface.
v1 Uses CheatNetwork's API, it requires you to login to CheatNetwork's website in order to use it. This will allow you to cheat on Private Rooms.
v2 Uses Quizit's API, it does not require you to login, however this won't allow you to cheat on Private Rooms.
Installation
This script is designed to be used with a userscript manager such as Tampermonkey.
Install Tampermonkey from the Chrome Web Store or Firefox Add-ons .
Click on the Raw button at the top of the script view on GitHub.
CTRL-A CTRL-C
Click Create a new script... to add the script to Tampermonkey.
CTRL-V CTRL-S
Navigate to a Quizizz game.
The script will automatically run and add a button to retrieve answers. (NOTE: Sometimes you have to refresh the page in order for the script to load!)
P Key: Reveals Answers
H Key: Hides Reveal Button
If the button does not show up, refresh the page. Other issues (with button appearing), should be logged in the console, so feel free to send them over in the issues!
Contributing
Contributions are welcome! If you have a bug to report, a feature to suggest, or changes to contribute, please open an issue to discuss what you would like to change. Pull requests are also welcome.
This project is licensed under the GPL v3 License - see the LICENSE file for details.
This script is for educational purposes only. Cheating is not encouraged or endorsed. Please use responsibly.
JavaScript 100.0%
Home > Bash Scripting Tutorial > Bash Variables > Variable Declaration and Assignment > How to Assign Variable in Bash Script? [8 Practical Cases]
How to Assign Variable in Bash Script? [8 Practical Cases]
Variables allow you to store and manipulate data within your script, making it easier to organize and access information. In Bash scripts , variable assignment follows a straightforward syntax, but it offers a range of options and features that can enhance the flexibility and functionality of your scripts. In this article, I will discuss modes to assign variable in the Bash script . As the Bash script offers a range of methods for assigning variables, I will thoroughly delve into each one.
Table of Contents
Key Takeaways
Getting Familiar With Different Types Of Variables.
Learning how to assign single or multiple bash variables.
Understanding the arithmetic operation in Bash Scripting.
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Local vs global variable assignment.
In programming, variables are used to store and manipulate data. There are two main types of variable assignments: local and global .
A. Local Variable Assignment
In programming, a local variable assignment refers to the process of declaring and assigning a variable within a specific scope, such as a function or a block of code. Local variables are temporary and have limited visibility, meaning they can only be accessed within the scope in which they are defined.
Here are some key characteristics of local variable assignment:
Local variables in bash are created within a function or a block of code.
By default, variables declared within a function are local to that function.
They are not accessible outside the function or block in which they are defined.
Local variables typically store temporary or intermediate values within a specific context.
Here is an example in Bash script.
In this example, the variable x is a local variable within the scope of the my_function function. It can be accessed and used within the function, but accessing it outside the function will result in an error because the variable is not defined in the outer scope.
B. Global Variable Assignment
In Bash scripting, global variables are accessible throughout the entire script, regardless of the scope in which they are declared. Global variables can be accessed and modified from any script part, including within functions.
Here are some key characteristics of global variable assignment:
Global variables in bash are declared outside of any function or block.
They are accessible throughout the entire script.
Any variable declared outside of a function or block is considered global by default.
Global variables can be accessed and modified from any script part, including within functions.
Here is an example in Bash script given in the context of a global variable .
It’s important to note that in bash, variable assignment without the local keyword within a function will create a global variable even if there is a global variable with the same name. To ensure local scope within a function , using the local keyword explicitly is recommended.
Additionally, it’s worth mentioning that subprocesses spawned by a bash script, such as commands executed with $(…) or backticks , create their own separate environments, and variables assigned within those subprocesses are not accessible in the parent script .
8 Different Cases to Assign Variables in Bash Script
In Bash scripting , there are various cases or scenarios in which you may need to assign variables. Here are some common cases I have described below. These examples cover various scenarios, such as assigning single variables , multiple variable assignments in a single line , extracting values from command-line arguments , obtaining input from the user , utilizing environmental variables, etc . So letâs start.
Case 01: Single Variable Assignment
To assign a value to a single variable in Bash script , you can use the following syntax:
However, replace the variable with the name of the variable you want to assign, and the value with the desired value you want to assign to that variable.
To assign a single value to a variable in Bash , you can go in the following manner:
Steps to Follow >
ⶠAt first, launch an Ubuntu Terminal .
â· Write the following command to open a file in Nano :
nano : Opens a file in the Nano text editor.
single_variable.sh : Name of the file.
âž Copy the script mentioned below:
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. Next, variable var_int contains an integer value of 23 and displays with the echo command .
âč Press CTRL+O and ENTER to save the file; CTRL+X to exit.
âș Use the following command to make the file executable :
chmod : changes the permissions of files and directories.
u+x : Here, u refers to the “ user ” or the owner of the file and +x specifies the permission being added, in this case, the “ execute ” permission. When u+x is added to the file permissions, it grants the user ( owner ) permission to execute ( run ) the file.
single_variable.sh : File name to which the permissions are being applied.
â» Run the script by using the following command:
Case 02: Multi-Variable Assignment in a Single Line of a Bash Script
Multi-variable assignment in a single line is a concise and efficient way of assigning values to multiple variables simultaneously in Bash scripts . This method helps reduce the number of lines of code and can enhance readability in certain scenarios. Here’s an example of a multi-variable assignment in a single line.
You can follow the steps of Case 01 , to save & make the script executable.
Script (multi_variable.sh) >
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. Then, three variables x , y , and z are assigned values 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively. The echo statements are used to print the values of each variable. Following that, two variables var1 and var2 are assigned values “ Hello ” and “ World “, respectively. The semicolon (;) separates the assignment statements within a single line. The echo statement prints the values of both variables with a space in between. Lastly, the read command is used to assign values to var3 and var4. The <<< syntax is known as a here-string , which allows the string “ Hello LinuxSimply ” to be passed as input to the read command . The input string is split into words, and the first word is assigned to var3 , while the remaining words are assigned to var4 . Finally, the echo statement displays the values of both variables.
Case 03: Assigning Variables From Command-Line Arguments
In Bash , you can assign variables from command-line arguments using special variables known as positional parameters . Here is a sample code demonstrated below.
Script (var_as_argument.sh) >
Case 04: Assign Value From Environmental Bash Variable
In Bash , you can also assign the value of an Environmental Variable to a variable. To accomplish the task you can use the following syntax :
However, make sure to replace ENV_VARIABLE_NAME with the actual name of the environment variable you want to assign. Here is a sample code that has been provided for your perusal.
Script (env_variable.sh) >
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. The value of the USER environment variable, which represents the current username, is assigned to the Bash variable username. Then the output is displayed using the echo command.
Case 05: Default Value Assignment
In Bash , you can assign default values to variables using the ${variable:-default} syntax . Note that this default value assignment does not change the original value of the variable; it only assigns a default value if the variable is empty or unset . Here’s a script to learn how it works.
Script (default_variable.sh) >
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. The next line stores a null string to the variable . The ${ variable:-Softeko } expression checks if the variable is unset or empty. As the variable is empty, it assigns the default value ( Softeko in this case) to the variable . In the second portion of the code, the LinuxSimply string is stored as a variable. Then the assigned variable is printed using the echo command .
Case 06: Assigning Value by Taking Input From the User
In Bash , you can assign a value from the user by using the read command. Remember we have used this command in Case 2 . Apart from assigning value in a single line, the read command allows you to prompt the user for input and assign it to a variable. Here’s an example given below.
Script (user_variable.sh) >
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. The read command is used to read the input from the user and assign it to the name variable . The user is prompted with the message “ Enter your name: “, and the value they enter is stored in the name variable. Finally, the script displays a message using the entered value.
Case 07: Using the “let” Command for Variable Assignment
In Bash , the let command can be used for arithmetic operations and variable assignment. When using let for variable assignment, it allows you to perform arithmetic operations and assign the result to a variable .
Script (let_var_assign.sh) >
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. then the let command performs arithmetic operations and assigns the results to variables num. Later, the echo command has been used to display the value stored in the num variable.
Case 08: Assigning Shell Command Output to a Variable
Lastly, you can assign the output of a shell command to a variable using command substitution . There are two common ways to achieve this: using backticks ( “) or using the $() Â syntax. Note that $() syntax is generally preferable over backticks as it provides better readability and nesting capability, and it avoids some issues with quoting. Here’s an example that I have provided using both cases.
Script (shell_command_var.sh) >
The first line #!/bin/bash specifies the interpreter to use ( /bin/bash ) for executing the script. The output of the ls -l command (which lists the contents of the current directory in long format) allocates to the variable output1 using backticks . Similarly, the output of the date command (which displays the current date and time) is assigned to the variable output2 using the $() syntax . The echo command displays both output1 and output2 .
Assignment on Assigning Variables in Bash Scripts
Finally, I have provided two assignments based on todayâs discussion. Don’t forget to check this out.
Difference: ?
Quotient: ?
Remainder: ?
Write a Bash script to find and display the name of the largest file using variables in a specified directory.
In conclusion, assigning variable Bash is a crucial aspect of scripting, allowing developers to store and manipulate data efficiently. This article explored several cases to assign variables in Bash, including single-variable assignments , multi-variable assignments in a single line , assigning values from environmental variables, and so on. Each case has its advantages and limitations, and the choice depends on the specific needs of the script or program. However, if you have any questions regarding this article, feel free to comment below. I will get back to you soon. Thank You!
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Mohammad Shah Miran
Hey, I'm Mohammad Shah Miran, previously worked as a VBA and Excel Content Developer at SOFTEKO, and for now working as a Linux Content Developer Executive in LinuxSimply Project. I completed my graduation from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). As a part of my job, i communicate with Linux operating system, without letting the GUI to intervene and try to pass it to our audience.
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