can i do a masters without a dissertation

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Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

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•       Resources       Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

As of 2015, approximately 25.4 million Americans held advanced degrees , with more citizens joining these ranks each year. As studies continue to show the career advancement and salary benefits of completing a master's degree, more and more students elect to pursue advanced educations. When considering their options, many question whether to enroll in a master's requiring a thesis or not. The following guide examines some of the reasons degree seekers may want to write a thesis while also highlighting why they might not. Students on the fence about this important decision can find expert advice, actionable tips, and relevant guidance to help them make an informed choice in the guide that follows.

Understanding the Master's Thesis

What is the difference between a thesis & non-thesis master's program, the decision not to do a thesis.

As students research various master's programs in their chosen discipline, it's common to find that many degrees require a thesis – especially if they want to enter a research-heavy field. While this word gets thrown around a lot in academia, some learners may want more information regarding what it entails in order to make an informed decision.

What is a Master's Thesis?

The master's thesis is an original piece of scholarship allowing the student to dig into a topic and produce an expanded document that demonstrates how their knowledge has grown throughout the degree program. These documents require significant independent research of primary and secondary sources and, depending on the subject, may require interviews and/or surveys to support the overarching argument.

Individual schools and departments dictate the length of these documents, but they typically range between 60 and 100 pages – or approximately 20,000 to 40,000 words. While tackling a document of such heft may seem overwhelming at first, learners need not fret. Each master's candidate receives a faculty advisor early in their tenure to provide support, feedback, and guidance throughout the process. Because the final thesis is expected to be of a publishable quality, learners seeking the highest marks typically send their supervisor excerpts of the document as they write to ensure they are on the right track.

When picking a thesis topic, no magical formula exists. Students should consider their interests and read extensively on that topic to get a better sense of existing scholarship. They should also speak to other academics working in that sphere to familiarize themselves with ongoing projects. Only after they feel reasonably well-read should they begin looking for uncovered angles or interesting ways of using emerging methodologies to bring new light to the topic.

When considering formatting, degree seekers should check with their specific schools and departments, as they may have unique requirements. To get a general understanding of what to expect, learners can review Simon Fraser University's guidelines on thesis formatting. After completing the thesis, some programs require an oral defense before a committee while others read the document and provide a grade. Check with your prospective schools to get a better sense of procedure.

Format & Components of a Master's Thesis

While this guide attempts to provide helpful and actionable information about the process of deciding whether to follow a thesis or non-thesis track in a master's program, readers should remember that specific components and requirements of a thesis vary according to discipline, university, and department. That being said, some commonalities exist across all these – especially when it comes to what students must include in their final drafts.

As the first section a reader encounters after moving through the table of contents and other anterior text, the introductory allows the writer to firmly establish what they want to accomplish. Sometimes also called the "research question" section, the introductory must clearly state the goals of the paper and the overarching hypothesis guiding the argument. This should be written in a professional yet accessible tone that allows individuals without specializations in the field to understand the text.

This section allows learners to demonstrate their deep knowledge of the field by providing context to existing texts within their chosen discipline Learners review the main bodies of work, highlighting any issues they find within each. Constructive criticism often centers around shortcomings, blind spots, or outdated hypotheses.

Students use this section to explain how they went about their work. While scientists may point to a specific method used to reach conclusions, historians may reference the use of an emerging framework for understanding history to bring new light to a topic. The point of this section is to demonstrate the thought processes that led to your findings.

This section allows for learners to show what they learned during the research process in a non-biased way. Students should simply state what information they gathered by utilizing a specific framework or methodology and arrange those findings, without interpretation, in an easy-to-read fashion.

After providing readers with all the necessary information, the discussion section exists for candidates to interpret the raw data and demonstrate how their research led to a new understanding or contributed a unique perspective to the field. This section should directly connect to the introduction by reinforcing the hypothesis and showing how you answered the questions posed.

Even though the previous sections give prospective degree seekers a better sense of what to expect if they decide to write a thesis during their master's program, they don't necessarily help learners decide whether to pursue a thesis or non-thesis track. The following section highlights some of the reasons students frequently choose to complete a thesis or bypass the process altogether by providing a pros and cons list.

Why a Thesis Program

• Especially when entering a research-heavy discipline, completing a thesis shows prospective schools and employers that you possess the skills needed for researching and writing long-form reports.
• Students hoping to pursue a Ph.D. stand in better stead with admissions panels if they wrote a thesis during a master's program.
• Individuals hoping to enter a field that values syntax and grammar often better their writing skills by completing a thesis.
• Students who write a thesis can submit the final product to various academic journals, increasing their chances of getting published.
• Theses expand students' understanding of what they're capable of, deepen their ability to carry out an argument, and develop their skills in making connections between ideas.

Why a Non-thesis Program

• Because they don't require a significant written product, non-thesis master's tend to take less time to complete.
• Often mirrors a bachelor's program in terms of structure, allowing learners to complete classes and take exams without a great deal of research or writing.
• Students who excel in project-based assignments can continue building skills in this arena rather than focusing on skills they don't plan to use (e.g. research)
• Provides learners the opportunity to work more closely and more frequently with faculty on real-world projects since they don't spend hundreds of hours researching/writing.
• Allows learners to take more classes and gain hands-on skills to fill the time they would have spent researching and writing a thesis.

How to Choose a Master's Program: FAQs

Within some academic disciplines and professional fields, research and writing plays a key role in work done on a daily basis. Because of this, master's programs in these fields require learners to complete theses to compete against peers and be seen as competent in their work. Other disciplines, conversely, rely on other tools to accomplish work and progress ideas – making theses less important.

Yes. Master's programs focused more on application than research typically don't require a thesis – although they may still give students the option. Examples of common non-thesis master's programs include nursing, business, and education.

Even though non-thesis students won't be writing a 100-page paper, that doesn't mean they avoid completing a significant project. In place of a thesis, most applied master's programs require students to take part in at least one internship or complete a culminating project. These projects typically ask learners to take what they learned throughout coursework and create an expansive final project – examples include case studies, creative works, or portfolios.

While students who followed a non-thesis path routinely receive acceptance to Ph.D. programs, those with theses often find the process easier. Even if a learner pursues a Ph.D. in a discipline that isn't research-heavy, admissions panels still want to get a sense of your academic interests and ability to engage in independent, nuanced thought. Students with theses can provide solid proof of these skills, while those without may struggle to demonstrate preparedness as thoroughly.

The answer to this question depends on many factors, but typically it is okay not to do a thesis if you plan to enter a field that doesn't depend heavily on research or writing, or if you don't plan to complete a Ph.D.

Students wanting to work in academic, research, or writing should always opt for the thesis track. They should also follow this path if they have any doctoral degree aspirations.

Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to complete a thesis rests with the individual student. Figuring out how to proceed on this front requires lots of careful consideration, and learners should ensure they consider various aspects before coming to a final decision. The following section helps students consider how they should and should not come to a conclusion.

Dos and Don'ts of Choosing a Thesis or Non-thesis Program

• Consider the longevity of your decision: will you feel the same in 5-10 years or are you making a decision based on current desires?
• Talk to others who with experience in this area. Ask them questions about their decision-making process and if they regret their choice.
• Research potential thesis topics before starting a program. Going in with a game plan can help you feel more confident and settled about the process than if you're scrambling for a topic while in school.
• Reach out to prospective schools to speak with faculty and/or current students following both tracks. This will provide knowledge specific to the school while also expanding your network if you choose to attend there.
• Research Ph.D. entrance requirements to ascertain if the majority expect learners to possess a thesis when applying. This will give you a sense of whether you may experience issues later on if you do not complete one.
• Decide not to complete a thesis simply because you have never taken on such a task and feel overwhelmed or fearful that you will fail.
• Complete a thesis simply because you think it will look good on your resume. Theses require intense devotion over an extended amount of time; learners who complete them without conviction often find the process miserable.
• Forget to research alternatives to writing a thesis. Just because you don't complete a research paper doesn't mean a non-thesis track lacks rigor or challenging coursework.
• Forget to read examples of theses by previous students. If you feel overwhelmed by the task, reading work other people have done can often make the task at hand feel less scary.
• Let yourself off easy by taking the non-thesis path. If you find you have extra time in the program, talk to your advisor about taking more classes, develop meaningful projects for yourself, or see about presenting at an academic conference.

From the Expert

Sudiksha Joshi, Ph.D. is a learning advocate. Her mission is to empower our youth to think bigger, bolder thoughts and forge a career path that will change the world. She taps into her natural curiosity and ability to identify strengths to help students and those in transition find their path from feeling lost in the traditional ways of achieving success to charting their own path. Her work has been featured in Forbes, Huffington Post, Thrive Global, Medium and LinkedIn.

Why might a student decide to follow a thesis track? Why might they follow a non-thesis track?

A student might decide to take a thesis track if she/he wants to pursue a Ph.D. Also, if the students want to focus on careers where research and writing have a strong focus, the students opt for the thesis option. Research assistantships at the graduate level are also more often available to students who opt for the thesis option.

A student who might feel that writing is not one of their strengths might choose to go the non-thesis track. Likewise, a student who has other work commitments may find a non-thesis option more convenient.

Do you have any tips for deciding on a program?

I chose a thesis option because being able to conduct independent research was a big reason to go to graduate school. Also, showing the ability that I could do research was what afforded me research assistantships which meant that my tuition was paid for and I got a stipend that paid for expenses while I was in graduate school. This also allowed me the opportunity to work closely with the faculty mentor that provided me with the support and the accountability I wanted.

I would not recommend taking a non-thesis option if all the degree requires is for you to take courses. You have little to show in terms of your learning other than your grades unless you are already working on something on the side that does that for you and all you need is a certificate.

Opt for a non-thesis option if you can still work closely with a professor or on a project and if you'd rather be involved in multiple projects rather than focus on a single project. If you already have a good (informed) reason for choosing one over the other, go for it.

What's the most important thing to consider when choosing a program?

The most important thing to consider when choosing a program is getting excited about the projects that at least one of the faculty members are involved in. Do some research and see why you are excited about a particular work that at least one of the faculty members have been involved in.

Who should students talk to when considering options?

Students should talk to other students and also reach out directly to the graduate coordinator and even individual faculty members. This means that students should have done prior homework and have some good questions ready. Asking good questions will get you at least halfway through to make the right decision.

2024 Best Doctorate Degrees Online [No Dissertation Required]

In the past, the majority of doctoral programs always required students to write a dissertation.  Now, instead of spending years working on a dissertation, a growing number of universities offer doctoral students an alternative to the dissertation process: a capstone project.

Editorial Listing ShortCode:

List of Doctorate Degrees without Dissertation Requirements

Here is a list of doctoral programs that don’t require a dissertation. Instead, you complete a capstone project or a doctoral study project.

Click on your desired field of study to jump to that section:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Healthcare Administration (DHA)
• Doctor of Information Technology (DIT)
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
• Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)
• Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
• Doctor of Public Administration (DPA)
• Doctor of Public Health (DPH)
• Doctor of Social Work (DSW)

Like dissertations, capstone projects are a culmination of your education. They usually involve some original research or some type of applied practical knowledge in your field. It all depends on the school and program.

Be sure to check out the specializations available, as well as the particular requirements for each of these non dissertation PhD programs to be sure you select the one that will best suit you and help you achieve your goals.

1. Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

If you’re an experienced business professional looking to advance your career, a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) might be the perfect fit. Many online DBA programs offer a dissertation-free option, replacing it with a capstone project. This allows you to tackle real-world business challenges, applying your learning directly to your work.

In a DBA program, you’ll delve into advanced topics like strategic management and data-driven decision-making. The flexible online format lets you balance your studies with your career. By choosing a DBA, you’re positioning yourself for executive roles or high-level consulting opportunities, all without the need for a traditional dissertation.

2. Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)

If you’re an education professional seeking to advance your career and make a larger impact, an online Doctor of Education (EdD) could be your next step. Many EdD programs now offer a no dissertation path, typically replacing it with a capstone project.

In an EdD program, you’ll explore advanced educational leadership, policy, and curriculum development. Your capstone project will likely focus on solving real-world educational challenges, allowing you to directly apply your learning to your professional context. The online format provides flexibility, enabling you to balance your studies with your current teaching or administrative role. By earning an EdD, you’re preparing yourself for top positions in educational leadership, policy-making, or curriculum design, all while avoiding the lengthy, research-intensive dissertation process.

3. Doctor of Healthcare Administration (DHA)

If you’re a healthcare professional aiming to take on top leadership roles in the rapidly evolving healthcare industry, a Doctor of Healthcare Administration (DHA) could be your ideal path. Many online DHA programs offer a path without the lengthy dissertation process, often replacing it with a capstone project.

In a DHA program, you’ll dive into crucial areas like healthcare policy, organizational leadership, and decision-making in healthcare settings. Your capstone project will typically involve addressing real-world healthcare management challenges, allowing you to apply your learning directly to your field. By earning a DHA, you’re positioning yourself for executive roles in hospitals, healthcare systems, or health policy organizations, all without a dissertation requirement.

4. Doctor of Information Technology (DIT)

Are you ready to elevate your IT career to new heights? A Doctor of Information Technology (DIT) could be your key to unlocking advanced opportunities in the tech world. Many online DIT programs now offer a path without a dissertation requirement, replacing it with a comprehensive project that showcases your expertise.

In this program, you’ll immerse yourself in crucial areas like cybersecurity strategy, AI implementation, and enterprise architecture. Your final project will likely involve solving complex technological challenges, allowing you to apply cutting-edge concepts to real-world scenarios. The flexible online format lets you balance your studies with your current role, positioning you for high-level positions such as Chief Information Officer or IT strategist. With a DIT, you’ll gain the skills to drive digital transformation and shape the future of technology in various industries.

5. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

Are you passionate about advancing patient care and shaping the future of nursing? A Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) could be your pathway to becoming a leader in healthcare innovation. Many online DNP programs now offer alternatives to the traditional dissertation, focusing instead on practice-based projects that directly impact patient outcomes.

In this program, you’ll explore advanced clinical practice, healthcare policy, and evidence-based care strategies. Your final project will typically involve implementing and evaluating a real-world healthcare intervention, allowing you to translate research into practice. The online format accommodates your demanding nursing schedule while elevating your expertise. This degree prepares you for roles such as advanced practice nurse, clinical leader, or healthcare policy advocate, empowering you to drive meaningful change in healthcare delivery and patient care quality.

6. Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)

Are you ready to take your physical therapy career to the next level? A Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) can open doors to advanced practice and leadership in rehabilitation care. Many online DPT programs now offer capstone projects instead of dissertations, allowing you to apply your learning directly to clinical practice.

During your studies, you’ll delve into advanced topics like movement science, clinical decision-making, and evidence-based interventions. Your capstone project will likely involve developing and implementing innovative treatment approaches or conducting clinically relevant research. The online program format enables you to continue your clinical work while advancing your education. A DPT prepares you for roles as a specialized clinician, researcher, or leader in physical therapy, equipping you with the skills to enhance patient outcomes and contribute to the evolution of rehabilitation science.

7. Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)

Are you passionate about advancing mental health care and making a profound difference in people’s lives? A Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) can elevate your clinical skills and prepare you for leadership in psychological practice. Many online PsyD programs now offer practicum-based projects as an alternative to the traditional dissertation, allowing you to apply advanced concepts directly to clinical scenarios.

Throughout your doctoral journey, you’ll explore cutting-edge therapeutic techniques, psychological assessment methods, and evidence-based interventions. Your culminating project will likely involve developing and implementing innovative treatment approaches or conducting clinically relevant research in real-world settings.

The online format of a PsyD program enables you to continue your current clinical work while advancing your expertise. This degree prepares you for roles as a licensed psychologist, clinical director, or consultant, equipping you with the skills to provide high-level psychological services and contribute to the evolution of mental health care.

8. Doctor of Public Administration (DPA)

Looking to revolutionize public service and governance? A Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) could be your springboard to top-tier leadership in the public sector. Many online DPA programs have shifted from traditional dissertations to capstone projects, giving you the chance to address real administrative challenges head-on.

This program will immerse you in crucial areas like policy analysis, organizational dynamics, and strategic public management. For your final project, you might develop innovative solutions for complex governmental issues or conduct research aimed at enhancing public sector efficiency. The online DPA allows you to elevate your expertise while maintaining your current role. This doctorate can help position you for influential positions such as executive director, policy strategist, or government reform consultant. You’ll gain the insights needed to spearhead significant improvements in public institutions and non-profit organizations.

9. Doctor of Public Health (DPH)

A Doctor of Public Health (DPH) can enhance your ability to address complex health challenges on a population level. Many online DPH programs now offer project-based alternatives to traditional dissertations, allowing you to apply your learning to real-world public health issues.

In this program, you’ll study advanced epidemiology, health policy, and evidence-based interventions. Your final project might involve developing a community health initiative or analyzing the impact of a public health policy. The online format lets you continue your current work while expanding your expertise. A DPH prepares you for roles such as health department director, global health consultant, or public health researcher. This degree equips you with the skills to influence health outcomes across communities and contribute to the advancement of public health practices.

10. Doctor of Social Work (DSW)

Are you driven to make a lasting impact in social services and community welfare? A Doctor of Social Work (DSW) can empower you to become a transformative leader in the field. Many online DSW programs now offer alternatives to the traditional dissertation, focusing on applied projects that directly address real-world social challenges.

In this program, you’ll explore advanced topics like social policy analysis, evidence-based practice models, and organizational leadership in social services. Your final project will typically involve developing and implementing innovative interventions or policies that address pressing social issues.

The online format of a DSW allows you to balance your studies with your current social work practice, enhancing your expertise while you continue to serve your community. This degree prepares you for roles such as clinical supervisor, policy advocate, or social services director, equipping you with the knowledge to drive systemic change and improve social outcomes on a broader scale.

What is a Doctoral Dissertation?

A doctoral dissertation, the culmination of most doctoral degree programs, is a substantial written document in which the student uses the teachings and skills gleaned from the entire program to develop and discuss an original concept, theory or practice that will help advance the field.

Writing a dissertation is no easy feat! They are typically hundreds of pages long, and students work on them for over a year, reviewing research, conducting experiments and analyzing data.

Because this project is daunting, demanding, and often requires years of research, many universities have come up with alternatives that allow students to demonstrate their knowledge and provide worthwhile contributions to their field without completing a traditional dissertation.

What Are All But Dissertation Completion Programs?

“All But Dissertation” (ABD) completion programs, also known as PhD completion programs, are designed to help students who have completed all the requirements of a doctoral degree program except the dissertation.

Quite often, students work diligently through the coursework of their doctoral program, but fall short when it comes to completing the required dissertation. According to the Council of Graduate Schools , only about 56% of those who start a doctoral degree program earn their doctorate or PhD within 10 years. Completing a dissertation is an enormous project that entails extensive research — and life, family, careers and other obligations sometimes get in the way.

For example, the Dissertation Completion Pathway (DCP) offered by National University is one example of a structured program that transfers credit for prior academic coursework and provides guidance and mentorship as you work to finish your dissertation. This type of program typically takes 2-3 years.

Is a Dissertation Required for a PhD?

Not always. In the past a dissertation was required for a PhD, but a growing number of institutions have started to offer online doctoral programs no dissertation.

Instead, students may complete a capstone project to demonstrate their knowledge and provide new contributions to the field. This may be a combination of a research paper and fieldwork, or perhaps you might do some consulting work at a functioning business. However, it most cases, it will require considerably less independent research than what is required for a dissertation.

Capstone projects vary from school to school, and program to program.

One of the benefits of non-dissertation doctorate degrees is that you can finish in less time. Check out our guide on accelerated online doctoral programs for a deeper look.

Is Financial Aid Available for Online PhD Programs?

Looking to manage the costs of an online PhD program? You’ve got options.

First up, the FAFSA – it’s not just for undergrads and can open doors to federal grants and loans. Don’t overlook state financial aid either; many states offer loan programs that might be more budget-friendly than private loans, helping to reduce the cost of repayment.

Also, keep an eye out for scholarships and grants tailored for online doctoral students. These can take into account your academic achievements and work experience.

Many universities now offer affordable online programs, designed to provide quality education without the hefty price tag of traditional on-campus degrees.  For more specific details and info about reducing these costs, the financial aid office at your university is a great resource. They can guide you through the maze of options and help you find the best fit for your financial situation.

Can You Get a No Dissertation Doctorate Online?

Yes! A growing number of reputable, accredited colleges and universities offer non-dissertation doctorate programs. We’ve compiled a list of universities offering online doctorate degrees without dissertation requirements in the next section.

Are There Any PhD Programs Without Dissertation Requirements?

Yes, there are quite a few doctoral programs without dissertation requirements, but PhD programs without dissertation requirements are few and far between. In these cases, instead of the dissertation most commonly used in a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program, a capstone project is required to help you put your new-found skills to good use.

In the past, dissertations were required so that you could demonstrate your knowledge and expertise in your field. But universities have started to realize that there are quite a few ways you can do that.

As you can see with the online DBA programs, a few colleges are no longer requiring dissertations. They allow you to complete a doctoral capstone project instead. No, it’s not technically a dissertation. But you do prove that you have acquired a high level of expertise in your field of study.

Higher education is continuing to change at a rapid pace. As another example, a number of PhD programs without GRE requirements are appearing.

How Many Credits Do PhD Programs Require?

Most PhD programs require between 54 and 90 credit hours. That’s between 18 and 30 courses. This is true for both campus-based PhD programs and online PhD programs.

Let’s look at one of National University’s online programs as an example. The online DBA in Accounting is 54 credit hours and consists of 18 courses (most courses are 3 credit hours).

In contrast, if you attend a state university campus program like the University of Illinois, the PhD in Business requires 64 credit hours (around 21 courses), provided you already have your master’s degree.

Do All Doctoral Programs Require a Dissertation?

No. A wide-range of doctoral programs do not have a dissertation. Instead, graduate schools allow you to complete a capstone project which focuses on solving a real-world problem.

You can also earn your doctorate through an accredited online program if you don’t want to attend on campus.

Is a PhD Program Without a Dissertation Respected?

A dissertation allows students the opportunity to demonstrate expertise in their field of study through extensive research and an associated dissertation research paper.

In certain fields, a dissertation will be the measure of quality. This is true for academia should you ever want to be a tenured professor at Harvard. But if that’s not your goal, doctoral programs in higher education, leadership, or business administration are reputable – provided you earn your doctorate from a graduate school with regional accreditation.

Can I Get an Online Doctorate Degree Without a Dissertation?

Yes. There are dozens of online doctorate degrees with no dissertation being offered from accredited universities. The most common doctoral degree programs are the Doctor of Education, Doctor of Business Administration, Doctor of Psychology, and the Doctor of Nursing Practice.

Are There Any 18 Month Doctorate with No Dissertation Programs?

Yes. Some online PhD no dissertation programs can be completed in as little as 18 to 24 months.

To finish in a short time like this, you will need to be enrolled full time and progressing through your doctorate program courses successfully. You will also need your capstone project to be approved in a timely manner. Again, in order to complete your doctorate in less than 18 months, you’ll need to enroll in a PhD without thesis or dissertation requirement.

Are There Any PhD Without Dissertation Programs Online?

Yes, a number of universities offer online doctoral degree programs without dissertation to help working professionals juggle full time jobs with their studies. We’ve compiled a list of them above. As more universities offer no dissertation doctorates, we will update the list.

It’s worth noting that while these programs do not require traditional dissertations, there will usually be a research project (usually known as a Capstone) through which you demonstrate what you have learned. Each program should detail the capstone experience requirements and the opportunities you will have while enrolled.

A growing number of universities allow you to complete your program as a full time, working professional from the comfort of your own home!

• October 15, 2023
• Academic Advice

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs: Which is Right for You?

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Continuing your educational journey within your chosen field is an experience that fosters personal and professional growth. The next milestone in your academic path often involves pursuing a Master’s degree , with options ranging from thesis-based programs to non-thesis alternatives.  Deciding between these two paths is significant as it shapes your academic and career paths.

But how can you decide which is right for you before getting decision fatigue?

Let’s explore the difference between thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs, their unique characteristics, and reasons for choosing one or the other. 

Do You Have to Write a Thesis for Your Master’s Program?

Whether you have to write a thesis for your Master’s program depends on the specific requirements of the program you’re enrolled in. It’s important to note that while not all Master’s programs require writing a thesis, a significant number of them do.

What is a Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

A thesis Master’s program involves completing a large research project spanning over several semesters. Students are expected to conduct original research on a specific topic under a faculty advisor’s guidance, culminating in a thesis likely to be published. Completing and defending the thesis is a crucial part of the degree requirement.

A non-thesis Master’s program doesn’t involve a specific research focus but rather a more coursework and practical experience, allowing students to gain specific skills and knowledge applicable to their field of study. After completing their program’s core course requirements, students can choose any of the electives to meet their degree requirements. Depending on the institution, you may be required to do a Master’s Degree Capstone project, including reviewing previous courses, a comprehensive exam, or a summary project. 

Why Choose a Thesis Master’s Program?

Thesis Master’s programs offer several advantages, be that contributing to new findings in your field, close collaboration with professors and researchers, and standing out to potential employers with your abilities to work independently and analyze complex issues. However, the primary advantages are:

Research Experience

Thesis programs allow you to conduct extensive research on a specific topic that piques your interest.  This way, you’ll gain expertise and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. 

Academic Growth 

Writing a thesis helps sharpen your critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. It also challenges you to think independently, analyze a large amount of data, and draw meaningful conclusions. Furthermore, it prepares you for doctoral studies, familiarizing you with the rigor of independent research and equips you with the necessary skills to succeed.

Why Choose a Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

Non-thesis master’s programs also come with numerous advantages for students, including flexibility in scheduling, a range of career opportunities, shorter competition time, etc. Here are the main advantages: 

Non-thesis programs prioritize coursework, fostering the development of practical skills and their real-world application. This approach enables you to actively engage in hands-on learning experiences highly sought after in today’s job market. Critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, and leadership abilities are some of those skills.

Suitability for Professionals

Another advantage to pursuing a non-thesis Master’s program is that it doesn’t take as much time as the thesis Master’s programs. That way you can enter the workforce faster. It’s also well-suited for professionals already established in their field who are seeking to further their education and advance in their careers. 

The Academic and Career Outcomes of Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs

The academic outcomes for the thesis Master’s program graduates involve preparation for Ph.D. programs , opening doors to advanced research and specialized roles in research institutions. This provides solid research skills and helps them publish their work. Common career paths for graduates include research positions in academia, government, or private sectors. Some also pursue teaching careers in colleges and universities. Degree programs that usually require a thesis include sciences, social sciences, engineering, and humanities (history, philosophy, and language studies).

Non-thesis Master’s program graduates typically achieve academic outcomes focused on mastering practical, directly applicable skills within their field. While these programs are more career-oriented, graduates can still pursue a Ph.D. They can benefit from diverse career options in different settings and find employment in managerial, administrative, or specialized roles in their field. Degree programs that don’t usually require a thesis are business, education, healthcare administration, IT management, etc.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs, That is the Question 

With their abundance of advantages, choosing between the two can be pretty tricky. So, let’s compare thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs and help you make an informed decision. 

Personal and Career Goals

A thesis Master’s program is ideal if you’re interested in furthering in academia and want to pursue a Ph.D ., as these programs can provide the necessary tools to enhance your credentials for research-based careers. Meanwhile, a non-thesis Master’s program will suit you better if you’re seeking to gain practical skills to integrate into the industry immediately, as they can include practical projects or internships according to industry demands. 

Time and Financial Considerations

Thesis Master’s programs can extend the duration of your studies, as researching, writing, and defending the thesis can take several semesters to complete and can cause financial strain due to additional costs like lab fees and materials. In contrast, non-thesis ones can help you enter the job market promptly as they are shorter, allowing you to save time and money.

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Field of Study and Program Requirements

When deciding between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, a crucial element to take into account is the field of study and the program’s specific requirements. A thesis Master’s program is better suited for those pursuing research-oriented fields, while a non-thesis program is a more fitting choice for individuals with a strong focus on their career. Furthermore, program requirements for thesis programs require substantial research to culminate in a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones require capstone projects, internships, or comprehensive exams. 

Switching from a Non-Thesis to a Thesis Master’s Program, or Vice Versa

Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis Master’s program, or vice versa, is possible in many institutions, although the process and requirements may vary. Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis program generally requires getting approval from the academic advisor or department, completing additional research methodology classes, finding a thesis advisor, and applying to the thesis program. 

Switching from a thesis to a non-thesis Master’s program requires having at least a 3.0 GPA, getting approval from the academic advisor, transferring credits of research methodology classes, and formally applying to the thesis program.

Choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program ultimately depends on your career goals, research interests, and personal preferences. Thesis programs provide a robust foundation for research-oriented careers and advanced studies, while non-thesis programs offer practical skills tailored for immediate industry integration. Regardless of your choice, both paths offer unique advantages, ensuring you gain the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in your chosen field. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What is the difference between a thesis vs. non-thesis master’s program.

The key difference between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program is that thesis Master’s programs require original research and completion of a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones focus on coursework and practical experiences. 

Do I have to write a thesis for a Master’s program?

If you’re pursuing a research-oriented Master’s degree in sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, etc., you’ll probably have to write a thesis. Whereas, if you’re pursuing a Master’s degree in education, business healthcare administration, or IT management, you’re more likely not to have to complete a thesis. 

Is a thesis required for all Master’s degree programs?

Although a thesis isn’t required for all master’s degree programs, many programs require one.

What should I consider when deciding between a thesis and non-thesis program?

There are several factors to consider when choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, including your career goals, interest in research, duration of studies, personal strengths and preferences, cost, and program requirements.

Are there any financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs?

There can be financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs. Thesis programs can be more expensive as you’ll have to spend additional resources on materials, lab fees, and data collection. In contrast, the main cost for non-thesis programs is tuition fees, which can be slightly lower. Furthermore, thesis programs require additional time to conduct research, write, and defend the thesis. In contrast, non-thesis programs allow students to earn the degree in a shorter period. 

Why should I choose a thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a thesis Master’s program if you’re interested in a research-heavy discipline and want to showcase your knowledge and expertise in an evidence-based, thorough thesis. 

Why should I choose a non-thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a non-thesis Master’s program if you want to enter the workforce earlier, don’t want to spend several semesters collecting data, and want to focus more on application than research.

Can non-thesis Master’s graduates still pursue doctoral studies later?

Yes, non-thesis Master’s graduates can still get accepted into a doctoral program. However, thesis Master’s graduates can go through the process more efficiently, as admissions panels want to gain insight into your academic interests and ability to engage in nuanced thought.

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Can you get a Ph.D. without doing a thesis or a dissertation?

Can a thesis be the same as a dissertation?

Although their precise meanings can fluctuate depending on the nation and academic institution, “thesis” and “dissertation” are frequently used synonymously. While “dissertation” is traditionally linked with research projects finished at the doctoral level, in other places, such as the United States, “thesis” is frequently used to refer to a research project completed at the master’s level. However, the terminology may be used differently or the distinction between them may not be as obvious in other nations or settings.

It’s crucial to remember that these phrases can have different meanings in different academic fields and settings. The word “thesis” may be used by some organizations or professions to refer to both master’s and doctoral-level research projects, whereas “dissertation” may be used in other instances. Consequently, it’s better to

To appropriately define and refer to your research topic, it is therefore best to refer to the specific rules and jargon that your institution uses.

In conclusion, although the terms “thesis” and “dissertation” are sometimes used interchangeably, their precise definitions and usage rely on a variety of variables, including the academic level, nation, academic institution, and topic of study.

Is a Ph.D. just a dissertation?

A Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degree is not just a dissertation. While a dissertation is a significant component of a Ph.D. program, completing a dissertation is one of the requirements for obtaining a Ph.D. degree.

A Ph.D. program involves several other components and requirements, including coursework, comprehensive exams, research seminars, and possibly teaching or other academic responsibilities. These components are designed to provide students with a broad understanding of their field, develop their research and critical thinking skills, and prepare them for independent scholarly work.

The dissertation is the culmination of a Ph.D. program and is an original research project that contributes new knowledge to the field. It requires an in-depth exploration of a specific research question or topic, often involving data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The dissertation demonstrates the student’s ability to conduct independent research, make a significant scholarly contribution, and communicate their findings effectively.

While the dissertation is a substantial part of earning a Ph.D., it is not the only aspect of the degree. Ph.D. programs are rigorous and comprehensive, encompassing coursework, research, and other academic activities, all of which contribute to the development of a well-rounded scholar.

Which doctorate does not require a dissertation?

While most traditional doctoral programs typically require a dissertation or an equivalent research project, some alternative doctoral degrees may not have a dissertation as a requirement. These alternative doctoral degrees often focus on applied or professional practice rather than original research. Here are a few examples:

Doctor of Education (EdD) : The EdD degree is primarily geared towards professionals in the field of education and focuses on applied research and practical applications. While some EdD programs may require a research project or capstone project, they generally place less emphasis on a traditional dissertation compared to a Ph.D.

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) : The DBA is a professional doctorate in the field of business and management. It typically focuses on applied research and the practical application of knowledge in business settings. While some DBA programs may require a research-based dissertation, others may substitute it with a final project, case study, or a portfolio of professional work.

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) : The DNP is a terminal degree in nursing practice and is designed for advanced practice nurses seeking to enhance their clinical expertise and leadership skills. The DNP often emphasizes practical applications and evidence-based practice rather than a traditional research-based dissertation.

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) : The PsyD degree is an alternative to the research-focused Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in psychology. The PsyD typically emphasizes clinical practice, counseling, or professional applications of psychology. While some PsyD programs may require a doctoral project or clinical dissertation, they may place less emphasis on original research compared to a Ph.D.

Final Verdict

In most traditional academic settings, earning a Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degree typically requires the completion of a thesis or dissertation, which is a substantial research project that contributes new knowledge to the field. However, there are alternative routes to obtaining a doctoral degree that may not involve a traditional thesis or dissertation.

Some professional doctorate programs, such as the Doctor of Education (EdD), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and Doctor of Psychology (PsyD), often focus more on applied research, practical applications, or professional practice rather than extensive original research. These programs may require a doctoral project, a portfolio of professional work, or a capstone project instead of a traditional thesis or dissertation.

Additionally, there are other non-traditional doctoral programs that do not require a thesis or dissertation. These programs often have specific requirements and alternative research or project components that allow students to demonstrate their expertise and make a scholarly contribution in different ways. These alternative routes are designed to meet the needs of students pursuing careers in specialized fields or professional practice.

It’s important to note that the availability of non-thesis or non-dissertation Ph.D. programs can vary depending on the country, institution, and field of study. It is advisable to carefully research and consider the specific requirements of the doctoral programs you are interested in to determine if they align with your academic and career goals.

Overall, while it is possible to obtain a Ph.D. without a traditional thesis or dissertation, the options and requirements will depend on the specific program and institution offering the degree.

12 Accredited Universities that don’t Require a Thesis for Online Masters Program

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• Masters Degree FAQS – Common Questions About Postgraduate Study

Masters Degree FAQs – Common Questions About Postgraduate Study

Written by Mark Bennett

A Masters degree, or other postgraduate course, can feel like a big step. Whether you're applying straight from your undergraduate degree or coming back to university after a period in work, you probably have questions. So we've created this page to help you answer them.

Below you can find some of the most frequently asked questions about postgraduate study, covering everything from course types and costs to applications and funding.

We've divided them into sections introducing Masters study and postgraduate course types , explaining how to choose , apply for and fund your course, and looking at what you can do with a Masters .

Introducing postgraduate study

Not sure what postgraduate study involves and whether it's for you? The questions in this section can help explain how Masters degrees and other courses work.

You can find out more information about what a Masters degree is in our guide.

What is a Masters degree?

A Masters degree is a postgraduate university degree, usually studied after an undergraduate Bachelors degree. The most common types of Masters are the MA (Master of Arts) and the MSc (Master of Science).

How do you get a Masters degree?

A Masters degree involves at least one-year of full-time study, concluding with a dissertation or extended project. Masters programmes usually entail a combination of a taught modules with seminars and lectures, as well as individual research.

What's the difference between postgraduate and undergraduate?

Postgraduate is the study level above undergraduate so you would usually complete an undergraduate degree (such as a Bachelors) before moving onto a Masters. For example, if you completed a BA (Hons) in English Literature and you were really interested in the linguistical side of language you might decide to take a Masters in that particular specialism to increase your knowledge.

What's the difference between 'Masters' and 'postgraduate'?

A Masters is one type of postgraduate degree (more advanced courses, usually studied by people who already have undergraduate qualifications). Some other types of course , such as Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas , aren't full Masters degrees.

What's the difference between a Masters and a PhD?

Masters and PhDs are both postgraduate qualifications, but a PhD is more advanced. Masters degrees explore existing subject knowledge in greater detail. PhD study focusses on original research that adds significant new knowledge to a subject.

Is postgraduate study the same as graduate study?

'Postgraduate' and 'graduate' generally mean the same thing when used to describe university degrees:

• Postgraduate study is a British term for courses that begin after someone has already graduated from a Bachelors (a post-graduate degree)
• Graduate study is a North American term for courses that begin once someone is a graduate (having finished a Bachelors degree)

So, basically, a Masters in the UK is referred to as a postgraduate degree, but a Masters in the USA is referred to as a graduate degree.

Is a Masters a graduate degree?

Yes. Masters degrees are classified as 'graduate' level degrees in the USA and North America, and are usually studied within universities' graduate schools, or graduate programs. In the UK and Europe, a Masters is commonly referred to as a 'postgraduate' degree instead.

What level is a Masters?

A Masters degree is a second-cycle degree, above a Bachelors but below a PhD (or other doctorate). Most people study a Masters as a postgraduate student, having already finished an undergraduate degree.

How many credits is a Masters?

A UK Masters degree is worth 180 credits. Elsewhere in Europe a Masters is worth 120 ECTS credits .

What's the difference between a taught and research Masters?

Most Masters degrees are taught courses, consisting of lectures and seminars followed by a dissertation project.

Research Masters involve much more independent work, but the exact difference between a taught and research Masters varies. An MRes (Master of Research) usually involves longer (or multiple) dissertation tasks. An MPhil (Master of Philosophy) is entirely research based and may form part of a PhD.

Research Masters are less common outside the UK.

What is a postgraduate student?

A postgraduate student is someone who is studying a postgraduate degree (such as a Masters or PhD ). Postgraduate students have normally already completed an undergraduate degree (such as a Bachelors).

How long it takes to get a Masters degree

How long is a Masters degree, and when can you expect to graduate? This section answers these questions, as well as exploring the difference between a part-time and a full-time Masters.

For more information, see our guides to: international Masters study , studying a Masters part-time .

How long is a Masters degree?

A full-time Masters is usually 1-2 years long. Most Masters degrees in the UK take one year, but programmes in other countries are often longer.

A part-time Masters in the UK usually takes two years. However, you may be able to complete your Masters over up to six years, depending on your university and the pace you choose to work at.

When do Masters students graduate?

Masters students in the UK normally have their graduation ceremony in the winter after they’ve handed in their dissertation (typically between November and January). Technically speaking, you’ll count as having graduated after you’ve received your results and a passing grade.

When do Masters courses finish?

In the UK, if you begin a one-year taught Masters in the autumn, you’ll usually finish your modules at the end of spring, and then write your dissertation over the summer holidays.

What it's like to study a Masters

The section explains what's expected of you as a Masters student, including how many hours per week you'll be expected to work, whether you'll need to take exams and how many contact hours you'll have.

For more information, see our guide: what's postgraduate study like?

How many days a week is a Masters degree?

This depends on the subject and type of Masters you’re studying. The schedule for a laboratory-based Masters could be the equivalent of a full-time working week, with students expected to be on-campus Monday to Friday. If you’re studying a taught Masters, meanwhile, your contact hours might only require you to attend university two or three times a week. Of course, you’ll still be expected to do plenty of reading and independent research outside of seminars and lectures.

How many contact hours for a Masters?

For classroom-based taught Masters, students will usually have between five and 10 contact hours per week, through a combination of seminars, lectures and workshops. Laboratory-based Masters will have more contact hours – often around 20 hours a week.

How many hours do you need to work on a Masters?

It depends on your course, but you will need to spend more time working independently to be successful as a postgraduate student. You should be prepared to study for at least 20-25 hours per week, in addition to your timetable of classes and lectures.

How hard is a Masters?

Masters degrees tackle more advanced material than Bachelors degrees and students are expected to study more independently. But anyone who has completed an undergraduate degree should be prepared for postgraduate study.

Is postgraduate study harder than undergraduate study?

Masters degrees are more advanced, but you should be prepared if you've already done a Bachelors. The main difference between undergraduate and postgraduate study is the requirement to work more independently during your programme. You'll also need to produce a more substantial dissertation at the end of your degree.

Do you need to do a dissertation for a Masters?

Yes. All Masters degrees end with a dissertation , thesis or equivalent. This usually takes up the third semester of your course as well as part of the summer. Courses that don't include a dissertation are usually Postgraduate Diploma or Certificate level.

How long is a Masters dissertation?

A Masters dissertation (or thesis) is usually around 15,000-20,000 words. Most are divided into three to four individual chapters, plus an introduction, conclusion and bibliography.

Do Masters degrees have exams?

Assessments for Masters degrees vary by subject. Courses in Arts and Humanities will usually be assessed through essays and coursework. STEM subjects may also have formal exams to test knowledge of key concepts and practices.

Can you work during a Masters?

Some students do work part-time during a Masters. The limited contact time for some courses can make it easier to balance work and study, but you should resist the temptation to take on too many working hours: a Masters requires much more independent study time than a Bachelors.

International students should also check that working hours aren't restricted by their visas. A Student Route visa (previously known as the UK Tier 4 student visa) only allows 20 working hours per week in term time.

Can postgraduate students live in halls?

Some universities provide accommodation for Masters students. This might consist of dedicated postgraduate halls of residence, or rooms in standard student dormitories. Accommodation for postgraduates may be more limited than for undergraduates though, so it's a good idea to enquire early.

Postgraduate course types

There are far more courses available at postgraduate level than there are at undergraduate level, and lots of flexible ways to study. This section will help explain your options.

For more detailed information, see our guide: Types of Masters Degrees

What's the difference between an MA and an MSc?

An MA (Master of Arts) is normally awarded in Arts, Humanities and some Social Science subjects. An MSc (Master of Science) degree is normally awarded in Science, technology Engineering, Medicine and Mathematics subjects. They're both equivalent to each other, last for the same time and involve similar types of study; it's just the degree subject that's different.

Is an LLM a Masters?

An LLM (Master of Laws) is a specialised Masters degree in Law, offering advanced training in different legal topics. An LLM is generally worth the same as other Masters degrees, but some programmes also include a professional LPC (Legal Practice Course).

Is an MBA a Masters?

An MBA (Master of Business Administration) is a very prestigious professional Masters degree designed for experienced Business Management professionals.

MBAs are usually longer than other Masters and are often completed part-time. Alternative Business Masters degrees such as the MIM (Masters in Management) are available for people coming straight from an undergraduate degree.

Is a PGCE a Masters?

A PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) is a postgraduate teacher training qualification , for people who want to qualify to teach in UK schools. A PGCE is worth less credits than a Masters, though some students complete extra course components to earn a Masters with their PGCE.

What is a PGCert?

A PGCert (Postgraduate Certificate) is a short postgraduate course, worth 60 credits in the UK. PGCert courses usually include one term (or the equivalent) of Masters-level material, with no dissertation.

What is a PGDip?

A PGDip (Postgraduate Diploma) is a short postgraduate course, worth 120 credits in the UK. PGDip courses usually include two terms of study: roughly equivalent to a Masters degree without a final dissertation.

What is an integrated Masters?

An integrated Masters is an undergraduate degree that combines a Bachelors and a Masters. Students normally study the Bachelors portion of their course for three years before moving on to a final Masters year.

Some Masters such as the MEng (Master of Engineering) are routinely offered as integrated undergraduate degrees. Four-year Masters qualifications are also common at some Scottish universities .

What is a postgraduate conversion course?

A conversion course provides professional training for people who wish to change career or qualify for a job that isn't related to their existing qualifications. The GDL (graduate Diploma in Law) and PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) are examples of postgraduate conversion courses.

Can you study a Masters by distance learning?

Yes. Most universities offer distance learning Masters degrees (some specialise in this). Studying in this way means that you won't need to attend regular lectures or seminars, though you may still come to campus occasionally to meet tutors or use libraries and facilities.

Can you study a Masters online?

Yes. Some universities offer online Masters degrees . Unlike distance learning Masters, these courses are delivered entirely over the internet, with virtual discussion groups, electronic assessments and no need to attend a physical campus.

Choosing a Masters

Wondering what to look for in postgraduate study, or how to choose between different Masters degree qualifications? Here are some things to consider.

For more detailed information, see our guides to: Finding a Masters

What are the most popular subjects for a Masters?

The most popular postgraduate subjects in the UK are: Business Studies, Education, Nursing, Economics and Biological Sciences. There are a huge range of Masters degrees out there though, so take the time to find the right one for your interests and career plans.

Can you get a Masters in any subject?

Yes, you can study a Masters in pretty much any subject you can think of. In fact, the nature of a Masters means that it’s more common to specialise in a particular topic within a subject or discipline. As such, you can expect to find Masters programmes in more niche academia areas than would be available at Bachelors level.

Do rankings matter for Masters degrees?

Overall university rankings are based on broad metrics that don't necessarily say how good a university's Masters courses are. To use rankings for postgraduate study you should 'zoom in' on specific metrics or look at rankings for your subject (as these will say more about the quality of a Masters in that field).

Should you do your Masters at a different university?

You should choose postgraduate study at a university with the best Masters course for you. Staying at your current university can have advantages (you'll be familiar with the campus and teaching style) but you should always look at other Masters degrees too – you never know: there might be a great opportunity out there that you weren't aware of.

What is the best subject to study for a Masters?

The best postgraduate subject for you will depend on what you want to achieve with your Masters degree. Some professional Masters degrees can prepare you for specific careers, but more academic Masters degrees can also be a chance to spend more time studying a subject you love whilst learning to work more independently, think critically and tackle more complex ideas.

Can you take a gap year before postgraduate study?

Yes. Some students do take a postgraduate gap year between finishing a Bachelors and starting a Masters. This can be an opportunity to get a break from university, travel and save some money towards your postgraduate fees.

How do you choose a Masters degree?

There are lots of factors to consider when choosing a Masters:

• Relevance – does the course cover the sorts of material you're looking for? Are the modules and dissertation options interesting?
• University rankings – does the university have a good record and reputation in your subject?
• Cost – fees for Masters degrees vary between universities and some are quite a bit more expensive than others

Is it worth going to a postgraduate study fair?

If you aren't sure what kind of course you're looking for, or have questions about Masters study, a postgraduate study fair or open day can be a great way to get more information. These events are free to attend and happen all year round.

Applying for a Masters

Applying for postgraduate study is a little different to going to university the first time around. Here are answers to some of the questions you might have.

For more detailed information, see our guides to: Masters Degree Applications

What grades do you need for a Masters?

You'll normally need a relevant undergraduate degree for admission to a Masters. A 2.1 or higher is the standard entry requirement , but it can be possible to do a Masters with a lower class degree .

What GPA do you need for a Masters?

Universities in the USA may look at your undergraduate GPA (grade point average) score when considering Masters degree applications. A GPA of 3.0 or higher is usually considered 'good' – and is roughly equivalent to a UK 2.1. Universities in the UK and Europe don't usually use the GPA system.

Can you apply for a Masters with a 2.2 or a third?

It can be possible to apply for a Masters with a lower class degree . You may need to explain how your skills, experience and enthusiasm have equipped you for postgraduate study (and make a stronger case for this in your personal statement ). Having a 2.2 or third will probably make it harder to apply for more competitive postgraduate funding.

Do you need a Bachelors to apply for a Masters?

Most universities expect applicants for Masters study to have an undergraduate degree in a related field. However, you may be able to apply without a Bachelors if you can demonstrate relevant experience and your overall postgraduate application is very strong.

Do you need an IELTS score for a Masters?

If you're applying to study a Masters abroad in English, and English isn't your first language, you may need to take an IELTS test for postgraduate study . Exceptions may be made for international students who have already completed a degree in English. Alternative language tests include the TOEFL (below).

Do you need a TOEFL score for a Masters?

If you're applying to study a Masters abroad in English, and English isn't your first language, you may need to take a TOEFL test for postgraduate study . Exceptions may be made for international students who have already completed a degree in English. Alternative language tests include the IELTS (above).

Do you need a GMAT for a Masters?

The GMAT (Graduate Management Admissions Test) is a graduate entry test used for some applications to MBA programmes and other Business Masters degrees. It checks whether you have the right critical thinking skills and management knowledge to succeed on these courses.

The GMAT is often part of applications to more selective Business Schools in the UK and USA, but isn't required at all universities.

Do you need a GRE for a Masters?

The GRE (Graduate Record Examination) is a graduate entry test used for a wide range of subjects (though the GMAT is more common for Business and Management programmes). It tests your critical thinking, literacy and numeracy skills to assess how prepared you are for postgraduate study.

The GRE isn't a common requirement in the UK and Europe, but is used at more selective universities in the USA and other countries.

What do you need for a Masters application?

Applications for postgraduate study are usually handled directly by universities and most will require some (or all) of the following:

• Evidence of your final (or predicted) undergraduate grades
• A personal statement , explaining why you want to study this course
• One or two references (ideally including previous course tutors)
• Information on how you expect to fund postgraduate study
• Evidence of language ability (if you are studying in a second language)
• Scores from graduate admissions tests (if you are applying for more selective / competitive programmes)

Some universities interview applicants to check they have chosen the right course or to select from a shortlist of candidates for programmes with limited places.

How many Masters degrees can you apply for?

In most countries there's no limit on the number of Masters degrees you can apply for at the same time. That said, postgraduate applications do take time and you should make sure you tailor each one to the specific course (particularly when it comes to writing your personal statement ).

Do you need to use UCAS for Masters applications?

No. A small number of UK universities use a UCAS postgraduate service for their Masters degrees, but the majority accept applications directly from students. Using UCAS is not compulsory for postgraduate study.

Is there a fee for postgraduate applications?

There is usually no fee to apply for Masters degree (or PhD) in the UK. Some other countries may charge small fees for postgraduate applications.

When should you apply for a Masters?

There isn't usually a set application deadline for Masters degrees in the UK . However, you should make sure you apply in plenty of time for the course start date which will usually be September. If you're applying to study in your home country you should usually start the process in the spring or summer. If you're applying to study a Masters abroad you should start earlier to allow time for your visa application.

Do you need to have an interview for a Masters application?

Most of the time formal interviews aren't required for Masters degree applications. However, some universities will use Masters interviews to select applications for more competitive courses. Others may also invite you to visit them more informally and check that the degree and university you've chosen are a good fit for you.

Can you start a Masters in January?

Most postgraduate courses in the UK begin in the autumn (September / October) but there are some Masters degree programmes with a January start date .

Funding a Masters

Masters fees vary and postgraduate student loans won't cover all of your costs. The following answers will help you make sense of funding.

For more detailed information, see our guides to: Masters Degree Funding

How much does a Masters degree cost?

Average UK Masters fees are between £7,000 and £9,000 per year (for full-time study), though clinical subjects and MBAs can be much more expensive. The cost of a Masters varies in other countries around the world.

Is it cheaper to study a Masters part-time?

Annual fees for part-time postgraduate programmes are usually cheaper. You'll probably pay around 50% of the rate of an equivalent full-time student.

Bear in mind though that you'll also study for longer and will probably pay the same fees in the long run. You'll also have to cover the cost of living whilst studying for longer.

Can you study a Masters for free?

Some countries charge no fees for Masters degrees . This isn't quite the same as studying for 'free' though – you'll still need to cover living costs and other expenses to do with your degree.

Can you get a student loan for a Masters?

Postgraduate loans are available across the UK , but the amount you can get depends on which part of the country you're from:

• England offers postgraduate loans of up to £11,836
• Scotland offers postgraduate loans of up to £10,000
• Northern Ireland offers postgraduate loans of up to £5,500
• Wales offers postgraduate loans and grants of up to £18,430

Some other countries also offer their own postgraduate funding.

Who funds Masters degrees?

Masters degree funding in the UK is available from several sources, including:

• Student loans
• University scholarships, studentships and bursaries
• Charities and trusts
• Research Councils

What postgraduate funding can international students get?

International students aren't usually eligible for UK Masters degree loans, but international funding is available from universities, charities and government scholarship schemes.

Is it cheaper to study a Masters abroad?

Some countries charge relatively little (or nothing) for postgraduate study, so it's worth comparing different destinations . Bear in mind though that you'll still need to pay for accommodation and living costs during your degree.

Do postgraduate students pay Council Tax?

Full-time Masters students are exempt from paying Council Tax in the UK, just the same as undergraduate students. If everyone in your household is a full-time student, you won't pay any Council Tax. If you live with non-students your household will qualify for a Council Tax discount .

Does postgraduate study affect your benefits?

You can still claim some benefits as a postgraduate student in the UK. However, you should be aware that your entitlement to student loans can affect your income for any means-tested benefits.

Career prospects

Whatever your reason for considering a Masters degree, it's normal to have questions about career prospects, earnings and other potential outcomes. We've answered some of these below.

For more detailed information, see our guide to: Masters Degrees, Employment and Earnings

Are all Masters degrees worth the same?

All properly accredited and awarded Masters degrees are respected academic qualifications (an MA is worth the same as an MSc, and so on).

Will you earn more with a Masters?

There's good evidence to suggest that people with a Masters degree do earn more than other graduates . That said, there's no guarantee that a Masters will definitely boost your salary on its own.

Will you get a better job with a Masters?

There aren't many jobs that specifically require a Masters degree. That said, having a postgraduate qualification demonstrates that you can tackle more advanced material, can work more independently and will have a deeper knowledge of your subject. Evidence also suggests that some subjects so produce very employable (post)graduates.

Do you need a Masters degree to do a PhD?

You don't necessarily need to have a Masters to apply for a PhD , but it's often beneficial. Arts and Humanities subjects prefer students to have some experience of postgraduate-level work before starting a doctorate. STEM subjects are more likely to accept applications straight from undergraduate level, but having a Masters could increase your chances of winning a funded place.

Can a Masters degree leave you overqualified?

Employers will generally respect postgraduate qualifications (even if they aren't looking for them) and your Masters subject doesn't necessarily have to fit exactly with the job you apply for afterwards.

That said, you should always be able to explain why you chose to study a degree (at any level) and communicate what you got out of the experience.

How are Masters degrees graded?

The standard grades for a Masters in the UK are:

• Distinction (equivalent to a 1st)
• Merit (equivalent to a 2.1)
• Pass (equivalent to a 2.2 or third)

Other countries use their own systems. Universities in the USA and Canada are more likely to calculate a GPA (Grade Point Average) score than award a set degree classification.

When do you graduate from a Masters?

Postgraduate students often graduate separately to undergraduates. This is because Masters degrees finish later (as you spend the summer doing your dissertation ).

Is it 'Masters degree' or master's degree?

Strictly speaking, 'master's degree' is correct. The word 'master's' is a possessive noun (so it gets an apostrophe) but not a proper noun (so it doesn't need to be capitalised).

Here at FindAMasters we write Masters to make things easier to read and to fit with the title of our website (a URL with an apostrophe in it wouldn't really work).

Looking for more information?

Hopefully we've managed to cover some of the main questions you have about postgraduate study. You can check our advice , funding and study abroad sections for more detailed guides to all of these topics.

Don't forget that you can also subscribe to our free postgraduate study newsletter : we'll send you details of new Masters courses and open days, plus the best posts and latest news from our blog.

Find your perfect Masters!

Search from over 20,000 Masters degrees on our website to find one that is right for you

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Thinking of applying for a Masters? Our guide explains the process, personal statements, references and deadlines for Masters applications.

A Masters is an advanced academic degree that takes place at postgraduate, or 'second-cycle', level, building on existing undergraduate study.

Your personal statement may be an important part of an application for a Masters degree or other postgraduate course. Our guide explains how to write one.

The main requirement to apply for a Masters is usually a Bachelors degree in a relevant subject. Our guide explains the admissions requirements for postgraduate courses.

Will studying a Masters degree help you earn a higher salary? And will postgraduate qualifications get you a better job? We've looked at the facts and figures.

This page uses official data to find out which Masters subjects are most in demand by employers, as well as Masters graduate salaries for several disciplines.

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• PhD Without a Masters

Written by Hannah Slack

Most students will complete a Masters before going on to study a PhD. But can you do a PhD without a Masters?

The journey prior to starting a PhD can be individual and PhD students studying something similar could have very different previous experiences. Some may come straight from their previous degree and others may have years of experience in work. This can feel very confusing when you are trying to work out whether you can apply for a PhD without a Masters.

This page will explain how you can get onto a PhD programme without a Masters, and whether this could be the right choice for you.

On this page

Do you need to get a masters to do a phd.

The short answer is that it is possible to do a PhD without a Masters. The long answer is that it is dependent on your personal experience, your subject area, the duration of your PhD programme and the location, as requirements can vary by country. It's technically possible in any discipline, but much more common in STEM or vocational subjects. Most Arts and Humanities PhDs will require a Masters.

It's worth noting that even when a Masters is not technically a requirement for a PhD, it may still be an advantage if places are particularly competitive.

PhD in Arts and Humanities without a Masters

Though not impossible, it is more uncommon for Arts and Humanities students to make the jump from Bachelors to PhD. As these subjects require students to propose an original research project, they need to be able to justify their work in the context of a wider field before they begin. A Masters degree is designed to give students the research experience and additional taught content to be able to do this.

If a Humanities student wanted to jump straight to a PhD they would need to demonstrate extensive research experience, an advanced knowledge of an academic field and a viable topic that will generate original research.

Can you get a PhD without a Masters in the USA?

In the USA , it's fairly common for students to go straight from their undergraduate degree to a PhD. This is because universities will usually award PhD candidates a Masters degree on their way to achieving their final doctorate. American PhD programmes typically have a large taught element during the first 1-4 years, making them suitable for students who have not previously studied at the postgraduate level.

How do you know whether you need a Masters?

PhDs are typically focused on niche topics, so it’s possible to do a project that you have no direct experience in. Instead, do you have experience of research that is relevant to the subject area you want to study? This could look like independent management of a research project over an extended period of time or particular skills that would suit the type of research you want to do. Although a PhD is a time to learn, it is also worth considering whether you would feel confident in your skills and knowledge without a Masters degree.

To gauge if this could be the route for you, make sure to talk to the right people. Talk to an academic who knows you if you’re currently at university. They will be able to advise if they think you’re ready for a PhD, based on their knowledge of your academic ability. It’s also important to talk to potential supervisors at the institutions you plan to apply for. They will let you know whether they think you would be suitable based on your current academic experience.

How to get a PhD without a Masters

There is no one way to get onto a PhD programme without a Masters. Usually, the route you take will depend on your abilities and your subject’s requirements.

Apply for Integrated PhD programmes

PhDs that are four years in length may include one year of training before moving onto a three-year PhD. These programmes may be advertised as Integrated , 1+3 or as part of a Doctoral Training Programme (DTP). If you secure a position with Research Council funding, then you will be funded throughout the entirety of the programme.

An Integrated programme may include lectures, seminars and practical workshops to help improve your research skills in preparation for a PhD. Some of these programmes may offer the opportunity to complete a Masters of Research (MRes) as part of this. You would be required to finish a substantial research project in the first year of study, likely related to your PhD topic. Most Integrated programmes will assess your progress or MRes project and upon successful completion, you will be automatically enrolled onto the PhD programme.

These programmes are a good option for those struggling with the eligibility requirements to go straight onto a PhD programme. Entry onto these programmes is usually a good undergraduate degree (at least an upper 2.1) in a relevant field. They also limit some of the hassle of doing two separate postgraduate degrees. For example, you won’t have to spend time searching and applying for a PhD during your Masters year.

Looking for an integrated PhD programme?

You can browse four-year integrated PhD programmes here on FindAPhD .

Gain professional experience

The other route that students can take to get on a PhD programme without a Masters is through professional experience.

This could look like an Industrial Experience year as part of an undergraduate degree or one to many years working after completion of your previous degree. This is more common in STEM fields and subjects that are predominantly vocational, such as Social Work, Psychology and Business.

The key to optimising professional experience is to demonstrate your relevant research and transferable skills – after all, to complete a PhD you must be able to contextualise your topic in a larger research field. Usually, applicants taking this route will apply to write about a specific subject theme or case study they have professional experience working with.

What is it like to do a PhD without a Masters?

Read about one student's experience making the leap from undergraduate to PhD .

Develop a strong research CV and show academic prowess

Generally this is a less common route, but a strong research CV and academic prowess may be sufficient in subjects where you apply to an advertised project. This is more common in STEM related topics.

If you’re overachieving throughout your Bachelors degree and know you want to move on to postgraduate study, it’s worthwhile talking to an academic you know or your personal tutor. They will have a better grip on your potential fit to current and future research opportunities. They can also advise you on possible internships or summer projects that could help you be more successful in PhD applications.

The benefits of professional experience or a Masters degree

There are many reasons to consider having professional experience or taking a year (or more) out before starting a PhD.

• Experience of life outside of academia – This will help you to decide whether to do a PhD for the right reasons: such as whether you really want to pursue research on a specific topic and how it might benefit your career.
• Transferable skills from professional experience benefit a PhD – Developing strong time and project management skills can help you balance the demands of a PhD. Usually professional workplaces have set working hours/days and this can teach you to have a good work life balance when working in academia.
• Connections outside of academia – Having a professional network can open up opportunities for collaboration during your PhD or help you in the non-academic job market post PhD.
• Save time and money – An application with relevant professional experience is still a competitive one and you won’t have to fund and spend additional time studying. It’s worth noting that for those that have been in work for some time, the change in earnings during a PhD could be a consideration.

But there are many reasons to consider studying for a Masters degree. It is worth considering these reasons so as to help you decide whether applying for a PhD without a Masters is for you.

• The opportunity to experience postgraduate life – A Masters is more practical and involves more independent work than an undergraduate degree. A PhD builds on this as you are expected to work independently and lead your project. A one year Masters is a good way to assess whether you would want to spend three to four years doing a PhD.
• Skills relevant for a PhD – The skills learned during a Masters could be directly applicable to a PhD in that field or a related one. It can be hard to pick a specific research topic and a Masters could help you confirm your interest or show you whether your interests lie elsewhere.
• Connections within academia – A Masters allows you to experience working with an academic supervisor and puts you in the best location to connect with other academics and PhD students.
• Competitive application – PhD applications are competitive and a Masters degree can offer specific and relevant experience.

Should you do a PhD without a Masters?

Whether you should or should not apply for a PhD without a Masters will depend on you. The first year of a PhD could also prove more difficult for you than others. Without a Masters degree you will have limited (if any) experience of maintaining a supervisor relationship, conducting original research and writing up your findings – all important parts of doing a PhD.

But it is important to remember that while it might initially feel overwhelming, that’s not to say you won’t catch up. And, as someone without a Masters, you shouldn’t face unrealistic expectations from your peers and supervisors. It is possible to have a good PhD experience with either professional experience or a Masters, or both!

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Can You Get a PhD without a Masters?

• Applying to a PhD

Yes, it’s possible to get a PhD without first having a Masters degree .

The conventional route for someone who earns a PhD is to pursue a Bachelor’s degree, followed by a Masters degree and then a PhD. However, several students opt to bypass a Master’s degree by enrolling onto a doctoral programme as soon as they complete their undergraduate degree.

Before we discuss how this can be done, it is worth mentioning the advantages and disadvantages of this route.

Advantages of Applying to a PhD without A Masters

The motivations for undertaking a PhD immediately after an undergraduate course are largely in saving money and time. This is because you will essentially eliminate a year of study. Another advantage of immediately enrolling onto a doctorate degree is project availability. If you find a project that you’re really interested in, it’s unlikely that it will still be available in a years’ time. Therefore, bypassing a Masters and enrolling directly into a PhD will increase your chances of securing the research project before it becomes unavailable.

Disadvantages of Applying to a PhD without A Masters

Although a Masters degree will add a year onto your academic journey, it can be incredibility helpful for your development and can help prepare you for a doctoral degree.

Not having a Master’s degree may prove to be a hindrance during your application process. This is because many other students will also apply to the same research projects, and it’s likely that the majority will hold a Masters. This will put you at a disadvantage to them.

Besides this, the dissertation project you’ll be required to undertake on a Master’s programme will provide you with a taste of what it is like to work on a research-based project. In addition to this, it’s likely that you’ll be able to select your own dissertation topic. As such, you can explore a specific field you’re interested in in further detail. This is a great way to confirm that both research-based work and the specific field you’re interested in are right for you before committing the next few years to it via a PhD.

Another advantage to the dissertation project associated with a Masters degree is the opportunity it provides you with to work closely with a project supervisor. This will help you understand the PhD student-supervisor relationship and communication frequency that works best for you. You can then use this knowledge to find supervisors who would compliment you when it comes time to find a PhD project to apply to. For tips on how to find a great PhD supervisor, check out our supervisor guide .

PhD without a Masters – How Does It Work?

To be considered for a PhD without a Master’s, at a minimum you will be expected to have a Bachelors degree. For students looking to enrol onto a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) PhD, a relevant Bachelors in a 3-year undergraduate course is usually expected. However, this is not the case for students looking to apply to non-STEM PhDs. Rather, students looking to apply to doctorates in subjects such as those surrounding Arts and Humanities are usually expected to have a relevant Bachelors from a 4-year course.

In addition to this, you will need to have demonstrated strong academic performance during your undergraduate course. This means that your Bachelors will need to be at least a UK Upper Second-Class Honours (2.1) for nearly all institutions to consider you.

Should you be accepted into a PhD programme without a Masters, the usual process will be to first register you as an MPhil student. You will then have a year to prepare and submit a thesis. Your thesis will need to detail the research you have carried out within that year and outline how you intend to continue it into a full PhD study. There are three outcomes of this MPhil thesis review:

• Failure and you’re not awarded anything.
• You pass, however, the supervisor doesn’t believe you’ve demonstrated strong research skills. You’re awarded an MPhil but they do not upgrade your course to a PhD programme.
• You pass and the supervisor believes you have proven yourself as a capable researcher. Your course is upgraded to a PhD as opposed to you being awarding an MPhil.

For more information on these outcomes, read the outcomes section of our PhD Viva guide .

Integrated PhD

Some universities offer Integrated PhD degree programmes (also known as an Integrated Masters degree). These are four-year programmes comprising of a one-year Masters degree immediately followed by a three-year PhD degree. These can prove a great option for graduate students who are looking to undertake a PhD without a Masters but are struggling to meet the eligibility requirements. You can read about the many benefits of  integrated degrees here .

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

PhD without a Bachelors – Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to get a PhD without a Bachelor’s, however, this is extremely uncommon.

When this occurs, it is almost always reserved for very mature individuals. For example, an individual may not be in active academia but still may have significantly contributed to their field. This contribution could be through the work they have undertaken as part of their career, or as part of a long-term study project, they have undertaken out of self-interest.

In either case, the individual would need to prove that they have extensive experience in their field and have directly contributed to new knowledge within it. The key factor here is that their work has pushed the boundaries of existing knowledge. It is not enough for an individual to be regarded as an expert in their field – they must have contributed something new and meaningful. It’s common for individuals awarded a PhD through this means to have produced several publications within their lifetime. It’s also common for the individual to have gained several professional accreditations within their field before even being considered suitable for a PhD research degree.

Universities Offering PhD without a Masters

Unfortunately, there is not a centralised list of universities which offer PhDs without a Master’s degree. The reason for this is that the edibility requirements differ from PhD to PhD and from department to department.

Therefore, you will need to check the guidelines for each individual university and the requirements for each specific PhD you’re interested in.

Should you find a PhD programme you can apply to with a Bachelors, make every effort to make your application as strong as possible. This is because you will be competing against other candidates, most of who will have a Master’s degree.

Not only can you strengthen your application by having a Bachelors with a First-Class Honours (1st), but you can also do so by showing the traits of a successful researcher. This includes showing a genuine interest in the project, a high work ethic, and exceptional communication skills.

Additionally, a strong letter of recommendation from a respected university lecturer will prove very beneficial. This is especially true if the lecturer supervisors his or her own PhD students. This is because the lecturer will understand the skills required for an adept research student.

For more advice on how to apply to a PhD degree, check out our Application Process Guide.

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Do You Need a Master’s to Get a PhD? Not Necessarily

If you’re thinking about becoming an expert in your field by getting a PhD, you might already know how long the road ahead of you may be. Many people dream of getting a PhD, but they often get put off by the time commitment and cost involved before they can even get started.

After all, PhDs can take anywhere from 3 to 8 years  to finish — and in some cases, even more. Getting a PhD can be quite a difficult endeavor for people who have jobs , families, and other financial responsibilities to balance along the way.

If you want that coveted PhD without compromising your other responsibilities, you might find yourself asking, “do you need a master’s to get a PhD?”

The short answer is: not necessarily .

Although the traditional route to a PhD often involves getting a master’s degree first, many direct to PhD programs allow academics to skip an MA altogether. Even those with bachelor’s degrees have a decent chance at getting into a PhD program. However, going directly for a doctorate still has its advantages and disadvantages.

Table of Contents

How to Get a PhD Without a Master’s Degree

The minimum requirement to be considered for a PhD is a bachelor’s degree, but your chances of getting accepted will depend on how well you tender your application .

Educational institutions won’t freely advertise that they offer doctorates without master’s degrees. It becomes your task to look into the core beliefs of the universities you’re interested in to see whether you have a chance at success.

When putting together your application, you’ll have to check the universities’ requirements to ensure that your previous academic performance qualifies. The better your qualifications and recommendation letters are, the higher your chances of being considered.

Of course, you may be able to eliminate many of your troubles by going the direct to PhD route, which takes you from undergrad straight into a doctorate program.

PhD Without a Master’s – How Does it Work?

PhD programs that consider candidates who don’t already have a master’s will expect you to have at least a bachelor’s degree.

The expectation can vary depending on the doctorate, but the bare minimum requirement is generally:

A three-year undergraduate degree in a related discipline for STEM PhDs

A relevant four-year undergraduate degree for PhDs in the arts and humanities.

To be considered for a PhD without a master’s, you’ll also need to have a strong academic record from your undergraduate studies. Universities are highly selective when admitting PhD candidates without master’s, so you’ll need to show academic transcripts with a high GPA.

The first way you can study a PhD without a master’s is by applying to a program that allows a direct route from bachelor’s to PhD. There are a number of doctoral programs, especially online ones, that only require you to have an undergraduate degree to apply. Be aware that even if a master’s is not required, you’ll need to submit a strong application, including a compelling research proposal, in order to stand out from other applicants, many of whom may have master’s degrees.

Even if the program normally requires a master’s as a prerequisite, you may be able to get around this by first pursuing an MPhil. Under this process, you’re given a year to prepare a thesis, which outlines your initial research and how you plan to expand on it for a full PhD dissertation. If successful, your MPhil will be upgraded to a doctorate, you’ll become a PhD candidate, and eventually be able to earn a PhD. If you don’t demonstrate strong enough research skills, you may also pass and be awarded an MPhil degree, but won’t be upgraded to a PhD student.

Another option would be to pursue an integrated PhD program, sometimes known as an integrated master’s degree. These are specific courses offered by some colleges that combine a master’s and PhD: if you’re successful, at the end of the course you’ll be awarded both qualifications. Typically, integrated PhD programs last for four years, covering a one-year master’s and a three-year PhD.

How Long Does it Take to Get a PhD Without a Master’s?

Studying a PhD program without a master’s will typically add an extra year to the usual timeline , as you’ll need to spend an additional year either completing an MPhil or as part of an integrated PhD program. Therefore, as most doctorates take three to five years to complete, a PhD without a master’s will usually take between four and six years.

On the other hand, if you choose a PhD program that only requires a bachelor’s degree to join, it will only take the standard length of time for that program, usually three to five years.

Which Universities Offer PhDs Without a Master’s?

Unfortunately, most universities don’t advertise PhD programs without master’s, as candidates are generally accepted on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, admission requirements for PhD programs are usually set by the school or department, so even if one PhD program accepts candidates without master’s degrees, this may not be the case across the university.

If you want to pursue a PhD without a master’s, you’ll need to contact the admissions committee of the programs you’re interested in, and check their requirements.

Is it Possible to Get a PhD Without a Bachelor’s Degree?

It is not impossible to get a PhD without first having a bachelor’s degree, but it is very uncommon. In some rare cases, universities may accept candidates for doctoral programs with extensive professional experience in lieu of an undergraduate qualification.

If you’re able to demonstrate significant contributions to your field through either work or self-directed study, and that you’ve directly contributed new knowledge to the discipline, you may be accepted into a PhD program. You’ll be more likely to be accepted if you’ve been published, preferably multiple times, and have a number of professional accreditations.

Advantages of Going Straight to PhD

The biggest advantage of bypassing a master’s degree is easily the amount of time and money you can save in the process.

An MA can take as short as a year or as long as three to obtain. And when doctorates usually take anywhere from 5-7 years, shaving 1-3 years off can make a huge difference — especially for busy people who want to get ahead in their careers quickly.

Of course, you also won’t need to pay thousands of dollars in tuition fees for an MA. These savings alone are usually enough to convince many people to go for a PhD without master’s degrees slowing them down along the way.

Other benefits you may encounter are:

• Grants and Stipends – Another advantage of joining a direct-entry doctorate program is the possibility of obtaining outside funding (if you qualify). Many PhD programs offer students financial assistance in the form of partial funding or full tuition waivers. If you can benefit from financial aid, you might be glad to know that some programs also offer stipends on top of the tuition grants.
• Research Projects  – As a doctoral candidate, you might want to start or join certain research projects that may be time-sensitive. In cases like these, it’s usually advisable to go directly for PhDs to increase your chances of securing your dream project. If the project you’re looking at is a long-term endeavor, a doctoral program may also be the best route to allow for more in-depth fieldwork and experiments during your studies.
• Less Stress and Hassle  – Choosing not to go for a master’s degree might help eliminate stress and hassle, such as school applications and potential relocations. Going direct to PhD means you’ll likely only need to move once (if at all) to your chosen school’s area.

Disadvantages of Skipping a Master’s Degree

Although the answer to the question “can you get a PhD without a master’s?” is a resounding yes, it doesn’t always mean that it’s the right choice for everyone.

Going from undergraduate studies straight into a PhD program can be quite a huge adjustment. The program might suddenly expect you to get familiar with new techniques, work, and professional relationships — and fast!

This adjustment period may put you at a disadvantage compared to other doctorate candidates who have previously completed a master’s degree.

Other hindrances you might encounter are:

• Difficulty During Applications Process  – PhD programs are competitive and often only take the best-qualified applicants. If you’re competing with other students who have master’s degrees, it may affect your chances of securing a spot. However, if you go for a direct to PhD program  (undergraduate straight into PhD), it may be possible to avoid this problem.
• Less Experience in Research and Dissertation Work  – A thesis or dissertation is a major requirement of completing a master’s degree. Skipping an MA means you’re missing out on all of the experience you’d otherwise get in research and fieldwork. You’ll also have less experience actually writing a dissertation.
• Less Time to Confirm Your Interests  – Working on your master’s thesis will allow you to select a topic that interests you. You usually spend about a year working on your thesis, during which you can explore the topic further to confirm whether it’s really what you want to go into. By skipping the MA, you’re potentially giving up the chance to verify if the field truly interests you before you fully commit to it for the duration of your PhD. Going straight into a doctoral program may also mean that you miss out on the chance to choose your own topic and create your own research proposal.
• Missing the Opportunity to Work with a Thesis Supervisor – When doing a master’s degree, postgraduate students work with a thesis supervisor who provides guidance and advice for their projects. Going direct to PhD means you miss out on the experience of working with a supervisor and finding the right types of communication, schedules, and professional relationships for your needs. This means you’ll have to figure all of this out during your doctorate program, which can add to your stress.

So Can you Get a PhD  Without a Master’s? Yes, But Not Always

You don’t necessarily need a master’s in order to pursue a PhD. Some PhD programs accept candidates with a bachelor’s degree only, or you may be able to get around a master’s prerequisite by signing up for a MPhil or an integrated PhD program.

The “ideal” doctorate program doesn’t come along often. If you find yourself faced with a choice between pursuing a master’s degree  or trying to get into your dream doctoral program, you might want to skip the master’s degree altogether.

Although you may miss out on an MA qualification, often, a finished PhD supersedes the need for one anyway.

Getting a PhD without a master’s degree can be difficult, but it’s certainly not impossible! For more inspiration, take a look at our guides to the highest-paying PhD degrees  and the best one-year online PhD programs .

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you skip a master’s and get a phd.

Yes, there are a few ways you may be able to get into a PhD program without completing a master’s first. You could opt for a PhD program that doesn’t require master’s as a prerequisite, or go for a MPhil or integrated PhD program. However, keep in mind that not all universities or programs allow you to apply for a PhD without a master’s.

Can I apply for a PhD after my bachelor’s?

In some cases, you can apply to a PhD program as soon as you’ve finished your undergraduate degree. Some doctoral programs accept candidates with a bachelor’s degree only, though you’ll probably need to have an excellent academic record and a strong research proposal.

Is a PhD better than a master’s?

PhD and master’s degrees are valuable in different ways, so it’s not really fair to say that a PhD is better than a master’s. Although a PhD is a more advanced degree, there are roles and professions that would prefer you to have a master’s rather than a PhD. Master’s programs usually have a more practical, real-world focus, which can be more useful  for many roles in the business, non-profit, and government sectors. On the other hand, a PhD is strongly rooted in in-depth research, so prepares candidates to work in research and academia.

Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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Can you do a PhD without a master’s degree?

Study tips Published 5 Apr, 2022  ·  6-minute read

If you want the most straightforward answer to the question ‘can you get a PhD without a master’s degree’, it’s yes. Should you apply to study a PhD without a master’s though? Let’s unpack that.

There are quite a few entry requirements you need to meet to apply for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). At the core of it, all these requirements are about proving you’re ready to embark on the long (3-4 years full time) and challenging – but incredibly rewarding – process of conducting research and writing a thesis. PhD prerequisites are there to assess your preparedness for this type of study.

So, let’s have a look at what the PhD prerequisites are in Australia and the questions we’re commonly asked about them.

Can I do a PhD without a degree?

In Australia, you’ll need to have completed a degree (undergraduate or postgraduate) relevant to your proposed research topic and approved by the university to be considered as a candidate. However, the good news is, for those of you wondering ‘can you get a PhD without a bachelor’s?’ the answer is yes – it is possible at some universities.

Say you finished high school and went straight into the workforce. You built experience in your field over years of hard work. After a while, you decide that you’d like a qualification to solidify your knowledge and skills, or to upskill in your area and open even more doors. So, you apply for postgraduate studies.

Many universities in Australia will consider applicants for postgrad study (typically graduate certificates) based on proof of extensive professional experience and other post-secondary studies (certificates from TAFE, for example) in a relevant field, rather than the traditional completion of bachelor’s level studies.

Admission into a graduate certificate without a bachelor’s degree is very much dependent on your study area of choice and the institution at which you wish to study. Always check the specific prerequisites of the institution and program.

In most cases, if you want to study a PhD and you don’t have a bachelor’s degree, but you do have a lot of industry and research experience in your field, you’ll need to start your journey by enrolling in a graduate certificate and working your way up to a master’s and then a PhD. It’s possible to get into a PhD program with a graduate diploma (and no bachelor’s or master’s degree), but you’ll need extensive documentation proving former research experience to support your application – plus a decent GPA. This type of application is assessed on a case-by-case basis by some universities and can be extremely competitive.

Do you need a master’s for a PhD?

As we said earlier, no – you don’t need a master’s to apply for a PhD. And if you're wondering more specifically ‘is an MPhil required for a PhD?’, the answer is also no. It may make logical sense at face value to complete a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and then go on to study a Doctor of Philosophy, but in reality, it tends to work a bit differently.

All these types of postgraduate degrees and higher degrees by research can be a little confusing to keep track of, so let’s break it down into simpler terms.

So, here’s how some of the pathways through these degrees work.

• Some students decide to study and complete a Master of Philosophy, as it’s shorter than a PhD but still allows them to delve into a research project and produce a thesis (~40,000 words).
• Other students begin studying an MPhil then find they’d like to take their research further and apply to upgrade to a PhD program, adding a few more years onto their studies and producing an 80,000-word thesis.
• Many students aim big from the get-go and apply directly to a PhD program after having completed either a bachelor’s degree with honours or a master’s by coursework.

This is by no means an extensive list of ways in which you can order your studies; it’s just a few of the most common paths taken by university students interested in postgraduate studies and higher degrees by research.

The benefits of studying a master’s before a PhD

Now we’ve established that you can apply to study a Doctor of Philosophy without a master’s degree, let’s address the next big question: should you? Here are just a handful of the reasons why completing a master’s before moving onto a PhD is generally a good idea:

• It gives you a competitive edge compared to other applicants.
• It will provide you with a taste of what it’s like to conduct long-form research and reveal what it takes to be a good PhD student .
• You'll have a chance to explore a research topic to see if there’s enough scope to turn it into your PhD, or you may find offshoot topics that could be explored in more detail.
• You'll experience what it’s like to work with a supervisor and better understand if this process suits your personality type.

Can I go straight from bachelor’s to PhD?

Yes. Most universities will accept applications from students who have a bachelor’s degree with honours (typically at least IIA) as their highest level of completed study. Some universities may accept a bachelor’s degree without honours but with several years of relevant research experience, or a bachelor’s degree without honours but followed by a relevant graduate certificate or graduate diploma.

As we've emphasised above, there are definite benefits to completing further studies after your undergraduate degree to prepare you for your PhD. It’s understandable that you might want to fast-track your way to your Doctor of Philosophy, but remember that going in as prepared as possible will help you get the most out of your research.

If you don’t want to commit to a master’s program after your undergraduate degree but you still have your heart set on a PhD, talk to your course convener about fitting research units into your study plan during your bachelor’s program. Completing a graduate certificate or diploma following your bachelor’s, with a focus on the research area you wish to pursue with a PhD, will help you get a clearer idea of potential research topics too.

There are opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate students to apply for one of UQ’s summer and winter research programs . These programs can help to boost your knowledge and skills in research and your field of study – and better prepare you for PhD studies.

When considering whether or not to apply for a PhD without a master’s degree, remember that the process is competitive, and it can take time to find the right supervisor . Having a master’s degree could put you ahead of other applicants and secure you that valued place as a PhD candidate.

Want to know more about how a PhD works? How do you find a supervisor? What are the best tips for writing your proposal? Find answers by reading our comprehensive guide: How to get a PhD.

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Discussion forum for current, past, and future students of any discipline completing post-graduate studies - taught or research.

Pursuing a PhD without a Master’s Thesis

I am currently a geography grad student within an accelerated admissions (or 4+1 program), meaning I took grad classes my senior year of undergrad in order to receive my masters in one year rather than two. My grad program has two routes, thesis and non-thesis (internship), of which I am planning on doing internship because the thesis route did not work out and would require me to add an extra semester on top of my one year, which I think kind of defeats the purpose. I have always wanted to get my PhD at some point in the future, however some people tell me I will not get accepted into programs without having written a thesis in grad school. I have shrugged this off because of a few reasons, one being that I still have a substantial amount of research experience and will be credited as a co-author on at least one published manuscript in the next year. Additionally, I do not plan on getting my PhD right away, so by the time I apply I will have work experience in my field. Lastly, I feel like I could simply explain in my PhD application that I was not able to write a thesis because I did a very strenuous one year program.

Essentially, I am seeking advice on weather or not I will get accepted into PhD programs in the future without having written a thesis in my graduate program. Any thoughts are appreciated!

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How will not doing a dissertation affect me?

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Olympic Breakdancer Raygun Has PhD in Breakdancing?

Rachael gunn earned a zero in breakdancing at the paris 2024 olympic games., aleksandra wrona, published aug. 13, 2024.

About this rating

Gunn's Ph.D. thesis, titled "Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: a B-girl's Experience of B-boying," did cover the topic of breakdancing. However ...

... Gunn earned her Ph.D. in cultural studies. Moreover, a "PhD in breakdancing" does not exist as an academic discipline.

On Aug. 10, 2024, a rumor spread on social media that Rachael Gunn (also known as "Raygun"), an Australian breakdancer who competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics, had a Ph.D. in breakdancing. "This australian breakdancer has a PhD in breakdancing and dance culture and was a ballroom dancer before taking up breaking. I don't even know what to say," one X post on the topic read .

"Australian Olympic breakdancer Rachael Gunn has a PhD in breakdancing and dance culture," one X user wrote , while another asked, "Who did we send? Raygun, a 36-year-old full-time lecturer at Sydney's Macquarie University, completed a PhD in breaking culture and is a lecturer in media, creative arts, literature and language," another X user wrote .

The claim also spread on other social media platforms, such as Reddit and Instagram . 

"Is she the best break dancer? No. But I have so much respect for going on an international stage to do something you love even if you're not very skilled at it," one Instagram user commented , adding that, "And, I'm pretty sure she's using this as a research endeavor and will be writing about all our reactions to her performance. Can't wait to read it!"

In short, Gunn's Ph.D. thesis, titled "Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: A B-girl's Experience of B-boying," indeed focused on the topic of breakdancing. However, Gunn earned her Ph.D. in cultural studies, not in breakdancing. Furthermore, it's important to note that a "PhD in breakdancing" does not exist as an academic discipline. 

Since Gunn's research focused on the breakdancing community, but her degree is actually in the broader field of cultural studies, we have rated this claim as a "Mixture" of truths.

Gunn "secured Australia's first ever Olympic spot in the B-Girl competition at Paris 2024 by winning the QMS Oceania Championships in Sydney, NSW, Australia," the Olympics official website informed . 

Gunn earned a zero in breakdancing at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games and clips of her routine went viral on social media, with numerous users creating memes or mocking dancer's moves. "As well as criticising her attire, social media users mocked the Australian's routine as she bounced around on stage like a kangaroo and stood on her head at times," BBC article on the topic read . 

The website of the Macquarie University informed Gunn "is an interdisciplinary and practice-based researcher interested in the cultural politics of breaking" and holds a Ph.D. in cultural studies, as well as a bachelor of arts degree (Hons) in contemporary music: 

Rachael Gunn is an interdisciplinary and practice-based researcher interested in the cultural politics of breaking. She holds a PhD in Cultural Studies (2017) and a BA (Hons) in Contemporary Music (2009) from Macquarie University. Her work draws on cultural theory, dance studies, popular music studies, media, and ethnography. Rachael is a practising breaker and goes by the name of 'Raygun'. She was the Australian Breaking Association top ranked bgirl in 2020 and 2021, and represented Australia at the World Breaking Championships in Paris in 2021, in Seoul in 2022, and in Leuven (Belgium) in 2023. She won the Oceania Breaking Championships in 2023.

Gunn's biography further revealed that she is a member of the Macquarie University Performance and Expertise Reasearch Centre, and has a range of teaching experience at undergraduate and postgraduate levels "across the areas of media, creative industries, music, dance, cultural studies, and work-integrated learning." 

Moreover, it informed her research interests included, "Breaking, street dance, and hip-hop culture; youth cultures/scenes; constructions of the dancing body; politics of gender and gender performance; ethnography; the methodological dynamics between theory and practice."

Gunn earned her Ph.D. from the Department of Media, Music, Communications, and Cultural Studies within the Faculty of Arts at Macquarie University. Below, you can find the abstract of her paper, shared by the official website of Macquarie University:

This thesis critically interrogates how masculinist practices of breakdancing offers a site for the transgression of gendered norms. Drawing on my own experiences as a female within the male-dominated breakdancing scene in Sydney, first as a spectator, then as an active crew member, this thesis questions why so few female participants engage in this creative space, and how breakdancing might be the space to displace and deterritorialise gender. I use analytic autoetthnography and interviews with scene members in collaboration with theoretical frameworks offered by Deleuze and Guttari, Butler, Bourdieu and other feminist and post-structuralist philosophers, to critically examine how the capacities of bodies are constituted and shaped in Sydney's breakdancing scene, and to also locate the potentiality for moments of transgression. In other words, I conceptualize the breaking body as not a 'body' constituted through regulations and assumptions, but as an assemblage open to new rhizomatic connections. Breaking is a space that embraces difference, whereby the rituals of the dance not only augment its capacity to deterritorialize the body, but also facilitate new possibilities for performativities beyond the confines of dominant modes of thought and normative gender construction. Consequently, this thesis attempts to contribute to what I perceive as a significant gap in scholarship on hip-hop, breakdancing, and autoethnographic explorations of Deleuze-Guattarian theory.

In a response to online criticism of her Olympics performance, Gunn wrote on her Instagram profile: "Don't be afraid to be different, go out there and represent yourself, you never know where that's gonna take you":

We have recently investigated other 2024 Paris Olympics' -related rumors, such as:

• Lifeguards Are Present at Olympic Swimming Competitions?
• Hobby Lobby Pulled $50M in Ads from 2024 Paris Olympics?
• 2024 Paris Olympics Are 'Lowest-Rated' Games in Modern History?

Gunn, Rachael Louise. Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: A B-Girl's Experience of B-Boying. 2022. Macquarie University, thesis. figshare.mq.edu.au, https://doi.org/10.25949/19433291.v1.

---. Deterritorializing Gender in Sydney's Breakdancing Scene: A B-Girl's Experience of B-Boying. 2022. Macquarie University, thesis. figshare.mq.edu.au, https://doi.org/10.25949/19433291.v1.

Ibrahim, Nur. "Lifeguards Are Present at Olympic Swimming Competitions?" Snopes, 8 Aug. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/lifeguards-paris-olympics-swimming/.

"Olympic Breaking: Criticism of Viral Breakdancer Rachael Gunn - Raygun - Condemned by Australia Team." BBC Sport, 10 Aug. 2024, https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/c2dgxp5n3rlo.

ORCID. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-4021. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

Paris 2024. https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/-raygun_1940107. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

Saunders, Grant Leigh, and Rachael Gunn. "Australia." Global Hip Hop Studies, vol. 3, no. 1–2, Dec. 2023, pp. 23–32. Macquarie University, https://doi.org/10.1386/ghhs_00060_1.

Wazer, Caroline. "2024 Paris Olympics Are 'Lowest-Rated' Games in Modern History?" Snopes, 1 Aug. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/paris-olympics-lowest-rated-games/.

---. "Hobby Lobby Pulled $50M in Ads from 2024 Paris Olympics?" Snopes, 8 Aug. 2024, https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/olympics-hobby-lobby-ads/.

By Aleksandra Wrona

Aleksandra Wrona is a reporting fellow for Snopes, based in the Warsaw, Poland, area.

Article Tags

Attacks on Walz’s Military Record

By Robert Farley , D'Angelo Gore and Eugene Kiely

Posted on August 8, 2024 | Updated on August 12, 2024 | Corrected on August 9, 2024

In introducing her pick for vice presidential running mate, Kamala Harris has prominently touted Tim Walz’s 24 years of service in the Army National Guard. Now, however, GOP vice presidential nominee JD Vance and the Trump campaign are attacking Walz on his military record, accusing the Minnesota governor of “stolen valor.”

We’ll sort through the facts surrounding the three main attacks on Walz’s military record and let readers decide their merit. The claims include:

• Vance claimed that Walz “dropped out” of the National Guard when he learned his battalion was slated to be deployed to Iraq. Walz retired to focus on a run for Congress two months before his unit got official word of impending deployment, though the possibility had been rumored for months.
• Vance also accused Walz of having once claimed to have served in combat, when he did not. While advocating a ban on assault-style weapons, Walz said, “We can make sure that those weapons of war that I carried in war, is the only place where those weapons are at.” Update, Aug. 12: The Harris campaign says that Walz “misspoke.”
• The Republican National Committee has criticized Walz for misrepresenting his military rank in campaign materials. The Harris campaign website salutes Walz for “rising to the rank of Command Sergeant Major.” Walz did rise to that rank, but he retired as a master sergeant because he had not completed the requirements of a command sergeant major.

A native of West Point, Nebraska, Walz joined the Nebraska Army National Guard in April 1981, two days after his 17th birthday. When Walz and his wife moved to Minnesota in 1996, he transferred to the Minnesota National Guard, where he served in 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery.

“While serving in Minnesota, his military occupational specialties were 13B – a cannon crewmember who operates and maintains cannons and 13Z -field artillery senior sergeant,” according to a statement released by Army Lt. Col. Kristen Augé, the Minnesota National Guard’s state public affairs officer.

According to MPR News , Walz suffered some hearing impairment related to exposure to cannon booms during training over the years, and he underwent some corrective surgery to address it.

On Aug. 3, 2003, “Walz mobilized with the Minnesota National Guard’s 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery … to support Operation Enduring Freedom. The battalion supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey. Governor Walz was stationed at Vicenza, Italy, during his deployment,” Augé stated. The deployment lasted about eight months.

“For 24 years I proudly wore the uniform of this nation,” Walz said at a rally in Philadelphia where he was announced as Harris’ running mate on Aug. 6. “The National Guard gave me purpose. It gave me the strength of a shared commitment to something greater than ourselves.”

Walz’s Retirement from the National Guard

In recent years, however, several of his fellow guard members have taken issue with the timing of Walz’s retirement from the National Guard in May 2005, claiming he left to avoid a deployment to Iraq.

Vance, who served a four-year active duty enlistment in the Marine Corps as a combat correspondent, serving in Iraq for six months in 2005, advanced that argument at a campaign event on Aug. 7.

“When the United States of America asked me to go to Iraq to serve my country, I did it,” Vance said. “When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him, a fact that he’s been criticized for aggressively by a lot of the people that he served with. I think it’s shameful to prepare your unit to go to Iraq, to make a promise that you’re going to follow through and then to drop out right before you actually have to go.”

In early 2005, Walz, then a high school geography teacher and football coach at Mankato West High School, decided to run for public office. In a 2009 interview Walz provided as part of the Library of Congress’ veterans oral history project, Walz said he made the decision to retire from the National Guard to “focus full time” on a run for the U.S. House of Representatives for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional District (which he ultimately won in 2006). Walz said he was “really concerned” about trying to seek public office and serve in the National Guard at the same time without running afoul of the Hatch Act , which limits political speech by federal employees, including members of the National Guard.

Federal Election Commission records show that Walz filed to run for Congress on Feb. 10, 2005.

On March 20, 2005, Walz’s campaign put out a press release titled “Walz Still Planning to Run for Congress Despite Possible Call to Duty in Iraq.”

Three days prior, the release said, “the National Guard Public Affairs Office announced a possible partial mobilization of roughly 2,000 troops from the Minnesota National Guard. … The announcement from the National Guard PAO specified that all or a portion of Walz’s battalion could be mobilized to serve in Iraq within the next two years.”

According to the release, “When asked about his possible deployment to Iraq Walz said, ‘I do not yet know if my artillery unit will be part of this mobilization and I am unable to comment further on specifics of the deployment.’ Although his tour of duty in Iraq might coincide with his campaign for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional seat, Walz is determined to stay in the race. ‘As Command Sergeant Major I have a responsibility not only to ready my battalion for Iraq, but also to serve if called on. I am dedicated to serving my country to the best of my ability, whether that is in Washington DC or in Iraq.'”

On March 23, 2005, the Pipestone County Star reported, “Detachments of the Minnesota National Guard have been ‘alerted’ of possible deployment to Iraq in mid-to-late 2006.”

“Major Kevin Olson of the Minnesota National Guard said a brigade-sized contingent of soldiers could be expected to be called to Iraq, but he was not, at this time, aware of which batteries would be called,” the story said. “All soldiers in the First Brigade combat team of the 34th Division, Minnesota National Guard, could be eligible for call-up. ‘We don’t know yet what the force is like’ he said. ‘It’s too early to speculate, if the (soldiers) do go.’

“He added: ‘We will have a major announcement if and when the alert order moves ahead.’”

ABC News spoke to Joseph Eustice, a retired command sergeant major who served with Walz, and he told the news organization this week that “he remembers Walz struggling with the timing of wanting to serve as a lawmaker but also avoiding asking for a deferment so he could do so.”

“He had a window of time,” Eustice told ABC News. “He had to decide. And in his deciding, we were not on notice to be deployed. There were rumors. There were lots of rumors, and we didn’t know where we were going until it was later that, early summer, I believe.”

Al Bonnifield, who served under Walz, also recalled Walz agonizing over the decision.

“It was a very long conversation behind closed doors,” Bonnifield told the Washington Post this week. “He was trying to decide where he could do better for soldiers, for veterans, for the country. He weighed that for a long time.”

In 2018, Bonnifield told MPR News that Walz worried in early 2005, “Would the soldier look down on him because he didn’t go with us? Would the common soldier say, ‘Hey, he didn’t go with us, he’s trying to skip out on a deployment?’ And he wasn’t. He talked with us for quite a while on that subject. He weighed that decision to run for Congress very heavy. He loved the military, he loved the guard, he loved the soldiers he worked with.”

But not all of Walz’s fellow Guard members felt that way.

In a paid letter to the West Central Tribune in Minnesota in November 2018, Thomas Behrends and Paul Herr — both retired command sergeants major in the Minnesota National Guard — wrote, “On May 16th, 2005 he [Walz] quit, leaving the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion and its Soldiers hanging; without its senior Non-Commissioned Officer, as the battalion prepared for war. His excuse to other leaders was that he needed to retire in order to run for congress. Which is false, according to a Department of Defense Directive, he could have run and requested permission from the Secretary of Defense before entering active duty; as many reservists have.”

“For Tim Walz to abandon his fellow soldiers and quit when they needed experienced leadership most is disheartening,” they wrote. “When the nation called, he quit.”

Walz retired on May 16, 2005. Walz’s brigade received alert orders for mobilization on July 14, 2005, according to the National Guard and MPR News . The official mobilization report came the following month, and the unit mobilized and trained through the fall. It was finally deployed to Iraq in the spring of 2006.

The unit was originally scheduled to return in February 2007, but its tour was extended four months as part of President George W. Bush’s “surge” strategy , the National Guard reported. In all, the soldiers were mobilized for 22 months.

Responding to Vance’s claim that Walz retired to avoid deploying to Iraq, the Harris-Walz campaign released a statement saying, “After 24 years of military service, Governor Walz retired in 2005 and ran for Congress, where he was a tireless advocate for our men and women in uniform – and as Vice President of the United States he will continue to be a relentless champion for our veterans and military families.”

Walz on Carrying a Weapon ‘in War’

Vance also called Walz “dishonest” for a claim that Walz made in 2018 while speaking to a group about gun control.

“He made this interesting comment that the Kamala Harris campaign put out there,” Vance said, referring to a video of Walz that the Harris campaign posted to X on Aug. 6. “He said, ‘We shouldn’t allow weapons that I used in war to be on America’s streets.’ Well, I wonder, Tim Walz, when were you ever in war? What was this weapon that you carried into war given that you abandoned your unit right before they went to Iraq and he has not spent a day in a combat zone.”

In the video , Walz, who was campaigning for governor at the time, talked about pushing back on the National Rifle Association and said: “I spent 25 years in the Army and I hunt. … I’ve been voting for common sense legislation that protects the Second Amendment, but we can do background checks. We can do [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] research. We can make sure we don’t have reciprocal carry among states. And we can make sure that those weapons of war that I carried in war, is the only place where those weapons are at.”

But, as Vance indicated, there is no evidence that Walz carried a weapon “in war.”

Update, Aug. 12: In an Aug. 10 statement to CNN, the Harris campaign told CNN that Walz “misspoke.”

“In making the case for why weapons of war should never be on our streets or in our classrooms, the Governor misspoke,” campaign spokesperson Lauren Hitt said in the statement. “He did handle weapons of war and believes strongly that only military members trained to carry those deadly weapons should have access to them.”

As we said, Augé, in her statement, said Walz’s battalion deployed “to support Operation Enduring Freedom” on Aug. 3, 2003, and “supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey.” During his deployment, Walz was stationed in Vicenza, Italy, and he returned to Minnesota in April 2004, Augé said. There was no mention of Walz serving in Afghanistan, Iraq or another combat zone.

In the 2009 interview for the veterans history project, Walz said he and members of his battalion initially thought they would “shoot artillery in Afghanistan,” as they had trained to do. That didn’t happen, he said, explaining that his group ended up helping with security and training while stationed at an Army base in Vicenza.

“I think in the beginning, many of my troops were disappointed,” Walz said in the interview. “I think they felt a little guilty, many of them, that they weren’t in the fight up front as this was happening.”

In an Aug. 8 statement addressing his claim about carrying weapons “in war,” the Harris campaign noted that Walz, whose military occupational specialties included field artillery senior sergeant, “fired and trained others to use weapons of war innumerable times” in his 24 years of service.

Walz’s National Guard Rank

The Republican National Committee has criticized Walz for saying “in campaign materials that he is a former ‘Command Sergeant Major’ in the Army National Guard despite not completing the requirements to hold the rank into retirement.”

Walz’s biography on the Harris campaign website correctly says that the governor “served for 24 years” in the National Guard, “rising to the rank of Command Sergeant Major.” 

Walz’s official biography on the Minnesota state website goes further, referring to the governor as “Command Sergeant Major Walz.”

“After 24 years in the Army National Guard, Command Sergeant Major Walz retired from the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion in 2005,” the state website says. 

Walz did serve as command sergeant major , but Walz did not complete the requirements to retire with the rank of command sergeant, Augé told us in an email. 

“He held multiple positions within field artillery such as firing battery chief, operations sergeant, first sergeant, and culminated his career serving as the command sergeant major for the battalion,” Augé said. “He retired as a master sergeant in 2005 for benefit purposes because he did not complete additional coursework at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy.”

This isn’t the first time that Walz’s National Guard rank has come up in a campaign. 

In their 2018 paid letter to the West Central Tribune, when Walz was running for governor, the two Minnesota National Guard retired command sergeants major who criticized Walz for retiring before the Iraq deployment also wrote: “Yes, he served at that rank, but was never qualified at that rank, and will receive retirement benefits at one rank below. You be the judge.”

Correction, Aug. 9: We mistakenly said a 2007 “surge” strategy in Iraq occurred under President Barack Obama. It was President George W. Bush.

Editor’s note: In the interest of full disclosure, Harris campaign spokesperson Lauren Hitt was an undergraduate intern at FactCheck.org from 2010 to 2011.

Editor’s note: FactCheck.org does not accept advertising. We rely on grants and individual donations from people like you. Please consider a donation. Credit card donations may be made through  our “Donate” page . If you prefer to give by check, send to: FactCheck.org, Annenberg Public Policy Center, 202 S. 36th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104. 

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Master of Arts in History

Whether your goals are related to research, teaching, or public service, our program will prepare you well for a successful and rewarding career.

Pursue What Interests You Most

The University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire's master of arts in history graduate program is intended for those who wish to increase their backgrounds in history and for those who intend to do further advanced work in history. The program is designed so graduate students can prepare themselves in an area of expertise that best meets their interests and needs. Areas of expertise may be defined by broad themes, topics, chronology, or geography. Courses are chosen by you, giving you the ability to personalize your degree and align it with your career goals.

Students are able to further customize their experience at UW-Eau Claire by choosing between two program options: 1) a 30-credit thesis option; or 2) a 33-credit non-thesis option. Those who choose the 30-credit thesis option will complete a traditional six-credit research paper and thesis. Those who pursue the 33-credit non-thesis option will take additional graduate coursework to complete degree requirements.

No matter your path, coursework throughout the program will broaden and deepen your knowledge and understanding of history and techniques of historical research. Through the study of current trends in history, you'll examine the emergence of history as a profession, major subfields in the discipline, methodologies, and models currently influencing the work of historians, and dominant issues historians are looking at today. The program is rooted in small reading and discussion seminars, allowing you to learn from experts in the field as well as students who, like you, are interested and passionate about the world of history.

Whether your professional goals are related to research, teaching, or public service, our supportive, expert faculty — combined with a rigorous, experiential curriculum — will prepare you well for the field you wish to enter.

Program Details

Both master of arts in history programs are intentionally structured so you can study the topics that most interest you. Choose from a variety of history courses, including those related to American history, American Indian history, public history, modern military history, comparative world cultures, and women’s history.

While pursuing your degree, you can expect close supervision and guidance from a faculty mentor. A counseling and advising system has also been devised with the intention of providing each student with a personalized program encompassing both breadth and depth. Your advisor will work with you directly to design a plan that will allow for the completion of program requirements in the most efficient way possible while still accomplishing your educational goals. 

UW-Eau Claire is known for its top-notch faculty. In fact, two of our history professors have been recipients of Wisconsin Professor of the Year awards. The history department also was a recent recipient of the University of Wisconsin Regents Teaching Excellence Award for Academic Departments and Programs.

Blugold Stories

Just the facts.

24 Programs To Choose From Whether you want to work in a museum, explore a particular area of history, or teach social studies — you have come to the right place.

Explore A New Campus Participate in the National Student Exchange Program and choose from 180 schools, including universities in Canada, Guam, and the Virgin Islands.

Where can the master of arts in history program lead me after graduation?

Graduates of the history master's degree leave UW-Eau Claire able to appreciate the historical method of searching for truth, make judgments about concrete issues and exercise careful analysis along the way. They are proficient at gathering, analyzing, and presenting material, and understand the complexity of human history and historical developments. These skills allow them to succeed in a variety of roles and organizations, including work in archives and historical museums across the nation. 

Our grads have also enjoyed success in securing teaching positions in secondary schools and many have found opportunities in government and business. Students have also found the program to be exceptional preparation for further graduate work at leading doctoral universities.

Those pursuing their master of arts in history at UWEC will choose between two program options: a 30-credit program including a thesis and a 33-credit, non-thesis program. Working closely with an advisor, you'll design a degree plan that will allow for the completion of program requirements in the most efficient way possible all while studying the topics that most interest you. 

Curriculum throughout the degree will help you to analyze and interpret historical developments through historical research, writing, and presentation. Coursework is intentionally designed so you can develop your professional identity as a historian and graduate with a strong knowledge of pertinent historical literature in the field you wish to enter.

Here are a few courses in Master of Arts in History at UW-Eau Claire.

Current Trends in History

Examines the emergence of history as a profession, major subfields today within the discipline of history, methodologies and models currently influencing the work of historians, and dominant issues presently engaging the attention of historians.

A description of acceptable topics and the precise nature of the thesis requirement is provided in the departmental program descriptions.

Readings in Area of Thesis

Independent study format. Reading in depth in area of concentration for thesis or research paper. Thesis/research paper adviser is instructor. Culminates in presentation of prospectus to thesis committee.

Related Programs

Thinking about studying master of arts in history? You might also be interested in exploring these related programs.

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Where can I do a research paper or thesis without enrolling in a college or university?

I am not seeking a masters or PhD degree, but I would like to do a research paper and have it peer reviewed academically? Is this possible? If so, where and how to do it?

Addendum : Thank you for all your comments and answers. These have clarified many aspects to this project. I have several research projects to pursue. The one where I would need the most specific direction would be the following.

Feasibility of using mosquitoes for large scale inoculation and/or medication of mammal (hopefully human) populations. We all know how effective these insects are as vectors for spreading disease. There is no reason I can think of why this ability cannot be exploited for said positive benefit.

I approached a local pharmaceutical firm about the research project but have not received any response. I don't think most pharmaceutical firms would be interested in this research unless they can figure out a way to eventually get compensated for the gratis mass distribution of their pharmaceuticals if the project goes beyond research and successfully applied. Although these and other challenges are significant, none are practically insurmountable and can be resolved. The potential benefit from eventual application of the project should make the research worthwhile. Indeed, part of the research would be the cost/benefit analysis from several perspectives.

I have searched on the Internet and have not found such a project. I have found some information on genetically engineering mosquitoes for faux mating to eliminate mosquito populations such as this one .

Genetic engineering should not be necessary for said project since we are utilizing the already natural modus operendi of this insect, but another aspect of the research would be the potential benefit of GE for said goal. one would be marking the mosquitos genetically to distinguish from the rest; making them glow maybe.

I hope spelling out the specifics of the research didn't compromise the scope of topic for this forum. If so, I welcome comments from moderators as to which SE site may be more appropriate. Thank you for your comments and answers. I look forward to reading more.

• paper-submission
• independent-researcher

• 8 It would be helpful if you could name the area/field of research and your affiliation, if any, with any research institution. –  Walter Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 8:48
• 1 For better understanding: Do you want to publish that research paper or do you want to write a scientific work and "get it graded/commented/reviewed"? –  skymningen Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 9:19
• 1 Yes. Somewhat duplicate of academia.stackexchange.com/questions/385/… –  Hugues Fontenelle Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 13:01
• 2 I wrote an excellent answer to this question and posted it to a QA site not affiliated with Stack Exchange. It's on a piece of paper on my wall. Unfortunately that means it's unlikely to be peer reviewed and up/down voted. –  corsiKa Commented Jun 22, 2017 at 9:04
• If your proposed research involves human subjects, or even animal (mammal?) subjects, in most countries you'd need some sort of prior approval from governmental agencies that regulate such things. In the U.S., for example, it is highly non-trivial to obtain such approval, or even to remain within bounds of legality, perhaps even to avoid criminality... –  paul garrett Commented Jun 23, 2017 at 0:37

5 Answers 5

It's not impossible, but in this day and age it is extremely rare for individuals unaffiliated with research institutions (academic or commercial) to successfully publish scientific research papers on their own (without research-institute affiliated co-authors) in good journals (bogus journals publish almost anything for a fee).

The main reasons are that in order to pursue cutting edge research, one usually needs

• access to all relevant publications;
• regular exchange of ideas with other researchers;
• access to hardware (for performing the research tasks).
• a living and financial support for the research (including possible publication charges)

Points 1&2 are more fundamental, since if you don't know where the cutting edge of research in a particular field is (or don't know the relevant terminology), then you cannot contribute.

I should also note that there are quite a few unsuccessful manuscript submission from unaffiliated persons, but many are often not even considered for peer review by the journal editors for two possible reasons: (1) because the manuscript does not appear to meet the standards and (2) because the editor strongly suspect it doesn't, because of the author's affiliation. So there is another potential hurdle: editorial bias.

• 30 Just as a one data point (partial) counterpoint: I have published unaffiliated single author papers in very good journals, with all research performed without an affiliation's resources, and with no underlying grants (or support at all, basically; I don't recommend this). But I also have a Ph.D. in my field, and have published papers previously while having an affiliation, so I have both knowledge of how to perform and format research, as well as at least a minimal positive reputation for reputable research backing up my name. Being Dr. Unaffilated with a CV helps. –  zibadawa timmy Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 13:41
• 2 @zibadawatimmy You essentially did not have the barriers mentioned in 1 & 2 of my list. –  Walter Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 17:18
• 8 @Walter I did say it was a partial counterpoint. Early in my career I did not have those obstacles, which gives long term benefits for sure, but these days for (1) I rely 80% on arxiv, 19% on other free web sources, .9% on e-mailing authors, and .1% on other. For (2) I have no recent conference attendances, as I can't afford them, so I have virtually no contact with new researchers. But the glory of e-mail allows me to communicate with the few researchers I already know. But point being, being an unaffiliated solo author is not automatically a death knell, at least if you don't start out so. –  zibadawa timmy Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 18:08
• 2 Also more and more journals go open access, so access to a significant amount of relevant publications is now much better than it was. The problem is probably more if experimental work needs to be done. A particle accelerator might be a bit out of budget. But inventing the self driving car (if you already have one) might be within reach. Doing some chemistry at home (if you know what you are doing) to synthesize for example a new dye might also be possible. There might even be facilities that can be rented. Doing research without getting paid for it and the tools is very hard, but possible. –  NoDataDumpNoContribution Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 19:47
• 5 Points 1, 2, and 3 are bogus. Point 4 is of paramount importance. Without money, almost everything is difficult. With money, all obstacles can be overcome. –  emory Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 20:58

I'm not sure about a Thesis, since there you need to have the backing of an Academic Institution as far as I am aware.

But as far as a research paper is concerned, you could get the support you need from within any organisation which invests a decent amount of resources in Research and Development. Organisations such as Microsoft in IT publish papers under Microsoft's name.

I think it depends largely on your area and organisation.

• Do industry R&D departments hire anyone who isn't either a PhD or maybe a grad student intern? –  Ray Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 23:00
• 4 Absolutely. Not having formal schooling isn't a bar at any of the top tech orgs- unless the area you apply in can only reasonably be learned in school. As an example, don't expect to get hired into the quantum computing group if you only have a high school diploma, however you might get hired as an intern if you've won a regional science fair, with a project that dealt with quantum computing, then that company may elect to send you to appropriate courses (which may or may not end in a degree) –  Jim B Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 23:57
• Remaining within the IT arena, a case example is Blockchain. Many people are without real experience in the matter but people who have a basic idea in Business, IT and / or software engineering have excellent opportunities if they prove potential. –  DottoreM Commented Jun 22, 2017 at 12:00

I would like to do a thesis or research paper and have it peer reviewed academically? Is this possible? If so, where and how to do it?

Can you do the research all on your own?

If yes, go right ahead with writing a research paper on your own in your own home and send it to the editor of a scientific peer-reviewed journal you deem appropriate for the content. Follow the author guidelines and under affiliations just insert your own address. It's probably a good idea to follow the style of other scientific publications. If the editor and the reviewers deem your research paper good enough you'll get a peer-reviewed research paper. If it gets rejected, you can still submit it somewhere else. In principle, there is no difference between being a private person or coming from a prestigious science factory (although in practice there might be some difference).

A thesis is usually a requirement for an academic degree. Since you are not interested in academic degrees I advice you not to pursue a thesis (which would also likely require some studies before), but concentrate on research papers.

You cannot do the research all on your own?

Contact a suitable person, research group leader, ... state your interest in a collaboration and negotiate as a goal the writing of a research paper. If you can find someone, do your part and give your home address as affiliation when writing the paper.

It may be harder to write a research paper on your own than when being employed as a scientist but it is also not forbidden and the process of getting the paper peer-reviewed and published is exactly the same.

P.S. Some journals charge you for the publication of a research paper with them. If you do the research and publication on your own, you'll have to pay these fees. In you are in a collaboration, your partners from academia will likely pay these fees, so this might be the cheaper variant.

• 1 I disagree with the "usually" in relation to journals charging. This might be the norm in some fields, but is practically unheard of in others. –  Tobias Kildetoft Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 15:21
• 1 @TobiasKildetoft Okay, in my field they usually charge. Changed. –  NoDataDumpNoContribution Commented Jun 21, 2017 at 15:22

It can also depend (as others have said) on what governing bodies or institutions play a role in your field. In my field, a dominant accrediting body has strict guidelines and ethical bylaws covering field research. You have to submit your proposal and consent forms to a board before even getting their blessing to go ahead with the research (and part of being in compliance is being accredited aka a postgrad degree). If not you'll be automatically rejected. You could probably do a meta-study or survey without it in this field, but no hard research.

I like Trilarion's answer best though. Worst comes to worst you write a kickass paper and don't get published. That would only put you in the same boat as almost all degree and non-degree holders out there.

I am going to assume that you have access to a strong set of journals through an academic library and that you have more than sufficient resources to carry out the research. If that is the case, then yes you can do it on your own. Your greatest challenge is the challenge a person with a doctorate faces when doing research outside their discipline, which is reading and understanding the literature.

For my own work, I found myself at the edges of my discipline and in the edges of another discipline. In the end, I took graduate courses to do catch up. I needed to learn about Borel tribes, Greenian functions, analytic functions in the complex plane and the residue around a singularity or pole. Without professional guidance, I would have probably come to the wrong conclusions. There are little things in the literature that turn out to be big deal, but they are not prominent in the literature because everyone with a doctorate in the field knows about them.

As you move up the literature of a field you get further and further away from an undergraduate level of discussion. Because academic papers are judged, in part, on the observed writing level of the author, you may have a limited ability to avoid being "desk rejected."

Desk rejection is a journal editor's tool to prevent low-quality articles from reaching reviewers. It also prevents high-quality articles, that also would not be of interest to the journal's audience, from reaching reviewers. You cannot just send your papers to any journal, they have to match what the audience is looking for.

If I were you, I would go back to a professor I had in college and tell them what you are wanting to do. I would ask for some time to talk about what the research is, why you are motivated to do it, and what obstacles you are likely to encounter. The bulk of research is planning. The actual results and so forth take up very little time usually.

There are a couple of advantages to this. First, your research may already have been done. It may even have been done repeatedly. Second, you may find that there are known problems in the field that researchers spend a lot of time accounting for that you know nothing about.

Let's imagine your data normally suffers from heteroskedasticity, you cannot just run some computer program to correct for it because you will need to know which type of computer program to run for it. Heteroskedasticity is caused by different things. You may have a functional form for it, or you could have to use something like ARCH or GARCH.

If your type of data is known to suffer from heteroskedasticity and you do not address this in your paper then you are going to be desk rejected because you obviously don't know enough about your field for anyone to take the time to carefully look at the paper.

Yes, you can submit a paper for peer review, but you will be held to graduate level standards. If you decide to do this, go get help first. Even if this is research in history, get help. If your thesis is far away from the field because it already considered your idea and discarded it, then unless you have amazing new raw data, such discovering a treasure trove of new letters by Robert E. Lee, then you will also get desk rejected.

Sincerely, I wish you the best of luck and go get support from someone.

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