communication within organization essay

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Importance Of Effective Communication In An Organization 2024

Effective communication is vital in all forms of life and of course even more vitally across all businesses and industries. If you don't run a tight ship then you can fall foul of confusion in the ranks.

Apple and Microsoft became highly successful companies not just because they had a great product to sell that people wanted or required, but also because their employees were all pulling in the same direction. This goal-oriented outlook came by way of effective communication from the top down, but also across with leaders of teams making sure that everyone knew what they had to do, and when it needed to be done by.

If open communication be it written or oral within a workplace is encouraged, a more cohesive and effective team will emerge, and this will show up on the bottom line. Good communication within a team also tends to build trust and boost employee morale. When managers communicate effectively, employees feel that they are well informed of the company’s direction and vision, there is no misunderstanding, and they will feel more secure within their role. 

Importance of Effective Communication in An Organization 

1. it boosts growth .

Effective communication is important when it comes to developing a better company culture and the growth and plays a pivotal role in driving growth and success in any setting, be it within a business, a team, or even personal relationships. When individuals are able to communicate their thoughts, ideas, and goals clearly and concisely, it leads to increased understanding, collaboration, and productivity. By fostering open dialogue, active listening, and clear messaging, effective communication paves the way for growth, innovation, and success.

2. It increases innovation

Effective communication plays a vital role in fostering innovation within an organization and can be achieved via idea sharing and collaboration, active listening and feedback, cross-functional communication, and transparent and inclusive communication.

On the subject of idea sharing and collaboration, when individuals feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and opinions, it creates a fertile ground for innovation.

With regards to active listening and feedback, when individuals actively listen to others' ideas and provide constructive feedback, it promotes a culture of mutual respect and encourages the free exchange of ideas. Constructive feedback helps refine and strengthen innovative concepts, leading to improved outcomes.

On the subject of cross-functional communication, effective communication facilitates collaboration across departments, teams, and disciplines, enabling the cross-pollination of ideas. By breaking down silos and encouraging interdisciplinary communication, organizations can leverage diverse skill sets and knowledge, resulting in fresh insights and breakthrough innovations.

Last but not least, transparent and inclusive communication can facilitate collaboration across departments, teams, and disciplines, enabling the cross-pollination of ideas. By breaking down silos and encouraging interdisciplinary communication, organizations can leverage diverse skill sets and knowledge, resulting in fresh insights and breakthrough innovations.

3. It improves productivity

Effective communication has a significant impact on productivity in the workplace. When communication is clear and concise, employees have a better understanding of their roles, responsibilities, and objectives. Clear communication eliminates confusion and ambiguity, enabling employees to prioritize their tasks and work efficiently towards specific goals. The end result of all that? You got it. Improved productivity.

4. It increases efficiency

Effective communication plays a key role in increasing efficiency within an organization. There are several ways in which it contributes to improved efficiency. Experts maintain that it can come via clear instructions and expectations, more streamlined processes, timely information sharing, regular feedback and performance evaluation, effective collaboration and teamwork, and better utilization of technology. By eliminating misunderstandings, facilitating quick decision-making, promoting teamwork, and leveraging technology, efficient communication optimizes workflows and resource utilization, leading to improved overall efficiency within the organization

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5. It increases loyalty

Effective communication plays a crucial role in fostering employee loyalty within an organization. When employees feel that their voices are heard, opinions are valued, and information is transparently shared, they develop a sense of trust and belonging. Open and honest communication from leaders and managers helps establish a culture of transparency and integrity, creating an environment where employees feel comfortable expressing their concerns, ideas, and feedback. By actively listening to their employees, leaders can address their needs and provide support, which in turn boosts morale and loyalty.

6. It increases employee engagement

Effective communication plays a vital role in increasing employee engagement within an organization and there are several ways to make employees more involved. These can be open and transparent communication, two-way communication, recognition and feedback, making sure that levels of expectation are clearly set out, empowerment and autonomy is provided to all levels of employees, and teams are regularly communicated to and encouraged to collaborate on tasks. Effective communication that is open, transparent, two-way, and focused on recognition, feedback, clarity, empowerment, growth, and collaboration contributes to increased employee engagement.

7. It resolves problems

Effective communication serves as a powerful tool in resolving work problems and conflicts. When faced with challenges or disagreements, open and honest communication allows individuals to express their concerns, perspectives, and emotions in an early and respectful manner. By actively listening to each other, seeking to understand different viewpoints, and engaging in constructive dialogue, parties involved can find common ground and work towards a mutually beneficial resolution. Clear communication helps clarify misunderstandings, addresses underlying issues, and prevents conflicts from escalating further.

8. It enhances skills

Effective communication plays a significant role in enhancing skills in various areas. There are many ways that it can contribute to skills development and those include; greater clarity and articulation, an increase in active listening, greater incidences of nonverbal communication, better empathy and rapport-building, advanced conflict resolution and negotiation, and more effective written communication. Overall, effective communication enhances various skills, including clarity and articulation, active listening, nonverbal communication, empathy, conflict resolution, negotiation, presentation, and written communication. By consciously practicing and refining these skills, individuals can become more effective communicators, leading to improved personal and professional growth.

Conclusion 

Communication is key in business, and those organizations that have been able to master this crucial art of open and honest channels of communication between leaders and employees, and vice versa, will be best placed to reap all of the benefits. With open, honest and effective communication organizations will be able to mitigate conflict, increase employee engagement, improved productivity, a healthy workplace culture, boosted employee satisfaction, and increased innovation. 

Can being a great communicator be taught? You bet it can! Anyone can be a great communicator with training and practice and as an added bonus, it can make you a better leaders. The best communicators and leaders spend time developing, practicing and incorporating feedback into their communication efforts. These skills can be honed by doing a leadership management and teams course , and/or a leadership and organizational development course from a leading online university that offers MBA and BBA programs. 

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Common types of communication in the workplace

Experts maintain that there are four common types of communication in the workplace, namely verbal, nonverbal, written, and visual. Verbal, or oral communication among employees and managers plays an important part because at its core it means using speech to share information with other people. 

Verbal communication: Verbal communication involves the use of spoken words, tone of voice, and effective listening. It helps in resolving misunderstandings by providing clarity and immediate feedback. Through face-to-face conversations, phone calls, or video conferences, individuals can express their thoughts, ask questions, and seek clarification in real-time, ensuring clear understanding and reducing the chances of misinterpretation.

Nonverbal communication: Nonverbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures convey important information in workplace interactions. Paying attention to nonverbal cues helps individuals understand emotions, attitudes, and intentions, which can aid in resolving communication problems. For example, observing signs of frustration or confusion allows others to respond appropriately and offer support or clarification.

Written communication: Written communication, including emails, memos, reports, and documentation, provides a clear and permanent record of information. It helps overcome communication problems by ensuring that details are accurately conveyed, allowing individuals to refer back to messages for reference or clarification. Written communication also provides time for thoughtful reflection and revision, reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings caused by hasty or impulsive responses.

Visual communication: Visual aids such as charts, graphs, diagrams, and presentations can enhance understanding and overcome communication barriers. Visual communication simplifies complex information, making it easier to grasp and remember. Visuals can be especially useful when dealing with diverse audiences or when language barriers exist, as they transcend linguistic differences and convey information in a universally understandable manner.

How to develop communication skills as a manager

Having effective management communication and an effective communication strategy can help improve many aspects of a business. There are many ways you can improve management communication in the workplace, as every company is different. Some of the best practice tips on how managers can develop and improve their management communication skills are, work on writing skills, create an open channel for communication, listen and be receptive, involve your team and be transparent, and have a primary channel of communication. 

How to develop communication skills between managers and employees at work

It goes without saying that that the importance of communication between managers and employees is one of the most important factors of any successful business. Clear and effective communication helps ensure everyone is on the same page regarding objectives, direction, and expectations. It means everyone knows where they stand. Experts maintain that there are six ways to improve communication between managers and employees and those are, meet weekly, have regular 1-2-1s, keep employees in the loop, have an open door policy with managers, take advantage of tools that improve communication, and ask for and give feedback.

How to improve communication skills of employees working remotely

There is an expression that goes, "out of sight, out of mind." When managers are dealing with employees that are not in an office environment daily, communication levels and frequency of communication can slip. But this need not be the case. Fortunately, there are examples you can look to for inspiration and guidance as you adapt to the dynamics of managing remote working teams. Good communication skills means saying good morning either on a video or via a message in Teams, engaging in casual chit chat, and trying to meet offline when possible. Be proactive with communication and don't just wait for planned meetings, and respect time differences.  

Challenges of communication training for employees

Communication is a vital skill for any trainer, whether delivering online or in-person sessions, facilitating group activities, or providing feedback. However, lack of communication and communication challenges and barriers can arise in any training scenario, affecting the quality of learning outcomes and the satisfaction of the participants. But all hope is not lost. There are ways to address these issues and ensure effective communication with training stakeholders. Identify the audience, choose the right mode of training that suits attendees, use clear and concise language, handle difficult situations, and finally evaluate and improve by using surveys, tests, observations, or feedback forms, to measure the effectiveness and impact of your communication on your audience's learning outcomes and satisfaction.

Should you invest in a leadership and communication training course for your staff?

In short, the answer is yes. The right leadership and communication development program can improve productivity, employee retention, engagement levels, corporate culture, and internal hiring. More and more studies are showing that effective communication and communication-related skills amongst employees contribute to some of an organization’s most important KPIs, including profitability, productivity, and client engagement. Whilst on the subject of leadership training, it has been proven that leadership development boosts employee engagement, increases the organization's ability to deal with gaps in the talent pipeline, and reduces the headaches and costs associated with turnover. 

What are the best communication training programs?

People learn in different ways and in accordance with their own timeframes. This is why organizations should take these things and more into account before settling on training programs that are right for your organization. Although we're biased, at Nexford, we have a broad range of online courses for you to take, whether you're interested in entrepreneurship, AI, leadership, data analytics and much more.

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Joe has more than 10 years of marketing experience, working within the public sector, client-side, and agency side.

He is passionate about using data and customer insights to improve marketing performance.

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Communicating Direction to Your Organization: 5 Dimensions to Consider

• 07 Feb 2023

As an organizational leader , you’re responsible for setting your firm’s direction. Aligning its vision, mission, strategy, and identity is critical for contextualizing and planning a purposeful trajectory.

Yet communicating organizational direction is just as important as planning it. According to research by employee communication firm Haiilo, three-quarters of employees rank effective communication as the most important leadership attribute. Less than one-third, however, believe their organizations’ leaders communicate effectively.

In the online course Organizational Leadership , Harvard Business School Professors Anthony Mayo and Joshua Margolis break down leaders’ responsibilities, including setting direction and effectively communicating it to teams.

“Formulating your organization’s direction in writing is a crucial first step for you to figure out where the organization is headed,” Mayo says in the course. “Communicating it to others is how you bring that direction to life.”

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What Is Organizational Communication?

Broadly, the term organizational communication describes how a firm’s information is shared internally and externally.

Examples of internal organizational communication include:

• Newsletters
• All-staff or team-specific meetings
• Messaging platforms
• One-on-one meetings
• Casual in-office interactions, such as a watercooler chat

Examples of external organizational communication include:

• Press releases
• Social media posts
• Check-in calls with clients
• Meetings with stakeholders

Communicating Organizational Direction Internally

When carried out internally, organizational communication is the process of relaying your firm’s direction to your team.

Whether you’re the CEO or a new manager, you must be adept at communicating direction to ensure your team members are aligned and motivated.

When communicating direction, you should be:

• Clear: Will people understand the direction?
• Compelling: Will people be motivated by and care about the direction?
• Concise: Is the direction succinct enough to be easily internalized?

One challenge of leading at scale is that you likely won’t be able to speak to each employee directly—which is why effective communication is critical.

“Leading at scale and scope requires you to treat communication as a tool to reach out to people, captivate heads, and move hearts, so those you’re leading understand your actions and goals,” Margolis says in Organizational Leadership. “And, perhaps more importantly, so they understand where they fit and why their work matters.”

Here are the five dimensions of communicating organizational direction outlined in Organizational Leadership to help you become a more effective leader .

Related: 8 Essential Leadership Communication Skills

The 5 Dimensions of Communicating Direction

1. know your audience.

To communicate effectively, you must first define your audience. For example, how you speak to other managers may differ from how you speak to your entire organization and stakeholders.

Consider your audience’s perspective, how much they already know about your organization’s direction, what factors matter most to them, and any questions or concerns they may have.

2. Cater the Content

Once you’ve determined your audience and understand what’s important to them, cater your communication’s content to fit that.

For example, imagine you’re trying to communicate that your company is entering a new market. When letting stakeholders know about this direction, you may prioritize the financial reasoning behind the decision and the goals you expect your firm to reach.

When communicating the same information to your employees, however, you may emphasize how the change will impact their daily work and how each person’s tasks will help the organization reach new goals.

Catering your communication to each audience shows you care about them and understand what they value and need to succeed.

Related: How to Communicate Organizational Change: 4 Steps

3. Align on Purpose

The next dimension seems intuitive but can be overlooked: Ensure you know the communication’s purpose for each audience. To do so, ask yourself: What do I hope to achieve by communicating this content to this group of people?

“Are you seeking to inform, solicit input, gain approval, galvanize action, or some combination of these?” Margolis asks in Organizational Leadership .

Remember that the purpose may differ between audiences; for instance, gaining input and approval from shareholders versus informing and motivating employees.

4. Design the Process

The fourth dimension of communication is logistical in nature. Once you know your message’s purpose, audience, and content, you need to design the communication process.

• Timing: When will you deliver this communication?
• Frequency: Is this communication a one-time or recurring event? If it’s recurring, how often will you provide updates?
• Channel: What channel will you use to communicate? For instance, addressing the company at an in-person all-staff meeting may be received differently than sending a company-wide email. If you’re aiming for a more casual approach, a note in your company’s messaging platform may do the trick.
• Pattern: Who should deliver the information? Is it more appropriate for every employee to receive the communication at an all-staff meeting or from their direct manager?

There isn’t one correct way to design the communication process; it depends on your organization’s dynamics, your role, and the information you want to communicate to each audience.

5. Curate Tone and Style

Finally, you need to deliver the message with deliberate tone and style choices. This step works in tandem with your message’s content. If you don’t deliver the message with the proper tone and style, the content won’t have its intended impact.

In Organizational Leadership, Mayo and Margolis describe the six attributes of tone and style, known as the “six C’s”:

• Compassion: Do you show your audience you care about their perspectives?
• Clarity: Do you communicate clearly to someone unfamiliar with the message?
• Conciseness: Is the message short enough to be internalized?
• Connection: Do you make an emotional connection with your audience?
• Conviction: Do you demonstrate your commitment to the good of the organization?
• Courage: Do you demonstrate confidence in your ability to lead through uncertainty?

“To be heard, you must consider how your audience experiences you,” Margolis says in the course. “You may have heard the phrase ‘it’s not what you say but how you say it’ to describe the resonance of communication.”

These considerations are particularly important in cases of extreme change or crisis ; your team needs to know that you’re attuned to their needs and they can trust you to lead the organization through turbulent times.

Maintaining the Big Picture

When communicating organizational direction using the five dimensions, Mayo recommends not focusing too heavily on one of them.

“You may be tempted to focus predominantly on the content of your communication,” Mayo says in Organizational Leadership. “Make no mistake: The content is very important. But, as you work out the content, think about the other four dimensions. These will be as important for the impact you have and, it turns out, also shape the content.”

Communicating direction is a dynamic responsibility—circumstances constantly change. It requires an evolving strategy and consistent messaging as elements shift.

Guided by the five dimensions, you can navigate the changing business landscape and effectively communicate direction to your organization.

Are you interested in elevating your leadership skills? Explore Organizational Leadership —one of our online leadership and management courses —and learn how to communicate direction and lead at scale.

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Organizational Structure, Behavior, and Communication Essay

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Organizational structure is an important determining factor for the success of a business. It allows a company to align its methods with the goals it desires to achieve, producing the most efficient and cost-effective system. By ensuring that the organizational structure of a business aligns with its interests, capabilities of its employees, and the leadership style of its management, the organization can increase its profits and success on the market. The two types of organizational structure – centralized and decentralized, support diametrically opposite business goals, meshing together with specific types of organizational behavior (“What is organizational behavior?,” 2018). Specifically, a centralized organization supports a climate of constant communication, monitoring and responsibility. With an established chain of command and a need to work as a cohesive team, an organization with the centralized structure encourages its employees to answer to their managers, and work in adherence with project plans.

In such an environment, the use of team goals, deadlines, responsibility delegation and all other activity-related tools is encouraged. Through creating a climate of regulation and control in the workplace, it is possible to take advantage of an existing workplace power dynamics. In an disorganized organizational structure, then, workers are expected to be able to work independently and autonomously, cooperating strictly when needed. The interaction between management and actual workers is minimized, and the leadership can only be connected to ongoing projects as much as their feedback system allows.

It is possible to both effectively and ineffectively utilize structure to affect organizational behavior. For example, if a business wants to gather creative concepts for a bigger project from their employees, the use of a centralized system would have stifled their creative approaches. A dicentralized approach would comparatively bring out a sense of control and creativity from employees, allowing them to exercise autonomy in the workplace. On another side of the spectrum, if a business project needs to be delivered on a tight deadline, the coordination of a centralized business may be more beneficial than allowing the workers to do what they want.

In addition to structure, communication plays a vital role in creating a harmonious and effective workplace. By establishing quick channels of communication, the vision of the leader can be transferred to the employees, coordinating the overall process of managing a project. Furthermore, it also facilitates better communication within teams, delivering the final product quicker (“Managing organizational communication,” 2021). In modern business, communication methods such as emails or fax have generally become obsolete, being replaced by instant messaging. The use of various online apps, both casual and professional, allows employees to maintain constant communication.

Managing organizational communication . (2021). SHRM. Web.

What is organizational behavior? (2018). University of Southern Indiana. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2024, March 29). Organizational Structure, Behavior, and Communication. https://ivypanda.com/essays/organizational-structure-behavior-and-communication/

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Effective Communication — Effective Communication: The Key to Building Strong Connections

Effective Communication: The Key to Building Strong Connections

• Categories: Connection Effective Communication

About this sample

Words: 791 |

Published: Sep 12, 2023

Words: 791 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Table of contents

The importance of effective communication, key elements of effective communication, barriers to effective communication, strategies for improving communication, 1. building relationships:, 2. resolving conflicts:, 3. achieving goals:, 4. personal development:, 5. success in the workplace:, 1. clarity:, 2. active listening:, 3. empathy:, 4. nonverbal communication:, 5. respect:, 1. misunderstandings:, 2. lack of active listening:, 3. emotional barriers:, 4. assumptions and stereotypes:, 5. lack of feedback:, 1. practice active listening:, 2. foster empathy:, 3. be mindful of nonverbal cues:, 4. seek feedback:, 5. adapt to your audience: h3>, 6. practice constructive communication:, 7. educate yourself:.

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Essay on Communication: Meaning, Process and Objectives

After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Communication 2. Definition of Communication 3. Process 4. Objectives 5. Modes 6. The Organisational Context 7. Directions 8. Channels 9. Patterns 10. Barriers 11. Organisation-Level Improvements.

Essay on the Meaning of Communication:

The word communication has been derived from the Latin word communis which means common, besides commonality, communication involves the concept of transfer, meaning and information transfer. Thus communication means sharing ideas in common to one or many.

It means a verbal or written message, an change of information, a system of communicating, and a process by which meanings are exchanged between individuals/groups of individuals through a common system of symbols. It also means technique for expressing ideas effectively and quickly.

Essay on the Definition of Communication:

Communication is the process of transferring information, meaning and understanding from sender to receiver and vice versa. And carrying out that process convincingly, meaningfully and proficiently is an absolute essential for a manager to exercise leadership efficiently.

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In fact, it is hard to conceive of successful leadership in the absence of excellent communication skills. The first step for a manager to become an outstanding leader, therefore, is to become an outstanding communicator or perhaps best communicator.

Communication is defined as “the process of passing information in oral or written form and understanding from one person to another in oral or written form.” It means transmitting and sharing of ideas, opinions, facts, figures and information in a manner that is perceived and understood by the receiver of the communication.

F.E.X. Dance defined communication as “the process by which people seek to share meaning via the transmission of symbolic messages.”

Essay on the Process of Communication:

The communications involves four actions and five components. The four actions are encoding, sending, receiving, and decoding. The five components are sender, message, medium, noise and receiver. The actions and components combine to transfer meaning from the sender who sends the message to the receiver. The sender who sends message originates the message by encoding it, that is, by constructing the message.

The message is the content of the communication. The sender then transmits the message through a medium. A medium is the mode or form of transmission of message, not the message itself. Examples of media are spoken words, gestures and fiscal expressions video.

Telephones, written memos, faxes and e-mail messages. The receiver acquires, or receives, the message by hearing it, reading it, or having it appear on a fax or computer through e-mail or voice mail.

The receiver then begins decoding the message, that is, interpreting it using various tools. Sometimes distractions interfere with the message; these interferences are called noise which leads to misunderstanding, noise contributes to misinterpretations of the original message, and it is only through feedback, or verification of the original message, that communication problems may be located, corrected and understood properly.

The basic model of communication is called as fundamental and universal model. That is, it occurs whenever communication takes place regardless of the culture or organisation and location.

However, while the basic acts and components of the communication process are the same everywhere, how the acts are carried out and the nature of the components are deeply influenced by cultural, organisational, and even personal contexts through this type of communication.

Who can send messages to whom, what kinds and what volumes of messages are sent, by what medium are messages transmitted what sort of interference or noise is likely to occur, and what cues are available for decoding are just some of the many examples of the types of communication issues that can vary from manager to manager, from organisation to organisation, from media to media and from country to country.

Essay on the Objectives of Communication:

Modern Organisation cannot exist without communication. If there is no communication, employees can’t know what their co-workers are doing, management can’t receive information inputs, and supervisors and team leaders cannot dive instructions and therefore communication is needed for effective management of the organisation.

Thus the followings are the objectives/importance of communication in the present context:

1. To develop information and understanding among all workers in the organisation.

2. To foster any attitude which is necessary for motivation and cooperation in the organization.

3. To encourage better performance and job satisfaction in the organization.

4. To prepare workers in the organization for a change in methods or environment by giving them the necessary information in advance.

5. To discourage misinformation, ambiguity and rumours in the organisation.

6. To encourage subordinates in the organisation to supply ideas and suggestions for improving upon the product or work environment, and taking these suggestions seriously.

7. To improve labour-management relations in the organization.

8. To encourage social relations among workers in the organisation by encouraging into communication.

9. To accomplish all the basic management functions— Planning, Organizing, Leading/directing and controlling in the organization.

10. To achieve their goals and meet challenges in the organization.

Essay on the Modes of Communication:

Communication can occur in the organization either a verbal mode or a non-verbal mode as given below. Each mode has particular characteristics in the organisation and issues that an effective manager must understand.

1. Verbal Communication:

Spoken words, which are called as verbal communication, mean both oral and written communication in the organization.

(i) Oral Communication:

The spoken word has the potential advantages of being vivid, stimulating and commanding attention in the organisation. In most organizational situations, it is difficult for receivers—the listeners—to ignore the words spoken or the person speaking to them in oral type of communication.

Just think about the last time someone spoke to you directly. Even if you weren’t interested in what the person had to say, wouldn’t it have been difficult to simply ignore the person, turn and walk away? Certainly not possible, hence, here it is mandatory to listen the person.

Also, oral communication is exceptionally flexible for both the sender and receiver in the organization. While you are speaking with another person, you may try to make a point a certain way but along the way change your words in order for the listener to understand you in a better way.

Because oral communication is generally interactive in the organisation, it can be quite responsive and adaptive to circumstances. However, this mode of communication in the organisation has the major disadvantages of being transistor and subject to considerable misinterpretation of messages.

Even when individuals use the same language in the oral communication, the subtle nuances of the spoken word may be missed or incorrect meaning attached to them. Oral communication between those whose First language differ in the organisation, as in many management situations today, simply multiplies the chances of intended meaning going away.

Advantages of Oral Communication in the Organisation:

1. It is direct, simple, timesaving and least expensive for any organisation.

2. It helps in avoiding delays, red tape and other formalities in the organization.

3. Feedback and spontaneous thinking are available in this type of communication which benefits organisation growth.

4. We can clear any misunderstanding between speakers.

5. It develops a sense of belonging because of personalized contacts in the organization.

Disadvantages of Oral Communication:

1. There is no any formal record for transaction in the organization.

2. Lengthy and distant communications cannot be effectively conveyed verbally in the organization.

3. The receiver may receive the message in his own perception and thus misunderstand the intent of the message in the organization.

4. The spirit of authority cannot be transmitted effectively in verbal transaction unless trust between speakers.

5. Different meaning may occur by manner of speaking, tune of voice and facial expressions in the organization.

(ii) Written Communication in Organisation:

Written communication is one when messages are put in writing, as in letters, memos, electronic mail, and the like, the opportunity for misunderstanding the words of the sender are decreased. The receiver of the message sent may still misinterpret the intended message, of course, but there is no uncertainty about exactly what words the sender has used.

In that sense, written communication has precision. However, not everyone writes well, and so greater precision does not necessarily lead to greater understanding in the organisation.

This is further complicated when the words need translation from one language to another for better understanding. The writer/sender does not know immediately how well or poorly the message is getting across, written communication has the disadvantage of not being very flexible in the organization.

In addition, it is often not as vivid or compelling as oral communication. Although you might find it difficult to ignore someone speaking to you, it would probably be much easier to ignore a letter you received in your organisation.

Advantages of Written Communication in the Organization:

1. It can easily verify and more precisely defined in the organization.

2. It is likely to be a permanent record and uses for future references in the organization.

3. It reduces the possibility of misunderstanding and misinterpretation in the organization.

4. It is reliable for transmitting lengthy statistical data in the organization.

5. The time can be saved when many persons should be contacted in the organization at the same time.

Disadvantages of Written Communication in the Organization:

1. It is very slow and causes delay in the organization.

2. Written material may leak out before time, causing disruption in its effectiveness in many organization.

3. More dependence of written communication can lead to too much of paper-work in the organization.

4. It leads to excessive formality in personal relations in the organization.

2. Nonverbal Communication in the Organization:

In direct interpersonal communication, nonverbal actions and behaviors often constitute significant messages in the organization. A whole range of actions, or lack of them, has the potential for communicating in the organization.

The way you dress, speak words, use gestures, handle utensils, exhibit facial expressions, and set the physical distance to the receiver are just some of the many forms of nonverbal communication in the organization.

Electronic Communication:

Now a day, electronic mail, or e-mail, has emerged as one of the fastest-growing forms of communication in the organisation. In the recent nationwide survey, 79 per cent of the responding executives indicated that e-mail was their number-one choice for business communication in their organisation.

With e-mail or faxes, you can send a message simultaneously to dozens or even hundreds of people throughout the world. Recently, Videoconferences have also emerged as a business communication too.

Essay # The Organisational Context of Communication:

Managers in the organization do not deal with communication in the abstract. Rather they deal with it within an organizational context. The structure of organisations and the process of organisations powerfully shape the nature and effectiveness of communication that takes place within and between them.

In the present setup Organizations, whether business, hospitals or government agencies, have a set of defining characteristics, all of which affect communication in one way or another.

Thus, organizations:

a) Are composed of individuals and groups.

b) Are oriented towards goals

c) Have differentiated functions.

d) Has intended coordination.

e) Have continuity through time.

Organizations of any size, regardless of country, are not simply a random set of individuals who by chance come together for a brief period with no purpose. The fact that they have goal orientations, structures, and coordination greatly influences the nature and amount of communication that takes place in the organization.

This influence can be analyzed in terms of directions, channels and patterns of communication in the organization.

Essay # Directions of Communication within Organizations:

Because organizations of any degree of complexity have both differentiated functions and more than one level in the organisation, the directions of communication within them can be classified according to the level for which they are intended.

Downward communication is sent from higher organizational levels to lower levels in the organisation; for example, from the organization’s top executives like to its employees, or from supervisors to subordinates.

Upward Communication is sent from lower organizational levels to higher levels; for example, from non-management employees like workers to their supervisors, or from a manager to her CEOs.

Lateral Communication is sent across essentially equivalent levels of an organization; for example, from one clerical to another, from the manager of product X to the manager of product Y, or from the marketing department to the engineering design department in the organisation.

The topics covered in organizational communication vary according to their direction. Downward communication typically involves such matters as goals, objectives, directions, decisions, and feedback in the organisation.

Upward communication usually focuses on information, suggestions, questions, problems and requests for clarification in the organisation. Lateral communication typically involves changes of information-both formal and informal-that assist or affect coordination and joint problem solving in the organization.

While the subject matter of communication in particular direction tends to be fairly similar in most medium to large organizations, the culture of the organization can affect the process. For example, in an organization where authority and hierarchy are stressed, upward communication might be more formal than in an organization with more egalitarian culture.

As a simple illustration, in the hierarchical organization, a conversion might start with the subordinate addressing a superior several levels above as Mr. Or Ms. James.

In many countries, for example in Korea, the conversion might start by addressing the superior by his or her title, such as Director Park. In organizations with less emphasis on hierarchy, the conversation might start by addressing the superior by his or her first name.

Likewise, organizational or country culture can influence the frequency and flavor of upward communications. For example, in organizations with strong hierarchical values, upward communication tends to be less frequent.

In summary, organizational communications flow upward, laterally, and downward in every organization. The direction of the communication has a significant impact on the type of communication that is likely to take place frequently.

However, the culture of the organization and the region or country in which the organization is located can further determine the exact from that communication will have and even the frequency of each direction of communication will take place in organization.

Essay # Channels of Communication within Organizations:

Organizational channels, or routes of communication, consist of two fundamental types namely formal and informal. Both types are essential for organizational functioning, and neither types can easily substitute for the other.

Formal Communication channels are those that are authorized planned and regulated by the organization and that are directly connected to its official structure. Thus, the organization’s designated structure indicates the normal paths for downward, upward and lateral formal communication. Formal communication channels are like highlighted roads on road map.

They specify organizational members who are responsible for tasks and communicating information to levels above and below them and back and forth to adjacent units. Also, formal channels indicate the persons or positions to whom work-related messages should be sent in the organization. Formal channels can be modified, and thus they have some flexibility, but they can seldom be disregarded in the organization.

The wheel or star network refers to an administrator and four subordinates with whom he interacts in the organisation. There is no interaction among the subordinates in the organization.

In ‘y’ network; there are two subordinates reporting to the superior.

The “chain” in the network, denotes a five-level hierarchy in which communication can take place only upward and downward, and across organizational lines in modern organizations.

The circle network denotes a three level hierarchy in which there is communication between superiors and subordinates, with cross communication at the operative level.

Informal communication channels are communication routes that are not prescribed by the organization but that develop through typical interpersonal activities of people at work in the organisation. Channels can come into existence and change or disappear rapidly, depending on circumstances in the organization.

However, they may also endure in many work situations, especially where individuals have been working together over a period of time in the organization. If a specific pattern becomes well established, it would ordinarily be called a ‘network’ in the organisation.

There are four major type of informal communication in the organisation.

They are as follows:

(1) Single strand.

(2) Gossip.

(3) Probability.

(4) Cluster.

In the single stranded network, the individual communicates through intervening persons in the organisation. In the gossip network, the individual communicates or spreads like anything without a choice in the organisation. In probability network, the individual spreads the communication at random in the organisation.

But in the cluster network, the individual communicates with only those individuals whom he trusts in the organisation. Among these types of communication network, the cluster is most popular network in many organisation.

Essay # Formal and Informal Channels of Communication in Organization:

In a Plastic Bottle manufacturing company the CEO has got two immediate managers one is GM-marketing who markets plastic bottle and another one is GM-production who manufactures Plastic Bottle. The GM-marketing has got two subordinates one is advertising manager and the second one is promotions manager.

Likewise the GM-Production has got two immediate subordinates, one is supervisor design and another one is supervisor testing. If CEO communicates to GM-Marketing or GM-Production it is called as formal channels of communication. However, if CEO contacts Advertising manager or supervisor testing it is called INFORMAL channels of communication.

Formal Communication Channels:

a) Authorized, Planned and regulated by the organization.

b) Reflect the organization’s formal structure.

c) Define who has responsibility for information dissemination and indicate the proper recipients of work-related information in organization.

d) Maybe modified by the organization in future.

e) Minor to severe consequences for ignoring them unknowingly.

Informal Communication Channels:

a) Develop through interpersonal activities of organisation members

b) Hot specified by the organization

c) Man is short-lived or long lasting.

d) Are more often lateral than vertical in organization.

e) Information flow can be very fast in organization.

f) Used for both work-related and non-work information.

Some more informal communication Channels in the organization are as follows:

a) Informal Communication Channels tend to operate more often in the lateral than in the vertical direction compared to formal channels because they are not designated by the organization and its top officials.

b) Second, information flowing through informal channels in the organization often moves extremely fast, principally because senders are highly motivated to pass information on. The so-called grapevine is a classic example of rapid transmission of messages through informal channels.

c) A third feature is that informal channels carry work- related as well as non-work information in the organisation. Just because channels are informal does not mean that only gossip and other messages unrelated to jobs and tasks are carried by them. In fact, crucial work-related information is frequently communicated in this way.

Of course, some of the messages passed through the informal channels in the organisation may contain inaccuracies or be negative, and thus seen by some managers as a source of problems. However, few organizations could exist for long if they had to rely only on formal communication channels in the organisation.

Essay # Patterns of Organizational Communication in the Organisation:

Identifiable patterns of communication that occur with some regularity within and between organizations, whether using formal or informal channels, are typically called communication networks in any organisation. Put another way, communication networks are stable systems of interconnections in any organisation.

Thus, networks involve consistent linkages between particular sets of senders and receivers in the organisation. For example, a middle-level divisional marketing manager in New Delhi might have a particular network that involves her boss in Kolkata, three key managers in other departments in the Kolkata headquarters, her seven subordinates located in major Western cities, and two outside vendors of market research data.

Another network for the same manager might involve two lower-level managers in other units in the New Delhi office and their former colleague and old friend who is now a sales supervisor in Chennai and who has access to inside information on how well new marketing approaches are working in that region.

An example of a larger, more organization wide network could be the Coca Cola Company’s worldwide pattern of communication relationships between its headquarters in Atlanta and its bottlers and distributors throughout world. Of course, networks can also be formed across organizations as well as within the organisation.

The importance of communication networks to managers in any organisation is that they can provide significant and regular sources of information, both of the formal and informal type, that might otherwise take a much longer time to obtain if the various links had to set up from scratch each time some new topic or problem came up.

Also, when managers are members of established networks, it can make it easier for them to influence the other people or groups involved in the networks. Consequently, for both of these reasons, managers need to pay particular attention to what networks they can, and want to, be a part of and to the composition of those networks in the organisation.

It is no accident that the term networking has come to signify a process that has the potential for gaining advantages for a manger (or anyone for that matter) by having one or more sets of individuals in the organisation or groups with which one can interact easily and regularly, and with whom one can communicate a sense of confidence and trust in the organisation.

In traditional western organizations, it has always been relatively easy for males in management positions to establish various network with other males (thus providing the basis for the phase “old boys network” ) in their organisation. However, at least until very recently, it has been much harder for women and members of underrepresented ethnic groups to establish similar helpful networks in their organisations

Recent research suggests, in fact, that organizational networks involving individuals from these groups are different in terms of both composition and relationships from the traditional networks composed primarily of white males in the organisation.

It does not make such networks any less important or useful to managers from these groups, but docs serve to emphasize that network patterns to communication in organisations can vary based on a number of different situational circumstance, including the age, gender, and ethnicity of individuals in the organisation.

Essay # Barriers to Communication in the Organisation:

Although the organisational context provides numerous opportunities for managers to engage in effective and productive communication to assist in leadership efforts, there are likewise many barriers related to that context that can interfere with the communication process in the present organisation.

Such barriers can arise from several different sources, including interpersonal, organisational, organizational, and cultural in the organization.

Obstacles to interpersonal communication in the organisation can occur with either the sender or the receiver. The burden is simultaneously on both the sender and the receiver in any organisation to ensure accurate communication.

It is, however, the sender’s obligation to choose the language and words—to encode the message—carefully to carry the greatest precision of meaning. Precision in the organisation is especially important if the sender is trying to persuade the receiver to do something in a language or communication style different from what the receiver prefers.

For example, if you are talking with your boss style and choice of words, your boss may not be receptive if he or she prefers a more formal approach in the organisation. You will probably need to adjust your style for the communication to be effective in the organisation.

The receiver, of course, is often the source of communication breakdowns in the organisation. For example, the receiver might have a selective perception problem in the organisation. That is, the receiver may unintentionally screen out some parts of the intended message because they contradict his beliefs or desires in the organisation.

For example, you might stress the increased productivity in the organisation from a proposed project, but your boss is focusing on the estimated cost of the project. Although selective perception is a natural human tendency, it hinders accurate communication, especially when sensitive or highly important topics are being discussed in the organisation.

Another way to state this point is that individuals tend to adopt frames of reference, or quick ways of interpreting messages in the organisation that help them make sense of complex communications, but these shortcuts may prevent the intended message from being received.

Essay # Organisational Barriers:

Just as interpersonal barriers can limit communication, so can organisational barriers limit communication? Such barriers in the organisation can interfere with communication between individuals or groups within the same organisation, between individuals or groups from two different organisations, or between entire organizations.

The basis of these organisational barriers lies within the hierarchical structure of organizations.

All organisations of any complexity have specialized functions and more than one level of authority in the organisation. This specialization creates a situation that is ripe for communication difficulties in the organisation.

For example one person might come from marketing and the other form Production. The person in marketing might think nothing of exaggerating while the person from Production always understates her points.

Consequently, the marketer might see the Production Manager as unimaginative and boring, while the Production Manager might view the marketer as superficial and careless. In addition, the two parties might come from different levels in the organisation.

The differences between responsibility and level of authority could cause a senior executive to expect an explanation of the broad impacts on the entire organization of a proposed project and a junior technical expert to focus on the detailed schedule of the project in any organisation.

Essay # Cultural Burriers in Organization:

Communication and culture are tightly intervened in the organisation. Culture cannot exist without communication and human communication only within a cultural context in the organisation. Since the act of communicating is so closely connected to the surrounding environment, culture can ease or hinder it in the organisation.

Thus, similarity in culture between senders and receivers facilitates successful communication-the intended meaning has a higher probability of getting transferred in the organisation.

Differences in culture hinder the process of-any organisation. The greater the cultural differences between sender and receiver, the greater the expected difficulty in communicating within or outside the organisation. Therefore, other things being equal, it should be easier, for example, for an Indian manager to communicate with a Singapore subordinate than with a Malaysian subordinate.

Probably the greatest single cultural barrier that can affect communication across different departmental, organisational, regional, or national cultures is ethnocentrism in the organisation.

Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own groups and the related tendency to view others in terms of the values of one’s own group in the organisation. Ethnocentrism leads individuals to divide their interpersonal worlds into in-groups and out-groups in the organisation.

A third major cultural barrier to communication I can be labeled cultural distance in the organisation. This concept refers to the overall difference between two cultures basic characteristics such as language, level of economic development, and entrenched traditions and customs in the organisation.

Cultural distance was illustrated by a study that gathered 21 senior executives from major corporations in Japan, the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom and India for a five-week period of cultural explorations regarding communication.

The executives attended lecturers and seminars, built rafts and climbed riffs together, and even travelled in fact-finding teams to the countries represented to improve communication, nevertheless, observers reported that communication remained a problem the entire five weeks among them.

The various barriers that were discussed in the preceding section can interfere with effective communication, but there are ways of dealing with, or overcoming, them in the organisation. That is the subject of this section – approaches that will help to improve your communication in the organisation as a manager.

Essay # Organisation-Level Improvements in Communication:

Organisations can take steps to change their policies and methods for how and when managers should communicate in the organisation. Unfortunately, guidelines for this more structural approach are not as well developed as those for individual managers in the organisation.

A recent study of research and development laboratories within 14 large multinational firms, however, did provide some suggestions. The study produced strong evidence for the importance of gatekeepers, or so-called “boundary-spanning” individuals who are at the communication interface between separate organizations or between units within an organisation.

Large companies especially need to be able to structure the activities of gatekeepers to maximize their usefulness to the communication process and to make sure that the most critical information is both sent and received.

Finding from the study indicated that communication could be improved by implementing rules and procedures that increased formal communication, replacing some face-to-face communication with electronic communication, developing particular communication networks, and even creating a centralized office to manage communication activities in the organization.

Related Articles:

• Essay on Communication: Top Essays | Directing | Functions | Management
• Notes, Effectiveness of the Communication Process: 15 Factors
• Elements and Importance of Communication Process | Business Management
• Communication: Types of Communication | Process | Directing | Management

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Organization and Structure

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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There is no single organizational pattern that works well for all writing across all disciplines; rather, organization depends on what you’re writing, who you’re writing it for, and where your writing will be read. In order to communicate your ideas, you’ll need to use a logical and consistent organizational structure in all of your writing. We can think about organization at the global level (your entire paper or project) as well as at the local level (a chapter, section, or paragraph). For an American academic situation, this means that at all times, the goal of revising for organization and structure is to consciously design your writing projects to make them easy for readers to understand. In this context, you as the writer are always responsible for the reader's ability to understand your work; in other words, American academic writing is writer-responsible. A good goal is to make your writing accessible and comprehensible to someone who just reads sections of your writing rather than the entire piece. This handout provides strategies for revising your writing to help meet this goal.

Note that this resource focuses on writing for an American academic setting, specifically for graduate students. American academic writing is of course not the only standard for academic writing, and researchers around the globe will have different expectations for organization and structure. The OWL has some more resources about writing for American and international audiences here .

Whole-Essay Structure

While organization varies across and within disciplines, usually based on the genre, publication venue, and other rhetorical considerations of the writing, a great deal of academic writing can be described by the acronym IMRAD (or IMRaD): Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This structure is common across most of the sciences and is often used in the humanities for empirical research. This structure doesn't serve every purpose (for instance, it may be difficult to follow IMRAD in a proposal for a future study or in more exploratory writing in the humanities), and it is often tweaked or changed to fit a particular situation. Still, its wide use as a base for a great deal of scholarly writing makes it worthwhile to break down here.

• Introduction : What is the purpose of the study? What were the research questions? What necessary background information should the reader understand to help contextualize the study? (Some disciplines include their literature review section as part of the introduction; some give the literature review its own heading on the same level as the other sections, i.e., ILMRAD.) Some writers use the CARS model to help craft their introductions more effectively.
• Methods: What methods did the researchers use? How was the study conducted? If the study included participants, who were they, and how were they selected?
• Results : This section lists the data. What did the researchers find as a result of their experiments (or, if the research is not experimental, what did the researchers learn from the study)? How were the research questions answered?
• Discussion : This section places the data within the larger conversation of the field. What might the results mean? Do these results agree or disagree with other literature cited? What should researchers do in the future?

Depending on your discipline, this may be exactly the structure you should use in your writing; or, it may be a base that you can see under the surface of published pieces in your field, which then diverge from the IMRAD structure to meet the expectations of other scholars in the field. However, you should always check to see what's expected of you in a given situation; this might mean talking to the professor for your class, looking at a journal's submission guidelines, reading your field's style manual, examining published examples, or asking a trusted mentor. Every field is a little different.

Outlining & Reverse Outlining

One of the most effective ways to get your ideas organized is to write an outline. A traditional outline comes as the pre-writing or drafting stage of the writing process. As you make your outline, think about all of the concepts, topics, and ideas you will need to include in order to accomplish your goal for the piece of writing. This may also include important citations and key terms. Write down each of these, and then consider what information readers will need to know in order for each point to make sense. Try to arrange your ideas in a way that logically progresses, building from one key idea or point to the next.

Questions for Writing Outlines

• What are the main points I am trying to make in this piece of writing?
• What background information will my readers need to understand each point? What will novice readers vs. experienced readers need to know?
• In what order do I want to present my ideas? Most important to least important, or least important to most important? Chronologically? Most complex to least complex? According to categories? Another order?

Reverse outlining comes at the drafting or revision stage of the writing process. After you have a complete draft of your project (or a section of your project), work alone or with a partner to read your project with the goal of understanding the main points you have made and the relationship of these points to one another. The OWL has another resource about reverse outlining here.

Questions for Writing Reverse Outlines

• What topics are covered in this piece of writing?
• In what order are the ideas presented? Is this order logical for both novice and experienced readers?
• Is adequate background information provided for each point, making it easy to understand how one idea leads to the next?
• What other points might the author include to further develop the writing project?

Organizing at the sentence and paragraph level

Signposting.

Signposting is the practice of using language specifically designed to help orient readers of your text. We call it signposting because this practice is like leaving road signs for a driver — it tells your reader where to go and what to expect up ahead. Signposting includes the use of transitional words and phrasing, and they may be explicit or more subtle. For example, an explicit signpost might say:

This section will cover Topic A­­ and Topic B­­­­­.

A more subtle signpost might look like this:

It's important to consider the impact of Topic A­­ and Topic B­­­­­.

The style of signpost you use will depend on the genre of your paper, the discipline in which you are writing, and your or your readers’ personal preferences. Regardless of the style of signpost you select, it’s important to include signposts regularly. They occur most frequently at the beginnings and endings of sections of your paper. It is often helpful to include signposts at mid-points in your project in order to remind readers of where you are in your argument.

Questions for Identifying and Evaluating Signposts

• How and where does the author include a phrase, sentence, or short group of sentences that explains the purpose and contents of the paper?
• How does each section of the paper provide a brief summary of what was covered earlier in the paper?
• How does each section of the paper explain what will be covered in that section?
• How does the author use transitional words and phrases to guide readers through ideas (e.g. however, in addition, similarly, nevertheless, another, while, because, first, second, next, then etc.)?

WORKS CONSULTED

Clark, I. (2006). Writing the successful thesis and dissertation: Entering the conversation . Prentice Hall Press.

Davis, M., Davis, K. J., & Dunagan, M. (2012). Scientific papers and presentations . Academic press.