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There are two animations. Select at bottom of model. This is the setup Rutherford has used. Radioactive material is used to emmit alpha particles. A beam of these alpha particles are directed to the gold foil in the middel. Most of the particle pass through the gold foil without being deflected. From this observation Rutherford concluded that most of the gold atoms must consist of empty space. The atoms’ mass is concentrated in the middel.

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Daily News Lesson

July 25, 2024, 8:17 a.m.

The basics of 3D printing

Doug Scott teaches engineering and robotics at Hopkinton High School in Hopkinton, Mass. In an interview this week at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's (USPTO) National Teachers Summer Institute (NSTI) , Scott explains the basics of how a 3D printer works, what it can make — and how students can create their own designs.

Tweet by Doug Scott: “I don’t mind correcting notebooks on a Friday night… when they are as excellent as these by Engineers @HopkintonHS.” Photo courtesy of Doug Scott

When he is not in the classroom or in his basement 3D printing , Scott mentors teachers from all over the country on how they can help their students become inventors, including at NSTI and PBS NewsHour Classroom's Invention Education program.

Scott is clear about one thing: Anyone can be an inventor.

In fact, on Dec. 6, 2016, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued Scott alongside 23 of his students Patent 9,511,833 B2 for inventing a robot for underwater search and rescue operations, and particularly suited for searches under ice.

Directions: Watch the video and then answer the questions below.

News alternative : Check out recent segments from the NewsHour, and choose the story you’re most interested in watching. You can make a Google doc copy of discussion questions that work for any of the stories here.

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• What example does he show of a finished 3D-printed object?
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• How many light bulb variations were printed before the final product?
• What are the steps to making a 3D-printed design?

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How do you think that 3D printing and invention could be connected? How can a 3D printer be used to create prototypes or final products of a new invention?

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Alternative : See, Think, Wonder : What did you notice? What did the story make you think? What would you want to learn more about?

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WATCH this video to see how 3D printing could be used in the future for bigger projects such as building houses.

Interested in learning more about the USPTO's National Teachers Summer Institute? Check out this video:

PBS NewsHour Classroom works with the USPTO on explaining the importance of intellectual property (IP) and why ideas need to be protected.

See Classroom's free invention ed lesson collection here .

This post was written by Raegan Lusk, a senior at the University of Southern California, and an intern with PBS NewsHour Classroom, and edited by NewsHour's Vic Pasquantonio.

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3D Models Provide Unprecedented Look at Corals’ Response to Bleaching Events

Seven-year time series pinpoints which corals off Maui survived multiple bleaching events

• Brittany Hook - [email protected]

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In a new study, marine biologists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego and Arizona State University are providing a first-of-its-kind glimpse into coral “bleaching” responses to stress, using imaging technology to pinpoint coral survival rates following multiple bleaching events off the island of Maui.

Using a time series of coral reef 3D models from Maui, a team of researchers led by Scripps Oceanography’s Smith Lab tracked the bleaching response of 1,832 coral colonies from 2014 to 2021. The seven-year data set provided detailed imagery of the reefs year-by-year, allowing the team to identify patterns of coral growth and survivorship through sequential bleaching events that occurred in 2015 and 2019.

The team’s findings were published July 31 in the journal PLOS ONE.

The researchers aimed to distinguish between two different processes: natural selection, where only the hardiest corals in a population survive, and acclimatization, where an individual coral becomes more heat-tolerant over time as it is exposed to heat stress.

While some corals bleached and died during the study, the corals that survived both bleaching events showed hopeful signs of resilience. Among these survivors, the researchers found little evidence that bleaching impacted coral growth over time. This unexpected finding has the potential to inform approaches to coral reef conservation and restoration.

“This is one of the first studies to use this type of time series to look at multiple coral bleaching events and how the processes of acclimatization and selection play out,” said lead author Orion McCarthy, a recent graduate of Scripps Oceanography who conducted the research as a PhD student. “We found that older corals, which are more likely to have survived multiple bleaching events, could be a good source of outplants for coral restoration.”

As the oceans warm due to climate change, coral reefs are threatened by bleaching events. These prolonged warming events stress corals and have led to the deaths of many, yet some corals have managed to survive. Researchers around the globe are trying to understand what makes certain corals more resilient than others in an effort that can inform coral restoration projects.

During prolonged ocean warming events, stressed corals expel beneficial algae that live inside their tissue. This causes corals to turn white and “bleach.” Bleaching doesn't cause corals to immediately die, but it does deprive them of their main source of food. If water temperatures remain elevated for too long, bleaching can cause widespread coral mortality. However, low- to moderate-strength bleaching events are most likely to leave behind some surviving coral colonies. These survivors reshape the makeup of the reef and its response to future bleaching events.

{/exp:typographee}

Orion McCarthy marks the edge of a long-term monitoring site off Kahekili, Maui during the 2019 bleaching event. Researchers from the Smith Lab at Scripps Oceanography have been revisiting the same coral reefs off Maui since 2014 to document changes over time using large-area imaging technology. Photo: Travis Matteson

The 2015 and 2019 bleaching events measured in this study were both moderate strength, with a sustained increase in sea-surface temperatures of more than 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) for several months. Despite facing similar heat stress in each event, corals did not always respond in the same way. Some corals bleached and died after the first event, some didn’t bleach in either event, some bleached both times but still survived, and some that bleached the first time didn't bleach the second time. Moreover, hardy survivors were often located right next to more sensitive corals that perished, even though both were the same species and experienced the same environmental conditions.

Several species of coral showed signs of acclimatization to bleaching, notably Porites lobata . Populations of Pocillopora corals fared the worst, with the lowest levels of survivorship.

“Based on our observations, we recommend that restoration practitioners in Hawaii should focus on colonies of Porites and Montipora with a proven track-record of growth and survival,” said McCarthy, who now works as a science lead for Sustainable Surf , a nonprofit organization that supports restoration projects focused on coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.

The researchers credited innovative 3D technology with enabling them to detect signs of acclimatization and selection that would have been difficult to track and quantify using traditional in-water surveys. The time series was launched in 2014 by Scripps Oceanography marine biologist Jennifer Smith, a co-author on the study, and her former PhD student Emily Kelly, who now works at the World Economic Forum.

For the past decade, Smith and other members of her lab, including McCarthy, have used large-area imaging, or photogrammetry, to capture a 3D snapshot of coral reefs at fixed sites off Maui. The scuba diving scientists use specialized underwater cameras to capture thousands of overlapping images of the reef, repeating this process year after year. In the lab, these images are processed using advanced software that seamlessly stitches together thousands of 2D pictures into a detailed 3D model of the underwater landscape. Their work in Maui is part of a broader coral reef monitoring initiative called the 100 Island Challenge , which aims to describe global patterns of coral reef change over time using large-area imagery.

“This approach has revolutionized our ability to study long-term changes in coral reef communities at very fine scales,” said Smith, a professor of marine biology at Scripps Oceanography. “We can literally watch these systems change in 3D. We can watch corals grow and shrink and visualize how they respond to global stressors. We can use the knowledge gained from using this approach for education and outreach and our results can help to inform management and conservation action.”

McCarthy compared the process of tracking coral fates through multiple bleaching events to studying human health outcomes following numerous pandemic-like events. By following the responses of individuals during a single event — for example, the COVID-19 pandemic — researchers can infer whether certain traits or qualities are aligned with better or worse health outcomes. If a second pandemic event occurred a short time later, researchers could then look at those data to better understand who survived the first event, and how those survivors fared during the second event. The same logic holds true for corals and bleaching events.

The authors noted that efforts to address climate change — the primary driver of ocean warming — are crucial for securing better outcomes for coral reefs. Severe bleaching events have the potential to cause widespread coral mortality, highlighting the urgency to prevent such dire outcomes through global action to address climate change.

“Coral reefs are dynamic and bleaching isn't necessarily going to kill every coral — at least not in the short term — so there is still cause for hope for these reefs and a need for active conservation,” said McCarthy. “Tools like 3D modeling are allowing us to get a more specific understanding of which corals are living and which ones aren't, and we can use that information to help guide coral restoration efforts.”

In addition to McCarthy and Smith, the study was co-authored by PhD student Morgan Winston from the University of Arizona.

McCarthy’s graduate research at Scripps Oceanography was supported by the National Science Foundation’s Graduate Research Fellowship Program award, though funding was generalized and not awarded for this study specifically.

Learn more about research and education at UC San Diego in: Climate Change

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Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: sf3d: stable fast 3d mesh reconstruction with uv-unwrapping and illumination disentanglement.

Abstract: We present SF3D, a novel method for rapid and high-quality textured object mesh reconstruction from a single image in just 0.5 seconds. Unlike most existing approaches, SF3D is explicitly trained for mesh generation, incorporating a fast UV unwrapping technique that enables swift texture generation rather than relying on vertex colors. The method also learns to predict material parameters and normal maps to enhance the visual quality of the reconstructed 3D meshes. Furthermore, SF3D integrates a delighting step to effectively remove low-frequency illumination effects, ensuring that the reconstructed meshes can be easily used in novel illumination conditions. Experiments demonstrate the superior performance of SF3D over the existing techniques. Project page: this https URL

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Turkish sharpshooter Yusuf Dikeç wins silver at Paris Olympics with minimal gear, becomes internet sensation

Turkish sharpshooter Yusuf Dikeç didn't need special lenses or big ear protectors to win the silver medal in the air pistol team event at the 2024 Paris Olympics.

With one hand in his pants pocket, Dikeç, 51, shot his way to second place, marking a historic moment for his home country and catapulting himself into internet fandom.

Serbia's Damir Mikec and Zorana Arunović won gold and India's Manu Bhaker and Sarabjot Singh took bronze.

Shooters are allowed some freedom in what they wear, The Associated Press reported . Most wear large ear protectors and visors or blinders over one eye to help with focus and to reduce the glare of the lights.

But Dikeç skipped the fancy, high-tech gear and wore just small yellow earplugs and a seemingly regular pair of glasses. His partner, Şevval İlayda Tarhan, also didn't wear any blinders and kept one hand tucked in her pocket. Their win was Turkey’s first medal in an Olympic shooting event.

"I did not need special equipment. I’m a natural, a natural shooter," Dikeç was quoted as telling Turkish media, according to EuroNews .

Fans quickly took notice and celebrated him for his laid-back, casual demeanor.

"No lens, no headphones, just vibes," Eurosport wrote on X . "Turkey’s Yusuf Dikeç wins silver and fan’s hearts."

"Turkey sent a 51 yr old guy with no specialized lenses, eye cover or ear protection and got the silver medal," a user wrote.

In contrast, South Korea's Kim Ye-ji  also went viral this week after she was seen at the 10-meter air pistol women’s event Saturday featuring futuristic lenses with a "Paris 2024" blinder and a cool, effortless demeanor.

A fan quickly dubbed her the "James Bond of [the] Olympics."

Minyvonne Burke is a senior breaking news reporter for NBC News.

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Project 2025 shakes up leadership after criticism from Democrats and Trump, but says work goes on

FILE - Paul Dans, director of Project 2025 at the Heritage Foundation, speaks at the National Religious Broadcasters convention, Feb. 22, 2024. (AP Photo/George Walker IV, File)

FILE - An American flag is seen upside down at the Heritage Foundation in Washington, May 31, 2024. The conservative think tank that is planning for a complete overhaul of the federal government in the event of a Republican presidential win is suggesting that President Joe Biden might try to hold the White House “by force” if he loses the November election. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana, File)

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NEW YORK (AP) — The director of the Heritage Foundation’s Project 2025 vision for a complete overhaul of the federal government stepped down Tuesday after blowback from Donald Trump’s campaign, which has tried to disavow the program created by many of the former president’s allies and former aides.

Heritage Foundation President Kevin Roberts said Paul Dans’ exit comes after the project “completed exactly what it set out to do.” Roberts, who has emerged as a chief spokesman for the effort, plans to lead Project 2025 going forward.

“Our collective efforts to build a personnel apparatus for policymakers of all levels — federal, state, and local — will continue,” Roberts said.

What started as an obscure far-right wish list is now a focal point in the 2024 campaign. Democrats for the past several months have made Project 2025 a key election-year cudgel, pointing to the ultraconservative policy blueprint as a glimpse into how extreme another Trump administration could be.

The nearly 1,000-page handbook lays out sweeping changes in the federal government, including altering personnel rules to ensure government workers are more loyal to the president. Heritage is building a database of potential new hires to staff a second Trump White House.

Yet Trump has repeatedly disavowed the document, saying on social media he hasn’t read it and doesn’t know anything about it. At a rally in Michigan earlier this month, he said Project 2025 was written by people on the “severe right” and some of the things in it are “seriously extreme.”

“President Trump’s campaign has been very clear for over a year that Project 2025 had nothing to do with the campaign, did not speak for the campaign, and should not be associated with the campaign or the President in any way,” Trump campaign advisers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita said in a statement.

They said, “Reports of Project 2025’s demise would be greatly welcomed and should serve as notice to anyone or any group trying to misrepresent their influence with President Trump and his campaign — it will not end well for you.”

But Ohio Sen. JD Vance , Trump’s running mate, wrote a foreword to a forthcoming book by Roberts in which he lauds the Heritage Foundation’s work. A copy of the foreword was obtained by The Associated Press.

“The Heritage Foundation isn’t some random outpost on Capitol Hill; it is and has been the most influential engine of ideas for Republicans from Ronald Reagan to Donald Trump,” wrote Vance.

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Quoting Roberts elsewhere in the book, Vance writes: ″We are now all realizing that it’s time to circle the wagons and load the muskets. In the fights that lay ahead, these ideas are an essential weapon.”

Trump campaign representatives did not respond to messages inquiring about whether the campaign asked or pushed for Dans to step down from the project. The Heritage Foundation said Dans left voluntarily and it was not under pressure from the Trump campaign. Dans didn’t immediately respond to an emailed request for comment.

Project 2025 has many ties to Trump’s orbit

In many ways, Project 2025 served as a potential far-right White House in waiting, a constellation of outside groups that would be ready for action if Trump wins a second term.

The project included not only the detailed policy proposals that Trump could put into place on day one at the White House. Project 2025 was also building a personnel database of resumes for potential hires, drawing Americans to Washington to staff a new Trump administration.

Many Trump allies and former top aides contributed to the project. Dans formerly worked as a personnel official for the Trump administration. And Trump regularly campaigns on many of the same proposals in the Project 2025 book — from mass deportations to upending the Justice Department — though some of its other proposals, including further taxes on tips , conflict with some of what Trump has pledged on the campaign trail.

It was clear that Project 2025 was becoming a liability for Trump and the Republican Party.

Vice President Kamala Harris’ campaign and top Democrats have repeatedly tied Trump to Project 2025 as they argue against a second term for the former president.

The Harris campaign said Project 2025 remains linked to Trump’s agenda, written by his allies for him to “inflict” on the country.

“Hiding the 920-page blueprint from the American people doesn’t make it less real — in fact, it should make voters more concerned about what else Trump and his allies are hiding,” said Harris for President Campaign Manager Julie Chavez Rodriguez.

For months Trump’s campaign had warned outside groups, and Heritage in particular, that they did not speak for the former president.

In an interview from the Republican convention first published by Politico, LaCivita said Project 2025 was a problem because “the issues that are going to win us this campaign are not the issues that they want to talk about.”

It was almost certain than Trump’s campaign forced the shakeup, said one former Heritage aide.

Trump’s team was well aware it couldn’t risk any missteps from Heritage in this final stretch ahead of the election.

By announcing the departure, Roberts appeared to be sending a signal to the Trump campaign that changes were being made at Heritage to tamp down any concerns over Project 2025, said another conservative familiar with the situation.

If Trump wins the White House, he almost certainly will need to rely on Heritage and other outside entities to help quickly staff a new administration, the person said.

That person and the former aide would only talk on condition of anonymity to discuss private conversations.

Heritage says Project 2025 is not going away

Project 2025’s website will remain live and the group will continue vetting resumes for its nearly 20,000-person database of potential officials eager to execute its vision for government, the Heritage Foundation said Tuesday.

The group said Dans, who had started the project from scratch more than two years ago, will leave the Heritage Foundation in August. Roberts will now run Project 2025 operations.

Roberts has faced criticism in recent weeks after he said on an episode of former Trump aide Steve Bannon’s “War Room” podcast that the country is in the midst of a “second American Revolution” that will be bloodless “if the left allows it to be.”

Earlier this month, in an interview before beginning a prison sentence for defying a congressional subpoena, Bannon mentioned Roberts as the type of leader who could land a top job in a Trump White House.

Mascaro reported from Washington. Associated Press writer Michelle L. Price contributed to this report.

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France’s Victor Perez hits opening tee shot at Paris Olympics, a ‘once-in-a-lifetime’ experience

Olympic Golf

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SAINT-QUENTIN-EN-YVELINES, France – Frenchman Victor Perez struck Thursday’s opening tee shot at the men’s Olympic golf competition, a memory he will cherish forever.

Making the moment sweeter: he striped it down the middle.

Perez, 31, arrived at the first tee shortly before 9 a.m. local time at Le Golf National outside Paris and was met with rabid fan support for his Olympics debut. The three-time DP World Tour winner recovered from a slow start with a 1-under 70 to remain within striking distance of medal contention; Japan’s Hideki Matsuyama took the early lead with an 8-under 63.

Perez was delighted with his birdie-birdie finish, but he was still beaming post-round with pride for the chance to lead off the field on home soil. The first tee is normally associated with jitters, but Perez strived for a different mindset in these circumstances. He delivered.

“I mean, nobody enjoys the first tee, I think, ever,” Perez said afterward. “But I told myself on the range, I told my caddie James, I was like, let's be there the full 10 minutes before and really soak it all in. It's definitely a once-in-a-lifetime (experience). I'll never hit this tee shot ever again – opening the games in Paris, being French and having all the home support.

“There wasn't going to be more pressure whether I was there for 10 minutes or four minutes, so I was just like, ‘You may as well be there and then try to just take it all in, enjoy the people,’ and it was great.”

Victor Perez of Team France acknowledges fans waving French flags on the first tee during the first round of the Olympic men’s golf competition. (Keyur Khamar/PGA TOUR)

Victor Perez of Team Trance fist bumps to the crowd during the first round of the Olympic men’s golf competition. (Keyur Khamar/PGA TOUR)

Victor Perez of Team France gives a thumbs up to French fans after making a birdie putt on the 18th hole green during the first round of the Olympic men’s golf competition. (Keyur Khamar/PGA TOUR)

Perez is representing France alongside fellow dual DP World Tour and PGA TOUR member Matthieu Pavon in the 60-player field that features eight of the top 10 on the Official World Golf Ranking. After mixing four bogeys with one birdie on the front nine to hit the turn in 39, Perez bounced back impressively with birdies at the 11th and 15th before closing out his day in style to loud cheers. It marked a scintillating back-nine 31 that flipped his fortunes.

“I think the people, the French really enjoyed having golf here … I think it was great for them to enjoy having Scottie Scheffler and Xander Schauffele, just off The Open win," he added. “They were there on the range before the round, even cheering me on, boosting me up. It worked for the first tee shot. Didn't really work for the front nine, but besides that, it was great.”

Le Golf National holds a special place in Perez’ heart, as he competed here as an aspiring junior golfer. Those memories came to the surface on Thursday.

“We played the under-12, under-14, under-16 French juniors here, and I remember all staying in the Novotel on site and coming out at 9:00 doing putting games against the older guys and trying to win and playing for a Coca-Cola or something,” he said. “So, this place is very special for me.”

Asked to compare how the feeling of playing in an Olympics in France compared to the high of winning his maiden DP World Tour title at St. Andrews, Perez said it was hard to compare. But this experience, he knew, will remain in the mental library forever.

“Back when I won in St. Andrews in 2019, it was my first year on Tour, a life-changing win for everything that comes with it, whether it's exemptions and everything,” he said. “This is kind of a little bit more isolated, I would say. This just sticks out a little bit more.”