Interesting Literature

A Summary and Analysis of Macbeth’s ‘Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow’ Speech

By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University)

Macbeth’s speech beginning ‘Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow …’ is one of the most powerful and affecting moments in Shakespeare’s tragedy. Macbeth speaks these lines just after he has been informed of the death of his wife, Lady Macbeth, who has gone mad before dying (off stage). You can find our fully plot summary of the play here and our analysis of Macbeth here.

In this post, we’re going to consider Macbeth’s ‘Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow’ speech, looking closely at the language and imagery.

Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.

Spoken upon hearing of the death of his wife, Macbeth’s speech from towards the end of this play, Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy, has become famous for its phrases ‘full of sound and fury / Signifying nothing’ and ‘Out, out, brief candle!’

In summary, Macbeth’s speech is about the futility and illusoriness of all life and everything we do: we are all bound for the grave, and life doesn’t seem to mean anything, ultimately. He is responding to the news that Lady Macbeth is dead here; it’s the beginning of the end for him.

There is, in fact, a couple of lines preceding ‘Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow’, which explicitly address the news that Lady Macbeth has died. But they are ambiguous. Upon being told by Seyton ‘The Queen, my Lord, is dead’, Macbeth replies: ‘She should have died hereafter: / There would have been time for such a word’.

What does he mean by this? Is Macbeth simply saying, ‘She would have died at some point anyway’ (thus paving the way for his ensuing meditation on the futility of all human ambition, since it all leads to the grave)? Or is he saying, ‘It would have been better if she had died later’?

The second line, ‘There would have been time for such a word’ (i.e. the word ‘dead’), inclines us towards the latter: Macbeth appears to be saying that it would have been preferable for Lady Macbeth to die peacefully after all of the conflict and battle. There would have been time to say their goodbyes and for him to mourn properly. Not so in the heat of battle (which Macbeth is when he hears the news).

Lady Macbeth’s death, then, prompts Macbeth to reflect upon the futility of all of his actions: his ‘overweening ambition’, which has spurred him on to commit murder (and murder of a king , no less) and take the kingdom for himself, has all been for nothing now he is truly alone, with most of the lords rallying to Macduff and standing against Macbeth.

Lady Macbeth was the one who urged her husband to murder Duncan, and now she has died, having been pricked by her conscience over what they have done. (In her last scene in the play, Lady Macbeth is observed sleepwalking and miming the washing of her hands: her conscious mind may repress it, but her unconscious, as Freud would later argue , forces the truth to come out.)

As with much of the rest of the play, the lines spoken in verse are an example of blank verse : unrhymed iambic pentameter .

But look at how the simplicity and dulling repetition of the first line, containing just five words (three of them the same) gives way to a line containing nine small (or ‘petty’) words:

Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day …

In other words, the days of our lives creep at a slow rate, with  petty  meaning small here. Note the repetition (tomorrow, day to day) to reinforce the laboriousness and repetitiveness of the passing of time, as well as the slight anger in the plosive alliteration of  petty pace .

To the last syllable of recorded time;

In other words, until the very end of the world, the apocalypse, where all time ceases to be.

And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death.

And every day that has already occurred in the past has only brought fools one day closer to their deaths. More alliteration, with  dusty death  inviting the actor playing Macbeth to highlight and emphasise the harsh  d  sounds.

Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more.

Life is like a candle which burns for a short while only, so Macbeth argues that it should just be put out, since it will soon be ‘out’ anyway. He then likens life to an actor who comes out onto the stage, struts his stuff, says his lines for an ‘hour’, and then disappears again.

It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.

Continuing the idea of life as an actor upon a stage for an hour only, Macbeth develops this, thinking about plays, illusion, stories, and fictions: life is like a story, but a bad story, told by someone too stupid and blustering to say anything of significance. In short, what is the point of anything, when a man’s life appears to achieve nothing? Duncan is dead; Banquo is dead; Lady Macbeth is dead; and Macbeth seems ready for his own death, now all appears lost.

‘Sound and fury’ is a more interesting phrase than it first appears: it’s an example of hendiadys , a curious literary device whereby one idea is expressed by two ‘substantives’ (specifically, nouns or adjectives). These two substantives are joined by the word ‘and’. In Macbeth’s phrase, ‘sound and fury’ are not two distinct phenomena, but more intimately joined: what ‘sound and fury’ means here is something like ‘furious sound’.

It is part of the power of this speech that Macbeth’s language conveys his disordered mental state, the fact that he is overcome by the pointlessness of his whole endeavour, and – because he cannot escape his own mind – of life itself.

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4 thoughts on “A Summary and Analysis of Macbeth’s ‘Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow’ Speech”

Is ‘dusty death’ hendiadys as well?

Is the entire speech a raving example of mixed metaphors? Count them all. Does that indicate Macbeth has lost control of his expression? Has his vaulting ambition o’er leapt the tropic barrier? Has he borrowed the robes of a manic philosopher?

Sound and fury. Sound implies noise, a criticism of Macbeth’s content. Fury, that links to an odd aspect of this speech. It moves through emotional registers: contemplative and introspective, anger at what history leads us to understand, grief at what the moment has become, death’s waiting room. How an actor, reader treats those last three words, in a trailing voice or shouting at fate or somewhere in between, colors all that’s gone before.

Most people will disagree, but this speech at the turn to the 17th C. anticipates 19th C existentialism’s we come from nothing, nothing we do matters, and we go to nothing.

Nothing endures to this day.

It is appropriate that this speech, expressing total demoralisation, should be prompted by the death of Macbeth’s wife. In the unavoidable battle to come, it is Macduff, whose own wife – and children – Macbeth has had murdered, who, driven by righteous rage, finally dispatches the tyrant.

In answer to Don’s comment I disagree about “mixed metaphors”. There is certainly a rich profusion of metaphors, but my idea of a mixed metaphor is where one metaphor contains contradictory images – a classic example being “If you have a spark of charity in your heart, for heaven’s sake, water it and let it grow.” Sorry to sound pedantic!

You note the two previous lines referring to the death of Lady Macbeth. Also worth noting maybe is the line afterwards when a messenger enters: [Enter messenger] Macbeth : Thou comest to use thy tongue; thy story quickly. Macbeth now turns from the reflections on the meaning of life to his daily routine of battle and slaughter, without missing a beat! The “tale told by an idiot” is followed up by a “story” told by “a messenger”. The story of course is highly idiotic too: Birnam Wood is moving! However idiotic, the tale and the story must go on.

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Home › Drama Criticism › Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 • ( 0 )

Macbeth . . . is done upon a stronger and more systematic principle of contrast than any other of Shakespeare’s plays. It moves upon the verge of an abyss, and is a constant struggle between life and death. The action is desperate and the reaction is dreadful. It is a huddling together of fierce extremes, a war of opposite natures which of them shall destroy the other. There is nothing but what has a violent end or violent beginnings. The lights and shades are laid on with a determined hand; the transitions from triumph to despair, from the height of terror to the repose of death, are sudden and startling; every passion brings in its fellow-contrary, and the thoughts pitch and jostle against each other as in the dark. The whole play is an unruly chaos of strange and forbidden things, where the ground rocks under our feet. Shakespear’s genius here took its full swing, and trod upon the farthest bounds of nature and passion.

—William Hazlitt, Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays

Macbeth completes William Shakespeare’s great tragic quartet while expanding, echoing, and altering key elements of Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear into one of the most terrifying stage experiences. Like Hamlet, Macbeth treats the  consequences  of  regicide,  but  from  the  perspective  of  the  usurpers,  not  the  dispossessed.  Like  Othello,  Macbeth   centers  its  intrigue  on  the  intimate  relations  of  husband  and  wife.  Like  Lear,  Macbeth   explores  female  villainy,  creating in Lady Macbeth one of Shakespeare’s most complex, powerful, and frightening woman characters. Different from Hamlet and Othello, in which the tragic action is reserved for their climaxes and an emphasis on cause over effect, Macbeth, like Lear, locates the tragic tipping point at the play’s outset to concentrate on inexorable consequences. Like Othello, Macbeth, Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy, achieves an almost unbearable intensity by eliminating subplots, inessential characters, and tonal shifts to focus almost exclusively on the crime’s devastating impact on husband and wife.

What is singular about Macbeth, compared to the other three great Shakespearean tragedies, is its villain-hero. If Hamlet mainly executes rather than murders,  if  Othello  is  “more  sinned  against  than  sinning,”  and  if  Lear  is  “a  very foolish fond old man” buffeted by surrounding evil, Macbeth knowingly chooses  evil  and  becomes  the  bloodiest  and  most  dehumanized  of  Shakespeare’s tragic protagonists. Macbeth treats coldblooded, premeditated murder from the killer’s perspective, anticipating the psychological dissection and guilt-ridden expressionism that Feodor Dostoevsky will employ in Crime and Punishment . Critic Harold Bloom groups the protagonist as “the culminating figure  in  the  sequence  of  what  might  be  called  Shakespeare’s  Grand  Negations: Richard III, Iago, Edmund, Macbeth.” With Macbeth, however, Shakespeare takes us further inside a villain’s mind and imagination, while daringly engaging  our  sympathy  and  identification  with  a  murderer.  “The  problem  Shakespeare  gave  himself  in  Macbeth  was  a  tremendous  one,”  Critic  Wayne  C. Booth has stated.

Take a good man, a noble man, a man admired by all who know him—and  destroy  him,  not  only  physically  and  emotionally,  as  the  Greeks  destroyed their heroes, but also morally and intellectually. As if this were not difficult enough as a dramatic hurdle, while transforming him into one of the most despicable mortals conceivable, maintain him as a tragic hero—that is, keep him so sympathetic that, when he comes to his death, the audience will pity rather than detest him and will be relieved to see him out of his misery rather than pleased to see him destroyed.

Unlike Richard III, Iago, or Edmund, Macbeth is less a virtuoso of villainy or an amoral nihilist than a man with a conscience who succumbs to evil and obliterates the humanity that he is compelled to suppress. Macbeth is Shakespeare’s  greatest  psychological  portrait  of  self-destruction  and  the  human  capacity for evil seen from inside with an intimacy that horrifies because of our forced identification with Macbeth.

Although  there  is  no  certainty  in  dating  the  composition  or  the  first performance  of  Macbeth,   allusions  in  the  play  to  contemporary  events  fix the  likely  date  of  both  as  1606,  shortly  after  the  completion  and  debut  of  King Lear. Scholars have suggested that Macbeth was acted before James I at Hampton  Court  on  August  7,  1606,  during  the  royal  visit  of  King  Christian IV of Denmark and that it may have been especially written for a royal performance. Its subject, as well as its version of Scottish history, suggest an effort both to flatter and to avoid offending the Scottish king James. Macbeth is a chronicle play in which Shakespeare took his major plot elements from Raphael  Holinshed’s  Chronicles  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland  (1587),  but  with  significant  modifications.  The  usurping  Macbeth’s  decade-long  (and  largely  successful)  reign  is  abbreviated  with  an  emphasis  on  the  internal  and external destruction caused by Macbeth’s seizing the throne and trying to hold onto it. For the details of King Duncan’s death, Shakespeare used Holinshed’s  account  of  the  murder  of  an  earlier  king  Duff  by  Donwald,  who cast suspicion on drunken servants and whose ambitious wife played a significant role in the crime. Shakespeare also eliminated Banquo as the historical Macbeth’s co-conspirator in the murder to promote Banquo’s innocence and nobility in originating a kingly line from which James traced his legitimacy. Additional prominence is also given to the Weird Sisters, whom Holinshed only mentions in their initial meeting of Macbeth on the heath. The prophetic warning “beware Macduff” is attributed to “certain wizards in whose words Macbeth put great confidence.” The importance of the witches and  the  occult  in  Macbeth   must  have  been  meant  to  appeal  to  a  king  who  produced a treatise, Daemonologie (1597), on witch-craft.

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The uncanny sets the tone of moral ambiguity from the play’s outset as the three witches gather to encounter Macbeth “When the battle’s lost and won” in an inverted world in which “Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” Nothing in the play will be what it seems, and the tragedy results from the confusion and  conflict  between  the  fair—honor,  nobility,  duty—and  the  foul—rank  ambition and bloody murder. Throughout the play nature reflects the disorder and violence of the action. Opening with thunder and lightning, the drama is set in a Scotland contending with the rebellion of the thane (feudal lord) of Cawdor, whom the fearless and courageous Macbeth has vanquished on the battlefield. The play, therefore, initially establishes Macbeth as a dutiful and trusted vassal of the king, Duncan of Scotland, deserving to be rewarded with the rebel’s title for restoring peace and order in the realm. “What he hath lost,” Duncan declares, “noble Macbeth hath won.” News of this honor reaches Macbeth through the witches, who greet him both as the thane of Cawdor and “king hereafter” and his comrade-in-arms Banquo as one who “shalt get kings, though thou be none.” Like the ghost in Hamlet , the  Weird  Sisters  are  left  purposefully  ambiguous  and  problematic.  Are  they  agents  of  fate  that  determine  Macbeth’s  doom,  predicting  and  even  dictating  the  inevitable,  or  do  they  merely  signal  a  latency  in  Macbeth’s  ambitious character?

When he is greeted by the king’s emissaries as thane of Cawdor, Macbeth begins to wonder if the first predictions of the witches came true and what will come of the second of “king hereafter”:

This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the use of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings: My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smother’d in surmise, and nothing is But what is not.

Macbeth  will  be  defined  by  his  “horrible  imaginings,”  by  his  considerable  intellectual and imaginative capacity both to understand what he knows to be true and right and his opposed desires and their frightful consequences. Only Hamlet has as fully a developed interior life and dramatized mental processes as  Macbeth  in  Shakespeare’s  plays.  Macbeth’s  ambition  is  initially  checked  by his conscience and by his fear of the unforeseen consequence of violating moral  laws.  Shakespeare  brilliantly  dramatizes  Macbeth’s  mental  conflict in near stream of consciousness, associational fashion:

If it were done when ’tis done, then ’twere well It were done quickly. If th’assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With his surcease, success: that but this blow Might be the be all and the end all, here, But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, We’d jump the life to come. But in these cases We still have judgement here, that we but teach Bloody instructions which, being taught, return To plague th’inventor. This even-handed justice Commends th’ingredients of our poison’d chalice To our own lips. He’s here in double trust: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his taking-off, And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven’s cherubin, horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself And falls on the other.

Macbeth’s “spur” comes in the form of Lady Macbeth, who plays on her husband’s selfimage of courage and virility to commit to the murder. She also reveals her own shocking cancellation of gender imperatives in shaming her husband into action, in one of the most shocking passages of the play:

. . . I have given suck, and know How tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn As you have done to this.

Horrified  at  his  wife’s  resolve  and  cold-blooded  calculation  in  devising  the  plot,  Macbeth  urges  his  wife  to  “Bring  forth  menchildren  only,  /  For  thy  undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males,” but commits “Each corporal agent to this terrible feat.”

With the decision to kill the king taken, the play accelerates unrelentingly through a succession of powerful scenes: Duncan’s and Banquo’s murders, the banquet scene in which Banquo’s ghost appears, Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking, and Macbeth’s final battle with Macduff, Thane of Fife. Duncan’s offstage murder  contrasts  Macbeth’s  “horrible  imaginings”  concerning  the  implications and Lady Macbeth’s chilling practicality. Macbeth’s question, “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?” is answered by his wife: “A little water clears us of this deed; / How easy is it then!” The knocking at the door of the castle, ominously signaling the revelation of the crime, prompts the play’s one comic respite in the Porter’s drunken foolery that he is at the door of “Hell’s Gate” controlling the entrance of the damned. With the fl ight of Duncan’s sons, who fear for their lives, causing them to be suspected as murderers, Macbeth is named king, and the play’s focus shifts to Macbeth’s keeping and consolidating the power he has seized. Having gained what the witches prophesied, Macbeth next tries to prevent their prediction that Banquo’s descendants will reign by setting assassins to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance. The plan goes awry, and Fleance escapes, leaving Macbeth again at the mercy of the witches’ prophecy. His psychic breakdown is dramatized by his seeing Banquo’s ghost occupying Macbeth’s place at the banquet. Pushed to  the  edge  of  mental  collapse,  Macbeth  steels  himself  to  meet  the  witches  again to learn what is in store for him: “Iam in blood,” he declares, “Stepp’d in so far that, should Iwade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o’er.”

The witches reassure him that “none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth” and that he will never be vanquished until “Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him.” Confident that he is invulnerable, Macbeth  responds  to  the  rebellion  mounted  by  Duncan’s  son  Malcolm  and  Macduff, who has joined him in England, by ordering the slaughter of Lady Macduff and her children. Macbeth has progressed from a murderer in fulfillment of the witches predictions to a murderer (of Banquo) in order to subvert their predictions and then to pointless butchery that serves no other purpose than as an exercise in willful destruction. Ironically, Macbeth, whom his wife feared  was  “too  full  o’  the  milk  of  human  kindness  /  To  catch  the  nearest  way” to serve his ambition, displays the same cold calculation that frightened him  about  his  wife,  while  Lady  Macbeth  succumbs  psychically  to  her  own  “horrible  imaginings.”  Lady  Macbeth  relives  the  murder  as  she  sleepwalks,  Shakespeare’s version of the workings of the unconscious. The blood in her tormented  conscience  that  formerly  could  be  removed  with  a  little  water  is  now a permanent noxious stain in which “All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten.” Women’s cries announcing her offstage death are greeted by Macbeth with detached indifference:

I have almost forgot the taste of fears: The time has been, my senses would have cool’d To hear a nightshriek, and my fell of hair Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir As life were in’t. Ihave supp’d full with horrors; Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts, Cannot once start me.

Macbeth reveals himself here as an emotional and moral void. Confirmation that “The Queen, my lord, is dead” prompts only the bitter comment, “She should have died hereafter.” For Macbeth, life has lost all meaning, refl ected in the bleakest lines Shakespeare ever composed:

Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.

Time and the world that Macbeth had sought to rule are revealed to him as empty and futile, embodied in a metaphor from the theater with life as a histrionic, talentless actor in a tedious, pointless play.

Macbeth’s final testing comes when Malcolm orders his troops to camoufl  age  their  movement  by  carrying  boughs  from  Birnam  Woods  in  their march toward Dunsinane and from Macduff, whom he faces in combat and reveals that he was “from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripp’d,” that is, born by cesarean section and therefore not “of woman born.” This revelation, the final fulfillment of the witches’ prophecies, causes Macbeth to fl ee, but he is prompted  by  Macduff’s  taunt  of  cowardice  and  order  to  surrender  to  meet  Macduff’s challenge, despite knowing the deadly outcome:

Yet I will try the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff, And damn’d be him that first cries, “Hold, enough!”

Macbeth  returns  to  the  world  of  combat  where  his  initial  distinctions  were  honorably earned and tragically lost.

The play concludes with order restored to Scotland, as Macduff presents Macbeth’s severed head to Malcolm, who is hailed as king. Malcolm may assert his control and diminish Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as “this dead butcher and his fiendlike queen,” but the audience knows more than that. We know what  Malcolm  does  not,  that  it  will  not  be  his  royal  line  but  Banquo’s  that  will eventually rule Scotland, and inevitably another round of rebellion and murder is to come. We also know in horrifying human terms the making of a butcher and a fiend who refuse to be so easily dismissed as aberrations.

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. MACBETH] MACDUFF] ]

] , MALCOLM, SIWARD, ROSS, the other Thanes, and Soldiers ] MACDUFF, with MACBETH's head] ] ]


 

, Scenes
___________


From . Ed. Thomas Marc Parrott. New York: American Book Co.
(Line numbers have been altered.)
__________

There is no scene division here in the old text and there is really no need for one. As Malcolm and Siward enter the castle, Macbeth reappears on the field before the walls.

1. . Macbeth is thinking, no doubt, of some old Roman, such as Brutus or Cassius, who killed himself when he saw that his cause was lost.

2. , the wounds my sword can make.

4. , more than any other man. Macbeth has avoided Macduff in the fight, not because he fears him, for he still believes himself invulnerable, but because he is conscious of his own great guilt toward him, and does not wish to add the death of Macduff to that of his wife and children. This is another of the many little touches by which Shakespeare regains our sympathy for Macbeth,v so great a criminal, and yet so human.

8. , than words can express.

8. . We must imagine that Macduff rushes furiously upon Macbeth, Confident in his supposed charm the latter repels him. There is a moment's pause in the attack, and Macbeth, perhaps in the hope of still saving Macduff's life, speaks these words.

9. , invulnerable.

10. , make a mark on.

12. , is fated not to yield.

14. , demon.

14. , continually.

18. , the stronger part of my manhood.

24. , gazing-stock.

26. , painted on a flag hung from a pole, like an advertisement before a circus tent.

26. , written underneath.

31. , thou my adversary.

32. , the last resource.

There should certainly be another scene indicated between lines 34 and 35. Malcolm has entered the castle, see v. 7. 29. He is not likely to come out again and wander over the field. Probably in Shakespeare's theatre this scene was played on the raised platform at the back of the stage which would here represent the courtyard of Dunsinane. Malcolm is standing in the usurper's stronghold receiving reports of the victory.

35. , A technical phrase for a bugle call sounded to stop the pursuit.

36. , to judge by the number I see present.

36. , die.

41. , a monosyllable.

42. , in the position where he fought unshrinking.

44. , reason for grief.

46. , in front.

49. , commend them to a fairer death.

52. , died.

52. , debt.

55. , world.

56. , the word is used collectively, as in our expression, "the flower of the kingdom."

61. , settle with, i.e. pay back, the love that each one of you has shown.

63. . See Note on i. 2. 45.

65. , which demands to be established anew in accordance with the time.

68. , servants.

70. , her own violent.

71. , whatever else is necessary.

72. , the favour of God.

74, 75. "One" and "Scone" rhymed in Shakespeare's day. This speech of Malcolm is usually omitted upon the stage, but it is a characteristically Shakespearean conclusion. No man ever saw deeper into the power and mystery of sin than Shakespeare, but no man was ever more confident of the final victory of righteousness, and he gives evidence of his faith by closing even his darkest tragedies with an outlook upon a better time. So here after the downfall of the bloody tyranny of Macbeth, he points us forward to the peaceful reign of the gentle, prudent, and devout heir of good king Duncan.

________
Shakespeare, William. . Ed. Thomas Marc Parrott. New York: American Book Co., 1904. . 10 Aug. 2010. ________






















: The Complete Play with Annotations and Commentary
: Blank Verse and Rhymed Lines
Character Introduction
(Biblical)

Q & A




, Duncan and Shakespeare's Changes















in Shakespeare


Plot Summary (Acts 1 and 2)
Plot Summary (Acts 3, 4 and 5)
(Scene Suggestions)













Study Quiz (with detailed answers)
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: Exploring the Witches' Control Over Nature








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death in macbeth essay

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In medieval times, it was believed that the health of a country was directly related to the goodness and moral legitimacy of its king. If the King was good and just, then the nation would have good harvests and good weather. If there was political order, then there would be natural order. Macbeth shows this connection between the political and natural world: when Macbeth disrupts the social and political order by murdering Duncan and usurping the throne, nature goes haywire. Incredible storms rage, the earth tremors, animals go insane and eat each other. The unnatural events of the physical world emphasize the horror of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's acts, and mirrors the warping of their souls by ambition.

Also note the way that different characters talk about nature in the play. Duncan and Malcolm use nature metaphors when they speak of kingship—they see themselves as gardeners and want to make their realm grow and flower. In contrast, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth either try to hide from nature (wishing the stars would disappear) or to use nature to hide their cruel designs (being the serpent hiding beneath the innocent flower). The implication is that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, once they've given themselves to the extreme selfishness of ambition, have themselves become unnatural.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Macbeth — Fate And Destiny In Shakespeare’s Macbeth

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Fate and Destiny in Shakespeare’s Macbeth

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Published: Feb 8, 2022

Words: 991 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Table of contents

The intricate interplay of fate and destiny in "macbeth", final thoughts, works cited.

  • Shakespeare, W. (2015). Macbeth. Simon and Schuster.
  • Bloom, H. (Ed.). (2008). Macbeth (Modern Critical Interpretations). Infobase Publishing.
  • Kranz, D. (2016). A Companion to Shakespeare's Works: The Tragedies. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bevington, D. (2014). Macbeth (Second Edition) (The Arden Shakespeare Third Series). Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare.
  • Niederkorn, W. S. (2015). Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Pearson.
  • Fischlin, D., & Fortier, M. (2017). Macbeth: Language and Writing (Arden Student Skills: Language and Writing). Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare.
  • McEachern, C. (2016). Macbeth: A Critical Reader (Arden Early Modern Drama Guides). Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare.
  • Jackson, R. (2018). Shakespeare and Domestic Life: A Dictionary. ABC-CLIO.
  • Montrose, L. A. (2016). The Purpose of Playing: Shakespeare and the Cultural Politics of the Elizabethan Theatre. University of Chicago Press.
  • Moulton, C. E. (2018). Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist. Routledge.

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death in macbeth essay

Face-tattooed dog owner in court over horrendous mauling to death of woman by two XL Bullies

Esther Martin, 68, was mauled to death by the dogs – named in court papers as Beauty and Bear – in Jaywick, Essex on February 3 this year as Ashley Warren appeared in court today

Ashley Warren 40, gave no indication of plea

  • 12:41, 22 Aug 2024
  • Updated 13:10, 22 Aug 2024

A man accused over the death of a woman who was mauled by two XL bully dogs has appeared before a court.

Esther Martin , 68, was mauled to death by the dogs – named in court papers as Beauty and Bear – in Jaywick, Essex, on February 3 this year. Ashley Warren, 40, appeared before Colchester Magistrates’ Court on Thursday where he gave no indication of plea to a series of allegations relating to the dogs .

The bald-headed defendant, of Walnut Road in Leyton, east London , wore a chunky chain round his neck as he listened to proceedings from the secure dock. Warren, who has tattoos on his face, neck and hands, was represented in court by Ian Clift, who said there would be no indication of plea to two counts of owning or being in charge of a dog dangerously out of control causing injury resulting in death.

Warren, formerly of Hillman Avenue, Jaywick, also gave no indication of plea to two counts of possession or having custody of a fighting dog, and to two offences under the Animal Welfare Act. Mr Clift said, on behalf of Warren, that there would be a not guilty plea to an allegation of possession of a bladed article, and the defendant chose a crown court trial when asked by the court clerk if he wanted the matter heard in a crown or a magistrates court.

Presiding magistrate Beverly Davies granted Warren conditional bail until a plea hearing at Chelmsford Crown Court on September 19. Mr Clift said Warren pleaded guilty to a charge of possession of a class B drug – cannabis – that he was said to have had with him when he was arrested at the train station in Clacton-on-Sea on February 3.

Mr Clift said this was a “small amount of cannabis for personal use”. Warren was fined £80, made to pay £85 costs and a victim surcharge of £32 for the cannabis matter.

Essex Police previously said the case was the first to be charged since new laws on owning XL bullies came into force earlier this year. An inquest hearing was told Ms Martin was found unresponsive inside a property in Hillman Avenue and had sustained “unsurvivable” dog bite wounds.

Ms Martin, who was staying at the address in Hillman Avenue but lived in Woodford Green in east London, was found along with “two large dogs”, an inquest was told as proceedings were opened then suspended pending the outcome of the police investigation. Her medical cause of death was recorded as “dog bite wounds to the upper right limb”.

Two dogs were destroyed at the scene and were later confirmed by Essex Police to be XL bullies.

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