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The French Review

Carine Bourget, University of Arizona

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The  French Review  is the scholarly journal of the American Association of Teachers of French (AATF). AATF membership is a prerequisite for the submission of articles and reviews.

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Further Reading

10 French Novels to Read Now

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By Mira Kamdar

• Oct. 10, 2017

PANTIN, France — France, or, rather, the French language, since not all authors who write in French hail from France, is the guest of honor at this year’s Frankfurt Book Fair, which runs from Oct. 11 to 15. To get a feel for the current state of France’s literary landscape, here are 10 recent novels by some of the most talked-about members of the 105-author French delegation to the Frankfurt Book Fair whose work has been translated into English.

THE PERFECT NANNY , by Leila Slimani. Translated by Sam Taylor. (Penguin, $16.) Slimani’s disturbing portrait of class, race and motherhood begins with a slaughter of innocents and then ratchets up the tension as clues multiply of how the increasingly intimate relationship between a nanny and the family she works for could culminate in such an incomprehensible crime. Publication date: Jan. 9, 2018.

COMPASS , by Matthias Énard. Translated by Charlotte Mandell. (New Directions, $26.95.) In this magisterial, exquisitely erudite novel, the insomniac meditations of the bedridden and lovelorn musicologist Franz Ritter take the reader on a vast, crisscrossing perambulation through the rich history of the commingling of Orient and Occident in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The West’s obsession with the East, lost cosmopolitanisms wrecked by wars and what Edward Said got wrong in “Orientalism” are suborned to the power of art and the anguish of unrequited love.

BASED ON A TRUE STORY , by Delphine de Vigan. Translated by George Miller. (Bloomsbury, $28.00.) With her children off to college and her documentary filmmaking lover abroad, a novelist meets an impeccably elegant ghostwriter who deftly takes over her life and saps, succubus-like, her will to write and, nearly, to live. By the end of the book, the lines between reality, fiction and madness are blurred to the point where it isn’t clear if they can be redrawn.

BLACK MOSES , by Alain Mabanckou. Translated by Helen Stevenson. (New Press, $23.95.) A foundling child laid at the door of an orphanage in Republic of Congo comes of age during the 1960s and ‘70s as his country shakes off its colonial past and ham-handedly tries to construct a new socialist-revolutionary identity. Mabanckou heartbreakingly captures a child’s struggle to figure out who he is and how he can survive in a world so gratuitously cruel and unjust it ultimately drives him insane.

THE MEURSAULT INVESTIGATION , by Kamel Daoud. Translated by John Cullen. (Other Press, $14.95.) In “The Meursault Investigation,” Daoud, an Algerian journalist, retells the story of Albert Camus’s classic, “The Stranger,” from the point of view of the brother of the nameless man Camus’s protagonist, Meursault, shoots on a beach in Algiers. In the process, Daoud gives the murdered man a name, Musa, and forces the reader to reassess Camus’s story in the context of French colonialism in Algeria and current religious politics.

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French literature

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• History World - History of French Literature
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French literature , the body of written works in the French language produced within the geographic and political boundaries of France . The French language was one of the five major Romance languages to develop from Vulgar Latin as a result of the Roman occupation of western Europe .

Since the Middle Ages, France has enjoyed an exceptional position in European intellectual life. Though its literary culture has no single figure whose influence can be compared to that of Italy’s Dante or England’s Shakespeare, successive periods have seen its writers and their language exercise an influence far beyond its borders. In medieval times, because of the far-reaching and complex system of feudal allegiances (not least the links of France and England), the networks of the monastic orders, the universality of Latin, and the similarities of the languages derived from Latin, there was a continual process of exchange, in form and content, among the literatures of western Europe. The evolution of the nation-states and the rise in prestige of vernacular languages gradually eroded the unifying force of these relationships. From the early modern period onward, France developed its own distinctive and many-stranded cultural tradition, which, while never losing sight of the riches of the medieval base and the Judeo-Christian biblical tradition, has come chiefly to be thought of as Mediterranean in its allegiance , rooted in the imitation of Classical models as these were mediated through the great writers and thinkers of Renaissance Italy.

The version of French tradition that began in the 17th century and has established itself in the cultural histories and the schoolbooks was given fresh force in the early 20th century by the philosopher-poet Paul Valéry and, especially, his English admirers in the context of the political and cultural struggle with Germany. In this version, French culture prizes reason, formal perfection, and purity of language and is to be admired for its thinkers as much as for its writers. By the end of the ancien régime , the logic of Descartes, the restraint of Racine, and the wit of Voltaire were seen as the hallmarks of French culture and were emulated throughout the courts and salons of the Continent. Other aspects of this legacy—the skepticism of Descartes, calling into question authoritarian axioms; the violent, self-seeking intensity of Racinian passion, fueled by repression and guilt; and the abrasive irony that Voltaire turned against established bigotry , prejudice , and injustice—were less well viewed in the circles of established order. Frequently forced underground, these and their inheritors nevertheless gave energy to the revolutionary ethos that constituted another, equally French, contribution to the radical traditions of western Europe.

The political and philosophical revolutions installed by the end of the 18th century, in the name of science and reason, were accompanied by transformations in the form and content of French writing. Over the turn of the 19th century and beyond, an emergent Romantic sensibility challenged the Neoclassical ideal, which had become a pale and timid imitation of its former self. The new orthodoxy asserted the claims of imagination and feeling against reason and of individual desire against social and moral convention. The 12-syllable alexandrine that had been used to such effect by Jean Racine remained the standard line in verse, but the form was relaxed and reinvigorated; and the thematic domain of poetry was extended successively by Victor Hugo , Alfred de Vigny , Charles Baudelaire , and Arthur Rimbaud . All poetic form was thrown into the melting pot by the Modernist revolutions at the turn of the 20th century.

As the novel overtook poetry and drama to become the dominant literary form in the 19th century, French writers explored the possibilities of the genre and, in some cases, reinvented it. The novel cycles of Honoré de Balzac and Émile Zola developed a new mode of social realism to celebrate and challenge the processes at work in a nation that was being transformed by industrial and economic revolution. In the work of other writers, such as Stendhal , Gustave Flaubert , and Marcel Proust , each following his own distinctive path, a different kind of realism emerged, focused on a preoccupation with the analysis of individual action, motivation, and desire as well as a fascination with form. Between them, the 19th-century French novelists traced the fate of the individualistic sensibilities born of aristocratic and high bourgeois culture as they engaged with the collectivizing forms of a nation moving toward mass culture and the threshold of democracy . Joris-Karl Huysmans ’s aristocratic hero, Des Esseintes, in À rebours (1884; Against Nature or Against the Grain ), offered a traditionalist, pessimistic version of the final outcome. Halfway through the next century, Jean-Paul Sartre ’s trilogy Les Chemins de la liberté (1945; Roads to Freedom ) responded to a world in which the balance of the argument had visibly shifted.

During the first half of the 20th century, Paris remained the hub of European intellectual and artistic life. Its position was challenged from the 1930s, and especially after World War II , by Anglo-American writers, many of whom honed their own skills within its culture and its borders; but it still continued to generate modes of thinking and writing that others followed. From the 1950s, proponents of the nouveau roman , or New Novel , mounted a radical attack on the conventions of the genre . At the same time, boulevard drama felt on its neck the breath of the avant-garde; and from the 1960s onward French writers began stimulating new approaches to almost every field of rational inquiry. The international status of the French language has declined steadily since World War II, with the rise of American market hegemony and, especially, with the rapid spread of decolonization. French is still, however, the preferred medium of creative expression for many in Switzerland , Belgium , Canada , France’s former colonies in Africa and Asia, and its Caribbean dependencies. The contribution of Francophone authors outside its borders to the renewal of French literary traditions has become increasingly significant.

This article focuses on French literature produced within the Hexagon , as the country of France is often called because of the configuration of its boundaries, from the 9th century (to which the earliest surviving fragmentary texts belong) to the present day. Literary works written in French in countries outside the Hexagon, including former dependencies, are discussed under the appropriate national entries. For the French literature of Belgium, for example, see Belgian literature: French . Other related entries of significance are Anglo-Norman literature and African literature: Modern literatures in European languages .

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Rose Deller

February 20th, 2017, book review: the french revolution: from enlightenment to tyranny by ian davidson.

2 comments | 10 shares

Estimated reading time: 10 minutes

In The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny , Ian Davidson offers a new examination of the diverse factors that converged to spark and propel this crucial historical event. While the breadth of the book is occasionally overwhelming and characterised more by description than explanation, its rich detail highlights the intricacies of the French Revolution without centralising the role played by any one trend, figure or group, finds Roberto A. Castelar . 

This book review is inspired by  LSE’s Space for Thought Literary Festival 2017 , which runs from Monday 20 February – Saturday 25 February 2017. This year’s theme is Revolutions – not only marking the centenary of the Russian Revolution, but also other anniversaries of revolutions in literature, international relations, politics, religion and science. Tickets to events are free and available here . 

The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny . Ian Davidson. Profile Books. 2016.

This new history of the French Revolution avoids immersing readers in the complex scholarly debates that have long characterised the subject, instead seeking to offer the best of what is currently known about this crucial historical process. Ian Davidson’s narrative should be praised for its eclecticism: there is no central trend or salient figure around which the events unfold, no one hero or group of heroes. Each part aspires to give fair treatment to a large number of relevant factors and personalities and to illustrate their complex interrelations. The cost of this breadth is that the alternation between different aspects might make the reading experience difficult for some, but this risk is compensated by the richness of details offered by the book.

Various historical factors are described in the context of a general theme: namely, the process by which the political events of 1789 descended into tyranny and the ‘reign of terror’ of 1793. Davidson describes how the democratic institutions established at the beginning of the Revolution were quickly overturned by the revolutionaries when circumstances proved particularly difficult for their political projects. Davidson’s narrative is more orientated towards description than to explanation, however, and the book does not propose reasons for understanding why the turn towards tyranny and terror happened. Rather, he is interested in establishing how the main events progressively moved away from what he calls ‘a framework of legality’ with less focus on what concretely explains this shift.

The book generally succeeds, nevertheless, in describing with clarity how events developed and interacted. Davidson highlights how the revolutionaries were unable to achieve broad support throughout the country and proved incapable of attaining comprehensive legitimation of their actions. The problems attached to the currency (‘ assignats ’) introduced by the National Assembly, the strictly Parisian boundaries of the popular movement and the direct confrontation with the Catholic Church are all described as salient factors that contributed to the estrangement of the revolutionaries from the majority of the French population, predominantly religious and peasant. This exacerbated discontent and generated many popular rebellions, such as that of Vendée, all of which were brutally repressed by the revolutionaries.

Image Credit: Metro Bastille, Paris ( FaceMePLS CC BY 2.0 )

The complex relations between the sans-culottes of the popular movement in Paris and the bourgeois revolutionaries of the National Assembly and the National Convention, as well as the main aspects of such crucial events as the fall of the monarchy, the September Massacres, the fall of the Girondins, the cult of the Supreme Being, the anti-Christian campaign and the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety, are well depicted. At times, however, the roots of some events and processes are not sufficiently explained. A more detailed account was needed, perhaps, to show why the National Assembly consented so easily to the demands of the sans-culottes in the latter’s insurrection in 1792 as well as to illustrate how the power relations within the National Assembly and the National Convention were configured, and how Robespierre manoeuvred to consolidate his political authority within them.   

Given the variety of the topics covered, the central theme of the book might also escape the reader at certain points. But perhaps the problem is that it is considerably difficult to portray the events of the Revolution in a methodical manner. Their complexity makes the Revolution look like an erratic storm constantly changing direction and intensity in unpredictable ways. Its violence targeted the royalists who defended the king before his dethronement, the Republicans after the attempted escape by and acquittal of the king, the resistant peasants, the sans-culottes and a large number of the revolutionaries themselves, including leading figures Danton and Robespierre. One of Davidson’s major points is that four in ten of the main individuals involved in any of the Revolution political factions or groups suffered a violent death.

A strong feature of The French Revolution is its reliance on a wide array of relevant literature, including ‘classic’ historians of the Revolution such as Michelet, Mathiez and Tocqueville, as well as some of the most important contemporary authors. Davidson is particularly indebted to the work of François Furet, perhaps the most widely known of recent historians of the French Revolution. However, he approaches his work and the wider literature with a critical disposition, often diverging from what is normally taken as the safer interpretation. For instance, one of the most intriguing aspects about which scholarly opinions widely split, and for which Davidson proposes new explanations, is Robespierre’s manifold positions and attitudes, whose underlying motives are often hard to determine with the available evidence.

Some features concerning Davidson’s method, however, are not entirely satisfactory. In historiography, the risk of looking at past events through contemporary suppositions is always present, and Davidson’s narration sometimes exhibits this. For example, in the initial chapters Davidson makes wide use of the concept of the Ancien Regime as it is understood today to explain the onset of the Revolution. But a careful reader might ask if the major figures involved in these events, even while having radical aspirations, truly possessed the idea of a drastic separation between historical ages that it is implied by the modern concept of Ancien Regime or if they understood the idea of revolutionary action in today’s sense. It is not implied here that these categories are unhelpful for understanding the events; rather, the intentions and perceptions of the actors are best appreciated in the context of their own conceptual framework.

What is important to keep in mind in this narration, as well as in any history of the Revolution, are the differences between the symbolic and intellectual impact of the Revolution both inside France and abroad, its actual outcomes and what the revolutionaries intended to do: distinctions which Davidson makes to some extent clear in the epilogue of the book. These three elements are part of the history, but it is difficult to integrate them in a single historical perspective on account of their respective complexity. Deep explorations of each of them, however, are helpful steps towards the building of this comprehensive perspective, and the importance of Davidson’s book is its capacity to make known with clarity the intricacies of the historical outcomes of the Revolution.

Roberto A. Castelar is a graduate student at Central European University in Budapest, specialising in Political Theory. He previously studied Russian and Eastern European History at University of Glasgow and University of Tartu (Estonia). Read more by Roberto A. Castelar .

Note: This review gives the views of the author, and not the position of the LSE Review of Books blog, or of the London School of Economics.

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• Pingback: EUROPP – Book Review: The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny by Ian Davidson

The French Revolution by Ian Davidson is one of my favorites. I recently read “The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Revealed!” and found it amazing how the French Revolution is approached, both for those keen to learn or simply have fun. Worth it.

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French Studies  is published on behalf of the  Society for French Studies . The journal publishes articles and reviews spanning all areas of the subject, including language and linguistics (historical and contemporary), all periods and aspects of literature in France and the French-speaking world, thought and the history of ideas, cultural studies, film, and critical theory.

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2020 Malcolm Bowie Prize  

Many congratulations to Vanessa Brutsche, whose article 'Duras’s Aurélia Steiner and the Ethics of Cinematic Form' ( French Studies , 74.3) has been awarded the 2020 Malcolm Bowie prize by the Society for French Studies. The prize is awarded each year for the best article published in the preceding year by an early-career researcher in the broader discipline of French Studies.

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• The French Review "The French Review publishes articles and reviews in English and French on French and Francophone literature and culture. In May, a special issue is devoted to such topics as Martinique and Guadeloupe, Québec, Francophone cinema, Belgium, Francophonie in the United States, France-Algeria, Pedagogy, etc. Every issue includes a column by Colette Dio entitled 'La Vie des mots,' an exploration of new developments in the French language."
• French Studies "The journal publishes articles and reviews spanning all areas of the subject, including language and linguistics (historical and contemporary), all periods and aspects of literature in France and the French-speaking world, thought and the history of ideas, cultural studies, film, and critical theory."
• French History "Provides a broad perspective on contemporary debates from an international range of scholars, and covers the entire chronological range of French history from the early Middle Ages to the twentieth century. French History includes articles covering a wide range of enquiry across the arts and social sciences, as well as across historical periods . . . ."
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• Yale French studies "A collection of essays on things French." Available from 1948 until 2007 in JSTOR.

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A New History of French Literature

Edited by Denis Hollier

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ISBN 9780674615663

Publication date: 08/19/1998

Designed for the general reader, this splendid introduction to French literature from 842 A.D.—the date of the earliest surviving document in any Romance language—to the present decade is the most compact and imaginative single-volume guide available in English to the French literary tradition. In fact, no comparable work exists in either language. It is not the customary inventory of authors and titles but rather a collection of wide-angled views of historical and cultural phenomena. It sets before us writers, public figures, criminals, saints, and monarchs, as well as religious, cultural, and social revolutions. It gives us books, paintings, public monuments, even TV shows.

Written by 164 American and European specialists, the essays are introduced by date and arranged in chronological order, but here ends the book’s resemblance to the usual history of literature. Each date is followed by a headline evoking an event that indicates the chronological point of departure. Usually the event is literary—the publication of an original work, a journal, a translation, the first performance of a play, the death of an author—but some events are literary only in terms of their repercussions and resonances. Essays devoted to a genre exist alongside essays devoted to one book, institutions are presented side by side with literary movements, and large surveys appear next to detailed discussions of specific landmarks.

No article is limited to the “life and works” of a single author. Proust, for example, appears through various lenses: fleetingly, in 1701, apropos of Antoine Galland’s translation of The Thousand and One Nights ; in 1898, in connection with the Dreyfus Affair; in 1905, on the occasion of the law on the separation of church and state; in 1911, in relation to Gide and their different treatments of homosexuality; and at his death in 1922.

Without attempting to cover every author, work, and cultural development since the Serments de Strasbourg in 842, this history succeeds in being both informative and critical about the more than 1,000 years it describes. The contributors offer us a chance to appreciate not only French culture but also the major critical positions in literary studies today. A New History of French Literature will be essential reading for all engaged in the study of French culture and for all who are interested in it. It is an authoritative, lively, and readable volume.

An impressive volume… It is not to be thought of as an exhaustive reference book, nor is it designed to be read right through as a single text. Its mode d’emploi is that of the browser. And as such it is indeed—as the blurbs repeat to us—a triumph… All the articles are pegged to an event—as often as not the publication of a book—but they move in quite different directions: to detailed consideration of an author or a work, to the discussion of a problem in cultural history or literary theory, to an evocation of the social context surrounding the event, or to a survey of a literary movement or the development of a genre… Generally, this history impresses by its grasp of the complex cultural field within which ‘literature’ is produced… Plunge in, almost at random, and you will come up with pearls like Leo Bersani on Proust, Dejean on the salons or the editor on May 1968, discourse and power. I shall come back to it often. —Peter France, Times Literary Supplement

This remarkable collection of brief essays on topics ranging from the Strasbourg Oaths of 842 to a 1983 broadcast of 'Apostrophes,' France's celebrated television literary interview program, is far more than a survey of 12 centuries of writing in France. It is a fascinating, generally very readable and almost always unpredictable ramble through the thick and varied garden of culture tended for these many centuries by the French people. The volume's editor, Denis Hollier, a professor of French at Yale University, has managed the considerable feat of compiling hundreds of brief essays by 164 mostly American scholars of French literature and to impose on the whole extraordinary unity. The result is a Francophile's delight and a lucid, often entertaining display of erudition...You can drop your cup at random into this deep well of cultural history and almost always come up with something sweet and stimulating to drink. —Richard Bernstein, New York Times

An original and outstanding overview of French literature from 842 to the present...There is no history of French literature of this nature on the market today, in French or in English. Highly recommended. —Anthony Caprio, Library Journal

Despite the eclectic nature of the various contributions...they nonetheless form a coherent ensemble thanks to the coordinating skills of a sophisticated editorial board and to Renee Morel's indispensable index...The fact is that this [book] has rendered its predecessors obsolete, making it one of a kind in its field today. —Ernest Sturm, French Review

Each and every chapter is chock full of illuminating and intriguing facts, and each one, rather than reserve the stage for one main actor, allows anyone who has something to say to take part in the fun. Stendhal, for instance, has two chapters devoted to his work--on his Romantic manifesto Racine et Shakespeare (1823), and another on his novel La charteuse de Parme (1893)--but his elegant shadow falls on dozens of other pages. Each chapter is announced by a date, a headline event and a theme, and is written by one of 165 academics collected by Hollier from both North America and Europe. And here one must marvel at Hollier's achievement: academics who can write both intelligently and with humor. The mind boggles. —Alberto Manguel, Globe and Mail

This grandly imagined and executed history of French literature is without precedent in any language...Here are many of the best contemporary critics and theorists, writing with vivid originality...This volume is a triumph of editorial and critical intelligence. —Richard Poirier, Raritan

The fact is that A New History of French Literature has rendered its predecessors obsolete. —Ernest Storm, French Review

Exciting, riotous, irritating, invigorating, often provocative, always interesting. —L 'Humanité-Dimanche

For the first time, Marie de France, Marguerite de Navarre, Germaine de Staël, George Sand, and Colette have come forward as prize-winners. —Claire Devarrieux, Liberation

After all the lights from the festivities have been extinguished, after all the babble from the colloquia has stilled, and the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution on both sides of the Atlantic comes to an end, one book will remain--this one. —Pierre-Yves Pétillon, Critique

• Denis Hollier is Chairman of the Department of French at Yale University. He is the author of many books, including works on Sartre and Bataille.

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Vol. 12 No. 2 (2009)

Research Perspectives on Core French: A Literature Review

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Front Cover : Picture (Bonifacio, Corse) by Catherine Ousselin

The French Review

In this Issue

• Volume 95, Number 1, October 2021

Dedicated to the teaching of French and Francophone studies, The French Review is the official journal of the American Association of Teachers of French (AATF). The French Review publishes articles and reviews written in both French and English that are devoted to the interests of teachers of French. Accepted submissions include original, unpublished articles and reviews on French and Francophone literature, cinema, culture, linguistics, and pedagogy. The French Review is published four times a year in October, December, March, and May. Special issues are published every two years. The AATF has entered into an agreement with John Hopkins University to publish both online and print versions of The French Review on its behalf.

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• From the Editor's Desk
• Edward Ousselin
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0191

• The Year 2020 in Poetry: World Enough and Time
• Maryann De Julio
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0190
• Bloc-notes culturel 2020: annus horribilis
• Matthieu Dalle
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0189
• Confinement in Literature and Life: The Novel in 2020
• William Cloonan
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0188
• Intégrer les cartes digitales SIG en classe de FLE: théorie et pratique
• Emily A. Hellmich , Aurélia Mouzet
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0187
• Humour et compétences interculturelles et symboliques en cours de français langue étrangère (FLE)
• Corinne Étienne , Sylvie Vanbaelen
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0186
• Politics and Culture: Childhood Memories from the Mid-1960s in Moussa Sène Absa's Ça twiste à Popenguine
• Thérèse De Raedt
• pp. 113-130
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0185
• Léonora Miano's Les aubes écarlates : An Africa-Centered Memorial to Victims of the Middle Passage
• Janice Spleth
• pp. 131-145
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0184
• Un aller simple , or Rewriting L'immoraliste in Reverse
• Carl Cornell
• pp. 147-162
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0183
• Two Tales, One Return: Rewriting Relation in Dany Laferrière's Pays sans chapeau and L'énigme du retour
• Rebecca Grenouilleau-Loescher
• pp. 163-175
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0195
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• Ji Eun Hong
• pp. 177-189
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0194
• Le misanthrope malgré lui : Rousseau's Vision of Alceste
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• pp. 191-205
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0193
• Deux romans au féminin: vers un nouveau modèle philosophique pour l'amour
• pp. 207-217
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0192
• Éloge du mauvais lecteur par Maxime Decout (review)
• Warren Motte
• pp. 221-222
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0213
• Dictionnaire Colette éd. par Guy Ducrey et Jacques Dupont (review)
• Stephanie Schechner
• pp. 222-223
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0214
• Germaine de Staël et George Sand en dialogue avec leurs consœurs polonaises par Corinne Fournier Kiss (review)
• Françoise Ghillebaert
• pp. 223-224
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0215
• Corporeal Archipelagos: Writing the Body in Francophone Oceanian Women's Literature by Julia L. Frengs (review)
• Alison Rice
• pp. 224-225
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0216
• La peste à la Renaissance: l'imaginaire d'un fléau dans la littérature au XVI e siècle par Brenton Hobart (review)
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• pp. 225-226
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0217
• Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni's Epistolary Feminism: Fact, Fiction, and Voice by Marijn S. Kaplan (review)
• Jeanne Hageman
• pp. 226-227
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0218
• Ecocritics and Ecoskeptics: A Humanist Reading of Recent French Ecofiction by Jonathan F. Krell (review)
• Abbey Carrico
• pp. 227-228
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0219
• Le code en toutes lettres: écritures et réécritures du Code civil au XIX e siècle éd. par Marion Mas et François Kerlouégan (review)
• Sharon P. Johnson
• pp. 228-229
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0220
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• Gloria Kwok
• pp. 229-230
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0211
• Still: Samuel Beckett's Quietism by Andy Wimbush (review)
• Federica Signorini
• pp. 230-231
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0212
• Algeria on Screen: Society, Politics, and Culture in the Films of Merzak Allouache by Nabil Boudraa (review)
• Christa Catherine Jones
• pp. 232-233
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0198
• Remnants of the Franco-Algerian Rupture: Archiving Postcolonial Minorities by Mona El Khoury (review)
• Benjamin Sparks
• pp. 233-234
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0199
• Une farouche liberté par Gisèle Halimi et Annick Cojean (review)
• Michel Gueldry
• pp. 234-235
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0200
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• Derek Schilling
• pp. 235-236
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0201
• Peuples autochtones et politique au Québec et au Canada: identités, citoyennetés, et auto-détermination éds. par Stéphane Guimont Marceau, Jean-Olivier Roy et Daniel Salée (review)
• Gavin M. Furrey
• pp. 236-237
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0202
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• pp. 237-238
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0203
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• Virginie Ems-Bléneau
• pp. 238-239
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0204
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• pp. 239-240
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0205
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• pp. 240-241
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0196
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• pp. 241-242
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0197
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• pp. 270-271
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0224
• Phrase, logique, discours, figement par Giovanni Dotoli (review)
• Olivier Bertrand
• pp. 271-272
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0225
• Les maux francophones: essai pour la flexibilité de la langue française par Renaud Dumont (review)
• Amanda Dalola
• pp. 272-273
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0221
• Indéfinis et partitifs en français par Claude Muller (review)
• Charles A. Mignot
• pp. 273-274
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0222
• On tourne! French Language and Culture Through Film by Véronique Anover and Rémi Fournier Lanzoni (review)
• Jessica S. Miller
• pp. 274-275
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0208
• Brave New Digital Classroom: Technology and Foreign Language Learning by Robert J. Blake and Gabriel Guillén (review)
• pp. 275-276
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0209
• ÉditoPro: français professionnel B1 par Alexandre Holle et al. (review)
• Camille Meritan
• pp. 276-277
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0210
• Perspectives on Teaching Language and Content by Stacey Katz Bourns et al. (review)
• Ann Williams
• pp. 277-278
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0206
• Français.com: français professionnel, niveau débutant A1–A2 par Jean-Luc Penfornis (review)
• pp. 278-279
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0207
• Les étoiles vagabondes réal. par Syrine Boulanouar et Nekfeu (review)
• Mariah Devereux Herbeck
• pp. 279-280
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0228
• La fille au bracelet réal. par Stéphane Demoustier (review)
• François Massonnat
• pp. 280-281
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0229
• Contes des mille et un Rohmer par Françoise Etchegaray (review)
• pp. 281-282
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0230
• Le "cinéma de banlieue": représentation des quartiers populaires? Enjeux d'un cinéma entre réalité et fantasme par Manon Grodner (review)
• pp. 282-283
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0231
• Jusqu'au déclin réal. par Patrice Laliberté (review)
• pp. 283-284
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0232
• Felicità réal. par Bruno Merle (review)
• Marius Conceatu
• pp. 284-285
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0233
• Été 85 réal. par François Ozon (review)
• Levilson C. Reis
• pp. 285-286
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0234
• Paris in the Dark: Going to the Movies in the City of Light, 1930–1950 by Eric Smoodin (review)
• Alexander Hertich
• pp. 286-287
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0226
• Une fille facile réal. par réal Rebecca Zlotowski (review)
• Anne Cirella-Urrutia
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2021.0227

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Do you want to know how a book was received by scholars? Are you trying to determine the quality of a particular book? Or, are you just interested in knowing if a book is worth reading? Book reviews are a great place to start. This guide provides guidance on finding two types of book reviews, those for a general audience and those for a scholarly audience.

Reviews for a General Audience

Literature and popular works (memoirs, travel writing, manuals, etc.) are often reviewed by journalists or fellow authors upon publication in newspapers or magazines. Use the following databases to find reviews in these publications.

• Book Review Index This link opens in a new window & more less... A comprehensive online guide to book reviews with over five million review citations from thousands of publications.
• Book Review Digest Plus This link opens in a new window & more less... Book Review Digest is a reference database that provides review excerpts and book summaries for current English-language fiction and non-fiction books. Limit of 1 simultaneous user.
• Book Review Digest Retrospective This link opens in a new window 1903-1982 & more less... Indexes and abstracts reviews of English language adult and juvenile fiction and non-fiction titles. Reviews are selected from journals in the humanities, sciences, social sciences and library review media.

Other Sources for Book Reviews

Many reviews are published in newspapers and magazines. Use the guides below to find the best databases to search for reviews in these publications.

• How do I find magazines? by Ask a Librarian Updated Jul 29, 2024 686 views this year
• How do I find newspapers? by Ask a Librarian Updated Aug 6, 2024 10521 views this year

Reviews for a Scholarly Audience

Scholarly books are reviewed in academic or peer-reviewed journals and are written by academics. As these reviews place the work in the context of current scholarship, they can take several years to appear after the book was published.

Starting Points

• JSTOR This link opens in a new window Recommended Starting Point . Use Advanced Search and limit to "Reviews". You can also limit by discipline. & more less... A database of back issues of core journals in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. All issues of each journal are included in full-text except for the most recent 2-to-5 years.
• IBR Online This link opens in a new window & more less... Multilingual and interdisciplinary index to book reviews, chiefly in the arts, humanities and social sciences.
• Web of Science This link opens in a new window Conduct your search for book or author, and then limit to "Book Reviews". & more less... Authoritative, multidisciplinary content covers over 10,000 of the highest impact journals worldwide, including Open Access journals and over 110,000 conference proceedings. You'll find current and retrospective coverage in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, with coverage available to 1900. Includes the Science Citation Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index. Web of Science is especially useful for its citation linking.
• Periodicals Index Online This link opens in a new window & more less... Part of Nineteenth Century Index. Indexes the contents of thousands of periodicals in the humanities and social sciences from 1665 to 1995, including many European titles. Includes links to some full-text articles. Dates of full-text coverage vary by title.
• Humanities & Social Sciences Index Retrospective This link opens in a new window & more less... Database corresponds to International Index, 1907 - March 1965; Social Sciences & Humanities Index, April 1965 March 1974; Humanities Index, April 1974 March 1984; and Social Sciences Index, April 1974 March 1983

Other Databases for Book Reviews

We strongly recommend searching the article database or index that covers the academic literature in a specific field for reviews. Use the Advanced Search option and limit to "Book Reviews" or "Reviews".  Find the best database for book reviews in your field by using our subject guides.

• Library Subject Guides

Book Review Indexes in Print

Below are a few print sources for finding book reviews.

• Combined Retrospective Index to Book Reviews in Humanities Journals, 1802-1974 & more less... 10 vols. Ed by Evan Ira Farber. Woodbridge: Research Publications, 1982-1984. Covers 150 literature, philosophy, classics, folklore, linguistics & music journals, from England and the US Organized by primary authors or editors and then by book titles.
• Literary and Historical index to American Magazines, 1800-1850 & more less... Ed by Daniel A. Wells & Jonathan Daniel Wells. Westport: Praeger, 2004.

Ask a Librarian

Publications with Book Reviews

• London Review of Books Library has on microfilm 1979 - present.
• New York Review of Books This link opens in a new window & more less... New York Review of Books reviews contemporary books in all subject areas.
• New Yorker Library has in print 1925 - present.
• Publishers Weekly Library has in print and microfilm 1873 - present. Recent issues available online via Find It!
• TLS: Times Literary Supplement Historical Archive This link opens in a new window & more less... Covers 1902-2006. This easy-to-navigate, fully-searchable resource is a witness to the cultural revolutions of the last 100 years and offers unparalleled opportunities for tracking the views of influential opinion-makers, the response of their peers, the controversies of the day and how they developed. --Publisher's website
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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, September 11). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 19, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/

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