anu phd in economics

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AsPr Yixiao Zhou

Associate Professor

• Arndt-Corden Department of Economics
• 515 Citations
• 450 Citations
• 268 Citations

Research activity per year

Personal profile

Yixiao Zhou is Associate Professor in Economics at the Arndt-Corden Department of Economics and Director of China Economy Program, Crawford School of Public Policy. Yixiao’s research work focuses on three areas: global macroeconomics, the role of technology and innovation in economic growth, and the Chinese economy. Topics that she has research on include: forecasting international macroeconomic developments and policies in global trade, global competition and technology innovation, and global migration; forecasting economic growth in China and its relationships with the world; and understanding drivers of inclusive growth and development and identifying policies that enhance them.

She serves as President of the Chinese Economics Society of Australia (CESA) , a member of the Economics Society of Australia ACT Branch (ESA ACT), the Western Economic Association International (WEAI), Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society (AARES), and the Chinese Economist Society (CES).

Yixiao earned her PhD in Economics from ANU, and her Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Science from Peking University. She is passionate about teaching and mentoring students for advanced, cutting-edge and innovative research with policy impact.

Qualifications

Research interests.

Yixiao is passionate about understanding drivers of inclusive growth and development and identifying policies that enhance them, forecasting international macroeconomic developments and policies, forecasting economic growth in China and its relationships with the world, and various topics on global economic growth and competition such as global trade, global competition and technology innovation, and global migration.

ORCID Publications Record

Googel Scholar Citations

Researchgate

Education/Academic qualification

Economics, PhD, The Australian National University

Award Date: 15 Dec 2014

Economics, Bachelor, Peking University

Award Date: 1 Jul 2009

Physics, Bachelor, Peking University

Research student supervision

• Registered to supervise

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• 6 Similar Profiles
• China Social Sciences 100%
• Income Distribution Economics, Econometrics and Finance 76%
• Industrialized Countries Economics, Econometrics and Finance 61%
• Structural Change Economics, Econometrics and Finance 53%
• Labor Market Economics, Econometrics and Finance 51%
• Macroeconomics Economics, Econometrics and Finance 38%
• Technological Change Economics, Econometrics and Finance 35%
• Economic Growth Social Sciences 32%

Collaborations and top research areas from the last five years

Dive into details.

Select a country/territory to view shared publications and projects

Research output

• 2 Edited Book
• 2 Editorial
• 2 Literature review
• 1 Review article

Research output per year

International Differences in Profitability

Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Time Series 100%

Automation and inequality with taxes and transfers

• Wealth 100%
• Taxation 100%
• Productivity Change 100%
• Income Distribution 100%
• Technological Change 100%

GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL INTERDEPENDENCE

• Optimal Growth 100%
• Balanced Growth 100%

Managing China’s transition to a new phase of economic growth and development

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review

• Economic Growth 100%
• Development of Economics 100%
• Growth and Development 100%
• Standard of Living 100%

Covid-19 and digital inclusion: Impact on employment

• Industrialized Countries 100%
• Labor Market 100%
• Employment 100%

Projects per year

Automation and Income Inequality: Macroeconomic Policy Implications

Brueckner, M. , Tyers, R. & Zhou, Y.

3/02/20 → 30/12/24

Project : Research

• Macroeconomic Policy 100%
• Income Inequality 100%
• Economic Policy 100%
• Artificial Intelligence 50%

The Impact of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on China-Australia Bilateral Trade

14/02/23 → 31/03/24

• Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 100%
• Trade Effect 66%
• Welfare Economics 33%
• Value Creation 33%

ASEAN 6 COVID-19 Policy Response Observatory

Dressel, B. , Bali, A. S., Henschke, A., Nguyen, H. & Zhou, Y.

10/06/21 → 30/06/23

Scholarships and Fees

Scholarships.

ANU and CBE offer a range of scholarships to domestic and international higher degree by research (HDR) candidates, some of which are listed below.

If you’re interested in applying for a scholarship, you should express your interest when applying for entry to the relevant program. To be considered for a scholarship, we must receive your complete application, including the referee reports, before 31 August (for international applicants), or before 31 October (for domestic applicants) . Request for referee reports are triggered and sent to your nominated referees at the time of submission of program application. It is thus important that you submit your application in advance (2-3 weeks) to allow time for your referees to provide their reports prior to the scholarship deadline.

Read more about ANU  research scholarships .

You won’t pay tuition fees if you’re a domestic candidate (i.e. an Australian or New Zealand citizen, Australian permanent resident, or holder of an Australian permanent humanitarian visa) enrolling in an HDR program for the first time. These research training costs are met by the Australian Government under the Research Training Program.

If you’re an international candidate, you’ll be required to pay tuition fees for the duration of your HDR program.

Read more about  HDR tuition fees .

The College may offer  HDR Fee Remission Merit Scholarships , which cover tuition fees for up to four years, to eligible new international PhD candidates on a competitive basis.

• Programs and Courses

Graduate Diploma of Economics

A single one year graduate award offered by the ANU College of Business and Economics

• Length 1 year full-time
• Minimum 48 Units
• Academic plan DECON
• Post Nominal
• CRICOS code 082263J
• Economics and Econometrics
• Damien Eldridge
• Admission & Fees
• First Year Advice
• Introduction

Career Options

Learning outcomes, inherent requirements, further information.

• Additional Information

Admission Requirements

Credit granted, scholarships.

• Indicative Fees

Program Requirements

Study options.

The Graduate Diploma in Economics requires the completion of 48 units, which must consist of:

48 units from completion of the following compulsory courses:

ECON7073 Microeconomic Analysis

ECON7074 Macroeconomic Analysis

STAT7055  Introductory Statistics for Business and Finance

EMET7001 Mathematical Techniques for Economic Analysis

ECON8025  Advanced Microeconomic Analysis

ECON8026 Advanced Macroeconomic Analysis

EMET8005 Econometric Methods and Modelling

ECON8013 Optimisation for Economics and Financial Economics

Applicants must present one of the following:

• A Bachelor degree or international equivalent with a minimum GPA of 4.0/7.0
• At least 10 years of work experience in an ANZSCO Skill Level 1 role

The GPA for a Bachelor program will be calculated from (i) a completed Bachelor degree using all grades and/or (ii) a completed Bachelor degree using all grades other than those from the last semester (or equivalent study period) of the Bachelor degree. The higher of the two calculations will be used as the basis for admission.

Ranking and English language proficiency: At a minimum, all applicants must meet program-specific academic/non-academic requirements, and English language requirements. Admission to most ANU programs is on a competitive basis. Therefore, meeting all admission requirements does not automatically guarantee entry. In line with the University's admissions policy and strategic plan, an assessment for admission may include competitively ranking applicants on the basis of specific academic achievement, English language proficiency and diversity factors. Applicants will first be ranked on a GPA ('GPA1') that is calculated using all but the last semester (or equivalent) of the Bachelor degree used for admission purposes. If required, ranking may further be confirmed on the basis of:

• a GPA ('GPA2') calculated on the penultimate and antepenultimate semesters (or equivalent) of the Bachelor degree used for admission purposes; and/or
• demonstrating higher-level English language proficiency

Prior to enrolment in this ANU program, all students who gain entry will have their Bachelor degree reassessed, to confirm minimum requirements were met.

Further information: English language admission requirements and post-admission support

Diversity factors: As Australia’s national university, ANU is global representative of Australian research and education. ANU endeavours to recruit and maintain a diverse and deliberate student cohort representative not only of Australia, but the world. In order to achieve these outcomes, competitive ranking of applicants may be adjusted to ensure access to ANU is a reality for brilliant students from countries across the globe.

Assessment of qualifications: Unless otherwise indicated, ANU will accept all Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) qualifications or international equivalents that meet or exceed the published admission requirements of our programs, provided all other admission requirements are also met.

Where an applicant has more than one completed tertiary qualification, ANU will base assessment on the qualification that best meets the admission requirements for the program. Find out more about the Australian Qualifications Framework: www.aqf.edu.au .

Unless otherwise indicated, where an applicant has more than one completed tertiary qualification, ANU will calculate the GPA for each qualification separately. ANU will base assessment on the best GPA of all completed tertiary qualifications of the same level or higher.

ANU uses a 7-point Grade Point Average (GPA) scale. All qualifications submitted for admission at ANU will be converted to this common scale, which will determine if an applicant meets our published admission requirements. Find out more about how a 7-point GPA is calculated for Australian universities: www.uac.edu.au/future-applicants/admission-criteria/tertiary-qualifications .

Indicative fees

Domestic Tuition Fees (DTF)

For more information see: http://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/costs-fees

For further information on International Tuition Fees see: https://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/fees-payments/international-tuition-fees

Fee Information

All students are required to pay the  Services and amenities fee  (SA Fee)@

The annual indicative fee provides an estimate of the program tuition fees for international students and domestic students (where applicable). The annual indicative fee for a program is based on the standard full-time enrolment load of 48 units per year (unless the program duration is less than 48 units). Fees for courses vary by discipline meaning that the fees for a program can vary depending on the courses selected. Course fees are reviewed on an annual basis and typically will increase from year to year. The tuition fees payable are dependent on the year of commencement and the courses selected and are subject to increase during the period of study.

For further information on Fees and Payment please see: https://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/fees-payments

ANU offers a wide range of  scholarships  to students to assist with the cost of their studies.@

Eligibility to apply for ANU scholarships varies depending on the specifics of the scholarship and can be categorised by the type of student you are.  Specific scholarship application process information is included in the relevant scholarship listing.

For further information see the  Scholarships  website.

The Graduate Diploma in Economics provides a program of study for those wanting a basic understanding of modern economic analysis. It is available to graduates in any discipline who have some background in economics and quantitative methods. The Graduate Diploma in Economics will be attractive to those whose present or intended career requires a basic ability in economic analysis. It is also a foundation for further study at a more advanced level.

ANU ranks among the world's very finest universities. Our nearly 100,000 alumni include political, business, government, and academic leaders around the world.

We have graduated remarkable people from every part of our continent, our region and all walks of life.

• Analyse economic problems using formal methods;
• Interpret diagrammatic and mathematical representations of economic concepts;
• Use introductory mathematical economic analysis at the graduate level and provide economic intuition for the results;
• Deploy basic estimation techniques expected of students in postgraduate study and policy related empirical work;
• Analyse the economic effects of policy changes, which is valuable for students wanting to work as professional economists or proceed to postgraduate study;

Information on inherent requirements is currently not available for this program

To progress to the Master of Economics, students are required to complete an average of 70% in the following 4 courses:

ECON8025 , ECON8026 , ECON8013 and EMET8005 .

To progress to the Master of Applied Economics, students are required to complete an average of 65% in the following 4 courses:

It is highly recommended that students take Maths summer course offered by the Research School of Economics upon completion of EMET7001 . Further information about this course is available here: https://www.rse.anu.edu.au/students/students/maths-summer-course/

About this degree

Enrolment status, academic advice.

Back to the Graduate Diploma of Economics page

First Semester courses

While it is possible for domestic students to enrol in fewer courses per semester, ie. undertake part-time study, it will take you longer to complete your program. International students must undertake full-time study.

You must complete the foundation level courses ( ECON7073 , ECON7074 , EMET7001 and STAT7055 ) before progressing to the higher level courses ( ECON8025 , ECON8026 , ECON8013 and EMET8005 ). 

Please refer to the CBE Fast Track page: https://www.cbe.anu.edu.au/fasttrack  

Responsible Officer: Registrar, Student Administration / Page Contact: Website Administrator / Frequently Asked Questions

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Energy economics and policy

More information.

• 2022 Cluster Highlights

• Publications

Expertise in energy economics and policy at ANU is concentrated in the  Crawford School of Public Policy  and the  Research School of Economics  and draws on disciplinary strengths in economics and political science. 

Economics and policy for zero-carbon energy

The  Centre for Climate and Energy Policy (CCEP)  anchors a network of Australian and international researchers providing insights on the economics of climate change, its implications for public policy, and the design of policies for zero-carbon energy systems. Professor Frank Jotzo, Director of CCEP, leads a collaborative research program with leading Chinese universities on China’s climate change policies and energy sector reforms, funded partially by an Australian government grant. Topics of joint research include prospects for China’s emissions trading scheme and the economics of decarbonising China’s energy system.

The Climate and Energy Program of the  Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA)  is an international network of scholars working in climate and energy, integrated with the Climate and Energy Economics Project at the Brookings Institution in Washington DC. CAMA hosts the G-Cubed model, an international macroeconomic model developed specifically for analysing climate policy scenarios. The model is used by governments and agencies around the world.

A key focus of economics research within the cluster is how to design energy-sector policies and approaches to deliver reliable, affordable, and clean energy.

Energy politics and policies

A second area of research focus is the political context of domestic and international energy issues, and implications for policy. Current interests include:

• The politics of climate change negotiations
• How and why energy politics and policies are changing in response to technological change and climate change
• The democratic challenges associated with energy reforms, including questions of effective citizen engagement for public legitimacy
• Policy design for cross-border trade in zero-carbon products.
• Dr Huan Doan
• Professor Budy P Resosudarmo

Researchers

• Associate Professor Emma Aisbett
• Dr Hina Aslam
• Emeritus Professor Kenneth Baldwin
• Dr Maureen Boyle
• Professor Robert Breunig
• Professor Paul Burke
• Stephen Bygrave
• Emeritus Professor Bruce Chapman
• Associate Professor Bec Colvin
• Emeritus Professor Robert Costanza
• Dr Ivana Damjanovic
• Dr Priya Dev
• Dr Thang Do
• Emeritus Professor Peter Drahos
• Dr Reza Fazeli
• Dr Edwina Fingleton-Smith
• Professor Sharon Friel
• Dr Jorrit Gosens
• Emeritus Professor Neil Gunningham
• Dr Shan (Dora) He
• Professor Carolyn Hendriks
• Dr Bernd Heubeck
• Honorary Professor John Hewson
• Professor Llewelyn Hughes
• Dr José Iria
• Karel Janda
• Professor Frank Jotzo
• Emeritus Professor Kaliappa Kalirajan
• Associate Professor Andrew Kennedy
• Dr Niraj Lal
• Dr Thomas Longden
• Professor Andrew Macintosh
• Dr Hiroshi Matsushima
• Professor Warwick McKibbin
• Bob McMullan
• Dr Jessie Moritz
• Anna Nadolny
• Dr Kirill Nourzhanov
• Dr Maxfield Peterson
• Associate Professor John (Jack) Pezzey
• Associate Professor Ben Phillips
• Dr Mousami Prasad
• Associate Professor Ottavio Quirico
• Associate Professor Maria Racionero
• Dr Hedda Ransan-Cooper
• Professor Martin Richardson
• Emeritus Professor Libby Robin
• Dr Emerson Sanchez
• Dr Abidah Setyowati
• Dr Manal Shehabi
• Associate Professor Esmé Shirlow
• Dr Yeliz Simsek
• Professor Ligang Song
• Professor David Stern
• Dr Bjorn Sturmberg
• Dr Lee White
• Associate Professor Yixiao Zhou
• Kevin Chadwick
• Debasish Das
• Nikolai Drahos
• David Firnando Silalahi
• Adrian Hindes
• Chengzhe (Kevan) Li
• Hannah Lord
• Fabienne Rioux-Gobeil
• Hongzhang Xu

Professional staff

• Balaji Radhakrishnan

National accounting systems as a foundation for embedded emissions accounting in trade-related climate policies , Alison Reeve, Emma Aisbett, Journal of Cleaner Production.

Recognizing the role of uncertainties in the transition to renewable hydrogen , Reza Fazeli, Fiona J Beck, and Matthew Stocks,  International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

Who cares? How care practices uphold the decentralised energy order , Kathryn Lucas-Healey, Hedda Ransan-Cooper, Hugo Temby, A. Wendy Russell,  Buildings & Cities.

Policy options for offshore wind power in Vietnam,  Thang Nam Do , Paul J. Burke, Llewelyn Hughes, Ta Dinh Thi,  Marine Policy.

Why are charging stations associated with electric vehicle adoption? Untangling effects in three United States metropolitan areas , Lee V White, Andre L Carrel, Wei Shi, Nicole D Sintov,  Energy Research & Social Science.

The role of human influences on adoption and rejection of energy technology: A systematised critical review of the literature on household energy transitions , Kevin Chadwick, Rebekah Russell-Bennett, Nicholas Biddle,  Energy Research & Social Science.

Adaptive responses: the effects of temperature levels on residential electricity use in China , Meixuan Teng, Hua Liao, Paul J Burke, Tianqi Chen and Chen Zhang,  Climatic Change.

Contributing to regional decarbonization: Australia's potential to supply zero-carbon commodities to the Asia-Pacific , Paul J Burke, Fiona J Beck, Emma Aisbett, Kenneth G H Baldwin, Matthew Stocks, John Pye, Mahesh Venkataraman, Janet Hunt, Xuemei Bai,  Energy.

Is ASEAN ready to move to multilateral cross-border electricity trade? , Thang Nam Do & Paul J Burke,  Asia Pacific Viewpoint.  

From natural gas to electric appliances: Energy use and emissions implications in Australian homes , Mara Hammerle & Paul J Burke,  Energy Economics.

China’s decarbonization and energy security plans will reduce seaborne coal imports: Results from an installation-level model , Jorrit Gosens, Alex B H Turnbull, Frank Jotzo,  Joule.

Zero-carbon steel production: The opportunities and role for Australia , Mahesh Venkataraman, Zsuzsanna Csereklyei, Emma Aisbett, Alireza Rahbari, Frank Jotzo, Michael Lord, John Pye,  Energy Policy.

Intellectual Property and International Clean Technology Diffusion: Pathways and Prospects , Wenting Cheng,  Asian Journal of International Law.

Renewable hydrogen will be produced on land traditionally owned by First Nations people: will its owners benefit? , Lily O’Neill, Fiona J Beck, Wenting Cheng,  Australian Environment Review.

Local residents' policy preferences in an energy contested region – The Upper Hunter, Australia - ScienceDirect , R M Colvin, E Przybyszewski,  Energy Policy.

How Green Are the National Hydrogen Strategies? , Wenting Cheng and Sora Lee,  Sustainability.

‘ Clean’ hydrogen? – Comparing the emissions and costs of fossil fuels versus renewable electricity based hydrogen , Thomas Longden, Fiona J Beck, Frank Jotzo, Richard Andrews, Mousami Prasad,  Applied Energy.

Energy insecurity during temperature extremes in remote Australia , Thomas Longden, Simon Quilty, Brad Riley, Lee V. White, Michael Klerck, Vanessa Napaltjari Davis & Norman Frank Jupurrurla,  Nature Energy.

Updated:   28 September 2022 / Responsible Officer:   College of Science / Page Contact:   https://iceds.anu.edu.au/contact

ANU Postgraduate research

Research is at the core of everything we do. It informs the content of our degrees, influences public policy and solves some of our region’s greatest challenges.

ANU postgraduate research

Find a supervisor

Scholarships & Fees

How to apply

Change the conversation

Studying an advanced, research-focused Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree at The Australian National University (ANU) is an opportunity to make a substantial and original contribution to your discipline or area of professional practice.

We’ll automatically consider you for a scholarship when we receive your application.

Research areas

Our research priorities reflect the challenges facing the world today.

ANU researchers are currently exploring a range of disciplines and study areas .

university in the world

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Nobel laureates among ANU staff & alumni

in Australia in 13 disciplines

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for student-teacher ratio and staff qualifications

Good Universities Guide 2023

Before you apply

Find a potential supervisor and explore our colleges’ research opportunities. Some colleges have different application requirements – so make sure you’re aware of and follow these before you apply.

1. Find a supervisor

Discover potential supervisors. Explore their research and published works and find their contact details.

Search supervisors

2. ANU college research opportunities

Our colleges can provide you with information about research areas, supervisors and groups, as well as who to contact.

NOTE: More than one college can offer supervision in a particular study area.

• ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences
• ANU College of Asia & the Pacific
• ANU College of Business & Economics
• ANU College of Engineering, Computing & Cybernetics
• ANU College of Health & Medicine
• ANU College of Law
• ANU College of Science

3. Explore college application requirements

If you have found a supervisor you would like to work with and the college that offers this supervision, you will need to find out if there are any pre-application steps that your college would like you to take.

Most colleges would like you to find and secure the support of a potential supervisor before you complete your application. For example, the ANU College of Business & Economics has different arrangements for setting up supervision, so please check in with them before applying.

Some colleges will ask you to send a short description of your proposed area of research as an expression of interest and a summary of your academic qualifications, including grades, to them first.

Visit the ANU college research pages for pre-application advice (see the links under 'ANU colleges’ content above).

  Previous   Next

Applying to ANU

You can apply at any time of the year – but if you would like to be considered for a scholarship, you will need to send your application within the scholarship’s application deadline.

Scholarship applicants

Your referees should send their reports before your scholarship’s deadline. Give them as much time as possible by completing your ANU application 2–3 weeks earlier than the scholarship’s deadline. We’ll contact your referees when we get your application.

Application requirements

Your application to study at ANU must meet the following requirements.

1. Minimum admission requirements

Explore our minimum admission requirements.

Requirements for admission to a Doctor of Philosophy degree

• An Australian bachelor’s degree with at least second-class honours (Upper first-class honours may be required by some programs) or the international equivalent, or
• Another degree with a significant research/thesis component, or
• A combination of qualifications, research publications and/or professional experience related to your field of study

Requirements for admission to a Master of Philosophy degree

• An Australian bachelor’s degree or higher, with an overall grade of distinction or higher, or the international equivalent, or
• Another equivalent degree, or
• A combination of qualifications, research publications and/or professional experience that are related to your field of study

2. English language requirements

You must meet our English language requirements to be eligible for admission to ANU. While you can apply without having met them, you will need to show that you do when you get a study offer from us.

Unsure whether you can meet the English language requirements? Contact your research school or the Graduate Research Office before you send your application.

Learn more about ANU English language requirements

3. Research proposal

Your draft research proposal only needs to be short. Check in with your potential supervisor to clarify their expectations for this proposal before you send it in with your application.

Your proposal should present your idea or question in your discipline area clearly. Consider it a statement about the basis of the research you’d like to do.

Your research proposal should:

• establish the relevance of your idea
• show gaps in your field – and how your research would address these
• include how you would go about your research project – your approach, methodologies and resources.

You will be able to change the proposal once you have enrolled in your program.

Learn about research proposals

4. Referees

Referee reports are mandatory when applying for admission to a HDR Program. At least 2 referees reports are required to commence assessment of the application. Academic referees, who are able to comment on the applicant’s ability to undertake the program, are preferred, however, professional references can also be used. The University may request additional referee reports during the assessment of the application.

Ensure their contact details are correct; we will email them a report to complete from within the application portal as soon as we have received your application.

If your referee is unable to access our system-generated referee report, they can contact the Admissions team and ask for another version of the form.

Your referees must send their completed reports confidentially and directly to the University rather than to you.

Reference documents:

• Research Application Referee Report (DOCX, 85.97 KB)

5. Supporting documentation

Upload clear, colour copies of your academic transcripts and graduation certificates with your application. You do not need to certify these documents, but they must be original copies. We will verify their authenticity.

If your academic documents were originally given to you in a language other than English, we will need official copies of the document in that language and original translations for verification purposes.

6. Incomplete qualifications

You can apply to ANU before you complete your current degree if you are in your final year. Advise the Graduate Research office your expected completion date via your application and supply a copy of the qualification when we make you an offer.

For more information, refer to ‘Supporting documentation’.

If you have the approval of a college and a potential supervisor, you can apply for admission to ANU. Without this endorsement, though, we might not be able to assess your application.

Choose the program you want to study from the Program & Courses catalogue

On the program’s page, click 'apply’ to open the application portal

Complete your application

Receiving an offer from ANU

After we assess your application, we will contact you via email about the outcome within 6–8 weeks (about 2 months). This could take longer if we're also considering you for a scholarship.

If you do not hear from ANU within two months, contact your research school or email the Graduate Research Office.

• Contact Graduate Research Office

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Arndt-Corden Department of Economics

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Are the benefits of electrification realized only in the long run evidence from rural india.

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Experimental studies typically find smaller benefits of electrification than do observational studies. Is this because the latter typically observe benefits after a longer period of time? Using three waves of data on rural households from the Human Development Profile of India and the Indian Household Development Survey of Indian, we quantify the impacts of short-term (0-7 years) and long-term (7-17 years) electricity access on household well-being. We use a propensity-score-weighted-difference-in-differences design that controls for spillover effects and find that electricity access increases consumption and education in the long term, and reduces the time spent by women on fuel collection, although we do not find significant effects on agricultural income, agricultural land holding, and kerosene consumption. Per capita consumption grows by 18 percentage points more over seven years in the long-term connected group than in the control group. Short-term effects are smaller and not statistically significant for any outcome variable.

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‘We’re the last ones standing’: the ANU researcher helping the forgotten women of Afghanistan

12 August 2024

Hannah Dixon

ANU Reporter Deputy Editor

In the years since the Taliban seized Afghanistan, ANU PhD scholar Susan Hutchinson has guided hundreds of women’s rights defenders to safety.

The Taliban had just taken Kabul. The US and allied forces were withdrawing. Crowds formed at the international airport. Hundreds of people ran alongside planes as they taxied down the runway, some even holding onto jets as they took off. 

As images of this frenzied airport chaos were shown across the world, Susan Hutchinson was in Canberra. 

A busy group chat can be hard to follow at the best of times. But as the executive director of Azadi-e Zan , an NGO focused on helping Afghan women’s rights defenders to safety, Hutchinson knew her WhatsApp group had lives on the line. 

The family she was guiding through the exodus process had been given a visa and were trying to meet with an officer from Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. All the officer knew about them was that someone in the group was carrying a yellow scarf. 

 “We were all communicating on WhatsApp, but they were still unable to meet,” Hutchinson, a PhD scholar from the Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs at The Australian National University (ANU), says. 

“As is often the case, women in Afghanistan have caring responsibilities for the elderly and young people, and the scenes at the airport were just not physiologically possible for small children or the elderly to make it through. 

“You basically needed to be a gladiator to be able to make it through those crowds.”

Scenes from Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul. Photo: Marine Corps Staff Sgt. Victor Mancilla / US Department of Defense

In previous days at the airport, there were confirmed deaths by crushing. The group Hutchinson was coordinating with, which included two toddlers, saw dead bodies as they made their way through the crowd. 

“After an incredibly long, gruelling day trying to get into the airport, I tried to tell them it wasn’t safe to spend the night at the airport, that they needed to go home, because we knew about the threat of a suicide bomb,” Hutchinson recalls. 

At first, the family were reluctant to return to their home, fearing they would miss their opportunity to depart the country. But eventually, they agreed. 

“That meant that they were safe when the bomb went off, but it also meant that they were not able to get into the airport and Australia’s last plane left without them,” Hutchinson says. 

Stolen dreams

Since returning to power in August 2021, the Taliban, an ultraconservative fundamentalist group, has placed bans on women appearing in public without a male chaperone, and have forbidden girls from obtaining education beyond primary school. With their rights curtailed, the women that remain in Afghanistan live in a nightmarish scenario. 

Soraya Rahmat was a law professor at Alberoni University, north of Kabul, and the head of a pro bono legal clinic focusing on family law. She used to represent women and girls affected by domestic violence and taught workshops on women’s rights. 

But everything changed when Rahmat took on a new case, defending a woman who was attacked by her husband resulting in a deep wound across her face and left ear. Rahmat started to receive frequent calls from the woman’s husband, who had connections to the Taliban, and on one occasion from someone police later identified as a member of ISIS. 

“The first time I was threatened was almost a week after I started working on her case, the beginning of April 2021, when her husband called my office and I picked up,” Rahmat says. 

“After finishing the divorce and gaining the woman custody of her children, I received many calls from the husband and from the Taliban’s address that threatened death.” 

Around this time, Rahmat was also injured in a suicide attack targeting another professor at her university. 

“I rarely went to university and limited my activities – the state of the government was broken and anarchy prevailed. I realised the police also did not have the ability to save citizens,” Rahmat says. 

“With the arrival of the Taliban on 15 August 2021, everything ended and we hid completely.” 

Rahmat’s husband was also in danger because he had worked at Bagram Airfield, the largest of the US military bases, before it fell to the Taliban. The family feared for their lives. The Taliban later issued an arrest warrant for Rahmat. But the family managed to obtain a Pakistani visa at a steep price and fled on New Year’s Eve 2021. 

Hutchinson says this “new normal” for Afghan women is heartbreaking. 

“As an organisation, we at Azadi-e Zan have worked closely with women who remain in Afghanistan – who have been arrested by the Taliban, who have been disappeared by the Taliban, who have been tortured in the most heinous ways possible.” 

She adds that before the Taliban’s return to power, many women had worked and studied hard because they believed they could achieve whatever they set their mind to. 

“We have, in our network, women who have simply had their dreams stolen.” 

Breaking free

Helping women’s rights defenders to leave the country is a multi-step process. As a former member of the Australian Defence Force, Hutchinson draws on her experience with non-combatant evacuations and her extensive advocacy networks. From there, she collates lists of at-risk women and their families, acquires visas and passports, and helps them to travel out of the country and beyond. 

Some families have had to make risky cross-country and cross-border trips through Taliban-controlled checkpoints to neighbouring states – including Pakistan. In these cases, Hutchinson crafted cover stories that would explain the families’ reasons for travel. She even ensured families had plausible items in their car that confirmed their stories. 

Hutchinson estimates that she and Azadi-e Zan have guided more than 320 women’s rights defenders and their families to safety, as well as aiding more than 200 others who worked in other fields. 

But their work is far from done. 

“We have hundreds of people remaining in need of assistance in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. And we’re getting new requests for assistance all the time that we don’t have the capacity to even respond to,” Hutchinson says. 

The long processing times for visas and passports in neighbouring countries have caused new problems. Hundreds of thousands of Afghans have been forcibly deported from Pakistan since the introduction of the Illegal Foreigners’ Repatriation Plan in late 2023. 

“In the early days, there were lots of folks doing this work, and I think we’re the last ones standing.” Susan Hutchinson

Rahmat spent years in Pakistan waiting to be settled in a safe country. It was in this time that she was introduced to Hutchinson and Azadi-e Zan. 

“She worked hard to expedite our case and to ensure that my children were not deprived of education in Pakistan,” Rahmat recalls. “In late 2023, harassment by the Pakistani police had increased dramatically. With her efforts, the Australian High Commission in Islamabad sent us a police letter and it saved us from deportation to Afghanistan.” 

Despite her successful intervention in Rahmat’s case, Hutchinson worries the women of Afghanistan have been forgotten by the international community. 

“In the early days, there were lots of folks doing this work, and I think we’re the last ones standing,” she says. 

Hutchinson would like to see Australia implement a humanitarian migration policy statement and a practical mechanism that prioritises women’s rights defenders still living under the Taliban. 

The existing criteria for priority processing recognises ethnic minorities, women, LGBTQI+ people and human rights defenders, but there is no additional support for those who are more vulnerable because they fit into more than one of these categories. 

“Australia’s National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security, which is a whole of government policy document, talks about the need to protect women’s human rights defenders and to prioritise them in our humanitarian policies,” Hutchinson says. 

“This is something that should be happening – the humanitarian visa pathway is a humanitarian policy. 

“Just because the realpolitik of the world is interested in what’s going on in Ukraine and the situation in Gaza is horrendous, doesn’t mean that we should be forgetting about Afghanistan.” 

To work around the slow processing time for humanitarian visas, Azadi-e Zan is trying to make use of the skilled refugee labour agreement pilot scheme. This involves finding employers in areas with skills shortages that would be willing to hire women’s rights defenders on a two-year, full-time contract. The organisation is working with the ACT government to hire people in education support, health support and bus driver roles. 

“We have incredibly skilled and talented folks on our list – surgeons, lawyers,” she says. “Australia would be absolutely blessed to have them – even in positions junior to their actual skills – while we transition them and get recognition of any qualifications they might have.”

Photo: Jamie Kidston/ANU

Providing help to those who need it

Rahmat and her family finally settled in Sydney earlier this year. She credits the processing of her case to Hutchinson’s efforts. 

“We have moved from the horror of Afghanistan, which only smelled of death, and the bitter, dark days and nights of Pakistan to a bright future where there is comfort, peace and security,” Rahmat says. 

Now Rahmat wants to support her children and continue her own education. She hopes to “serve humanity” and is thinking of undertaking a PhD at ANU. 

She is not alone. In quiet moments, Hutchinson has met with other women she helped to reach Australia, and many have expressed a desire to help those who remain under the Taliban – a way to pay things forward.

“The strength of Afghan women is profound,” Hutchinson says. “Their ability to learn, study and stand strong blows me away every day, and I would like the world to see and recognise that. 

“So much of what our soldiers saw of Afghanistan is women under burqas. They didn’t see Afghan women in a glittering, traditional headdress that swirls when they twirl or with a fierce fist in the face of the Taliban.” 

Hutchinson also wants to help the networks of people she met during her military career. She now lives with a chronic, disabling illness and is mindful of what this would mean if she was in the kind of situation women like Rahmat have faced. 

“My illness means that if I was in their situation and my country or my city was taken over the way that theirs was, I would have died in that chaos. I would have needed someone to guide me and to help me,” Hutchinson says. 

“I may no longer be able to serve in the military or work full-time, or even run around the block, but I was able, in this day and age with apps, to still use my knowledge and skills and training to keep them safe in ways that I would have wanted someone to keep me safe. 

“And I think that is only fair, considering how cruel the world has been to the women of Afghanistan.” 

Top image: A helicopter flies about Afghanistan’s mountains. Lt Narey/UK Ministry of Defence

Additional images: Azadi-e Zan/ supplied and Jamie Kidston/ANU

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Jury unable to reach verdicts for former ANU student accused of rape

A jury has been unable to reach verdicts in the trial of a former Australian National University doctorate candidate who is accused of raping a woman during a picnic.

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The man, who cannot be named in order to protect the identity of the alleged victim, had faced a two week ACT Supreme Court trial.

On Wednesday, Chief Justice Lucy McCallum dismissed the jury after three-and-a-half days of deliberations when they were unable to reach a unanimous verdict.

"You have been a particularly hard-working, easy-going, appearing-to-treat-others-respectfully, group of people," the Chief Justice told jurors.

"A person should not be acquitted or found guilty unless 12 people agree."

The former ANU PhD student, 36, has pleaded not guilty to two counts of sexual intercourse without consent .

The case is next set to go before a registrar in four weeks, but it is unknown at this stage if there will be a retrial.

In his closing address to jurors last week, prosecutor Trent Hickey said the alleged victim described the relationship as "love-bombing" with about 3200 messages between the pair sent over several weeks.

Mr Hickey said one of these messages included the accused man saying he "preferred his partners to be into BDSM".

The alleged victim was said to have told him it made her "uncomfortable", but she wanted to please him so she "played along".

"The accused was sexually dominant, sexually assertive, in the relationship," Mr Hickey said.

The woman "felt trapped by his behaviour", the prosecutor previously told jurors.

Mr Hickey said the prosecution case was that the man raped the woman two different ways while they were having a picnic along the Cotter River to celebrate his birthday.

After the alleged rape, the 36-year-old is said to have told the woman he would shoot or stab her if she became "a liability".

Over the two-week trial, a second woman gave evidence claiming the man had sexually assaulted her, but he has not been charged in relation to the allegation. The prosecution used this evidence to allege a pattern of behaviour.

In his closing address, defence lawyer Andrew Tiedt told the jury the sexual acts involving the first alleged victim were consensual and there was "not a skerrick of independent evidence" about the alleged threat.

"[The woman] freely and voluntarily consented to what occurred," Mr Tiedt said.

• Support is available for those who may be distressed. Phone Lifeline 13 11 14; 1800 RESPECT 1800 737 732; Canberra Rape Crisis Centre 6247 2525.

Hannah Neale

Hannah is a reporter with The Canberra Times. She is currently covering ACT courts. Hannah started as a journalist with The Southern Highland News and The Goulburn Post before moving to the ACT.

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A new study authored by Wrigley Institute faculty affiliate Norbert Schwarz suggests that to combat repetitive misinformation, climate endorsers should come back to the consensus backed by science. (Phil Pasquini/Shutterstock)

New research finds that repetition increases belief in climate misinformation, even for climate science endorsers

Original story by Yangxueqing Mary Jiang, Eryn Newman, Kate Reynolds, and Norbert Schwarz.

New climate communication research has found repeated exposure to climate-skeptic claims increases their perception as truth, even for climate science endorsers.

The study, co-authored by Wrigley Institute faculty affiliate Norbert Schwarz and colleagues from the Australian National University and the University of Melbourne, tested the influence of repetition on the perceived truth of pro- and counter-attitudinal climate claims in two experiments with participants who were mostly climate science endorsers. Participants saw some claims just once, while others were repeated. The study found that a single repetition was enough to increase the perceived truth of all claims–including sceptic claims–even for those attitudes align with climate science, due to a phenomenon called the illusory truth effect.

These results highlight important implications for climate science communication. Many who receive information from social media and other online news outlets may encounter falsehoods that are shared repeatedly, and are more likely to come to accept them. The researchers, however, present one solution: return to the scientific consensus.

“You might think intelligence and careful thinking can have a protective effect. But the broader body of research on illusory truth has found being smarter or more rational is no protection against repetition.”

Read the full story on The Conversation >>

Read the full study in PLOS One >>