scientific manuscript writing service

Scientific Editing

Brought to you by Springer Nature

Get expert in-depth editing and strategic advice on your manuscript, review article or grant proposal from a team of editors following the quality standards set by Nature Research. Scientific Editing includes a Gold English language edit, a developmental edit, a quality assurance edit and a summary report. We specialize in research papers, reviews and grant proposals within the natural sciences (medicine, biology, chemistry, physics and earth sciences) and engineering.

A Team-based Assessment of Your Manuscript’s Needs

Scientific Editing team members meet to identify priority issues in the manuscript and discuss how the priorities can be addressed. We leave comments about additional documents provided for editing, such as cover letters or responses to reviewers. We provide insights into how readers, peer reviewers, and journal editors might view your paper.

A Thorough Developmental Edit

A Substantive In-Depth Assessment of Your Scientific Manuscript  

Based on the priorities identified in the team meeting, experienced members of the Scientific Editing team examine the text in significant detail and provide the following:

• Strategic developmental edits that will improve the structure and clarity of the logical argumentation, such as how well the implications of the work are highlighted
• Incisive comments recommending further author revisions that will help you maximize your manuscript’s effectiveness.
• Improved  English grammar  to ensure that your ideas are conveyed clearly

A Thorough Strategic Report

Customized to the Needs of Each Scientific Manuscript

Scientific Editing also includes a custom 3-6 page report that includes:

• Explanations of the prioritized issues identified in your paper, how we addressed them and/or how you might be able to address them further.
• Insights into how readers, peer reviewers, and journal editors might view your paper
• Strategic advice for improving your writing in the future.
• Comments about additional documents provided for editing, such as  cover letters  or responses to reviewers.

Continued Support after Scientific Editing

Trusted by Researchers and Universities to Help their Science Stand Out

• After you have received Scientific Editing and have considered the advice and made changes, we provide one free language edit (for field-specific grammar, phrasing, and punctuation correction) within 6 months of the completion of the initial order.
• You may also want to purchase  Manuscript Formatting  at this time; from our partners, AJE

Download one of our sample files to see the types of suggestions and edits made by our Scientific Editors

Confidentiality Assured

We never show your paper to anyone so you can be confident that when you submit to a journal, the editor’s decision will be independent and fair

These policies relate specifically to Nature Research Editing Service. Please see also our  Terms of Service  for other core principles, for example regarding the confidentiality of your documents. Our aim is to serve the interests of authors and institutions, not the editorial and publishing interests of Springer Nature journals. We openly and clearly declare to potential and current customers that we are part of Springer Nature, and we inform potential customers about our independence from the publishing process. We aim to be publisher-neutral in our editing and advice, and especially in our journal recommendations (where applicable). We take steps during the editing process, when giving advice, and when recruiting and training editors to help us achieve this aim. Nature Research Editing Service does not measure its success in terms of the publication of edited documents by Springer Nature journals. We do not involve ourselves in the publishing process. We do not guarantee publication of papers or funding of grant applications. We expect journal editors and grant review panels will make these decisions entirely independently of Nature Research Editing Service and other author services providers. Draft journal articles and their scientific content are not shared with professional editors who make decisions on research papers at Springer Nature journals. Any comments that we make regarding the suitability of specific target journals are explicitly presented as opinion and not as a definitive prediction of the outcome of submission. If an author indicates that they mainly want to know whether or not their paper is acceptable to a specific Springer Nature journal, or has any other query for which a Springer Nature journal editor is the most appropriate contact, we will suggest that the author contacts the journal directly. We do not suggest peer reviewers. We do not infringe on authorship. When editing documents, wherever possible, we provide our edits and comments in an easily reviewable format. We encourage authors to review our input critically, rather than accepting all of our edits and suggestions without review. We never confirm that any document is ready for submission, submit anything to a journal or funding body, or correspond with journal editors or peer reviewers on behalf of authors. We do not ghostwrite or completely rewrite large passages of text, and we do not directly introduce ideas that are not already present in the documents submitted to us. Our editing focuses on improving how the existing research is communicated. General policies We do not engage in or encourage practices that contravene relevant ethical guidelines. For Scientific Editing, if we suspect unethical practice in a submitted document or correspondence, we will point it out and explain it. If we suspect severe infringement of ethical requirements or laws (particularly unacceptable harm to humans or animals), we act on this where possible. We review these policies on a regular basis and keep up-to-date with issues arising in the publication ethics landscape. We train editors to follow these policies, we monitor adherence to these policies, and we take action in the event of any failure to follow them.

Our Quality Guaranteed

To ensure that the changes you make based on the editor’s report are grammatically correct, we include one free language re-edit of your revised paper before you submit to the journal (for Scientific Editing only). To claim this free re-edit, email support within 6 months of your original order and attach your revised paper. After this free re-edit, we guarantee that if your language-edited paper is rejected by a journal because of the English alone, we will re-edit your paper once for free.

Where Our Customers Publish

• Advanced Functional Materials
• Cancer Research
• Developmental Cell
• Earth and Planetary Science Letters
• Energy and Environmental Science
• Genome Biology
• Geophysical Research Letters
• Journal of Experimental Medicine
• Nano Letters
• Nature Climate Change
• Nature Communications
• Nature Genetics
• Nature Geoscience
• Nature Medicine
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
• Science Advances

Testimonials

I would like to express my sincere appreciation for your work. You did really an excellent job. What I liked in particular was that you gave comments with substantial suggestions how to improve. Although I have published till now quite a number of scientific papers (>300) and many of them in high impact journals I learned a lot throughout this. I Iook forward to future cooperation of mutual benefit. -Full Professor · University of Bayreuth · Germany

The report with the feedback summarizing edits and comments is very informative. We appreciate a lot your editor’s work, with changes tracked and comments on the text improving clearly our manuscript. Finally, your recommendations concerning the most appropriate journal for publication will decidedly help us for the next submission of our manuscript. -Research Director, CNRS/Team Leader · Sorbonne University · France

Welcome to BMJ Author Services

• 24/7 Service With A Reply In Minutes
• 100% Satisfaction / Your Money Back

“The experience was very good and the premium editing was very helpful. Thank you!”

- Joanna Kowalska

BMJ partners with Editage to offer Author Services to Medical Researchers worldwide and assist them in their publication goals. Editage offers professional editing by specialized subject experts in Medicine . With a comprehensive quality guarantee, Editage promises to assist you until you are ready to submit.

Services we offer

• English Editing Services
• Translation Services

We offer four levels of manuscript editing services. Each service level differs in terms of the scope of edit and post-submission support. All four levels of editing include free manuscript formatting for the BMJ journal of your choice. This will save your time and budget.

-->

		Plus Plan
		Publication-focused editing that makes your manuscript ready for initial submission.
		Select this service if you like the editor to help with extensive language revisions, organization of your article, and feedback on your writing. -->
Features
	Features
Features
	Revisions for grammar, terminology, word choice, & native English tone
Revisions for grammar, terminology, word choice, & native English tone
	Editing certificate (upon request)
Editing certificate (upon request)
	Letter From The Editor
Letter From The Editor			Included in Scientific Review Report
	Unlimited Q&A with editor
Unlimited Q&A with editor
	Intensive edit for organization (rephrasing and restructuring)
Intensive edit for organization (rephrasing and restructuring)
	Customized cover letter
Customized cover letter
	Feedback on original writing
Feedback on original writing
	Unlimited re-edits for 365 days
Unlimited re-edits for 365 days	60% discount	Free	Free
	Word count reduction
Word count reduction	Word reduction by 10%	Word reduction by 20%	Unrestricted
	Journal-specific formatting
Journal-specific formatting	Free for one journal	Free for one journal	Free for multiple journals
	Journal response letter editing & cross-checking with the revised manuscript
Journal response letter editing & cross-checking with the revised manuscript
	Scientific Review Report which includes:
Scientific Review Report which includes:
	In-depth technical review by top-tier journal peer reviewer
In-depth technical review by top-tier journal peer reviewer
	High-quality developmental editing focusing on paper structure and research design
High-quality developmental editing focusing on paper structure and research design
	Journal submission readiness check by Managing Editor or senior editor
Journal submission readiness check by Managing Editor or senior editor
	Free plagiarism check report
Free plagiarism check report

Don’t get lost in translation! Our academic translators and editors offer subject-specific expertise and superior editing skills to ensure that your manuscript accurately conveys every nuance of your research in perfect scientific English to a global audience. Our aim is simple: deliver a manuscript that journal editors, reviewers and readers find indistinguishable from those written by native English speakers.

We offer subject-specific translation with English Editing for the following language pairs.

• Traditional and Simplified Chinese to English
• Spanish to English
• Korean to English
• Japanese to English
• Brazilian Portuguese to English
• Turkish to English

Why choose BMJ Author Services?

Our goal is 100% client satisfaction. That is what we aim for in everything we do.

From the quality of our editing and translations to the timely delivery of your completed manuscript, we make sure you are satisfied with our service every step of the way.

You reach out to us for expert author services, and we mean to deliver. Our team will work with you until your expectations are met.

• Quality guarantee
• Delivery guarantee
• Confidentiality
• Multiple payment options

Two-Editor Check

Each document is checked by two language specialists from our global team of editors and peer reviewers to ensure that we miss nothing. The end result will meet the highest quality standards of international journals.

RESPONSIVENESS

24-Hour Response Time

Whether you are sending in a submission or query, our customer support managers will respond to you within 24 hours, with solutions customized to your needs. If your document submission is even a second late, we offer a full fee refund, No questions asked!

CONFIDENTIALITY

128-bit SSL encryption

Our ISO/IEC 27001:2013 certified IT security management systems and processes ensures that researchers worldwide can submit their papers with complete confidence that their intellectual property is safe with us.

Easy, secure payment gateways

Pay via credit card

We accept Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club, and Discover, and have partnered with two payment gateways—PayPal and CC Avenue. The payment gateways available to you will differ depending on your country and the card you choose to use.

Pay via bank transfer

You can make payments directly into our bank account and email the bank wire transfer receipt to us. We recommend bank wire transfer for payments exceeding $1000.

Native English editors - specialists in your subject area guiding you to publication success

Our unique editor-selection algorithm ensures that your paper is assigned to highly qualified language specialists with expertise in your subject. As it learns your requirements, we are able to offer more tailored services. Our editors are all native English speakers who hold PhDs or Master’s degrees from top universities such as Harvard, MIT and Oxford. They are all experts in their respective academic fields with an average of 19.4 years’ experience in editing. Most of them are published authors and peer reviewers in their own right as well as members of some of the world’s best editor societies, such as BELS and CSE.

• Cardiology and Vascular Medicine
• Biomedical Devices and Pediatrics
• Organ Systems (Gastroenterology, Urology, etc.)
• Muscle, Bone, and Physical and Sports Medicine
• Plastic Surgery
• Reproductive Medicine and OBGYN

• Radiotherapy Planning
• Diabetes and Endocrine Research
• Epidemiology

• Clinical Oncology
• Biochemistry and Structural Biology
• Systems Biology and Biostatistics
• Molecular Biology: Embryonic, Cellular, and Evolutionary
• Microbiology and Immunology

Publication Ethics

We at BMJ, and our partners at Editage, are aware of the increasing pressure that the academic research and publishing community are under today. As a leading provider of editorial and publication support services for the past 12 years, we have on occasion been witness to potential cases of ethical violation while editing research papers. A majority of these are instances of “accidental plagiarism” where authors unwittingly engage in unethical practices, mainly because of lack of information and professional training on the subject.

As the first people to look at research papers, even before journal editors do, we can serve as trusted advisors to thousands of researchers, especially early-career scientists not fully aware of the pitfalls of unethical academic publication by:

• Ensuring quality
• Offering processes for suspected ethical misconduct
• Providing educational initiatives for editors and authors

Frequently asked questions

What are the different types of editing services you offer.

We provide manuscript editing services to meet the publication standards of international high-impact journals. We offer 3 levels of manuscript editing and proofreading services for academic research papers.

What training do your editors and writers receive?

All our manuscript editors and writers go through the Basic Editor Training (BET) program that comprises 5 standard modules and various customized programs.

Authors' success stories

“The unique and extremely helpful thing about Editage is its professionalism and punctuality! For non-native authors, Editage makes your writing language more academically and professionally. Thus more chance to getting publish.”

Poowin Bunyavejchewin Walailak University, School of Liberal Arts

It was great to have a native speaker scrutinize our manuscripts. We managed to publish two papers with the help of Editage in good quality international journals. I suggest using Editage to my colleagues to get a flawless manuscript before the publication.

Lukasz Kaczmarek Adam Mickiewicz University

It's really a high quality editing service and I'm quite pleased about the work. If an author is seeking qualified writing and publication support, this is really true address.

Ugur Erdemir Istanbul University, Assc. Prof., Dentistry

Get Published! AJE is the Preferred Editing Service of Nature Journals

We know how much effort goes into publishing a paper. Our team of advanced degree-holding experts provides English language editing, academic translation, and other manuscript preparation services, all backed by our 100% satisfaction guarantee.

Already a customer? Log in .

Trusted by the most respected names in scientific publishing

Reputation is important in the research community. World-class publishers like Springer Nature trust AJE to deliver high-quality English editing and manuscript preparation services to their authors.

journals and societies recommend AJE

field-specific topics in 400+ areas of study

authors served in 192 countries

AJE Success Stories

See where authors like you have been published after using aje editing services..

An Efficient Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving the Uncapacitated Continuous Location-Allocation Problem

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

Impact Factor: 286.13

Game theory-based model for maximizing SSP utility in cognitive radio networks

New England Journal of Medicine

Impact factor: 176.079

The impact of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to improve physical health outcomes in people with schizophrenia: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

World Psychiatry

Impact factor: 79.683

Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Impact factor: 50.129

The de Winter Electrocardiogram Pattern Evolving From Hyperacute T Waves

JAMA Internal Medicine

Impact factor: 44.409

Adrenocortical carcinoma - towards genomics guided clinical care

Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Impact factor: 47.564

The highest quality English editing and translation

English Language Editing

Get a publication-quality version of your manuscript, abstract, thesis, grant, or academic book. In-house US-trained English-speaking editors will correct errors in spelling, grammar, word choice, scientific terminology, and phrasing.

Starting at $38

Nature Research Scientific Editing

We’re partnering with Nature Research to offer our most in-depth and accurate evaluation and edits for your manuscript or grant. Scientific Editing includes a rigorous language edit, a developmental edit, a quality assurance edit, and a summary report.

Starting at $1500

Translation with English Language Editing

We combine state-of-the-art AI technology with our in-house language experts to help speed up the process of getting reviewed and accepted in high-impact journals.

Starting at $149

Testimonials

Bruno Ricardo Barreto Pires

MD | ONCOLOGY

"I am very pleased with AJE's English editing service. I have used this service in all my publications, and I am excited to use it again. I can say that AJE's work is critical because the review identifies errors that are not obvious to those who have English as a second language. The team is accessible throughout the review process, has a high level of technicality and professionalism, so I acknowledge AJE's merit for significantly improving the quality of my manuscripts. I highly recommend their services"

Gangxiong Wu

PHD | ENGINEERING

"When I used to submit papers to SCI top journals (although I repeatedly modified them many times) I still worried about my English professional proficiency. I searched the Internet for a common English-language retouching service. After comparison, I found that AJE is the best. On the one hand, they are real native English speakers; in addition, they are fair and reasonable. They are also very professional and efficient. The editor carefully revised and changed my grammar and spelling mistakes in detail, and modified some of my expressions to make it more professional. After the revision, the paper was much smoother to read, and I learned a lot about writing in English. Sure enough, my paper was successfully accepted by top journal the first time I submitted with the help of AJE. I am especially grateful to the AJE team members for their help."

Meet the team of people invested in your success

Our highly-trained, in-house editors are experts in 447 areas of study and over 2000 field-specific topics. You can trust that the person working on your paper is not only an expert in English but also fluent in the language and conventions in your field. AJE editors bring years of experience to every order, and our commitment to quality is unparalleled. Select an area of study below to see more about how AJE can help with your specific field.

Clinical Medicine

Since 2004, we have supported authors like you on over 160,000 papers in the medical sciences and related subjects.

Life Sciences

Since 2004, we have supported authors like you on over 190,000 papers in the life sciences.

Physical Sciences

We have supported authors like you on over 90,000 papers in the physical sciences.

Business and Law

With experts in over 400 academic fields, AJE has helped authors publish papers about finance, entrepreneurship, criminal law, and tax law in high-impact journals.

Humanities and Social

AJE has helped authors publish papers about communications, public policy, education, and political science in high-impact journals.

Engineering and Materials

AJE has helped authors publish papers about robotics, biomaterials, metallurgy, and civil engineering in high-impact journals.

Mathematics and Computers

AJE has helped authors publish papers about logic, statistics, algebra, and topology in high-impact journals.

Supporting you in every phase of publishing

Manuscript Formatting

Meet the formatting guidelines of your target journal: our team will modify your manuscript’s layout, headings, title, image placement, and citations/references to comply with your journal’s requirements.

Starting at $75

Grant Services

Achieve success with your grant applications with clear communication that meets funder guidelines. We can polish your language and add customizable elements such as video, figures, and infographics to help grant reviewers see the potential in your grant proposal.

Journal Recommendation

Get a detailed report and our top recommendations on where to submit your article, based on your topic, scope, impact, and publishing goals.

Starting at $150

Further assistance for researchers

Visit our AJE Scholar Author Resource Center for articles on preparing your manuscript, thesis, or grant.

Sign up for the newsletter

Get early access to aje scholar articles, discounts on aje services, and more., editing and translation services providing publication ready manuscripts.

Enhanced manuscript quality

From draft to polished gem: Elevate your manuscript to its full potential. Improve clarity, coherence, and impact with AJE expert insights.

Increased publication opportunities

Open doors to publishing success. Boost your submission confidence and attract editors' attention with a professional edge.

Time and energy savings

Reclaim your time and focus. Let us handle the editing, so you can create more. Free up your valuable time and energy to do what you love, while we polish your manuscript.

Draft to debut: your road to high-impact publishing success

Struggling to meet the high English language standards of academic journals, especially if English is not your first language?

Feeling overwhelmed by the complexities of the journal submission process?

Dreading the gauntlet of peer review and the daunting prospect of desk rejection?

Submitting a paper to a journal with higher impact factor?

Choose from four levels of English Editing

Your research deserves to be heard. Don't let publication roadblocks silence your voice. We offer solutions to overcome these challenges and get your work published in prestigious journals. Let us guide you through the process and amplify your research impact.

Additional services

Curie refines your language and structure, helping you make a stronger case for your scientific findings. With improved writing, your work will stand out and make a lasting impact.

$11.25/monthly

Presubmission Review

Our in-line commentary will help you improve the structure of your paper and ensure that your ideas are communicated clearly and accurately.

Grammar Check

Use our fast, free language assessment tool to check whether your communication is ready for submission.

Plagiarism Check

Our AI tool thoroughly checks your manuscript to ensure that no citations are missing, helping you avoid potential issues related to incomplete or inaccurate referencing.

We get it - securing publication can be hard

There are plenty of manuscript preparation services to choose from. but at aje, our editors, proficient not only in english but also in the language and conventions of your field, bring years of expertise to elevate the quality of your paper. trust in our unparalleled commitment to ensuring your work reaches its utmost potential with our academic editing..

After my first experience with AJE, my manuscript was accepted by a journal in Science Citation Expanded. I wholeheartedly recommend AJE.

M. Sirvanci

AJE's services are absolutely perfect for my needs - excellent American/English editing and the best grammatical constructions. My paper was revised in less than 48 hours, which is literally a DREAM for the fast moving brain of a scientist!

A. Proverbio

I'm from Inner Mongolia University, China and not very skilled at English. AJE's editors helped improve my grammar and sentence patterns. My article has been accepted for publication in the Letters in Applied Microbiology.

AJE's English Editing service is highly recommended for all high-quality research in biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and virological drug research. Full compatibility with chemistry-containing articles in virology is certainly guaranteed with AJE.

A simple 3-step journey to publication success

1. Submit your manuscript

Share your groundbreaking work with us! It will be carefully matched with an AJE expert editor (link?) who specializes in your specific field. They'll understand the nuances of your research and the expectations of your target journals.

2. Get your edited manuscript

Dive deep into expert feedback delivered through a detailed report. Your AJE editor will meticulously polish your manuscript, addressing language clarity, sentence structure, flow, and academic conventions. This ensures your research shines its brightest.

3. Get published

Armed with confidence and a polished manuscript, submit your work to your dream journal with increased chances of success. Your research deserves to be heard, and we'll empower you to make it happen.

The AJE Guarantee

At AJE, we understand the challenges researchers face when striving for academic excellence. The intricacies of language editing and adherence to field-specific norms can create stress and hinder your progress. That's why we've developed comprehensive editing services tailored to your academic needs.

With AJE, you can leave the hassle of refining your manuscripts to us, allowing you to stay focused on your research and academic pursuits. Our expert editors, fluent not only in English but also in the language and conventions of your field, bring years of experience to ensure your papers meet the highest standards for publication.

Trust AJE to handle the intricacies of your academic writing, so you can concentrate on what you do best – advancing knowledge and making a significant impact in your field.

Unlock your publishing potential with our free e-book: AJE Tips for Publication Success

Dreaming of seeing your research in top journals? Our comprehensive e-book empowers you to overcome common roadblocks and navigate the publishing process with confidence.

A walkthrough of each section of the manuscript with thorough highlights and tips.

Tips for navigating the publishing process from writing your cover letter, formatting your manuscript, and choosing a journal.

Advice for editing and translating your manuscript.

Manuscript editing

Grant services, technical writing, figure services.

• For Freelance Editors

Shopping cart

Putting your outstanding ideas in the best possible light

Scientific Editing and Writing Solutions at Clarity in Science

At Clarity in Science Editing and Writing, we understand the pressures of publishing high quality science in top journals, because we’re led by successful investigators ourselves.

Elevating Your Science, One Word at a Time

You know your science is good – really good. You want to get it published in the best possible journal you can. But you could use some help making sure that you’ve expressed yourself well,

Writing grants is perhaps the most challenging thing that successful scientist has to do. The pressure is high. You know that if you don’t bring in enough support,

Sometimes you want more than just an edit. You are really busy. We understand. We’ve been there. If you have a paper that needs to be written but you just have not had the time to write.

The difference between a sloppy figure and one that is really well made can be all the difference in the world in getting your manuscript accepted or your grant funded.

Experienced PhD Editors who are Native English Speakers

Our mission is to provide the most sought-after scientific editing service for life scientists, oncologists, physicians, and others, contributing to the advancement of knowledge by helping the best investigations get published with the most effective, clear language.

See Our Skilled Expert Team

Rayan Athels

Alex Furnandes

Mary Crispy

Henry Joshep

Sanjida Carlose

See We Have Solution Done IT Projects

IT Consultency

Web Development

Website Design

SEO Optimization

Digital Marketing

Reach out today

Contact us today.

Mailing Address:

Testimonials

Stay Up to Date

We have been named a Top Medical Writing Services Provider for 2024!

CONSIDER THE ADVANTAGES OF A PRE-SUBMISSION GRANT REVIEW

WELCOME TO CLARITY IN SCIENCE EDITING AND WRITING! WE’RE HAPPY YOU’RE HERE!

UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIRING A SCIENTIFIC EDITOR AND AN UNETHICAL GHOST WRITER.

Pre-submission and Article Promotion services to support your publication

Do you need help preparing your manuscript for submission to a journal and then promoting your published article to a wider audience? Taylor & Francis offers a full range of services to take care of tidying up your manuscript and maximizing impact so you can devote time to your research.

Our Services

English Language Editing

Our English language editing services let you focus on what you do best – research. We review your manuscript to ensure the language you’ve used makes sense and is clear, and check for spelling, grammar, syntax, tense, and sentence structure.

Compare plans >

Scientific Editing

Our Scientific Editing service is designed to offer you an in-depth critique of your research, significantly improve the readability of your paper, and help you ensure that your journal submission meets the high standards of academic publishing.

Get quote >

Translation with Editing

We help you overcome any language barriers by translating your article into English and editing it thoroughly, so that you can submit it to an English-language journal with confidence.

Get started >

Manuscript Formatting

We make sure that your manuscript complies with your target journal’s Instructions for Authors. We use the utmost care to adhere to styles like APA, MLA, ACS, and AMA.

Perfect your formatting >

Article Promotion Services

Promote your research with graphical abstracts, infographics, videos, research news summaries, and lay summaries. Our Article Promotion Services can raise public awareness of your work and engage peers, funders, and the media.

Find out today >

Rapid Technical Review

An experienced reviewer panel could help you to eliminate most major reasons for manuscript rejection before submission. Get comprehensive comments that will help you revise your document and still meet publication deadlines.

Schedule a review >

Unlock Affordable Excellence with Digital Editing!

Get your manuscript ready for submission in minutes with our state of the art digital editing and proofreading services.

At introductory price of $49 $29

Why choose us?

Quality guarantee

You can count on us for excellence, expertise, and responsiveness in all our services. If we don’t deliver, we will not charge you, no questions asked.

Delivery guarantee

We guarantee that all assignments will be delivered on time. We will waive the full fee for any assignment that is delayed due to an error on our part.

Subject specialists

Our unique editor-selection algorithm ensures that your article is assigned to highly qualified specialists with expertise in your subject; all our native English-speaking editors hold a PhD or Master's degree.

Confidentiality

Our privacy policy ensures confidentiality and allows researchers worldwide to submit their work to us with complete confidence.

Why our clients trust us

  I chose Taylor & Francis because they offered a range of services, affordable pricing, and a simple payment and submission process. The biggest benefit was receiving a well-edited manuscript with useful recommendations. I will recommend them and use Taylor & Francis again in the future  

Dr. Dmitry Gusarov

MGIMO University

  I chose Taylor & Francis Editing Services because they don't advertise constantly which, in my opinion, somehow shows credibility. I need a second opinion to check the clarity of my language so my writing represents my content properly. I picked Premium Editing Plus and did not regret it. I would opt for the same service again and would tell friends and colleagues about it.   

Prince of Songkla University

  I decided to use Taylor & Francis after I was referred to them. I received a quick, excellent editing service, at a reasonable cost, and have already highly recommended them to others. I am definitely going to use the service again.  

Prof. S.D.S

Kibbutzim College of Education

  I used Taylor & Francis’ Editing Services because the editing adheres to international standards, they have a good customer service team and quality support. They also help with teaching science writing methods. In the future, I will look at other services and I would definitely recommend them.  

Azjargal Baatar

Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing

  I was concerned my manuscript might be rejected because of language quality. Your editor went beyond my expectations. I now feel more confident my work will be accepted and would definitely recommend your services   

K. D. K. W.

Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University

  After using your editing services, the improved quality of English led to my article being accepted. I am likely to use your service again and would recommend it to other authors  

Dr. Anita Gulczyńska

University of Lodz

  The main reason I used Taylor & Francis Editing Services was to get one of my articles published in a prestigious scientific publication. I received quality editing and support in restructuring the paper and am more confident that my manuscript might be accepted  

Mr. Alberto Abadia

Polytechnic University of Catalonia

How it works

Events for Researchers

We offer a range of live webinars designed to support you on your path to publication. If you register but miss the live event, recordings are available for viewing at a more convenient time.

Choose Open

We offer a wide range of open access publishing options for your research. Discover more online now.

MANUSCRIPT MANUFACTURE

Scientific Writing Coach

GET READY FOR SUBMISSION

Do you need help with a scientific paper? Do you want to improve your academic writing skills for future writing projects? Are you looking for a course or workshop on scientific writing? Then you're in the right place.

Our Services

Introductory Consultation

Manuscript Editing

75 CHF/1000 words

Consultation and Manuscript Editing

110 CHF/1000 words

Writing Course

270 CHF/lesson

Writing Workshop

1080 CHF/half day

[email protected]

Thanks for submitting!

Subscribe Form

Thanks for subscribing!

• Scientific Manuscript
• Biomedical Grants
• SBIR Grant Writing Services
• How To Write A Grant
• Consultant Service
• Grant Search

Scientific Writing Services

PhD-qualified editorial and grant writing services - specializing in nearly all subdisciplines of the biomedical sciences.

Get A Free Estimate

Do you need help with writing a grant.

We understand how difficult and arduous the process of grant writing can be. We have over 20 years experience creating and submitting grant applications for a variety of public agencies. Together with our team of grant consultants, writers and editors, we can alleviate the pressure such projects can put on your shoulder.

NIH Grant Writing

Unlock the secrets to securing your NIH funding dreams with our expert grant writing service.

SBIR Grant Writing

Transform your innovative ideas into lucrative opportunities with our unparalleled SBIR grant writing service.

Biomedical Grant Writing

Get your biomedical breakthroughs published with our specialized grant and editorial writing services.

About Bioscience Advisors

It can be difficult to find a professional and dependable scientific writer for all your extensive editing and writing needs. Many are simply not as experienced as they claim to be or lack the in-depth experience and qualifications to provide the services you need. With the oversight of Dr. Curt Balch at the helm, Bioscience Advising can handle all of your  grant writing , scientific editing , or editing original research manuscripts with excellence.

The team here at Bioscience Advising is here to fill in the gap left in the market by these others. As a biomedical research and grant development consultancy firm, we have over 16 years’ worth of experience. You can rely on the expertise of our scientific writers and editors. We provide professional and academic level editing across all biomedical disciplines, covering a multitude of areas of expertise. We also offer  NIH grant writing , research manuscript editing , and scientific editing services. Our Scientific Manuscript Editing Services Are Affordable, Efficient, Secure and Guaranteed   If you are not convinced by our website, take the word of the more than 50 clients ( read reviews ) that have successfully published articles and secured crucial research grant funding from a variety of philanthropic and government agencies. If you are looking for help with submitting scientific manuscripts or grant applications, we offer uploading assistance, in addition to extensive editing and de  novo  writing. To ensure that your articles are published and your grant submissions are accepted, choose our editing and writing services. 

What Our Customers Say...

I have employed and consulted with Curt for over twenty years. He has extensively consulted with my company, Edvotek, Inc., and with the Biotechnology Program at Georgetown University. Curt also served as Primary Investigator and wrote three successful SBIR grants for Edvotek.

Jack Chirikjian, PhD

 I hired Bioscience Advising to prepare for me an SBIR grant application, initially having no knowledge of preparing or submitting a grant for my small business. Because they are results-oriented, they often work beyond normal work hours. For the amount of work performed, I believe the value much exceeds the actually fees. I advocate all of their grant preparation and editing services.

Andrew Schlehr

I have hired Bioscience Advising now for over three years, resulting in my successful publication of four research articles in well-respected journals. I would recommend their service to any researcher wishing to increase their odds of publication in high-quality journals.

Seungyoon Nam, PhD

Our scientific writing services, small business grants & contracts.

At Bioscience Advising, we offer a wide variety of services including preparation of complete packages for proposals for small business grants and government contracts.

Manuscript & Scientific Proofreading

If you seek help with submitting scientific manuscripts, we offer services such as Grant Writing and Grant editing services, Full Manuscript editing, and Academic editing. You can order either a standard or custom choice. When you want to ensure that your articles have the best chance of being published and your grant submissions funded, choose our editing and writing services. 

Academic Grant Writing

In addition to our extensive grant writing and editing services, we also provide scientific review services, recommendations, and many other resources. 

Why Choose Bioscience Advising?

16+ years experience, 11+ areas of expertise , free initial consultation, expert scientific editing: we resolve problems that are preventing your publication  , wide range of writing services.

At Bioscience Advising, we offer a wide range of PhD-standard and professional grant writing and scientific manuscript writing. We can take you from research and composition and proofreading, to full preparation of grant applications and medical case reports. We also assist with writing and editing of theses and dissertations.

Comprehensive Editing Services

From small business innovation research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Grants to Scientific Manuscripts and government contracts, we provide the professional editing services you need to make sure your submissions and academic papers stand out from the crowd.  

Acute Attention To Detail

At Bioscience Advising, we guarantee that you will receive only the highest quality of academic and scientific paper and grant application editing. This includes formatting requirements such as like word limitations, writing for general and distinct audiences, and improving overall readability. 

11 Areas of Expertise 

In our opinion, a customer-first approach is one that all companies and contractors should take. We are aware of how other companies can lower the standards of our industry. That is why we will do everything possible to make sure the experience of hiring us from start to finish is a pleasant one.

Michigan Innovation Headquarters 674 S Wagner Rd Suite 214

Ann Arbor, MI 48103

BUSINESS HOURS

Mon - Fri: 8am - 5pm

Copyright© 2024 by Bioscience Advising. All rights reserved.

Author First, Quality First

Editing Services

Thesis Editing Service

Plagiarism check, our expertise, subject areas, publication support packages.

Individual Services

Additional services and information.

• Website Localization
• Book Translation
• Game Localization
• Machine Translation
• Software Localization
• E-learning Localization
• Video Abstract
• Graphical Abstract
• Poster Presentation
• Research Press Release
• Plain Language Summary
• Editing Pricing
• Publication Support Pricing
• Payment Methods
• Enago Wallet
• Payment FAQs
• Quality Focus
• Editor Profiles
• Client Testimonials
• Editing Samples
• ISO Certificates
• Service FAQs
• Partners & Memberships
• Success Stories
• Enago Academy
• Conferences and Webinars
• Get A Quote

Top Impact Scientific Editing

Tailored for submission to high Impact Factor journals, Top Impact Scientific Editing Service employs three PhD/Master's editors for in-depth editing to maximize your chances for high impact publication.

• Scientific developmental editing by an editor who has edited/reviewed for journals like Nature *, The New England Journal of Medicine ( NEJM )*, and The Lancet*
• A simulated peer review to help you strengthen your manuscript
• Submission-ready : Plagiarism Check, Journal Formatting, & Cover Letter
• 365-Day journal revision support to help you sail through peer review

Key Features of Top Impact Scientific Editing

3 editor system.

One scientific editor and two native English-speaking editors will edit your manuscript. 

Top Impact Scientific Report

A simulated peer review to pre-empt journal reviewer criticisms and fix potential problems.

Powered by iThenticate, it provides a detailed report to help you prevent unintentional plagiarism.

Quality Assurance Check

Additional review by another expert from high impact factor journals for further improvements.

Journal Revision Support

Get unlimited times of revision support during journal peer review up to 365 days after delivery. 

Submission-ready Support

Journal Formatting, Cover Letter, and Certificate of Editing to expedite your journal submission.

The Enago Promise

“The Enago Promise” guarantees that a manuscript edited by us will never be rejected on the basis of poor language. On a rare occasion if rejection occurs, we will take full responsibility of re-editing the paper for resubmission at no additional cost. Our stringent systems and processes, professional editors, and in-house quality management system help us in delivering this promise to our authors.

Papers Published Using Top Impact Scientific Editing – Journal List

IF (Impact Factor): Indicator for 2020-2023

Carefully selected proofreaders responsible for Top Impact English proofreading

• Life Sciences
• Physical Sciences and Engineering
• Economics and Business
• Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences

in Medicine

Journals with peer review history :.

• Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
• American Journal of Clinical Oncology
• Annals of Surgical Oncology

Professional experience :

• NSF-REU Fellow – Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University
• Howard Hughes Medical Fellow - Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University

in Molecular Immunology

• PloS Computational Biology
• Nature Communications
• Nature Immunology
• Principal Investigator -Universidade Nova de Lisboa Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas
• Principal Investigator -Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
• Senior Researcher - Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência

in Neuroscience and Kinesiology

• Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
• American Journal of Occupational Therapy
• Journal of Neurotrauma
• Professor, Occupational Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus
• Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine & Dentistry

in Medical Sciences

• German Research Foundation (DFG)
• European Commission (EC)
• Assistant Professor – Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
• Senior Researcher – Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade

in Neuro Science

• Postdoctoral Fellowship- University of California
• Postdoctoral Fellowship- Duke University Medical Center

in Physical Activity & Health

• American Journal of Preventive Medicine
• BMC Public Health
• British Journal of Nutrition
• Postdoctoral Visiting Fellow - Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences- National Institute on Aging (NIA) & National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• Assistant Professor - Faculty of Sports, University of Porto

in Behavioral Science

• Journals Violence Against Women and Academic Emergency Medicine
• Medical Care Quarterly
• Journal of Addiction
• Faculty - College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Walden University
• Founder and President/CEO - A Better Philadelphia

in Medical Immunology and Genetics

• Nature Scientific Reports
• BMC Medical Genetics
• EBioMedicine
• Postdoctoral Research Fellow, HBNU Fogarty Global Health Consortium, USA
• PhD fellow with National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA  

in Environmental & Forest Biology

• Frontiers in Microbiology
• Integrative Zoology
• Current Biology (Cell Press)
• Assistant Professor, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOZ) Beijing, China
• Adjunct Professor, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, USA

in Materials Science

• Physical Review B
• Crystal Engineering Communications
• Crystal Research and Technology
• Head of the department of Crystal Growth Technology- Institute for Scintillation Materials NAS
• Senior Researcher - Institute for Scintillation Materials NAS

in Metallurgical and Materials and Engineering

• Ceramics International 
• Synthetic Metals
• Materials Chemistry and Physics
• Vice Manager of Central Laboratories - Dr. Van Yuzuncu Yil University
• Research Assistant- University of Karabuk

in Physical Anthropology

• Analytical Chemistry
• Microbiology Today
• Journal of Applied Toxicology Anal.
• Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
• Senior Research Scientist – Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Instructor – National Forensic Academy, Law Enforcement Innovation Center

• Astrophysical Journal
• Physical Review
• Professor Emeritus of Physics & Astronomy- University of Rochester
• Visiting Scientist, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism- Carnegie Institute of Washington  

Business Administration

• NGOs-related manuscripts
• Written books to be presented to the Egyptian cabinet's prime minister.

Researcher at the Information Dissemination Department, the Cabinet – Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC).

International Business

• International Journal of Professional Publishing
• International Journal for developing and emerging economies (IJDEE)
• European Journal of  Business, Economics and Accountancy
• Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management
• Member of Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply
• Community champion at Barclays

in Humanities

• Humanities Herald
• Religion, State, and Society
• The Oxford Handbook on Church and State in the United States
• Dean, College of Humanities, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor
• Director, UMHB Center for Religious Liberty
• Member, Advisory Council, Journal of Religious Diplomacy

in Geography

• Journal of Environment, Development and Sustainability
• African Journal of Environmental and Waste Management
• African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development
• Editorial Board Member, Journal of Advanced Electronics and Electrical Engineering, USA
• Editorial team, Journal of Sustainable Development, USA
• Reviewer of Journal of Hazardous Materials (Publisher: Elsevier)

Expert QA Editors

• Nature Publishing Group
• European Journal of Organic Chemistry
• Senior Faculty, The Johns Hopkins University
• Associate Editor, Nature Protocols, Nature Publishing Group

• Springer Nature
• Scientific Editor, Edinburgh University Press, UK
• Editor, Nature Communications, UK

• Nature Photonics and NPG Asia Materials
• Science Writer and Journalist, Nature Research
• Editor and Scientific Writer, Nature Publishing Group

• Nature Publishing Groups
• BioMed Central series Journals
• Founder and Chief Translator, ETC Science Communication
• Senior Editor, Nature Research

• Nature Cancer and Communications Biology
• Science Writer & Editor, Nature Cancer
• Senior Editor, Nature Communications

• Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
• Editor, Nature Publishing Group
• Science Communications Consultant

• PLoS One journal
• World Journal of Clinical Oncology
• Topic Coordinator in Health Sciences, Flinders University
• Lecturer in Health Sciences, Flinders University

• Associate Publisher, Nature Publishing Group
• Managing Editor, Nature Publishing Group

• Scientific Editor, Edinburgh, UK
• Editor, Nature Communications, London, UK

Top Impact Scientific Editing Samples

Edited Paper Samples

• Life Science

Plagiarism Report & Cover Letter

• Plagiarism Report Sample
• Cover Letter Sample

Rigorous Review by Senior Scientific Editors

Scientific developmental editing and language review [3 editors].

Top Impact Scientific Editing starts with a rigorous examination by a working researcher in your field. They offer practical suggestions to improve your research presentation, drawing from their experience editing or reviewing for top journals like Nature , NEJM , and The Lancet .

• Assess structure, organization, and scientific argument • Ensure discussions and conclusions address the research question • Identify and refine sections that are too brief, too long, or unfocused • Evaluate supporting and supplementary materials 

Two rounds of Language Editing After scientific review, your manuscript undergoes two rounds of editing by native English-speaking experts. They refine clarity, reduce redundancy, and ensure technical accuracy, tone, and impact.  

Your scientific editor will review your manuscript from the perspective of a peer reviewer, providing a report based on: - Originality and significance assessment - Section-by-section analysis with suggestions for improvement - Recommendations for additional content and peer reviewer requirements - Journal compatibility check and additional requirements - Writing quality feedback and suggestions for substantive revisions  

This is an optional paid service exclusive to Top Impact Scientific Editing. Get expert feedback from a reviewer who has worked with top journals like Nature , NEJM , and The Lancet . Our expert evaluates your manuscript's quality, presentation, and research rigor, providing detailed recommendations to improve your chances of acceptance.

Our expert peer reviewers from top journals will:  • Critically evaluate your research paper • Provide further suggestions in the Top Impact Scientific Report • Enhance your paper's quality for impactful publication  

Top Impact Scientific Editing After-Sales Services

Rejection shield.

The scientific editor will help you respond to the peer reviewer's comments and prepare your manuscript for resubmission. If you wish to submit to a different journal, we will re-format the manuscript and prepare a new cover letter. You may use this service for unlimited times within 365 days after delivery.

Expert Q&A

You can ask your editors any questions regarding their comments or editing choices, and respond to their questions in the notations or report. Editors will modify the manuscript when necessary according to your clarifications. You may ask as many questions as many times as you wish for 365 days after delivery. 

Top Impact Scientific Editing Service Process

Author shares the manuscript, references, and the target journal.

The Scientific Editor revises your manuscript for optimal research presentation, technical accuracy in terminology, coherence, and content structure.

Another two native English-speaking editors from your research field edit your paper to enhance flow and concision, and format it according to the requirements of your target journal.

We run an iThenticate plagiarism check on your manuscript and provide a report with actionable suggestions.

The Scientific Editor prepares a detailed report from the perspective of journal reviewers to identify problems and suggest improvements.

Your editor writes a customized cover letter that highlights the significance of your research.

(Opaid option) Another peer reviewer with experience working with high Impact Factor journals such as Nature ,* NEJM ,* and The Lancet .* performs another review for content strength and research rigor.

What is the background of your Scientific Editors and Quality Assurance reviewers

Our Scientific Editors and Quality Assurance reviewers are working researchers with experiences in editing or reviewing for high Impact Factor journals. They are well-versed in the requirements of such journals and could best advise you from the point of view of journal editors and reviewers.

What is the difference between Enago’s Copyediting, Substantive Editing, and Top Impact Scientific Editing services?

We provide three editing services to suit different author expectations:

• Copyediting – Manuscripts are put through a meticulous language check to correct all language, grammar, and punctuation errors. It is suitable for manuscripts that only require a final language editing.
• Substantive Editing – On top of copyediting, this service improves the logical, structural, and presentation aspects of your manuscript. It is recommended for authors seeking to publish their research in SCI journals.
• Top Impact Scientific Editing – This service is designed to meet the requirements of high IF journals. It features developmental editing by editors who have worked with journals such as Nature ,* NEJM ,* and The Lancet* ;a mock peer review, a plagiarism check, and an optional Quality Assurance Check.

Who performs the Language Review in Top Impact Scientific Editing?

The Language Review in the service flow of Top Impact Scientific Editing is performed by professional editors specializing in the same subject area of the research paper.  1. These editors are subject area experts with advanced degrees and extensive experience in research and scientific editing. 2. They specialize in specific fields of study, such as medicine, engineering, social sciences, etc., enabling them to understand the technical content and language used in academic papers.  3. They ensure that the papers adhere to academic standards, improve clarity and coherence, correct grammar and spelling errors, and also offer suggestions to strengthen arguments or refine the structure.  4. For academic editing services, we employ only editors with advanced degrees (PhD or Master's) and extensive experience in editing scholarly works to ensure high-quality outcomes

Can I submit a manuscript for Top Impact Scientific Editing regardless of which journal I wish to submit to?

Yes. Top Impact Scientific Editing provides the highest level of in-depth editing and can significantly improve your manuscript quality. This allows you to aim for publication in the best journal within your reach.

Do you guarantee successful acceptance of my manuscript to my target journal?

We cannot guarantee journal acceptance. Journal review is autonomous and is not subject to any third party influence and the decision largely depends on the merit of your research. However, we do guarantee that our Top Impact Scientific Editing expert editors will make every effort to strengthen your manuscript and give it the best chances of successful publication.

How long does the scientific editing process take?

Our Top Impact Scientific Editing service timeline varies based on the types of services and the length of the manuscript. Standard services typically take a few days, while more comprehensive editing may require additional time.  For an instant assessment of cost, please check out our editing pricing calculator. 

We use cookies to offer you a personalized experience. By continuing to use this website, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy.

• Search Search
• CN (Chinese)
• DE (German)
• ES (Spanish)
• FR (Français)
• JP (Japanese)
• Open science
• Booksellers
• Peer Reviewers
• Springer Nature Group ↗
• Publish an article
• Roles and responsibilities
• Signing your contract
• Writing your manuscript
• Submitting your manuscript
• Producing your book
• Promoting your book
• Submit your book idea
• Manuscript guidelines
• Book author services
• Publish a book
• Publish conference proceedings

Author tutorials

Writing a journal manuscript

Publishing your results is a vital step in the research lifecycle and in your career as a scientist. When you publish your results as a journal article, you make it possible for the scientific community to see it. Publishing your work allows you to get recognition for your results, and to exchange your ideas with the global scientific community. 

We have designed this tutorial to help you write the best article possible by providing you with points to consider, from your background reading and study design to manuscript structuring and figure preparation.

By the end of the tutorial you should know on how to:

• Prepare prior to starting your research
• Structure your manuscript and what to include in each section
• Get the most out of your tables and figures so that they clearly represent your most important results.

You will also have the opportunity to test your learning with quizzes as we go.

Writing a Journal Manuscript

Click here to begin the self-guided tutorial (registration required). 

For further support

We hope that with this tutorial you have a clearer idea of how the publication process works and feel confident in responding to editor and reviewers. Good luck with publishing your work!

If you feel that you would like some further support with writing your paper and understanding the peer review process, Springer Nature offer some services which may be of help.

• Nature Research Editing Service offers high quality  English language and scientific editing. During language editing , Editors will improve the English in your manuscript to ensure the meaning is clear and identify problems that require your review. With Scientific Editing experienced development editors will improve the scientific presentation of your research in your manuscript and cover letter, if supplied. They will also provide you with a report containing feedback on the most important issues identified during the edit, as well as journal recommendations.
• Our affiliates American Journal Experts also provide English language editing* as well as other author services that may support you in preparing your manuscript.
• We provide both online and face-to-face training for researchers on all aspects of the manuscript writing process.

* Please note, using an editing service is neither a requirement nor a guarantee of acceptance for publication. 

Stay up to date

Here to foster information exchange with the library community

Connect with us on LinkedIn and stay up to date with news and development.

• Tools & Services
• Account Development
• Sales and account contacts
• Professional
• Press office
• Locations & Contact

We are a world leading research, educational and professional publisher. Visit our main website for more information.

• © 2024 Springer Nature
• General terms and conditions
• Your US State Privacy Rights
• Your Privacy Choices / Manage Cookies
• Accessibility
• Legal notice
• Help us to improve this site, send feedback.

A Nature Research Service

Scientific Writing and Publishing

For students and researchers in the natural sciences who are new to scientific writing or publishing or who wish to refresh their skills

Subscriptions available to institutions, departments and labs

Key features

3 on-demand courses  with certificates

36 Editors  Scientific writing and publishing experts, including Nature Portfolio Editors

21   hours  of learning

10-minute lessons

English language captions and transcripts

Skills gained

Develop writing skills and confidence writing for journals

Understand editorial processes and what editors look for

Learn best practices for submitting a paper and peer review

What you will learn in the three courses

New edition writing a research paper: 2nd edition.

Learn the detailed processes of writing a research paper

Publishing a Research Paper

Learn about the publication process and the things you need to consider

Writing and Publishing a Review Paper

Prepare yourself to write and publish a great review paper

Delivered by Nature Portfolio journal Editors

The courses are delivered by 30  Editors from over 20 Nature Portfolio journals  - giving researchers an unparalleled insight into the publishing and manuscript selection process.

“It was excellent to hear from the editors, personally, about what they are looking for.” 

Principal Investigator, Canada

Dip in and out design

Researchers can work at their own pace through the three courses - whether that is working through the courses in order or dipping in and out of modules. There are three courses, and content is easy to find. Each course has its own certificate of completion. The lessons are bite-sized (around 10 mins) and easy to fit around a busy research schedule.

“The shortness of the videos allows me to fit them in between work and research. This format also meant that I could take in the information bit by bit...” 

Post-doctoral student, United States

Individual researcher?

Recommend us.

Recommend the course to a lab, department, or institution.

FREE SAMPLE

Register for free to access a sample of the online course. 

Subscriptions

Laboratory subscription.

• Up to 15 researchers
• 12 months’ access
• Usage reports showing researcher uptake
• Discounts for multi-year

Price: Request a quote

Departmental subscription

• Up to 50 researchers
• Promotional resources
• Discounts for multi-year  

Institutional subscription

• Institution-wide access
• Launch presentation

Subscribers worldwide

Institutions are subscribing to our 'Scientific Writing and Publishing' courses to support their researchers in getting published. 

Discover related courses

Focus on peer review online course.

Explore the role of a peer reviewer and the foundations of a good peer review

Live, editor-led workshops in scientific writing and publishing

One- and two-day workshops, available to institutions worldwide

Image Credits

• Search Menu
• Sign in through your institution
• Advance Articles
• Editor's Choice
• CME Reviews
• Best of 2021 collection
• Abbreviated Breast MRI Virtual Collection
• Contrast-enhanced Mammography Collection
• Author Guidelines
• Submission Site
• Open Access
• Self-Archiving Policy
• Accepted Papers Resource Guide
• About Journal of Breast Imaging
• About the Society of Breast Imaging
• Guidelines for Reviewers
• Resources for Reviewers and Authors
• Editorial Board
• Advertising Disclaimer
• Advertising and Corporate Services
• Journals on Oxford Academic
• Books on Oxford Academic

Article Contents

Introduction, before you start writing, writing strategies, writing style, conflict of interest statement.

• < Previous

Practical Steps to Writing a Scientific Manuscript

• Article contents
• Figures & tables
• Supplementary Data

Lars J Grimm, Jennifer A Harvey, Practical Steps to Writing a Scientific Manuscript, Journal of Breast Imaging , Volume 4, Issue 6, November/December 2022, Pages 640–648, https://doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbac059

• Permissions Icon Permissions

Writing a scientific manuscript can be a very intimidating process for new writers. However, writing a scientific research article can be broken down into discrete steps to make the process more digestible. Radiology manuscripts have common conventions that differ from research in technical and other medical fields. The practical steps summarized within describe what to do before you start writing, successful writing strategies, and common writing styles. Templates for producing an abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion are outlined, along with tips to collect references and produce high quality figures. All writers can benefit from an outside writing perspective, and the practical steps described should ease the transition from a blank page to a finished manuscript.

There is no one “correct” way to write a scientific manuscript. However, using the order of methods, results, introduction, discussion, and abstract provides a straightforward approach to getting started.

Both the methods and results sections are relatively formulaic, but their contents depend upon the type of research study.

Tables and figures are often viewed more closely than the text and should highlight the major points of interest.

Writing a scientific manuscript can be an intimidating process if it is your first manuscript or if it has been a while since you last wrote a manuscript. Practice makes writing easier, but that is small consolation when you are staring at a blank screen with a steadily approaching deadline. Often, the biggest challenge is deciding how to begin, and this guide provides practical first steps for new writers. Experienced writers will invariably develop their own writing strategies, but everyone can learn from another’s perspective ( 1 ).

Writing a scientific manuscript is relatively formulaic, although every journal has a unique style. In 2005, Kliewer described a process for writing a scientific manuscript consisting of 18 paragraphs ( 1 ). There are many approaches to writing, and a formulaic approach is not meant to be the end-all to writing. However, the Kliewer article has an Altimetric score of 282, which is in the top 5% of all scientific articles, demonstrating the need for a framework for writing an original research article ( 1 ). We similarly provide practical steps to ease the transition from a blank page to a finished manuscript.

Before you start writing, it is helpful to confer with your research team to pick a target journal, divide up the writing tasks, and settle on a general timeline for submission. Who is included as an author and in what order is a complicated topic and should be decided early in the process ( 2 ). Ideally, a mentor or senior researcher would be included before study initiation to advise on the relevance and value of the proposed research. Additionally, all the data should already have been collected, analyzed, and ready for inclusion before you start writing. Picking a target journal will guide the organization of your manuscript, but choosing the right journal can be challenging. Journals are scored by their impact factor, which is an imperfect measure of the influence of their articles ( 3 ). In general, higher impact journals have lower acceptance rates, but it is more important to ensure your article fits within the scope of the journal. Radiology journals often focus on modality, clinical versus technical (eg, patient outcomes versus improving signal-to-noise ratios), organ system, or type of research. Skimming the table of contents of a recent issue can give a good sense of a journal, but it is often easiest to confer with a senior colleague. There are also online tools available to identify potential journals of interest ( 4 ). Once a journal is selected, it is important to carefully review the author guidelines as journals vary widely in their required formatting for length, content organization, reference formatting, and number of figures and tables, among other factors ( 5–9 ). Copying and pasting specific formatting requirements as notes into your manuscript ensures that you adhere to the guidelines and avoid wasted effort reformatting later. However, an advantage of submitting to the Journal of Breast Imaging is that formatting for journal style is not required at the first submission.

Although research is a collaborative endeavor, scientific manuscripts often suffer when the initial writing is split among too many authors. To avoid unexpected changes in tone and style, as well as overlaps in content and a lack of organization, it is often best to have one author write a rough first draft. This ensures continuity throughout the manuscript, and then, in subsequent drafts, contributing authors can provide recommended edits to their specific areas of expertise. If the manuscript is written by multiple individuals, it is important for one person to dedicate time to harmonizing the content before submission. Finally, although deadlines are helpful to ensure the project is completed in a timely fashion, it is best to incorporate flexibility. Good writing takes time, and an artificial, itemized deadline can add unnecessary pressure. However, if gaps between writing sessions grow too long, it can be hard to re-engage and remember where you left off. A timeline of three to four weeks is usually sufficient to complete a manuscript. However, for some authors it may be more comfortable to break the manuscript up into pieces and have shorter deadlines to facilitate discussions with coauthors throughout the process. Developing your own working style requires experimentation.

Successful writing strategies are uniquely personal, but there are common conventions that may aid early writers. Experiment with different environmental factors like music, caffeine, scenery, and time of day to discover what maximizes your productivity. It also takes time to get into the appropriate writing headspace, and there is a nonlinear relationship between good content and time, as productivity may be intermittent. Many writers will block out half days to be free of meetings and e-mail to allow uninterrupted time to focus. When writing, it is also easy to get bogged down researching specific references to support an argument, and you may lose your train of thought. It is often more efficient to leave placeholders for specific details (eg, “Seromas were present in X-Y% of mastectomy patients [refs].”) that can be filled in later. Getting a rough draft completed should be the primary goal, and then the manuscript can be iteratively revised among coauthors to produce a polished product for submission.

The traditional approach to writing is to proceed in a sequential fashion, beginning with the introduction and then continuing through the methods, results, discussion, and then the abstract. However, a manuscript can be written in any order. Starting with the methods is typically easy, since this information is probably already largely contained in your Institutional Review Board (IRB) application. Writing the results section flows from the methods. Consider what figures and tables will be needed to demonstrate the findings of the study. Then, transition to the more creative task of writing the introduction and discussion once grounded in the research outcomes. Jotting down notes for the introduction and discussion as you write the results can also remind you of important details you wish to cover. Finally, the abstract can be written once you have a comprehensive picture of the entire manuscript. Writers must also decide if they prefer to outline the manuscript first or start writing right away. Experimentation and practice can help to refine your most efficient writing strategy.

A manuscript should reflect your unique voice, but scientific writing has different conventions from other forms of writing. There are several excellent books and articles that provide a comprehensive overview of scientific writing ( 10–12 ). A common mistake is to write too many compound and complex sentences. It is often better to write short, digestible sentences that unambiguously convey a clear point. In general, the use of personal pronouns (eg, I, we, our) is discouraged as the style appears more casual. There are mixed opinions in the scientific literature about passive versus active voice, but in general the passive voice is overused and often the default choice in radiology literature ( 13 ). Active voice can make your writing more direct and easier to understand. Similarly, there is often confusion about which tense to use throughout the manuscript. A general rule of thumb is to use the present tense in the introduction and the discussion when describing other studies ( 14 ). The past tense is used in the methods, results, and discussion when reporting your study. There are exceptions to all these rules, and some journals will be explicit in their author guidelines, but a simple solution is to review a recent manuscript in your target journal.

The methods should be concise, while clearly articulating the steps to allow reproduction of the research. Reviewers focus heavily on the methods to ensure the study conclusions were appropriately developed. Overall, the methods are relatively formulaic, and the organization will depend heavily on the type of research performed. Subheadings are strongly encouraged to allow readers to jump to specific sections. The methods will often be organized in a semi-chronological order that begins with the study population, proceeds to describe the study activities, and finishes with the statistical analysis.

The first paragraph describes the study population and/or setting ( Table 1 ), with the first sentence describing the type of study and how it was managed by the IRB (eg, “This study received an exemption from the IRB”). A Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) statement is included for patient studies. State all inclusion and exclusion criteria clearly. At a minimum, these typically include sex/gender, age, and study dates. A figure with a flowchart showing how the final study population was created after the application of exclusion criteria is helpful ( Figure 1 ). A timeline of study activities may also be appropriate.

Structure of the Methods Section of a Scientific Manuscript With Brief Examples

Item .	Examples .
Type of study and IRB management	This IRB-exempt HIPAA compliant retrospective study . . . . A waiver of consent was granted.
	This prospective study was approved by our IRB and was compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.
	This survey study was IRB-exempt.
Define the study population	All consecutive female patients aged 18-80 years old undergoing US-guided core-needle biopsy between January 2015 and December 2019 were included. Patients were excluded if they had a personal history of breast cancer, known bleeding disorder, or if follow-up of at least one year was not available. For each patient, demographic information was collected including . . . For each procedure, the needle gauge, number of samples,. . . were collected. The outcome of each procedure was collected and included incidence of hematoma formation, biopsy pathology results,. . .
	All female patients aged 18-80 years old presenting for US-guided core-needle biopsy between January 2015 and August 2015 who met study criteria were invited to participate. Women were excluded if they were unable to provide informed consent, had a personal history of breast cancer, or a known bleeding disorder. Study patients were excluded from analysis if follow-up imaging of at least one year was not available.
Study details	All US-guided biopsies were performed using one of two US machines (. . ., GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL or . . ., Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a 12-18 MHz transducer and a core-needle spring-loaded device (. . ., BARD,. . .). The number of samples obtained was at the discretion of the radiologist performing the procedure but generally ranged from 3 to 5 samples in our practice. The radiologists performing the procedures had 3 to 8 years of experience in breast imaging and US-guided breast biopsy. Post-biopsy mammograms were used to assess the size of post-biopsy hematoma formation. If present, the hematoma was measured in three dimensions . . .
	All US-guided biopsies were performed using one of two US machines (. . ., GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL or . . ., Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a 12-18 MHz transducer and a core-needle spring-loaded device (. . ., BARD,. . .). Five samples were obtained per study protocol. The radiologists performing the procedures had three to eight years of experience in breast imaging and US-guided breast biopsy. Post-biopsy mammograms were obtained to assess the size of post-biopsy hematoma formation. If present, the hematoma was measured in three dimensions . . . . Visual assessment of bruising was performed by a nurse with eight years of experience in breast biopsy care and rated on a scale of 1 to 10 with 1 being none visible and 10 being gross bruising. For those patients with a hematoma identified, they were asked to return for a two-view (craniocaudal and mediolateral) mammogram in seven to 10 days as part of the study. Visual assessment of bruising was again performed by the same nurse. Biopsy pathology results were obtained . . .
	Five readers with three to ten years of experience reading breast MRI each reviewed cases independently using a clinical workstation. Readers were blinded to all clinical outcomes and no prior images were available for review. Readers were asked to report . . . using a 1 to 5 Likert scale with 1 representing most visible and 5 representing least visible.
	A draft survey was developed and administered to a focus group of 5 radiologists who provided feedback. The final survey consisted of 12 questions ( ). The initial three questions were related to demographics and practice type. The remaining nine questions were related to the radiologists’ practices regarding antithrombic therapies and US-guided breast biopsy using a Likert scale. The survey was administered to all practicing members of the Society of Breast Imaging; members-in-training, retired members, and those practicing outside of the U.S. were excluded. The survey was administered using Survey Monkey (city, state) and opened on November 5, 2021. The introductory invitation e-mail was sent on November 6, 2021 with two reminder emails sent at weekly intervals. The survey was closed on December 5, 2021.
Statistical analysis	Aggregate descriptive statistics were reported overall and for each subgroup. Comparisons between groups were made using a Pearson chi-square test. A -value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant and no corrections were made for multiple hypothesis testing. Statistical analysis was performed in Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA).

Item .	Examples .
Type of study and IRB management	This IRB-exempt HIPAA compliant retrospective study . . . . A waiver of consent was granted.
	This prospective study was approved by our IRB and was compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.
	This survey study was IRB-exempt.
Define the study population	All consecutive female patients aged 18-80 years old undergoing US-guided core-needle biopsy between January 2015 and December 2019 were included. Patients were excluded if they had a personal history of breast cancer, known bleeding disorder, or if follow-up of at least one year was not available. For each patient, demographic information was collected including . . . For each procedure, the needle gauge, number of samples,. . . were collected. The outcome of each procedure was collected and included incidence of hematoma formation, biopsy pathology results,. . .
	All female patients aged 18-80 years old presenting for US-guided core-needle biopsy between January 2015 and August 2015 who met study criteria were invited to participate. Women were excluded if they were unable to provide informed consent, had a personal history of breast cancer, or a known bleeding disorder. Study patients were excluded from analysis if follow-up imaging of at least one year was not available.
Study details	All US-guided biopsies were performed using one of two US machines (. . ., GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL or . . ., Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a 12-18 MHz transducer and a core-needle spring-loaded device (. . ., BARD,. . .). The number of samples obtained was at the discretion of the radiologist performing the procedure but generally ranged from 3 to 5 samples in our practice. The radiologists performing the procedures had 3 to 8 years of experience in breast imaging and US-guided breast biopsy. Post-biopsy mammograms were used to assess the size of post-biopsy hematoma formation. If present, the hematoma was measured in three dimensions . . .
	All US-guided biopsies were performed using one of two US machines (. . ., GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL or . . ., Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a 12-18 MHz transducer and a core-needle spring-loaded device (. . ., BARD,. . .). Five samples were obtained per study protocol. The radiologists performing the procedures had three to eight years of experience in breast imaging and US-guided breast biopsy. Post-biopsy mammograms were obtained to assess the size of post-biopsy hematoma formation. If present, the hematoma was measured in three dimensions . . . . Visual assessment of bruising was performed by a nurse with eight years of experience in breast biopsy care and rated on a scale of 1 to 10 with 1 being none visible and 10 being gross bruising. For those patients with a hematoma identified, they were asked to return for a two-view (craniocaudal and mediolateral) mammogram in seven to 10 days as part of the study. Visual assessment of bruising was again performed by the same nurse. Biopsy pathology results were obtained . . .
	Five readers with three to ten years of experience reading breast MRI each reviewed cases independently using a clinical workstation. Readers were blinded to all clinical outcomes and no prior images were available for review. Readers were asked to report . . . using a 1 to 5 Likert scale with 1 representing most visible and 5 representing least visible.
	A draft survey was developed and administered to a focus group of 5 radiologists who provided feedback. The final survey consisted of 12 questions ( ). The initial three questions were related to demographics and practice type. The remaining nine questions were related to the radiologists’ practices regarding antithrombic therapies and US-guided breast biopsy using a Likert scale. The survey was administered to all practicing members of the Society of Breast Imaging; members-in-training, retired members, and those practicing outside of the U.S. were excluded. The survey was administered using Survey Monkey (city, state) and opened on November 5, 2021. The introductory invitation e-mail was sent on November 6, 2021 with two reminder emails sent at weekly intervals. The survey was closed on December 5, 2021.
Statistical analysis	Aggregate descriptive statistics were reported overall and for each subgroup. Comparisons between groups were made using a Pearson chi-square test. A -value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant and no corrections were made for multiple hypothesis testing. Statistical analysis was performed in Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA).

Abbreviations: HIPAA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; IRB, Institutional Review Board.

Example diagram that demonstrates how the study population was defined.

The subsequent paragraphs depend on the study design. Essentially, explain what was done with the study population and how it was done.

Retrospective Study

For retrospective studies, it is important to define the standards of practice for the study population under investigation. The imaging equipment, including vendor information (manufacturer, city of headquarters, state), should be specified. For routine procedures or clinical tasks (eg, stereotactic breast biopsy), explicit details do not need to be described unless they are germane to the study or varied between study locations. Provide the experience of the radiologists performing the interpretations or procedures during the study period.

Reader Study

For reader studies, it is important to describe how the images/cases were selected and the conditions under which the radiologists reviewed the images (eg, research workstation). Accompanying figures and/or tables may be helpful to describe the research conditions. Specify any training, education, or guidance provided to the readers. Describe all metrics reported by the readers.

Survey Study

A manuscript reporting the results of a survey will have a section on how the survey was developed, tested, and administered. The full text of the survey should be made available in the manuscript or as an appendix.

The last paragraph of the methods is reserved for the analysis plan, including the statistics. A description of how data were coded and analyzed, which statistical tests were used, and which statistical software was used should be described. For complicated statistical analyses, the statistician should write this section to ensure accuracy. Journals increasingly include a statistical reviewer, so it is important to be clear about the analysis plan. It is also typical to define the threshold for statistical significance (eg, P- value ≤ 0.05) along with any efforts to control for multiple hypothesis testing.

The results should also be laid out in a straightforward manner with regular use of subheadings ( Table 2 ). The length of the results section does not reflect the amount of work involved in a research project, so avoid filler content. A simple five-minute survey might have a dozen questions to report, while a complicated deep learning algorithm might yield a single model performance metric. Provide all pertinent positive, negative, and non-significant findings in the text or tables to provide a comprehensive picture of the study.

Structure of the Results Section of a Scientific Manuscript With Typical Examples

Item .	Examples .
Define the study population	During the study period, 532 women underwent US-guided breast core-needle biopsy. Of these, 35 were excluded due to personal history of breast cancer and 6 were excluded due to known bleeding disorder. Of the remaining 491 patients, 63 were excluded as follow-up of at least one year was not available. The remaining 428 patients make up the study group. The mean patient age was 54.3 years (range 24-82 years). The patients were predominantly White (389/428, 90.9%) and post-menopausal (365/428, 85.3%) ( ).
	During the study period, 124 women underwent US-guided core-needle biopsy. Of these, 62 agreed to participate in the study and gave informed study consent. The mean patient age was 54.3 years (range 24-82 years). The patients were predominantly White (47/62, 75.8%) and post-menopausal (52/62, 83.9%) ( ).
	Information regarding the readers may be provided here but is typically included in the methods.
	During the survey period, 345 Society of Breast Imaging members completed the survey for a response rate of 22.5% (345/1534). Of these, 47 were excluded because of being a member-in training, retired, or practicing outside of the U.S. The remaining 298 respondents make up the study group. The mean respondent age was 54.3 years (range 34-72 years). Respondents were most commonly in practice for 10 to 14 years (156/298, 52.3%) and were in academic practice (170/298, 57.0%) ( ). Geographic distribution of respondents was relatively balanced with the most common location being the Northeast (89/298, 29.9%).
Study results	The majority of women had no hematoma demonstrated on the post-biopsy mammogram (44/62, 71.0%) (Table 3). The vast majority of those with a hematoma on the post-biopsy mammogram had a small hematoma measuring less than 1 cm  (10/18, 55.6%). The mean hematoma size was 1.4 cm (range . . . ). The mean visual assessment of bruising after the procedure was . . . with the mode being 1 (range).
	The majority of women had no hematoma demonstrated on the post-biopsy mammogram (44/62, 71.0%) (Table 3). The vast majority of those with a hematoma demonstrated on the post-biopsy mammogram, and most were small, measuring less than 1 cm (10/18, 55.6%). The mean hematoma size was 1.4 cm (range . . .). The mean visual assessment of bruising after the procedure was . . . with the mode being 1 (range). All 18 patients with post-biopsy hematoma returned between seven and 10 days for reassessment, with the mean follow-up of 8.3 days. Only 3 of the 18 patients (16.7%) had a residual hematoma on repeat mammogram. The mean size was . . ., which was significantly decreased compared to the post-biopsy mammogram (  = 0.035). Visual assessment . . . Biopsy pathology results showed 15 malignant results (15/62, 24.2%) (Table 4), with the most common result being invasive ductal carcinoma (9/15, 60.0%). Malignant pathology outcome was statistically significantly associated with the presence of post-biopsy hematoma (12/18, 66.7%) (  = 0.004) as well as the size of hematoma (mean . . ., range . . .) (  = 0.034). Visual assessment . . . . At follow-up,. . .
	The mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of reader performance to predict malignancy was 0.74 (range 0.43-0.92,  = 0.023) when reporting a percentage likelihood of malignancy. The mean reader confidence was 57% (range 34%-75%). The interobserver variability of the readers was fair (kappa = 0.31) for the use of BI-RADS final assessment categories.
	Most respondents indicated that they never cancel procedures for patients who are taking antithrombotic medications (200/345, 60.0%). This rate was significantly higher for respondents in academic practices (75/100, 75%) than for those in private practice (100/200, 50.0%) or who did not provide information on practice type (25/45, 55.6%) (  = 0.035).

Item .	Examples .
Define the study population	During the study period, 532 women underwent US-guided breast core-needle biopsy. Of these, 35 were excluded due to personal history of breast cancer and 6 were excluded due to known bleeding disorder. Of the remaining 491 patients, 63 were excluded as follow-up of at least one year was not available. The remaining 428 patients make up the study group. The mean patient age was 54.3 years (range 24-82 years). The patients were predominantly White (389/428, 90.9%) and post-menopausal (365/428, 85.3%) ( ).
	During the study period, 124 women underwent US-guided core-needle biopsy. Of these, 62 agreed to participate in the study and gave informed study consent. The mean patient age was 54.3 years (range 24-82 years). The patients were predominantly White (47/62, 75.8%) and post-menopausal (52/62, 83.9%) ( ).
	Information regarding the readers may be provided here but is typically included in the methods.
	During the survey period, 345 Society of Breast Imaging members completed the survey for a response rate of 22.5% (345/1534). Of these, 47 were excluded because of being a member-in training, retired, or practicing outside of the U.S. The remaining 298 respondents make up the study group. The mean respondent age was 54.3 years (range 34-72 years). Respondents were most commonly in practice for 10 to 14 years (156/298, 52.3%) and were in academic practice (170/298, 57.0%) ( ). Geographic distribution of respondents was relatively balanced with the most common location being the Northeast (89/298, 29.9%).
Study results	The majority of women had no hematoma demonstrated on the post-biopsy mammogram (44/62, 71.0%) (Table 3). The vast majority of those with a hematoma on the post-biopsy mammogram had a small hematoma measuring less than 1 cm  (10/18, 55.6%). The mean hematoma size was 1.4 cm (range . . . ). The mean visual assessment of bruising after the procedure was . . . with the mode being 1 (range).
	The majority of women had no hematoma demonstrated on the post-biopsy mammogram (44/62, 71.0%) (Table 3). The vast majority of those with a hematoma demonstrated on the post-biopsy mammogram, and most were small, measuring less than 1 cm (10/18, 55.6%). The mean hematoma size was 1.4 cm (range . . .). The mean visual assessment of bruising after the procedure was . . . with the mode being 1 (range). All 18 patients with post-biopsy hematoma returned between seven and 10 days for reassessment, with the mean follow-up of 8.3 days. Only 3 of the 18 patients (16.7%) had a residual hematoma on repeat mammogram. The mean size was . . ., which was significantly decreased compared to the post-biopsy mammogram (  = 0.035). Visual assessment . . . Biopsy pathology results showed 15 malignant results (15/62, 24.2%) (Table 4), with the most common result being invasive ductal carcinoma (9/15, 60.0%). Malignant pathology outcome was statistically significantly associated with the presence of post-biopsy hematoma (12/18, 66.7%) (  = 0.004) as well as the size of hematoma (mean . . ., range . . .) (  = 0.034). Visual assessment . . . . At follow-up,. . .
	The mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of reader performance to predict malignancy was 0.74 (range 0.43-0.92,  = 0.023) when reporting a percentage likelihood of malignancy. The mean reader confidence was 57% (range 34%-75%). The interobserver variability of the readers was fair (kappa = 0.31) for the use of BI-RADS final assessment categories.
	Most respondents indicated that they never cancel procedures for patients who are taking antithrombotic medications (200/345, 60.0%). This rate was significantly higher for respondents in academic practices (75/100, 75%) than for those in private practice (100/200, 50.0%) or who did not provide information on practice type (25/45, 55.6%) (  = 0.035).

Typically, the first paragraph of the results will present a summary of the study population along with a table that provides detailed demographic information. Provide a narrative summary of the important findings and avoid repeating information accessible to the reader from the tables. For example, “The majority of women were White (28/50, 56%) and post-menopausal (31/50, 62%) with at least two prior mammograms for comparison (35/50, 70%) as shown in Table 1 .”

The subsequent paragraphs follow the flow of the methods section, presenting the findings along with any relevant statistical metrics (ie, P -values). Exact P -values provide more context compared with a less than number (eg, P  = 0.023 is preferred over P  < 0.05). Of note, the term “significant” implies statistical significance in scientific writing, and relevant statistical information ( P -value, odds ratio, etc) should be provided.

Figures and tables are very helpful, especially for complicated analyses with large numbers of variables. Secondary data that were collected but not important to the primary findings can be placed in supplemental tables. Narrative summary information is again helpful to capture the major points, with references to the tables and/or figures for specific details. It is typical to report both percentages and numbers as appropriate (eg, 30% [3/10]) so that readers understand the context of any metrics. Be consistent in the number of significant digits and choose a threshold that has real-world meaning (eg, the mean lymph node size is 3.4 cm and not 3.428 cm). Present results in a neutral tone without any references to prior literature or descriptions of the implications of the findings.

Now that you have developed the important points of your study findings, focus on the introduction and discussion. The introduction is the space to provide background information to justify why your research was done. Different fields have widely divergent conventions about the organization and length of the introduction, but clinical radiology journals err on the side of shorter and more concise introductions (~300-500 words). New authors often confuse content between the introduction and the discussion. A simple convention is to think of the introduction as the clinical/research world before your study was performed. Your study was needed to fill in the gaps in knowledge that previously existed. There is no need to provide information that the journal audience will already be familiar with. For Journal of Breast Imaging readers, for example, it is not necessary to provide basic breast cancer statistics. The discussion then places your findings in the context of the new clinical/research world and describes future directions.

There are many ways to structure the introduction, but a simple template is two short background paragraphs concluded by a very brief paragraph describing the purpose of the study. Imagine a funnel that starts very broadly to discuss the research environment and tapers to this specific study. Most studies can be broken down into the intersection of two topics of interest, which provides a simple narrative for the reader. Imagine you were writing a manuscript on alcohol ablation for postoperative seromas. The first paragraph would focus on postoperative seromas—incidence, biology, treatment options, etc. The second paragraph would focus on alcohol ablation—mechanism of action, successful non-breast clinical scenarios, paucity of data on breast seroma alcohol ablations, etc. The final paragraph would then explain in two to three sentences why your study was done based on the intersection of the preceding two paragraphs. An explicit statement defining your hypothesis or purpose is recommended and required by most journals. The stated purpose of the study at the conclusion of the introduction mirrors the objective statement of the abstract.

The discussion is where you summarize the important findings of your study, explain the significance of the findings, and describe how they compare and contrast to the published literature to date. While your findings may be groundbreaking, superlatives like “first” or “best” should be avoided. It is also important to never report new findings in the discussion that were not in the results. However, discussing next steps or future directions for research or clinical applications is encouraged to place your findings in the context of the larger body of current and future studies.

Typically, the first paragraph of the discussion summarizes the major finding(s) of the study. The subsequent one to two paragraphs will then highlight additional pertinent positive or negative findings. The following one to two paragraphs describe why the results are important and place them in the context of other studies. A simple convention is to summarize your research finding in one to two sentences and then describe how the finding relates to prior published work. Qualifiers are helpful (eg, “It was surprising . . .” or “Our results confirm previous work . . .”) to place your findings in context with prior work and your initial hypothesis. Providing specific data from prior studies is more helpful than generalization (eg, “Collin et al (reference number) identified post-biopsy hematomas in only 2% (2/100) of patients undergoing US-guided core-needle biopsy in contrast to our study identifying 7% (7/100) of patients. However, our study used post-biopsy mammograms, while the prior study . . .”). Gaps in knowledge or proposed next steps are included when appropriate.

A limitations paragraph is usually the second to last paragraph of the discussion. All studies have limitations, and it is important to describe the major ones, posit their impact on the results, and list any amelioration steps. For example, “Our study population had a lower proportion of Hispanic women than the general population, despite our outreach efforts. This limited our ability to perform subgroup analysis.” While it is important to describe the major limitations to contextualize the findings, it is not necessary to list every conceivable limitation. Reviewers will invariably request that additional limitations be included, and if the list of limitations is too long, it may inappropriately undermine the manuscript.

The last paragraph of the discussion is the conclusion and includes a high-level narrative summary of the findings. Caution is suggested when making conclusions about the findings of the study to ensure that they are not overstated. The results must support the conclusion. This may be the only part of the discussion that a casual reader actually reads, so summarize the major take-home messages. It is often appropriate to include one or two sentences about next steps (eg, “These results justify further work in a multi-institution prospective setting”). This is your parting message to the reader, and there is some flexibility to include an aspirational tone to your final message.

Although the abstract is the shortest piece of a manuscript, it is often the only piece most readers will see. Abstracts are visible on search engines like PubMed or Google Scholar even if a reader does not access the full text ( 15 , 16 ). There are usually minor formatting differences between journals, but it is most important to note the total word count, usually 250 words as search engines typically truncate the abstract at this number. Summarizing a manuscript of 2000 to 3000 words into 250 words is a logistical challenge that may involve creative use of hyphenations, parallel structure, abbreviations, and brief language. It is impossible to describe all the details of the methods and results as well as the nuances of the introduction and discussion. Instead, summarize the major findings and emphasize the key take-home messages. The abstract is the opportunity to sell a prospective reader on why they should read the entire manuscript.

In the Journal of Breast Imaging , the abstract headings are objective, methods, results, and conclusion. The objective is typically no more than one or two sentences and mirrors the purpose statement that is the last sentence of the introduction. The methods typically opens with the type of study and IRB information (eg, “This retrospective study was IRB-exempt”). The next sentence or two describe the study design and may include how the study population was identified, followed by what was done. The methods section closes with a sentence on statistical analysis. The results section typically opens with the defined study population and then a summary of the important results. The methods and results sections should have the most words of your abstract. The conclusion is typically one or two sentences summarizing the important results and future directions. As in the discussion, care must be made to not overstate your conclusions.

A scientific manuscript should have ample supporting references to justify the research and contextualize the findings. Identifying appropriate references can be overwhelming, but a short primer on PubMed or Google Scholar with a librarian can teach you successful search strategies ( 15 , 16 ). For narrow projects, it may be appropriate to cite the entire body of published work. For projects with larger areas of interest (eg, breast cancer screening), there may be thousands of references. A practical strategy is to review a recent review article or similar scientific manuscript to find potential references. Looking at articles that subsequently cite an article may lead to important current articles expanding on the original findings. Search engines can also be sorted by citation counts, which facilitates identification of the most cited articles. In general, it is better to cite more recent articles and those from well-known journals to ensure that the references are current and well vetted. It is also best to reference a primary scientific manuscript rather than a review article.

Reference managers such as EndNote (Clarivate, Philadelphia, PA), RefWorks (ProQuest, Ann Arbor, MI), or Mendeley Desktop (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands) can synchronize the order of references within the manuscript and are a valuable time-saving tool. They allow text to be moved within the manuscript while ensuring appropriate linkage and ordering of references. Reference managers also facilitate easy switching of formats between journal requirements. Formatting references in the style of the journal can be performed by reviewing the journal’s “Instructions to Authors” and often downloading the appropriate format into the reference manager. The Journal of Breast Imaging follows the 11 th edition of the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style ( 17 ). Finally, although journals have maximum but not minimum citation limits, including less than 15 to 20 references raises concerns that adequate background research was not performed.

Collecting compelling clinical images to support the manuscript narrative is critically important for a radiology manuscript. Review the author guidelines for requirements on the number of figures, image resolution, and file formats (eg, JPEG, GIF, TIFF). Use annotations, such as arrows or circles, liberally to highlight major findings. The small figure sizes require careful cropping, windowing, and leveling of clinical images. Journals will specify the minimum number of dots per inch (dpi). It is not uncommon to save low resolution images initially and realize later that the images are an insufficient dpi and must be redone. Saving a raw high-resolution master copy in reserve is helpful. An easy trick to acquiring high-resolution clinical images is to zoom in at the clinical workstation and then use a screen grab tool to capture an overly large but correctly framed image. That large image can then be shrunk down to the appropriate dimensions while keeping the dpi very high. Also, check to make sure your software program is not downgrading the image sizes by default. Some journals, including the Journal of Breast Imaging , prefer consolidation of all image parts for each figure with submission of one image file. All of these tasks are easily performed in commonly available software programs such as PowerPoint, Paint, or Paint 3D (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). The edited images can then be saved in the appropriate format per the author guidelines ( 5–9 ).

Similarly, each journal has a particular style for figure legends. Many journals, including the Journal of Breast Imaging , prefer a narrative approach rather than listing each image with its description (eg, “On transverse ( A ) and sagittal ( B ) US images, an oval circumscribed mass (arrows) . . . . No internal vascularity was seen on color Doppler imaging ( C )”). Abbreviations are included at the end of the figure legend. Reviewing the author guidelines and recent journal articles is helpful.

Tables should present the study data in a succinct fashion. They provide a more comprehensive display of the data beyond the highlights presented in the text. In a research article, the first table typically provides the demographic information of the study population. For studies comparing two groups, demographic information might be listed overall and for each group to allow for easy comparison. Subsequent tables provide relevant data from the results along with statistical information. It may take some trial and error to optimize the layout of a large table, but it is worth the effort as readers often focus on the results from the table. Tables usually have short, succinct titles, unlike the more narrative figure legends. Additional comments or qualifiers are added as a footnote to the table, often with a symbol (eg, *, ǂ) denoting what section of the table they are referencing. Readers should be able to interpret the table without reading the text, and thus, any abbreviations should be included at the bottom of the table.

Other Items

The title should inform the reader of the basic research question. A good title is not too long or too short and captures the reader’s attention. A pithy approach may be acceptable, but it is best to review prior journal publication titles to ensure this approach is suitable. For example, the title may be a question (eg, “Is synthetic mammography adequate to detect amorphous calcifications?”) or may be the conclusion of the study (eg, “Synthetic mammography adequately detects amorphous calcifications”).

Journals usually require three to five keywords that facilitate indexing and search engine identification. A thoughtful approach that errs on the side of being more general is likely to increase visibility.

Many journals also ask for some additional journal specific items. In the Journal of Breast Imaging , the key messages provide two to four summary statements of the research. In essence, provide several points that you would like the reader to take away after reading the article. Condensing your major points into very short key messages can be challenging, but the content is highly viewed and thus valuable.

Journals manage abbreviations in different ways. Generally, abbreviations are expanded at first use in the abstract, body of the manuscript, each figure legend, and each table title. An abbreviation is expanded if used at the beginning of a sentence. Some abbreviations do not need to be expanded at first use per the AMA style guide ( 17 ). Common abbreviations in imaging that do not need to be expanded include DNA, RNA, UV (ultraviolet), CI (confidence interval), SD (standard deviation), SE (standard error), and SEM (standard error of the mean). In the Journal of Breast Imaging , some additional abbreviation never need expansion, including MRI, US, PET, PET-CT, and CT. In the abstract, IRB and BI-RADS can be used without expansion but are expanded at first use in the main text. In figure legends or tables, BI-RADS can be used without expansion. Note that in the Journal of Breast Imaging , US is used for ultrasound while U.S. is used for the United States. Nonstandard abbreviations are generally avoided in the title or headings, but standard abbreviations such as MRI or BI-RADS are fine. The use of many nonconventional abbreviations can confuse and slow down the reader.

Submitting the Manuscript

Review the author guidelines for the journal that you have chosen one more time. Most imaging journals require a blinded manuscript, separate title pages, and individual files for images at first submission. The title page will often require detailed author information and disclosures. Where author initials are included, use “X.X.X.” and a similar format for institutions in the manuscript. Many journals, including the Journal of Breast Imaging , do not require journal specific formatting at the initial submission, but it is required for subsequent resubmission if the article moves forward.

Acceptance of a scientific manuscript at initial submission is extremely rare. Most articles that are subsequently published will move from major revision to minor revision to acceptance. Note that a decision of “reject– resubmission allowed” often means that major reanalysis or rewriting of the manuscript is needed. These papers will often undergo a new set of reviews at resubmission. Many of these manuscripts will move on to publication if concerns are adequately addressed. Articles that are rejected without further consideration can often be revised based on reviewer comments and submitted to a different journal.

While reviewer comments may feel hurtful, they are meant to improve the paper and are not personal. Articles often move from just okay to excellent during the review process.

Journal editors and staff are typically happy to help you with problems or questions.

Every scientific manuscript creates a unique set of challenges for the writer, but the practical steps described here should provide a solid conceptual framework. Getting started is often the hardest part of writing, and the goal is to create a draft, no matter how rough. By breaking the manuscript down into discrete sections, you can more easily make progress. Last, a writing mentor is an invaluable resource. Beginning and experienced writers alike can always benefit from some outside perspective. Good luck and happy writing!

None declared.

J.A.H. is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Breast Imaging . As such, she was excluded from the review process. L.J.G. declares no conflict of interest.

Kliewer MA. Writing it up: a step-by-step guide to publication for beginning investigators . AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005 ; 185 ( 3 ): 591 – 596 .

Google Scholar

Helgesson G , Eriksson S. Authorship order . Learn Publ 2019 ; 32 ( 2 ): 106 – 112 .

Scopus. Journal metrics . Available at: https://www.scopus.com/sources . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

Google Preview

The Biosemantics Group. Journal/author name estimator . Available at: https://jane.biosemantics.org . Accessed July 8, 2022 .

Journal of Breast Imaging. Instructions for authors . Available at: https://academic.oup.com/jbi/pages/General_Instructions . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

Radiological Society of North America. Radiology publication instructions for authors . Available at: https://pubs.rsna.org/page/radiology/author-instructions . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

American Roentgen Ray Society. Guidelines for authors . Available at: https://www.arrs.org/AJR/AuthorGuidelines . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

Academic Radiology. Guide for authors . Available from: https://www.elsevier.com/journals/academic-radiology/1076-6332/guide-for-authors . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

Journal of the American College of Radiology. Guide for authors . Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/journals/journal-of-the-american-college-of-radiology/1546-1440/guide-for-authors . Accessed March 10, 2022 .

Gopen GD. Expectations: Teaching Writing From a Reader’s Perspective . New York : Pearson Longman ; 2004 .

Gopen GD. The Sense of Structure: Writing From the Reader’s Perspective . New York : Pearson Longman ; 2004 .

Gopen G , Swan J. The science of scientific writing . Am Sci 1990 ; 78 ( 6 ): 550 – 558 .

Gunderman RB , Steinmeyer LA. The passive voice . Acad Radiol 2015 ; 22 ( 9 ): 1206 – 1207 .

Kotsis SV , Chung KC. A guide for writing in the scientific forum . Plast Reconstr Surg 2010 ; 126 ( 5 ): 1763 – 1771 .

Google. Google Scholar . Available at: https://scholar.google.com . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

National Library of Medicine. PubMed . Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Accessed March 14, 2022 .

Christiansen S , Iverson C , Flanagin A. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors . Oxford University Press ; 2020 .

• diagnostic radiologic examination
• radiology specialty
• breast imaging

Month:	Total Views:
October 2022	15
November 2022	9
December 2022	115
January 2023	123
February 2023	63
March 2023	58
April 2023	53
May 2023	58
June 2023	57
July 2023	63
August 2023	71
September 2023	62
October 2023	72
November 2023	108
December 2023	113
January 2024	152
February 2024	83
March 2024	161
April 2024	112
May 2024	109
June 2024	135
July 2024	85
August 2024	85

Email alerts

Citing articles via.

• Recommend to your Librarian
• Journals Career Network

Affiliations

• Online ISSN 2631-6129
• Print ISSN 2631-6110
• Copyright © 2024 Society of Breast Imaging
• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Institutional account management
• Rights and permissions
• Get help with access
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

• [email protected]
• No.6/387, First Floor, Mogappair East, Chennai.
• GET A QUOTE

Service Beyond Hopes!

Scientific editing services, what cognibrain scientific editing services offers to you.

Our scientific editors possess a unique blend of scientific knowledge and language expertise to refine and polish your research paper that fits the journal of your choice. We offer scientific editing services in three stages:

Stage 1: Language editing

Your research paper is submitted to our English language expert in the preliminary stage to remove all jargon and correct the grammatical mistakes. This allows the other editors in the process to focus on the ideas of your research, and not its language.

Stage 2: Developmental editing

It is the mainstay of our scientific manuscript editing process and encompasses the following:

• Does your argument reflect your central question or objective of research?
• The structure, clarity, and flow of information in the research paper
• The description of your rationale, methods used and how you arrived at the conclusions
• The presentation of context and of any objectively justifiable implications of the research
• The clarity and accuracy of your figures, tables and supplementary information
• Any sections that lack detail or are unnecessarily long
• The effectiveness of your cover letter

Stage 3: Quality assurance

Finally, we submit your paper to another editor of our team who examines each and every detail and provides an additional feedback to improve your scientific research paper for its best quality.

Rely on our scientific editing services to deliver accurate, error free scientific paper to get published in International journals. As a scientific manuscript editing services company we have extensive experience in  scientific and medical journal publication .

Publishing a  scientific manuscript  in a high impact is a cumbersome task. Your research paper may get rejected even before it reaches the peer review process.

Use of poor language, too many grammatical and punctuation mistakes, improper sentence construction, inaccuracy of the presented facts, figures, and tables, improper formatting of the research paper, and failure to write according to the journal guidelines are the reasons for its rejection.

That’s why it’s critical to proofread and edit your research paper before submitting it for publication in a journal. Thorough and competent editing of your scientific research paper can save you from the distress of rejection.

But what is scientific editing? What does it comprise of?

Scientific editing is much beyond eliminating the grammar, vocabulary, and punctuation errors in your research paper. It is to revise your paper and make each piece of information contained in it clear and precise.

However proficient and focused you might be while writing your research paper, you tend to make mistakes in the spellings, language, and flow of information.

Thus, you need to check all these facts and revise them during scientific paper editing. After all, your paper is for the readers; to inform and instruct them about the new advances in the medical field. And it will be useless to publish a paper that doesn’t serve this purpose, that doesn’t engage your readers in reading your research paper. So, editing of a scientific manuscript is crucial before it is submitted for publication.

Scientific paper editing comprises of checking the following parameters in your research paper:

• Your write the paper with a specific purpose; to tell something specific to the readers from your research. Does your paper tell the readers what it intended to?
• The language used grammar and punctuation errors, and sentence structure.
• Accuracy of the facts reported in the paper.
• Clarity and flow of information in the paper.
• Ease of reading the research paper. The easier it is to read, more interesting and engaging it will be for the readers.

But, scientific editing is not easy! And your submission deadline is near.

However, getting an immediate solution is now easy with CogniBrain! Take help of our professional scientific paper editing services. We offer top-notch scientific manuscript editing services to make your research communication appeal the journal editors.

Why choose our scientific editing services?

There’s something that sets our scientific editing services stand out. Our unique features comprise of:

• Editing done by English language experts – our professional and scientific paper editing team possesses complete expertise and command over written English language
• Quality check by certified content examiners – all our scientific editors are certified from reputed institutes
• Automated plagiarism check – our editors automatically check for any plagiarized content in your research paper to avoid accidental copying of text or passage from other’s research work
• 100% data privacy – we ensure complete privacy of the documents you submit for editing
• Reasonable prices
• Quick turn-around time – your submission is our responsibility. Your deadline won’t compromise the quality of your research document
• Free expert consultation – we handle all scientific research paper editing queries of our clients absolutely free of cost
• Full-scale support – Be it organizing the structure of your paper or correcting the grammatical mistakes, we extend our support through three stages of scientific editing
• Customized service – With us, you won’t lose your voice of opinion in research communication. We uphold your opinion and communicate it in the best possible manner

Our scientific editing services comprise of copy editing, substantive editing, editing of research paper, medical manuscript editing, formatting of references, validating the facts or GAP analysis, document glossary, scientific and English proof-reading, camera-ready and power-point formatting.

Our Specialty Scientific Writing Domains

Medical domain, surgical domain, dental domain.