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From Critical Thinking to Argument

Seventh Edition  ©2023 Sylvan Barnet; Hugo Bedau; John O'Hara Formats: Achieve, E-book, Print

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Sylvan Barnet

Sylvan Barnet was a professor of English and former director of writing at Tufts University. His several texts on writing and his numerous anthologies for introductory composition and literature courses have remained leaders in their field through many editions. His titles, with Hugo Bedau, include Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

Hugo Bedau was a professor of philosophy at Tufts University and served as chair of the philosophy department and chair of the university’s committee on College Writing. An internationally respected expert on the death penalty, and on moral, legal, and political philosophy, he wrote or edited a number of books on these topics. He co-authored, with Sylvan Barnet, of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

John O'Hara

John Fitzgerald O’Hara is an associate professor of Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing at Stockton University, where he is the coordinator of the first-year critical thinking program, and former Director of the Master of Arts in American Studies Program. He regularly teaches writing, critical thinking, and courses in American literature and history and is a nationally-recognized expert on the 1960s. He is the co-author of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

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Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing

Sylvan Barnet; Hugo Bedau; John O'Hara

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From Critical Thinking to Argument is a brief but thorough guide to argument at a great value.  This versatile text gives students strategies for critical thinking, reading, and writing and makes argument concepts clear through its treatment of classic and modern approaches to argument, including Aristotelian, Toulmin, and Rogerian argument, as well as visual rhetoric. A new Consider This activity provides metacognitive opportunities and encourages students to think critically about their own decision-making and the ways argument concepts impact their lived experiences. With just twenty-one readings, this affordable guide can stand alone or complement an anthology. Paired with Achieve, an engaging and powerful digital platform (see Related Titles for more details).

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From Critical Thinking to Argument

Seventh  edition | ©2023  sylvan barnet; hugo bedau; john o'hara.

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Table of Contents

Sylvan Barnet

Sylvan Barnet was a professor of English and former director of writing at Tufts University. His several texts on writing and his numerous anthologies for introductory composition and literature courses have remained leaders in their field through many editions. His titles, with Hugo Bedau, include Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

Hugo Bedau was a professor of philosophy at Tufts University and served as chair of the philosophy department and chair of the university’s committee on College Writing. An internationally respected expert on the death penalty, and on moral, legal, and political philosophy, he wrote or edited a number of books on these topics. He co-authored, with Sylvan Barnet, of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

John O'Hara

John Fitzgerald O’Hara is an associate professor of Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing at Stockton University, where he is the coordinator of the first-year critical thinking program, and former Director of the Master of Arts in American Studies Program. He regularly teaches writing, critical thinking, and courses in American literature and history and is a nationally-recognized expert on the 1960s. He is the co-author of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.

Essential critical thinking and argument coverage in an affordable, streamlined format.

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From Critical Thinking to Argument: A Portable Guide Sixth Edition

• ISBN-10 1319194435
• ISBN-13 978-1319194437
• Edition Sixth
• Publisher Bedford/St. Martin's
• Publication date October 16, 2019
• Language English
• Dimensions 5.5 x 1.3 x 8.25 inches
• Print length 464 pages
• See all details

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Bedford/St. Martin's; Sixth edition (October 16, 2019)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 464 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1319194435
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1319194437
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.38 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.5 x 1.3 x 8.25 inches
• #8,939 in Words, Language & Grammar (Books)
• #36,915 in Textbooks (Special Features Stores)

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From Critical Thinking to Argument 7th edition

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Sylvan Barnet , Hugo Bedau , John O'Hara

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This versatile text gives students strategies for critical thinking, reading, and writing and makes argument concepts clear through its treatment of classic and modern approaches to argument.

Table of Contents

*= new to this edition

PART ONE From Critical Thinking to Argument and Research

1 Critical Thinking  

Thinking about Thinking

Thinking as a Citizen

Obstacles to Critical Thinking

An Essay on Types of Thinking (and Rethinking)

*Adam Grant, A Preacher, a Prosecutor, a Politician, and a Scientist

Thinking through an Issue

Evaluating a Proposal

Survey, Analyze, and Evaluate the Issue

VISUAL GUIDE: EVALUATING A PROPOSAL

Anticipating Counterarguments

Critical Thinking at Work: From a Cluster to a Short Essay

Alexa Cabrera, Stirred and Strained: Pastafarians Should Be Allowed to Practice in Prison (student essay)

Generating Ideas: Writing as a Way of Thinking

Confronting Unfamiliar Issues

Using Clustering to Discover Ideas

Approaching an Issue (or an Assignment)

Prompting Yourself: Classical Topics and Invention

An Essay for Generating Ideas

*Asao B. Inoue, Do Grades Help Students Learn in Classrooms?

THINKING CRITICALLY: Generating Ideas

Generating Ideas from Multiple Perspectives

A Checklist for Critical Thinking

A Short Essay Calling for Critical Thinking

*Anand Jayprakash Vaidya, The Inclusion Problem in Critical Thinking: The Case of Indian Philosophy

2 Critical Reading: Getting Started

Framing Arguments

Active Reading

A Checklist for Previewing and Skimming

A Short Essay for Previewing Practice

Thinking Critically: Previewing

Charles R. Lawrence III, On Racist Speech

Reading With a Careful Eye: Underlining, Highlighting, Annotating

Reading Fast and Slow

Summarizing and Paraphrasing  

A Checklist for a Paraphrase  

Patchwriting and Plagiarism  

Strategies for Summarizing  

Critical Summary  

A Short Essay for Summarizing Practice   

VISUAL GUIDE: WRITING A CRITICAL SUMMARY  

Susan Jacoby, A First Amendment Junkie  

A Checklist for a Summary  

Essays for Analysis

Gwen Wilde, Why the Pledge of Allegiance Should Be Revised (student essay)  

*Sohrab Ahmari, Porn Isn’t Free Speech — on the Web or Anywhere     

*3 Understanding Rhetorical Appeals  

Argument and Persuasion  

Persuasive Appeals

THINKING CRITICALLY: Identifying Ethos  

VISUAL GUIDE: EVALUATING PERSUASIVE APPEALS  

Seeing the Appeals in Real-World Events  

Unethical Uses of Rhetorical Appeals

Are Such Appeals Always Unethical?

Nonrational Appeals: Satire, Irony, Sarcasm

Does All Communication Contain Arguments?

Arguments for Analysis

Afrika Afeni Mills, A Letter to White Teachers of My Children

Dodai Stewart, The Case for a National One-Week Vacation

*4 Identifying Procedures of Argument  

The Power and Perils of Reason

Rationalization

Confirmation Bias

Types of Reasoning  

Induction  

Deduction  

Premises and Syllogisms  

Testing Truth and Validity

A Checklist for Evaluating a Syllogism

Thinking Critically: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Some Procedures in Argument  

Definitions  

Thinking Critically: Analyzing Definitions

Evidence   

THINKING CRITICALLY: Authoritative Testimony  

A Checklist For Evaluating Statistical Evidence  

Assumptions

A Checklist for Examining Assumptions

An Essay for Examining Assumptions

A Checklist For Examining Assumptions

An Example Argument and a Look at the Writer’s Strategies

John Tierney, The Reign of Recycling  

5 Visual Rhetoric: Thinking about Images as Arguments  

Uses of Visual Images  

Seeing versus Looking

Reading Advertisements  

A Checklist for Analyzing Images

Detecting Emotional Appeals in Visual Culture

Reading Photographs

Do Photographs Always Tell the Truth?

A Checklist for Inspecting Digital Photographs  

Are Some Images Not Fit to Be Shown?

A Checklist for Publishing Controversial Images  

Accommodating, Resisting, and Negotiating the Meaning of Images  

Writing about Political Cartoons and Memes  

THINKING CRITICALLY: Analyzing Memes and Political Cartoons  

An Example: A Student’s Essay Analyzing Images  

Ryan Kwon, The American Pipe Dream? (student essay)  

Visuals as Aids to Clarity: Maps, Graphs, and Pie Charts  

A Checklist for Charts And Graphs  

Using Visuals in Your Own Paper  

6 Writing an Analysis of an Argument  

Analyzing an Argument  

Examining the Author’s Thesis  

Examining the Author’s Purpose  

Examining the Author’s Methods  

Examining the Author’s Persona  

Examining the Author’s Audience  

A Checklist for Analyzing an Author’s Intended Audience  

Organizing Your Analysis  

VISUAL GUIDE: ORGANIZING YOUR ANALYSIS  

Summary versus Analysis  

A Checklist for Analyzing a Text  

An Argument, Its Elements, and a Student’s Analysis of the Argument  

Nicholas D. Kristof, For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle  

THINKING CRITICALLY: Examining Language to Analyze an Author’s Argument  

The Essay Analyzed   

Theresa Carcaldi, For Sound Argument, Drop the Jokes: How Kristof Falls Short in Convincing His Audience (student essay)  

An Analysis of the Student’s Analysis  

A Checklist for Writing an Analysis of an Argument  

7 Developing an Argument of Your Own  

Planning an Argument  

Getting Ideas: Argument as an Instrument of Inquiry  

Brainstorming Strategies   

Revision as Invention  

The Thesis or Main Point  

Raising the Stakes of Your Thesis

A Checklist For A Thesis Statement  

THINKING CRITICALLY: “Walking the Tightrope�  

Imagining an Audience  

Addressing Opposition and Establishing Common Ground  

A Checklist for Imagining an Audience  

Drafting and Revising an Argument  

The Title  

The Opening Paragraphs  

Organizing the Body of the Essay  

VISUAL GUIDE: ORGANIZING YOUR ARGUMENT  

Checking Transitions

THINKING CRITICALLY: Using Transitions in Argument  

Uses of an Outline  

A Checklist for Organizing an Argument  

Tone and the Writer’s Persona  

THINKING CRITICALLY: Eliminating We, One, and I  

A Checklist for Establishing Tone and Persona 

Avoiding Sexist Language 

Peer Review  

A Checklist for Peer Review  

A Student’s Essay, from Rough Notes to Final Version  

Emily Andrews, Why I Don’t Spare “Spare Change� (student essay)  

8 Using Sources  

Why Use Sources?  

Entering a Discourse  

Understanding Information Literacy  

Choosing a Topic  

A Checklist for Approaching a Topic  

Finding Sources  

VISUAL GUIDE: FINDING DISCOURSE ON YOUR TOPIC  

Finding Quality Information Online  

Finding Articles Using Library Databases  

THINKING CRITICALLY: Using Search Terms  

Locating Books  

Evaluating Sources  

Scholarly, Popular, and Trade Sources  

Evaluating Online Sources  

A Checklist for Identifying Reliable Websites  

A Checklist for Identifying Fake News  

Considering How Current Sources Are  

A Checklist for Evaluating Sources  

Performing Your Own Primary Research  

Interviewing Peers and Local Authorities 

Conducting Observations  

Conducting Surveys  

Research in Archives and Special Collections  

Synthesizing Sources  

Taking Notes  

A Note on Plagiarizing  

A Checklist for Avoiding Plagiarism  

Compiling an Annotated Bibliography  

Quoting from Sources  

VISUAL GUIDE: INTEGRATING QUOTATIONS  

Thinking Critically: Using Signal Phrases  

Documentation  

A Note on Footnotes (and Endnotes)  

MLA Format: Citations within the Text  

MLA Format: The List of Works Cited  

An Annotated Student Research Paper in MLA Format  

Lesley Timmerman, An Argument for Corporate Responsibility (student essay)  

APA Format: Citations within the Text  

APA Format: The List of References    

An Annotated Student Research Paper in APA Format  

Hannah Smith Brooks, Does Ability Determine Expertise? (student essay)  

PART TWO Further Views on Argument  

9 A Philosopher’s View: The Toulmin Model  

Understanding the Toulmin Model  

VISUAL GUIDE: THE TOULMIN METHOD  

Components of the Toulmin Model  

The Claim  

Grounds  

Warrants  

Backing  

Modal Qualifiers  

Rebuttals  

THINKING CRITICALLY: Constructing a Toulmin Argument  

Putting the Toulmin Method to Work: Responding to an Argument  

*Jonathan Safran Foer, Saving the Planet Begins at Breakfast

Thinking with the Toulmin Method  

A Checklist for Using the Toulmin Method  

10 A Logician’s View: Deduction, Induction, and Fallacies  

Using Formal Logic for Critical Thinking  

Visual Guide: Deduction and Induction

Examples of Deduction  

Observation and Inference  

Probability  

Mill’s Methods  

Fallacies  

VISUAL GUIDE: COMMON FALLACIES

Fallacies of Ambiguity  

Fallacies of Presumption  

Fallacies of Irrelevance  

A Checklist for Evaluating an Argument with Logic  

Additional Fallacies  

THINKING CRITICALLy: Identifying Fallacies  

Max Shulman, Love Is a Fallacy 

11 A Psychologist’s View: Rogerian Argument  

Rogerian Argument: An Introduction  

VISUAL GUIDE: ROGERIAN ARGUMENT  

A Checklist for Analyzing Rogerian Argument  

Carl R. Rogers, Communication: Its Blocking and Its Facilitation  

*Lewis Oakley, Is It Time to Retire the Word “Privileged�?  

Appendix: Sentence Guides for Academic Writers

Index of Authors, Titles, and Terms

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