what is a non empirical dissertation

Non-Empirical Research

Non-Empirical Research articles focus more on theories, methods and their implications for education research. Non-Empirical Research can include comprehensive reviews and articles that focus on methodology. It should rely on empirical research literature as well but does not need to be essentially data-driven.

The title page should:

present a title that includes, if appropriate, the research design
if a collaboration group should be listed as an author, please list the Group name as an author and include the names of the individual members of the Group in the “Acknowledgements” section in accordance with the instructions below
indicate the corresponding author
Declarations: all manuscripts must contain the following sections under the heading 'Declarations': 1. Availability of data and material 2.Competing interests 3. Funding 4. Authors' contributions 5. Acknowledgements 6. Authors' information (optional) Please see below for details on the information to be included in these sections. If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the heading and write 'Not applicable' for that section. 1. Availability of data and materials All manuscripts must include an ‘Availability of data and materials’ statement. Data availability statements should include information on where data supporting the results reported in the article can be found including, where applicable, hyperlinks to publicly archived datasets analysed or generated during the study. By data we mean the minimal dataset that would be necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article. We recognise it is not always possible to share research data publicly, for instance when individual privacy could be compromised, and in such instances data availability should still be stated in the manuscript along with any conditions for access. Data availability statements can take one of the following forms (or a combination of more than one if required for multiple datasets):
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [NAME] repository, [PERSISTENT WEB LINK TO DATASETS]
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due [REASON WHY DATA ARE NOT PUBLIC] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from [third party name] but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [third party name].
Not applicable. If your manuscript does not contain any data, please state 'Not applicable' in this section.

More examples of template data availability statements, which include examples of openly available and restricted access datasets, are available here .

SpringerOpen also requires that authors cite any publicly available data on which the conclusions of the paper rely in the manuscript. Data citations should include a persistent identifier (such as a DOI) and should ideally be included in the reference list. Citations of datasets, when they appear in the reference list, should include the minimum information recommended by DataCite and follow journal style. Dataset identifiers including DOIs should be expressed as full URLs. For example:

Hao Z, AghaKouchak A, Nakhjiri N, Farahmand A. Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system (GIDMaPS) data sets. figshare. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.853801

With the corresponding text in the Availability of data and materials statement:

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [NAME] repository, [PERSISTENT WEB LINK TO DATASETS]. [Reference number]

2. Competing interests

All financial and non-financial competing interests must be declared in this section.

See our editorial policies for a full explanation of competing interests. If you are unsure whether you or any of your co-authors have a competing interest please contact the editorial office.

Please use the authors’ initials to refer to each authors' competing interests in this section.

If you do not have any competing interests, please state "The authors declare that they have no competing interests" in this section.

All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared. The role of the funding body in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript should be declared.

4. Authors' contributions

The individual contributions of authors to the manuscript should be specified in this section. Guidance and criteria for authorship can be found in our editorial policies .

Please use initials to refer to each author's contribution in this section, for example: "FC analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding the hematological disease and the transplant. RH performed the histological examination of the kidney, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."

5. Acknowledgements

Please acknowledge anyone who contributed towards the article who does not meet the criteria for authorship including anyone who provided professional writing services or materials.

Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgements section.

See our editorial policies for a full explanation of acknowledgements and authorship criteria.

If you do not have anyone to acknowledge, please write "Not applicable" in this section.

Group authorship (for manuscripts involving a collaboration group): if you would like the names of the individual members of a collaboration Group to be searchable through their individual PubMed records, please ensure that the title of the collaboration Group is included on the title page and in the submission system and also include collaborating author names as the last paragraph of the “Acknowledgements” section. Please add authors in the format First Name, Middle initial(s) (optional), Last Name. You can add institution or country information for each author if you wish, but this should be consistent across all authors.

6. Authors' information : This section is optional.

You may choose to use this section to include any relevant information about the author(s) that may aid the reader's interpretation of the article, and understand the standpoint of the author(s). This may include details about the authors' qualifications, current positions they hold at institutions or societies, or any other relevant background information. Please refer to authors using their initials. Note this section should not be used to describe any competing interests

Blinded Manuscript

Abstract The abstract should briefly summarize the aim, findings or purpose of the article. Please minimize the use of abbreviations and do not cite references in the abstract.

See the criteria section for this article type (located at the top of this page) for information on article word limits.

Three to ten keywords representing the main content of the article.

Introduction

The Introduction section should explain the background to the article, its aims, a summary of a search of the existing literature and the issue under discussion.

This should contain the body of the article, and may also be broken into subsections with short, informative headings.

Conclusions

This should state clearly the main conclusions and include an explanation of their relevance or importance to the field.

List of abbreviations

If abbreviations are used in the text they should be defined in the text at first use, and a list of abbreviations should be provided.

Examples of the American Psychological Association (APA) reference style are shown below. For further guidance, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the respective web site of the Association ( http://www.apastyle.org/ ).

See our editorial policies for author guidance on good citation practice.

Web links and URLs: All web links and URLs, including links to the authors' own websites, should be given a reference number and included in the reference list rather than within the text of the manuscript. They should be provided in full, including both the title of the site and the URL, as well as the date the site was accessed, in the following format: The Mouse Tumor Biology Database. http://tumor.informatics.jax.org/mtbwi/index.do . Accessed 20 May 2013. If an author or group of authors can clearly be associated with a web link, such as for weblogs, then they should be included in the reference.

Example reference style:

Article within a journal

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, & R., Cruz, P. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film Writing , 44 (3), 213-245.

Article by DOI (with page numbers)

Slifka, M.K., & Whitton, J.L. (2000). Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Journal of Molecular Medicine , 78 (2), 74-80. doi:10.1007/s001090000086.

Article by DOI (before issue publication and without page numbers)

Kreger, M., Brindis, C.D., Manuel, D.M., & Sassoubre, L. (2007). Lessons learned in systems change initiatives: benchmarks and indicators. American Journal of Community Psychology . doi: 10.1007/s10464-007-9108-14.

Article in electronic journal by DOI (no paginated version)

Kruger, M., Brandis, C.D., Mandel, D.M., & Sassoure, J. (2007). Lessons to be learned in systems change initiatives: benchmarks and indicators. American Journal of Digital Psychology . doi: 10.1007/s10469-007-5108-14.

Complete book

Calfee, R.C., & Valencia, R.R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Book chapter, or an article within a book

O'Neil, J.M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer .

Online First chapter in a series (without a volume designation but with a DOI)

Saito, Y., & Hyuga, H. (2007). Rate equation approaches to amplification of enantiomeric excess and chiral symmetry breaking. Topics in Current Chemistry . doi:10.1007/128_2006_108.

Complete book, also showing a translated edition [Either edition may be listed first.]

Adorno, T.W. (1966). Negative Dialektik . Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. English edition: Adorno, TW (1973). Negative Dialectics (trans: Ashton, E.B.). London: Routledge.

Online document

Abou-Allaban, Y., Dell, M.L., Greenberg, W., Lomax, J., Peteet, J., Torres, M., & Cowell, V. (2006). Religious/spiritual commitments and psychiatric practice. Resource document. American Psychiatric Association. http://www.psych.org/edu/other_res/lib_archives/archives/200604.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2007.

Online database

German emigrants database (1998). Historisches Museum Bremerhaven. http://www.deutsche-auswanderer-datenbank.de. Accessed 21 June 2007.

Supplementary material/private homepage

Doe, J. (2006). Title of supplementary material. http://www.privatehomepage.com. Accessed 22 Feb 2007.

Doe, J. (1999). Trivial HTTP, RFC2169. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2169.txt. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.

Organization site

ISSN International Centre (2006). The ISSN register. http://www.issn.org. Accessed 20 Feb 2007.

Figures, tables and additional files

See General formatting guidelines for information on how to format figures, tables and additional files.

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What is the length of empirical and non empirical dissertations? Cite some examples from biological and life sciences domain

Master’s dissertations are a crucial part of a Master’s degree. Students may be asked to do various types of dissertations , depending on their speciality and research objective. However, the most common types of dissertations are empirical dissertations and non-empirical dissertations.

What is an empirical dissertation?

An empirical dissertation is one that deals with collecting and analysing original data. The original data is also called primary data.
A systematic approach to research methodology is followed for developing research questions, selecting study subjects, data collection and data analysis in an empirical dissertation.
The research methods involved in an empirical dissertation include surveys, interviews and observations. Empirical research methods are commonly used in social science and science.

What is the length of an empirical dissertation?

The length of an empirical dissertation can vary depending on the specific guidelines set by the university and the discipline.
Generally, an empirical dissertation in the UK can range from 10,000 to 15,000 words for a bachelor’s degree, 15,000 to 20,000 words for a master’s degree, and 60,000 to 100,000 words for a doctoral degree.
The dissertation guidelines regarding the length of a dissertation may differ depending on the university and the specific requirements of the program. It is important to check the guidelines provided by the university and the department to ensure that the dissertation meets the required length and format (Button, 2020).

What is a non empirical dissertation?

Non empirical dissertations are those that deal with critically analysing literature from previous research and policies.
No original or primary data is collected in a non empirical dissertation. Data from previous research is used instead for analysis. This data is known as secondary data .
Non empirical dissertations are commonly used in fields like literature and arts.

What is the length of a non empirical dissertation?

Like the empirical dissertation, the length of a non empirical dissertation differs depending on the specific requirements of the academic institution and the program of study.
Generally, non-empirical dissertations are shorter than empirical dissertations and typically range from 15,000 to 25,000 words.
However, checking with your academic supervisor or program guidelines for specific requirements is essential (Ullah, 2018).

Examples of empirical and non-empirical dissertations in Biology and life sciences

The field of biological and life sciences is vast and may involve empirical and non empirical dissertations, depending on the research question.

The following are empirical dissertation examples in biology and life sciences:

“Bioinformatic Methods for Assessing the Tumour Mutation in Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Empirical Study” by Karl Cooper. This study deals with the application of bioinformatic methods that assess how Tumour Mutation Burden can be used to detect Small Cell Lung Cancer.
“ The evolution of bacterial culture by altering culture conditions: An Empirical Study” by Catherine Packard. This study explores how selective media helps identify and isolate strains that require specific conditions to grow.
“ An empirical study on the type of diet on fat loss” by Maria Karpov. Many types of diet are available: Keto, Intermittent fasting and Carb cycling, and this study seeks to determine which diet is best suited for fat loss.
“An analysis of the development of Antimicrobial Resistant Strains in St. Louis Hospital: An Empirical Study” by James Robinson. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious health concern, and this study deals with studying the development of antimicrobial strains in a hospital.
“ An empirical study of physiological and physical characteristics in car racers” by Diane Rodriguez. This study delves into the physiological and physical characteristics of car racers and how they are different from sedentary individuals.

The following are non empirical dissertation examples in biology and life sciences:

“Environmental Hormesis, and its Role in Environmental Safety: A non-Empirical Study”; by Clare Shilling. This dissertation strives to clarify the concept of environmental hormesis and how it ensures environmental safety. This dissertation uses non empirical methods, including a review of existing literature and theoretical analysis.
“The Role of Digitalisation on Agricultural Practices: A Non-Empirical Study” The main focus of this dissertation is to explore the impacts of digitalisation on agricultural practices and how digitalisation can shape the future.
“ A review on the impact of climate change on Mental Health: A Non-Empirical Study” by David Spencer. This dissertation studies the available literature and analyses how climate change can influence mental health.
“The interpretation and decline of major insect species: A Non-Empirical Study” by Martha Schneider. This study examines the factors that led to insect decline, how it could impact the environment and what measures could be implemented to prevent further decline.
“A Non-Empirical study exploring the complex molecular genomics of familial hypercholesterolemia” by Chris Hiddleson. This study discusses the various genes that contribute to the development of hypercholesterolemia and how the condition can be detected in asymptomatic individuals.

To know more about how a dissertation is written in life sciences, check out our example on Enhancing Undergraduate Medical Education through Simulation: A Pathway to Realistic Clinical Training .

Non empirical dissertation examples in other fields:

Some examples of non-empirical dissertations in other fields are:

A theoretical analysis of the concept of Justice in Political Philosophy
An exploration of the history and development of literary genres in English literature
An Examination of the Role of Technology in shaping modern marketing strategies
A Critical review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in treating anxiety disorders
A study of the ethical and legal considerations surrounding artificial intelligence in the field of computer science

Check out our dissertation examples to know how a dissertation is written in various fields.

Conclusion

There are many types of dissertations, and empirical and non empirical dissertations are the most common ones. Empirical dissertation deals with collecting original data from study participants, while non empirical dissertations deal with obtaining data from previously conducted research, synthesising the information and drawing inferences. The choice of selecting type depends on the objectives and the research questions.

About Tutors India

We are a team of academic experts and Researchers who assist Master’s students with dissertations. Our diverse team enables us to help students mastering in various fields. We offer part or full dissertation help and assist students at every step of the dissertation process, be it choosing a dissertation topic, drafting a research proposal and helping with research methodology, dissertation plan, data collection and statistical analysis. We also offer technical editing services and help students with resit dissertation , ensuring their dissertation follows the university specifications and is error- and plagiarism-free.

For more guidance on what key points to consider while resubmitting the Master’s dissertation , check out our study guide .

Button, K. S., Chambers, C. D., Lawrence, N., & Munafò, M. R. (2020). Grassroots Training for Reproducible Science: A Consortium-Based Approach to the Empirical Dissertation. Psychology Learning & Teaching , 19 (1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475725719857659

Ullah, A., & Ameen, K. (2018). Account of methodologies and methods applied in LIS research: A systematic review. Library & information science research , 40 (1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2018.03.002 .

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