conclusion of a research report mcq

MCQs on Research Report Writing [Additional 30 Questions for NTA NET and SLET Exam 2024]

MCQs on Research Report Writing Also useful for B.Com/M.Com, NTA NET / JRF and SET Exam

In this Post You will get Additional 30 MCQs on Reseach Report Writing  which is very helpful for the students of B. Com, M. Com,  NTA NET and SLET Exam . More than 200 MCQs are added including the first part and more questions will be added soon.

Research methodology Chapter wise MCQs are also available on our blog. Links are given below:

a)  Research Methodology MCQs [Part 1] (40 Questions)

b) Research Methodology MCQS Part I1 (35 Questions)

c) Sampling MCQs (35 Questions)

d) MCQ on Research Problem and Research Plan (20 Questions)

e) Collection of data MCQs (33 Questions)

f) MCQ on Research Report Writing (30 Questions)

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1. The first page of the research report is:

a) Appendix.

b) Bibliography.

d) Title page.

Ans: d) Title page .

2. The last page of the research report is:

Ans: a) Appendix .

3. The content of the research report is can be classified into 3 parts which are:

a) Prefatory items.

c) Terminal/References.

d) All of the above.

[Note: Bibliography contains the sources of references taken and consulted.]

Ans: d) All of the above .

4. Bibliography means

a) Foot Note.

b) Quotations.

c) List of Books referred.

d) Biography.

Ans: c) List of Books referred .

5. The list of special terms and phrases used is given in the form of a:

c) Glossary.

d) Bibliography.

Ans: c) Glossary .

6.  An abstract is a:

a) Synopsis.

Ans: a) Synopsis .

7. In research methodology, interpretation is the search of:

a) Statistical data.

b) Research problem.

c) Research findings.

d) Research plan.

Ans: c) Research findings.

8. Interpretation should be:

a) Subjective.

b) Objective.

c) Integrity.

d) None of the above.

Ans: a) Subjective .

9. Which of the following statements are true about interpretation of data?

a) Interpretation can’t proceed without analysis.

b) Analysis and interpretation are interdependent.

c) The data to be interpreted should be homogeneous in nature.

a) All of the above.

Ans: a) All of the above .

10. The last state of research process is:

a) Review of literature.

b) Report writing.

c) Research design.

d) Analysis of data.

Ans: b) Report writing .

11. A long essay on a single piece of work is called:

a) Research report.

b) Monograph.

c) Dissertation.

Ans: b) Monograph .

12. Thesis is also known as:

Ans: c) Dissertation .

13. A detailed disclosure on the subject under study is called:

c) Dissertation or thesis.

Ans: c) Dissertation or thesis .

14. Which of the following is not true about e-journals?

a) They are distributed through digital methods.

b) They also have editors or editorial boards.

c) They are publications of serial nature.

d) They are always free of cost.

Ans: d) They are always free of cost .

15. In which of the following, reporting format is formally prescribed ?

a) Doctoral level thesis.

b) Conference of researchers.

c) Workshops and seminars.

d) Symposia.

Ans: a) Doctoral level thesis .

16. Which of the following is an optional supplement of a research paper?

b) Appendix.

Ans: b) Appendix .

17. In a thesis, figures and tables are included in

a) the appendix.

b) a separate chapter.

c) the concluding chapter.

d) the text itself.

Ans: a) the appendix .

18. A thesis statement is

a) an observation.

c) an assertion.

d) a discussion.

Ans: c) an assertion .

19. An abstract contains:

a) A brief summary of research problems.

b) A brief summary of the findings of the report.

c) A brief analysis of data.

d) A brief interpretation of data.

Ans: b) A brief summary of the findings of the report.

20. When academicians are called to deliver lecture or presentation to an audience on certain topics or a set of topics of educational nature, it is called

a) Training Program.

b) Seminar.

c) Workshop.

d) Symposium.

Ans: b) Seminar .

21. The core elements of a dissertation are:

a) Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations.

b) Executive Summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography.

c) Research Plan; Research Data; Analysis; References.

d) Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussion and Conclusion.

Ans: a) Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations .

22. A written format of a research work is known as:

a) Research Paper.

c) Project report.

d) Research report.

Ans: d) Research report .

23. List of important abbreviations used in footnote and bibliography:

24. Row headings of a table is known as:

c) Columns.

Ans: b) Stub .

25. A treatise on single subject is called:

26. ICSSR stands for

a) Indian Council for Survey and Research.

b) Indian Council for strategic Research.

c) Indian Council for Social Science Research.

d) Inter National Council for Social Science Research.

Ans: c) Indian Council for Social Science Research.

27. UGC Stands for

a) University Grants Commission.

b) Union Government Commission.

c) University Governance Council.

d) Union government Council.

Ans: a) University Grants Commission.

28. The Report submitted when there is a time lag between data collection and presentation of Result is called

b) Interim Report.

c) Summary Report.

d) Article.

Ans: b) Interim Report.

29. JRF is for

a) Junior Research Functions.

b) Junior Research Fellowship.

c) Junior Fellowship.

Ans: b) Junior Research Fellowship.

30. Concept is of two types

a) Abstract and Coherent.

b) Concrete and Coherent.

c) Abstract and concrete.

Ans: c) Abstract and concrete.

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Research Report writing MCQs with answers

Every research leads to the creation of a research report. The report is the formal logical presentation of the research that has been conducted. The purpose of the research report is to convey to the interested persons the whole result of a study in sufficient detail and to determine the validity of the conclusions.

In this post, we have listed 21 Multiple Choice Questions on Report Writing with answers .

1. What is a legal report?

 A report which deals specifically with a legal problem

It’s a brief statement of the most significant facts necessary for the investigation

 Both a and b

2. Guidelines for report writing includes:

 Knowledge of the research material

 Organizing of research material

 Rough drafts

 Bibliography, footnotes and head notes

 All o.f the above

3. Bibliography is :

 At the end of the study arranged in alphabetical order

 Anywhere in the study

 Beginning of the study

 Not necessary to be included

4. Which of the following become the initial part of a report:

 Preface

 Foreword

 Table of cases

 List of abbreviations

 All of the above

5. The conceptual framework and background of research which will become the source for formulation of the hypothesis is known as:

 Methodology

 Review of literature

 Data analysis

 None of the above

6. Appendix to the report includes:

 Questionnaires

 Sample information

 Mathematical derivations

7. Bibliography is;

 all the consulted sources of data whether primary or secondary, reference books, articles, reports, unpublished material

8. The purpose of bibliography is:

 Add to the volume of the study

Provide cross-reference and authenticity to the report

9. Formatting, spaces, spellings and grammar becomes part of:

 Analysis

Proofreading +

10. Diagrammatic representation is used:

 To confuse the reader

  To make the report more interesting and easy

11. In the research process, report writing is:

 Important

 The final step in the research

 Only a

12. One of the useful skills for a researcher is:

 The ability to understand the research

 The ability to write an effective research report

13. The introduction of a report should state which of the following:

 Nature of the study

 Sources of information

 Scope of the study

14. Which of the following must be mentioned by the researcher in the report:

 Problems in collecting the data

 Possible discrepancies in data collection

 Suggestions to subsequent investigators on the same topic in the same context

15. The main text provides the complete outline of the research report along with all details. It includes:

 Introduction

 Analysis and interpretation

 Findings and Recommendations

16. Report is the formal logical presentation of the research that has been conducted.

 False

17. A report which deals specifically with a legal problem is said to be a legal research report.

18. Which of the following forms part of the preliminary section of a legal research report:

 Title page

 Preface/ Acknowledgement

19. Report is a:

 Formal logical presentation of the research

 Summary of the research

No, the answer is incorrect.

20. The objective of a research report  are:

 Conveying of knowledge to the concerned people in the field of research

 Proper presentation of the findings for further utilization of the recommendations.

 Give impetus to research in the concerned knowledge area.

 To re-examine the validity of generalizations drawn by the researcher after the report has been submitted.

21. Which of the following is not a form of research report?

 Thesis

 Enquiry report of a commission

 Precise

 Dissertation

• Solved MCQs on Basic Research
• MCQs on Legal Research with answers
• MCQs on sampling in research methodology with answers
• MCQ on Citation and Referencing in Research
• Research Ethics MCQs with answers
• Solved MCQs on Sampling in research methodology
• 20 MCQs with answers on plagiarism
• MCQs on Hypothesis

| MCQ on project report writing | MCQ on report writing in business communication | Multiple Choice Questions on writing a research paper |

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These MCQS are very helpful in getting the basic kn.owledge of research.Thanks for publishing

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Writing a Research Paper Conclusion | Step-by-Step Guide

Published on October 30, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 13, 2023.

• Restate the problem statement addressed in the paper
• Summarize your overall arguments or findings
• Suggest the key takeaways from your paper

The content of the conclusion varies depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument through engagement with sources .

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Table of contents

Step 1: restate the problem, step 2: sum up the paper, step 3: discuss the implications, research paper conclusion examples, frequently asked questions about research paper conclusions.

The first task of your conclusion is to remind the reader of your research problem . You will have discussed this problem in depth throughout the body, but now the point is to zoom back out from the details to the bigger picture.

While you are restating a problem you’ve already introduced, you should avoid phrasing it identically to how it appeared in the introduction . Ideally, you’ll find a novel way to circle back to the problem from the more detailed ideas discussed in the body.

For example, an argumentative paper advocating new measures to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture might restate its problem as follows:

Meanwhile, an empirical paper studying the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues might present its problem like this:

“In conclusion …”

Avoid starting your conclusion with phrases like “In conclusion” or “To conclude,” as this can come across as too obvious and make your writing seem unsophisticated. The content and placement of your conclusion should make its function clear without the need for additional signposting.

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Having zoomed back in on the problem, it’s time to summarize how the body of the paper went about addressing it, and what conclusions this approach led to.

Depending on the nature of your research paper, this might mean restating your thesis and arguments, or summarizing your overall findings.

Argumentative paper: Restate your thesis and arguments

In an argumentative paper, you will have presented a thesis statement in your introduction, expressing the overall claim your paper argues for. In the conclusion, you should restate the thesis and show how it has been developed through the body of the paper.

Briefly summarize the key arguments made in the body, showing how each of them contributes to proving your thesis. You may also mention any counterarguments you addressed, emphasizing why your thesis holds up against them, particularly if your argument is a controversial one.

Don’t go into the details of your evidence or present new ideas; focus on outlining in broad strokes the argument you have made.

Empirical paper: Summarize your findings

In an empirical paper, this is the time to summarize your key findings. Don’t go into great detail here (you will have presented your in-depth results and discussion already), but do clearly express the answers to the research questions you investigated.

Describe your main findings, even if they weren’t necessarily the ones you expected or hoped for, and explain the overall conclusion they led you to.

Having summed up your key arguments or findings, the conclusion ends by considering the broader implications of your research. This means expressing the key takeaways, practical or theoretical, from your paper—often in the form of a call for action or suggestions for future research.

Argumentative paper: Strong closing statement

An argumentative paper generally ends with a strong closing statement. In the case of a practical argument, make a call for action: What actions do you think should be taken by the people or organizations concerned in response to your argument?

If your topic is more theoretical and unsuitable for a call for action, your closing statement should express the significance of your argument—for example, in proposing a new understanding of a topic or laying the groundwork for future research.

Empirical paper: Future research directions

In a more empirical paper, you can close by either making recommendations for practice (for example, in clinical or policy papers), or suggesting directions for future research.

Whatever the scope of your own research, there will always be room for further investigation of related topics, and you’ll often discover new questions and problems during the research process .

Finish your paper on a forward-looking note by suggesting how you or other researchers might build on this topic in the future and address any limitations of the current paper.

Full examples of research paper conclusions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

• Argumentative paper
• Empirical paper

While the role of cattle in climate change is by now common knowledge, countries like the Netherlands continually fail to confront this issue with the urgency it deserves. The evidence is clear: To create a truly futureproof agricultural sector, Dutch farmers must be incentivized to transition from livestock farming to sustainable vegetable farming. As well as dramatically lowering emissions, plant-based agriculture, if approached in the right way, can produce more food with less land, providing opportunities for nature regeneration areas that will themselves contribute to climate targets. Although this approach would have economic ramifications, from a long-term perspective, it would represent a significant step towards a more sustainable and resilient national economy. Transitioning to sustainable vegetable farming will make the Netherlands greener and healthier, setting an example for other European governments. Farmers, policymakers, and consumers must focus on the future, not just on their own short-term interests, and work to implement this transition now.

As social media becomes increasingly central to young people’s everyday lives, it is important to understand how different platforms affect their developing self-conception. By testing the effect of daily Instagram use among teenage girls, this study established that highly visual social media does indeed have a significant effect on body image concerns, with a strong correlation between the amount of time spent on the platform and participants’ self-reported dissatisfaction with their appearance. However, the strength of this effect was moderated by pre-test self-esteem ratings: Participants with higher self-esteem were less likely to experience an increase in body image concerns after using Instagram. This suggests that, while Instagram does impact body image, it is also important to consider the wider social and psychological context in which this usage occurs: Teenagers who are already predisposed to self-esteem issues may be at greater risk of experiencing negative effects. Future research into Instagram and other highly visual social media should focus on establishing a clearer picture of how self-esteem and related constructs influence young people’s experiences of these platforms. Furthermore, while this experiment measured Instagram usage in terms of time spent on the platform, observational studies are required to gain more insight into different patterns of usage—to investigate, for instance, whether active posting is associated with different effects than passive consumption of social media content.

If you’re unsure about the conclusion, it can be helpful to ask a friend or fellow student to read your conclusion and summarize the main takeaways.

• Do they understand from your conclusion what your research was about?
• Are they able to summarize the implications of your findings?
• Can they answer your research question based on your conclusion?

You can also get an expert to proofread and feedback your paper with a paper editing service .

The conclusion of a research paper has several key elements you should make sure to include:

• A restatement of the research problem
• A summary of your key arguments and/or findings
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

No, it’s not appropriate to present new arguments or evidence in the conclusion . While you might be tempted to save a striking argument for last, research papers follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the results and discussion sections if you are following a scientific structure). The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

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REPORT WRITING: 20 MCQS WITH ANSWERS

1. What is the primary purpose of report writing? a. Entertainment b. Information dissemination c. Creative expression d. Opinion sharing

2. In report writing, what should be included in the introduction? a. Personal anecdotes b. Main findings and purpose c. Detailed analysis d. Quotes from famous authors

3. What tense is commonly used in report writing? a. Past tense b. Present tense c. Future tense d. Continuous tense

4. Which section of a report provides a brief overview of the entire document? a. Conclusion b. Recommendations c. Executive summary d. Introduction

5. What is the role of visuals (charts, graphs) in a report? a. Decorative elements b. To confuse the reader c. To enhance clarity and understanding d. Unnecessary additions

6. How should recommendations be presented in a report? a. In a separate document b. Randomly throughout the report c. Clearly and logically, often in a numbered list d. As a summary in the introduction

7. What is the purpose of the methodology section in a report? a. To present key findings b. To showcase personal opinions c. To explain the research process d. To list recommendations

8. When structuring a report, what comes after the introduction? a. Executive summary b. Conclusion c. Recommendations d. Findings

9. In academic report writing, which referencing style is commonly used? a. MLA b. APA c. Chicago d. Harvard

10. What is the typical length of a conclusion in a report? a. Longer than the introduction b. One or two sentences c. About the same as the introduction d. Irrelevant to the report length

11. How should a report writer handle biased language? a. Embrace it for personal flair b. Avoid it to maintain objectivity c. Use it to engage the reader d. Include it for creativity

12. What is the key to effective data presentation in a report? a. Avoiding visuals b. Providing excessive details c. Organizing information logically d. Ignoring numerical data

13. When is it appropriate to use passive voice in report writing? a. Always b. When emphasizing personal actions c. To maintain objectivity d. Only in the introduction

14. What should be the tone of a formal report? a. Casual and conversational b. Subjective and emotional c. Objective and professional d. Humorous and light-hearted

15. What is the purpose of an appendix in a report? a. To include personal opinions b. To present key findings c. To provide supplementary material d. To confuse the reader

16. How should a report writer handle conflicting information? a. Exclude it from the report b. Address and reconcile discrepancies c. Present only one perspective d. Ignore the inconsistencies

17. What should be avoided in the executive summary of a report? a. Summarizing key findings b. Including recommendations c. Providing an overview of the report d. Adding unnecessary details

18. How does a report writer ensure coherence in the document? a. Including irrelevant information b. Ignoring logical flow c. Using transitional phrases d. Disregarding a clear structure

19. In report writing, what is the purpose of the literature review? a. To showcase personal opinions b. To summarize key findings c. To provide context and background d. To present recommendations

20. What is the first step in the report writing process? a. Proofreading b. Research and planning c. Writing the conclusion d. Adding visuals

1. What is the primary purpose of report writing? – b. Information dissemination

2. In report writing, what should be included in the introduction? – b. Main findings and purpose

3. What tense is commonly used in report writing? – a. Past tense

4. Which section of a report provides a brief overview of the entire document? – c. Executive summary

5. What is the role of visuals (charts, graphs) in a report? – c. To enhance clarity and understanding

6. How should recommendations be presented in a report? – c. Clearly and logically, often in a numbered list

7. What is the purpose of the methodology section in a report? – c. To explain the research process

8. When structuring a report, what comes after the introduction? – d. Findings

9. In academic report writing, which referencing style is commonly used? – b. APA

10. What is the typical length of a conclusion in a report? – c. About the same as the introduction

11. How should a report writer handle biased language? – b. Avoid it to maintain objectivity

12. What is the key to effective data presentation in a report? – c. Organizing information logically

13. When is it appropriate to use passive voice in report writing? – c. To maintain objectivity

14. What should be the tone of a formal report? – c. Objective and professional

15. What is the purpose of an appendix in a report? – c. To provide supplementary material

16. How should a report writer handle conflicting information? – b. Address and reconcile discrepancies

17. What should be avoided in the executive summary of a report? – d. Adding unnecessary details

18. How does a report writer ensure coherence in the document? – c. Using transitional phrases

19. In report writing, what is the purpose of the literature review? – c. To provide context and background

20. What is the first step in the report writing process? – b. Research and planning

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How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

Align your conclusion’s tone with the rest of your research paper. Start Writing with Paperpal Now!  

The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

Write your research paper conclusion 2x faster with Paperpal. Try it now!

Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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Report Writing MCQs

These Report Writing multiple-choice questions and their answers will help you strengthen your grip on the subject of Report Writing. You can prepare for an upcoming exam or job interview with these 100+ Report Writing MCQs. So scroll down and start answering.

1: True or False? A report should have a clear, distinct title.

A.   True

B.   False

2: To what extent should personal pronouns be used in reports?

A.   They should be completely avoided.

B.   They are acceptable in most circumstances.

C.   They should be used to establish familiarity with the reader.

D.   They should be alternated with impersonal pronouns.

3: When should field-specific terminology be used in a report?

A.   Hardly ever

B.   As necessary

C.   Whenever possible

4: What purpose do references serve?

A.   They prevent challenges to the authority and logic of the report.

B.   (All of these)

C.   They validate the data presented.

D.   They enable the reader to pursue further inquiry.

5: At what stage in the report-writing process should you consider the report's audience?

A.   When compiling information for the report

C.   When determining the report's purpose

D.   When drafting the report

6: Which of the following should NOT be used when writing a report?

A.   Informal jargon

B.   Technical terms

C.   Formal language

7: What enhances readability in a report?

A.   (All of these)

B.   Variety in paragraph length

C.   Sentences that average 14 words or fewer

D.   Prepositions that do not exceed a ratio of 1 per 11 words

8: Which of the following could influence a report's style?

A.   Requirements of submission

B.   Policy of report requester

C.   (All of these)

D.   Background of author

9: Which of the following may be included in a properly formatted report?

B.   Numbered ideas

C.   Bulleted points

D.   Enumerated claims

10: Which of the following parts of speech may be used in reports?

A.   Coordinating conjunctions

B.   Transition phrases

D.   Prepositional phrases

11: Which of the following may be a subject for a report?

A.   Business

B.   History

D.   Finance

12: In which setting are you likely to be asked to write a report?

A.   A classroom

C.   A law office

D.   A business

13: True or False? Reports should be written using slang.

A.   False

B.   True

14: True or False? Analysis is permissible in a report.

15: true or false poor formatting will likely affect a report's reception., 16: the use of fonts, page layout, page numbers, and labels for graphics constitute what aspect of a report.

A.   The references

B.   The format

C.   The captions

D.   The research

17: True or False? While reports may include analysis, their primary purpose is to present quantifiable information.

18: because people absorb information differently, how can a writer supplement the writing in their report.

A.   With videotapes

B.   With panel discussions

C.   With graphics

D.   With audiotapes

19: Select the sentence that is most suitable for a report in terms of language and grammar.

A.   In conclusion, while it is clear sales were low in the first quarter, by taking the measures outlined above, you can expect increased profit in Q3.

B.   In conclusion, while it's clear sales were low in Q1, by taking the measures outlined above, I'm expecting increased profit this year.

C.   In conclusion, while it is clear sales were low in the first quarter, by taking the measures outlined above, the company may expect increased profit in the third quarter.

20: True or False? A report should emphasize the writer's opinion.

21: which of the following best describes how reports should be formatted.

A.   Reports should be formatted according to context-specific guidelines.

B.   Reports should be formatted according to business-world standards.

22: Which of the following elements enhance professionalism in a report?

A.   Alphanumeric listings, title page

B.   Proper editing, the use of business language

C.   A wide range of citations, an arresting title

23: What question will help the writer break the topic into subtopics?

A.   Has this topic undergone considerable examination already?

B.   Will the readers of this report understand its purpose?

C.   Where does my expertise lie?

D.   What are the main points I want the reader to know?

24: True or False? A report should be written without using traditional paragraphs.

25: what is most important to remember when including graphics.

A.   They should be divided between the Body and the Appendix.

B.   They should be varied.

C.   They should be simple.

D.   They should be relevant.

26: The Table of Contents is derived from which source?

A.   The bibliography

B.   The hypothesis

C.   The outline

D.   The abstract

27: What kind of word or phrase helps link ideas?

A.   Dependent clauses

B.   Transitional words and phrases

C.   Intransitive verbs

D.   Noun clauses

28: Which of the following should be avoided as supporting information in an academic report, even if it is relevant to the report's topic and scope?

A.   Historic facts

C.   Statistics

D.   Personal experience

29: Which of the following best describes the information in the Bibliography?

A.   References used in researching and writing the report

B.   The resources most used by the writer

C.   The leading authorities on the subject and the institutions with which they are affiliated

D.   The most respected journals in the field

30: Which of the following is NOT part of the outlining process?

A.   Deciding what will be included

B.   Determining line breaks, margin size, and font

C.   Gathering relevant information

D.   Ascertaining who the audience will be

31: What three things should be evident when graphics are presented?

A.   Numbers, documentation, numerical depiction

B.   Labels, consistency, reference to the graphic in the body of the report.

C.   Identification, sophistication, science

D.   Facilitation of understanding, linkage, up-to-date information

32: Which of the following is the least effective way to finish a report?

A.   Recommending actions or tasks

B.   Reiterating the objectives

C.   Recalling a personal anecdote

D.   Reviewing the main points

33: Which of the following can be included as supporting information in a business report, presuming it is relevant to the report's topic and scope?

B.   Statistics

C.   Personal experience

D.   Historic facts

34: Which type of punctuation should be used least in reports?

A.   Semi-colons

B.   Parentheses

C.   Exclamation points

D.   Question marks

35: Considering language and grammar, which of the following sentences is most appropriate for inclusion in a report?

A.   The 28 team members averaged a 30% return on client business in the last two months.

B.   Our 28 team members are averaging a 30% return on client business over two months.

C.   The 28 team members and I should've averaged 30% return on client business in two months.

D.   You 28 team members averaged 30% return on client business in the last two months.

36: True or False? The conclusion paragraph should be written during the outlining process.

37: which sentence type is used most frequently in reports.

A.   Declarative

B.   Imperative

C.   Exclamatory

D.   Interrogatory

38: Which of the following is the least effective title for a history report?

A.   Changes in England: Reign of George III

B.   Changes in England: The Regency Period

C.   Changes in England: An Analysis

D.   Changes in England: Review of 1811-1819

39: "Brainstorming" and "mindmapping" are strategies for which aspect of the report-writing process?

A.   Maintaining a professional voice

B.   Outlining

C.   Incorporating optional elements

D.   Presenting information logically

40: Select the evidence that would best contribute to a sales report written for a manufacturer.

A.   Amount of product sold last month

B.   Amount of sales managers

C.   Attitude of sales representatives

D.   Analysis of product development

41: How is report writing distinguished from other kinds of writing?

A.   By its use of questions

B.   By a dependence on metrics

C.   By a formal tone

D.   By the inclusion of scientific topics

42: True or false? Reports are best written in active voice.

43: true or false guidelines for a report, if provided, should only be checked before beginning to write., 44: what is the primary purpose of the recommendations section of a report.

A.   To demonstrate that the writer has conducted extensive research

B.   To validate the logical direction of the report

C.   To structure the discussion

D.   To enable the reader to make an informed decision

45: Of the listed steps, which should be taken last when writing a report?

A.   Outlining points

B.   Writing a draft

C.   Gathering evidence

46: What is another term for "Executive Summary"?

A.   Bibliography

B.   Abstract

C.   Conclusion

D.   Recommendations

47: Select the evidence that would least contribute to a team performance report written for a business.

A.   Descriptions of employees' attitudes

B.   Interpretations of employees' personal activities

C.   Information about employees' productivity

D.   Details regarding employees' tardiness

48: When should contractions be used in a report?

A.   Throughout

B.   In direct quotations

C.   In body paragraphs

D.   In the introduction and conclusion

49: Where is the best place to explain a graphic?

A.   In the paragraphs following the insertion of the graphic

B.   In the near text preceding the graphic

C.   In the introduction

D.   In the Conclusion portion of the report

50: Which combination reflects optional elements of a report?

A.   Abstract, Introduction, Table of Contents

B.   Title page, Body, Conclusion

C.   Glossary, Recommendations, Bibliography

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Understanding ⁢the​ Structure of Research​ Report‌ MCQs

When delving ⁢into the realm of research report‍ multiple-choice questions‍ (MCQs), it is crucial to grasp their underlying structure. This structure often consists of distinct components ⁢that​ facilitate comprehension and evaluation. Commonly​ found elements include:

• Title: Indicates ⁣the ⁤focus of the research.
• Abstract: ​ Summarizes the purpose and findings.
• Introduction: ‌Provides background and context.
• Methodology: Explains ‍the ⁢research design and methods used.
• Results: Displays the key findings of the ​study.
• Conclusion: Offers⁢ interpretations and implications of the results.

Understanding these parts can significantly enhance one’s ability to answer related⁤ MCQs effectively. Below is ‌a ​simple comparison table illustrating the main purposes of each⁣ section:

Key Strategies for Mastering Research​ Report Multiple Choice Questions

Effectively tackling multiple choice questions (MCQs) related to ⁣research​ reports⁤ requires a strategic approach. Begin by familiarizing ⁢yourself with the core concepts and terminologies ‌used in ⁤research reporting. This foundational ⁤knowledge⁣ provides a clear framework for understanding the questions. When you encounter an MCQ, quickly skim‍ through all options, discarding ⁤those that seem irrelevant or less‌ plausible. ⁢This ​technique not only narrows down your choices but also enhances your⁢ confidence. Remember to look for keywords in the questions and choices; they often serve⁢ as clues that can guide you‍ towards ‌the correct answer.

Another vital aspect is​ to practice with sample questions⁣ and past⁢ papers. ‌Engaging with a variety of MCQs helps you identify patterns in⁢ questioning and common traps set by examiners. Create a study group ⁤to‌ discuss these questions, as collaborative learning can deepen your ​understanding. Additionally, consider these key strategies:

• Time Management: Allocate specific time limits ⁤for each question.
• Contextual⁢ Learning: Relate questions to real-life research scenarios.
• Review Errors: Analyze which ‌questions you ‌got wrong and understand why.

Common Pitfalls in Research Report MCQs and How to Avoid Them

When tackling multiple-choice questions ⁢(MCQs) based on research⁤ reports, numerous ⁤missteps can undermine ⁣your performance. One ⁢significant pitfall is misunderstanding the question’s intent . Often, questions can be phrased in a way that misleads readers into selecting an incorrect option. Pay attention to keywords like “except,” “always,” or‍ “most ⁢likely,” ⁣as these can significantly ⁣alter⁢ the meaning. Secondly, overlooking‍ the context of the research is critical. ‌Ensure ​you grasp the core findings and conclusions drawn by the authors, as this⁢ knowledge is essential for answering⁣ questions‌ accurately.

Another ​common error involves neglecting the details presented in ⁣tables or figures. Many MCQs reference specific data‌ points, and failing ⁤to study these visuals can result in missed answers.⁢ Developing the habit‌ of skim reading is a valuable strategy; first, look for ⁣the main arguments and then focus ‍on finer details.​ Here’s a simple‌ checklist to consider while preparing for ‌research‌ report MCQs:

Resources and Tools to Enhance Your Research ‌Report MCQ Skills

To refine ⁢your skills in crafting effective research reports, consider integrating ⁤various⁤ resources and tools into your study routine. Utilizing online platforms like Google Scholar for literature searches can⁣ enhance ‍your ‌understanding of existing research. Additionally, tools⁢ such as Mendeley or Zotero can assist​ in⁢ managing ‌your references and citations efficiently, ensuring your report‍ maintains a standard of accuracy and reliability. Engaging with interactive learning modules ‌on⁣ websites like Coursera or edX can also provide valuable insights⁣ into the research process, from literature reviews to methodological frameworks.

Furthermore, ⁣practicing with online quizzes and ⁢MCQs can solidify your grasp of research report​ components. Websites like Purdue ‍OWL offer extensive resources ​on writing styles and ⁤formats, crucial for structuring your report correctly.‍ Consider creating a study schedule that ​incorporates these‌ tools, and make good​ use of brainstorming apps like MindMeister or Coggle to outline your ideas visually. By diversifying your⁣ resources, you⁤ can enhance both your comprehension and ⁤your ⁣ability to convey information succinctly, ​thereby improving your overall performance in research report writing.

Concluding Remarks

mastering the ​realm of research‍ report multiple-choice questions is⁤ not merely an academic exercise; it is a gateway‍ to deeper understanding and critical analysis. By ⁣embracing the nuances of these assessments, learners can enhance their ability to synthesize information,‍ evaluate sources, and engage with‌ complex ideas. As you navigate through the​ intricate landscape of research‍ findings and methodologies, remember ⁢that the skills you cultivate⁢ through these studies will serve you well beyond the classroom.⁣ Whether⁤ you are preparing for exams, ​writing ‍papers, or embarking ⁣on research projects, the knowledge and strategies gleaned from ​mastery of research​ report MCQs ⁣will empower ⁤you to think critically and approach challenges with confidence. So, as ‌you continue your educational journey, may you tackle each question not just as a challenge, ‍but ‍as an opportunity for growth and exploration. Happy studying!

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What a Thesis Paper is and How to Write One

From choosing a topic and conducting research to crafting a strong argument, writing a thesis paper can be a rewarding experience.

It can also be a challenging experience. If you've never written a thesis paper before, you may not know where to start. You may not even be sure exactly what a thesis paper is. But don't worry; the right support and resources can help you navigate this writing process.

What is a Thesis Paper?

A thesis paper is a type of academic essay that you might write as a graduation requirement for certain bachelor's, master's or honors programs. Thesis papers present your own original research or analysis on a specific topic related to your field.

“In some ways, a thesis paper can look a lot like a novella,” said Shana Chartier , director of information literacy at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU). “It’s too short to be a full-length novel, but with the standard size of 40-60 pages (for a bachelor’s) and 60-100 pages (for a master’s), it is a robust exploration of a topic, explaining one’s understanding of a topic based on personal research.”

Chartier has worked in academia for over 13 years and at SNHU for nearly eight. In her role as an instructor and director, Chartier has helped to guide students through the writing process, like editing and providing resources.

Chartier has written and published academic papers such as "Augmented Reality Gamifies the Library: A Ride Through the Technological Frontier" and "Going Beyond the One-Shot: Spiraling Information Literacy Across Four Years." Both of these academic papers required Chartier to have hands-on experience with the subject matter. Like a thesis paper, they also involved hypothesizing and doing original research to come to a conclusion.

“When writing a thesis paper, the importance of staying organized cannot be overstated,” said Chartier. “Mapping out each step of the way, making firm and soft deadlines... and having other pairs of eyes on your work to ensure academic accuracy and clean editing are crucial to writing a successful paper.”

How Do I Choose a Topic For My Thesis Paper?

What your thesis paper is for will determine some of the specific requirements and steps you might take, but the first step is usually the same: Choosing a topic.

“Choosing a topic can be daunting," said Rochelle Attari , a peer tutor at SNHU. "But if (you) stick with a subject (you're) interested in... choosing a topic is much more manageable.”

Similar to a thesis, Attari recently finished the capstone  for her bachelor’s in psychology . Her bachelor’s concentration is in forensics, and her capstone focused on the topic of using a combined therapy model for inmates who experience substance abuse issues to reduce recidivism.

“The hardest part was deciding what I wanted to focus on,” Attari said. “But once I nailed down my topic, each milestone was more straightforward.”

In her own writing experience, Attari said brainstorming was an important step when choosing her topic. She recommends writing down different ideas on a piece of paper and doing some preliminary research on what’s already been written on your topic.

By doing this exercise, you can narrow or broaden your ideas until you’ve found a topic you’re excited about. " Brainstorming is essential when writing a paper and is not a last-minute activity,” Attari said.

How Do I Structure My Thesis Paper?

Thesis papers tend to have a standard format with common sections as the building blocks.

While the structure Attari describes below will work for many theses, it’s important to double-check with your program to see if there are any specific requirements. Writing a thesis for a Master of Fine Arts, for example, might actually look more like a fiction novel.

According to Attari, a thesis paper is often structured with the following major sections:

Introduction

• Literature review
• Methods, results

Now, let’s take a closer look at what each different section should include.

Your introduction is your opportunity to present the topic of your thesis paper. In this section, you can explain why that topic is important. The introduction is also the place to include your thesis statement, which shows your stance in the paper.

Attari said that writing an introduction can be tricky, especially when you're trying to capture your reader’s attention and state your argument.

“I have found that starting with a statement of truth about a topic that pertains to an issue I am writing about typically does the trick,” Attari said. She demonstrated this advice in an example introduction she wrote for a paper on the effects of daylight in Alaska:

In the continental United States, we can always count on the sun rising and setting around the same time each day, but in Alaska, during certain times of the year, the sun rises and does not set for weeks. Research has shown that the sun provides vitamin D and is an essential part of our health, but little is known about how daylight twenty-four hours a day affects the circadian rhythm and sleep.

In the example Attari wrote, she introduces the topic and informs the reader what the paper will cover. Somewhere in her intro, she said she would also include her thesis statement, which might be:

Twenty-four hours of daylight over an extended period does not affect sleep patterns in humans and is not the cause of daytime fatigue in northern Alaska .

Literature Review

In the literature review, you'll look at what information is already out there about your topic. “This is where scholarly articles  about your topic are essential,” said Attari. “These articles will help you find the gap in research that you have identified and will also support your thesis statement."

Telling your reader what research has already been done will help them see how your research fits into the larger conversation. Most university libraries offer databases of scholarly/peer-reviewed articles that can be helpful in your search.

In the methods section of your thesis paper, you get to explain how you learned what you learned. This might include what experiment you conducted as a part of your independent research.

“For instance,” Attari said, “if you are a psychology major and have identified a gap in research on which therapies are effective for anxiety, your methods section would consist of the number of participants, the type of experiment and any other particulars you would use for that experiment.”

In this section, you'll explain the results of your study. For example, building on the psychology example Attari outlined, you might share self-reported anxiety levels for participants trying different kinds of therapies. To help you communicate your results clearly, you might include data, charts, tables or other visualizations.

The discussion section of your thesis paper is where you will analyze and interpret the results you presented in the previous section. This is where you can discuss what your findings really mean or compare them to the research you found in your literature review.

The discussion section is your chance to show why the data you collected matters and how it fits into bigger conversations in your field.

The conclusion of your thesis paper is your opportunity to sum up your argument and leave your reader thinking about why your research matters.

Attari breaks the conclusion down into simple parts. “You restate the original issue and thesis statement, explain the experiment's results and discuss possible next steps for further research,” she said.

Find Your Program

Resources to help write your thesis paper.

While your thesis paper may be based on your independent research, writing it doesn’t have to be a solitary process. Asking for help and using the resources that are available to you can make the process easier.

If you're writing a thesis paper, some resources Chartier encourages you to use are:

• Citation Handbooks: An online citation guide or handbook can help you ensure your citations are correct. APA , MLA and Chicago styles have all published their own guides.
• Citation Generators: There are many citation generator tools that help you to create citations. Some — like RefWorks — even let you directly import citations from library databases as you research.
• Your Library's Website: Many academic and public libraries allow patrons to access resources like databases or FAQs. Some FAQs at the SNHU library that might be helpful in your thesis writing process include “ How do I read a scholarly article? ” or “ What is a research question and how do I develop one? ”

It can also be helpful to check out what coaching or tutoring options are available through your school. At SNHU, for example, the Academic Support Center offers writing and grammar workshops , and students can access 24/7 tutoring and 1:1 sessions with peer tutors, like Attari.

"Students can even submit their papers and receive written feedback... like revisions and editing suggestions," she said.

If you are writing a thesis paper, there are many resources available to you. It's a long paper, but with the right mindset and support, you can successfully navigate the process.

“Pace yourself,” said Chartier. “This is a marathon, not a sprint. Setting smaller goals to get to the big finish line can make the process seem less daunting, and remember to be proud of yourself and celebrate your accomplishment once you’re done. Writing a thesis is no small task, and it’s important work for the scholarly community.”

A degree can change your life. Choose your program  from 200+ SNHU degrees that can take you where you want to go.

Meg Palmer ’18 is a writer and scholar by trade who loves reading, riding her bike and singing in a barbershop quartet. She earned her bachelor’s degree in English, language and literature at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU) and her master’s degree in writing, rhetoric and discourse at DePaul University (’20). While attending SNHU, she served as the editor-in-chief of the campus student newspaper, The Penmen Press, where she deepened her passion for writing. Meg is an adjunct professor at Johnson and Wales University, where she teaches first year writing, honors composition, and public speaking. Connect with her on LinkedIn .

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Academic Referencing: How to Cite a Research Paper

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• University of Wisconsin–Madison

APA Style Guidelines

• About this Guide
• Blogs, Podcasts, and Social Media
• Content Marketing
• Popular Magazines
• Professional Organizations
• Trade Publications
• Scholarly Journals
• Attributive Tags or Signal Phrases
• Citation Generators - Problems & Limitations
• Date Retrieved for Website Reference Entries & When to Use “n.d.” (no date)
• Differentiating between Sources with the Same Author and Date
• Hyperlinks & Attribution: "Citation" for Digital Documents
• Identifying & Citing Content Marketing
• Indirect Citations, or How to Cite a Quote or Paraphrase from a Source
• In-text Citations: Conveying Credibility
• In-text Citations: Using a Source Multiple Times
• In-text Citations: Principles & Formatting
• References Page: Principles & Formatting

Synthesizing Multiple Sources

• URLs - When to Include to Entire Address
• Company Report
• General Website, Non-government Website
• Government Publication or Website
• Industry Report from IBISWorld
• Informational Interview
• Job Advertisement
• Lecture or Conference Presentation
• O*Net Online
• Popular Business Magazine
• Professional/Trade Organization Website
• Reference Works (Dictionary, Investopedia, Wiki, etc.)
• Review Sites
• Scholarly Journal Article
• Social Media Posts
• Trade Journal or Magazine Article

Synthesis means combining different sources to support an idea of your own while clearly articulating the connections between those sources. 

Synthesis and Presenting Information . If you’ve been asked to gather information so that someone else can make a decision, you’ll want to develop one or more conclusions from your reading. To help your reader understand the main takeaways from your research, quote or paraphrase key information from a variety of sources to support your conclusions. As in all other workplace writing, your task as a writer is to save your readers time; they shouldn’t have to read your sources to determine whether or not those sources actually do what you say they do if you have effectively quoted, paraphrased, and integrated them into sentences and paragraphs of your own.

Synthesis and Building Credibility . Synthesis can also help you to demonstrate credibility by showing that you looked at multiple sources. In essence, synthesizing is a way of fact-checking yourself, or of reading and citing from multiple sources to ensure accuracy. Thus, a reader is likely to be more persuaded by your conclusions if they are supported by multiple credible sources.

Synthesis and Analysis . If your purpose is to analyze something, synthesis allows you to show that your analysis is based on and accounts for a broad array of sources. A valid analytical conclusion about how effective CEOs use storytelling to promote employee engagement, for example, will be most convincing if you synthesize multiple examples of how many CEOs do this and draw your own conclusion about best practices from those examples.

The following examples synthesize multiple sources to support conclusions. Example one uses APA in-text citations, as you might do in a formal report. Example two provides citations using hyperlinks, as you would likely do in an email.

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Teens who vape more likely to have poor mental health, new report shows

Topic: Vaping

Geo first started using vapes when he was 13. ( ABC News: Brendan Esposito )

A study of 5,000 students has found teenagers who vape are more likely to have poor mental health.

Experts say being curious with teenagers can help open conversations about vaping and teaching life coping skills may also assist.

What's next?

Researchers will follow up with survey participants in three years.

For Geo, the rush he gets from vaping is "euphoric".

The 17-year-old apprentice electrician started vaping at 13 after a short period of smoking cigarettes.

"Everyone around me was doing it so, definitely the peer pressure side of it, also [they're] cheaper than darts, a lot cheaper," he said.

"I love it to be honest, just the effect it has on me.

"I can focus better, I can concentrate more."

Geo said he feels "stressed" and "anxious" when he does not vape for a period of time.

But he thinks there is probably a link between his vaping and mental health.

"The only time I notice it on my mental [health] is when I'm without it for a certain amount of time," he said.

"It makes me stressed, anxious, like I need it, like there's something missing."

Depressed teens twice as likely to vape

The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use paper, published today in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, found teenagers who vape were more likely to have poor mental health.

The survey of more than 5,000 year 7 and 8 students across three states is the most comprehensive data on e-cigarette use and mental health in early adolescents in Australia.

Chief Investigator associate professor Emily Stockings said while the survey found only 8 per cent of respondents had used a vape, those with symptoms of severe depression were twice as likely to use e-cigarettes.

"For those who had low wellbeing, they were 100 per cent more likely to vape and those with high stress were 74 per cent more likely to vape," she said.

The study found that almost 22 per cent of the teenagers surveyed had moderate to severe depression, 20 per cent had moderate to severe anxiety and one third had low wellbeing.

"So, this is a mentally not very well population," she said.

Researchers surveyed 5,000 teenagers about their vape use. ( ABC News: Rachel Carbonell )

Does vaping cause poor mental health or does poor mental health lead to vaping?

The study showed a correlation between the two, but did not establish a causal link.

Associate Professor Stockings said evidence from previous studies suggested it was likely to be "bi-directional".

"There's studies that have shown that depression causes vaping and there's been studies that show vaping causes depression," she said.

She said it was easy to see why teenagers going through mental health struggles were attracted to vaping with bright colours and clever marketing, but adding nicotine was a powerful combination.

"Nicotine is an incredibly effective drug on the brain … once it's in the bloodstream it hits your brain within seconds.

"It gives you this combined feeling of reduced anxiety … but also a little bit of a buzz because of the stimulant effect."

Understanding the teen brain crucial in tackling vaping

Associate Professor Stockings said the research showed mental health and vaping needed to be tackled together.

"We know that education alone, saying to someone, 'don't use drugs' or 'don't drink', it doesn't work. Education alone is not sufficient," she said.

The data is part of the largest trial of vaping prevention in Australia, which aims to test whether teenagers are less likely to take up vaping if they're given life coping skills early on in the classroom.

Associate professor Emily Stockings said the study found those with high stress were more likely to vape.   ( Supplied )

It will follow up with survey participants in three years.

"What we think is going to be helpful in this age group, what we've seen and had evidence for [is]… we give them skills training, coping skills, mechanisms, telling them how you can help a friend, how you can identify when you're not doing well, how to seek help effectively," she said.

Professor of youth mental health and neurobiology at the University of Sunshine Coast Dan Hermens said understanding the teenage brain, which is wired to "look for novelty", was critical.

"[It] has an exaggerated response to rewarding behaviours, usually they're described as risk-taking things," he said.

One of the ways the brain responds is to release dopamine, the feel-good hormone, with research suggesting it can be two to seven times higher in adolescents in response to reward-seeking behaviour.

He said because vaping often involved friends, risk taking and nicotine, it was a "perfect storm".

"The adolescent brain, we know from a whole range of research, has increased dopamine response to a whole range of behaviours," he said.

"When you add a quite addictive substance like nicotine the response in terms of dopamine is even greater."

Professor of youth mental health and neurobiology at the University of Sunshine Coast Dan Hermens said understanding the teenage brain was essential. ( Supplied )

Professor Hermens said the adolescent brain was going through an important biological process.

"…The adolescent brain benefits from new experiences as part of adolescent development and preparing to become an adult," he said.

"It's arguably the most dynamic time in our lives in terms of brain changes and that comes with increased vulnerability."

Professor Hermens said while concerns about vaping were often linked to harmful chemicals, nicotine alone could change the brain's "function and activity".

"By stimulating the brain to release dopamine, if it's done over a period of time, it changes the way the brain responds to rewarding things," he said.

Neuroscientists believe it can then become more difficult to do things without nicotine and inhibit the same response from healthier activities.

Teenager quits after health concerns

Emeliya, 18, first tried vaping a year ago when she was at a friend's birthday party.

"They were all socially doing it … so, I just joined in," she said.

Initially she did not like it, but soon noticed a change.

The study is the most recent and comprehensive data on e-cigarette use and mental health in younger teenagers. ( ABC News: Rachel Carbonell )

"I felt like I was less stressed after taking a chuff," she said.

She worried about the health impacts and recently decided to quit.

"You could see in my face I was breaking out, like I felt quite sick after, I had bad breath. It was really gross," she said.

"I feel so much better not vaping … if I'm anxious or stressed about something, I'll find something else to let my stress out, instead of literally, sucking it in.

"I feel like I'm able to get out and sit in the sun … and just be able to breathe normally without having to have a smoke."

Less shame, more curiosity

Chief Investigator Emily Stockings said while she hoped banning vapes would eventually make it less socially acceptable, there's a lot more that can be done.

For parents and carers, associate professor Stockings said being curious with teenagers about why they vape and how it made them feel was more likely to help than shame.

"We're good at banning things, we're good at playing by the rules and it just makes people be quiet if they're engaging in these behaviours, it just becomes a hidden behaviour as opposed to one that they're willing to talk about and seek help for," she said.

Professor Hermens agreed.

His tip was to talk to teenagers about how their brains worked as opposed to bad behaviours.

"It's important to understand as parents and teachers that there's a reason why adolescents like … doing different things and that includes substance use," he said.

"It's important to understand that kind of biology, but it's complicated because adolescents are … speaking like older people.

"They're becoming more self aware, they're becoming more insightful."

He said adults needed to help young people figure out what they could be focusing on instead, with one possible solution through helping young people find a natural buzz through healthier risk taking.

"I guess a whole range of things from … roller coaster rides to doing adventurous things with your friends, like outdoors, you know jumping into the water, it's mostly safe but there's a little bit of risk, doing a school play, that's a social risk," he said.

Mental health disorders among young people have soared by nearly 50 per cent in 15 years. The ABC is talking to youth, parents, and researchers about what's driving this pattern, and what can be done to turn things around.