Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasise again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement.
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
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McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, June 13). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved 29 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/the-research-process/research-proposal-explained/
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Methodology
Published on December 3, 2019 by Rebecca Bevans . Revised on June 21, 2023.
Experiments are used to study causal relationships . You manipulate one or more independent variables and measure their effect on one or more dependent variables.
Experimental design create a set of procedures to systematically test a hypothesis . A good experimental design requires a strong understanding of the system you are studying.
There are five key steps in designing an experiment:
For valid conclusions, you also need to select a representative sample and control any extraneous variables that might influence your results. If random assignment of participants to control and treatment groups is impossible, unethical, or highly difficult, consider an observational study instead. This minimizes several types of research bias, particularly sampling bias , survivorship bias , and attrition bias as time passes.
Step 1: define your variables, step 2: write your hypothesis, step 3: design your experimental treatments, step 4: assign your subjects to treatment groups, step 5: measure your dependent variable, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about experiments.
You should begin with a specific research question . We will work with two research question examples, one from health sciences and one from ecology:
To translate your research question into an experimental hypothesis, you need to define the main variables and make predictions about how they are related.
Start by simply listing the independent and dependent variables .
Research question | Independent variable | Dependent variable |
---|---|---|
Phone use and sleep | Minutes of phone use before sleep | Hours of sleep per night |
Temperature and soil respiration | Air temperature just above the soil surface | CO2 respired from soil |
Then you need to think about possible extraneous and confounding variables and consider how you might control them in your experiment.
Extraneous variable | How to control | |
---|---|---|
Phone use and sleep | in sleep patterns among individuals. | measure the average difference between sleep with phone use and sleep without phone use rather than the average amount of sleep per treatment group. |
Temperature and soil respiration | also affects respiration, and moisture can decrease with increasing temperature. | monitor soil moisture and add water to make sure that soil moisture is consistent across all treatment plots. |
Finally, you can put these variables together into a diagram. Use arrows to show the possible relationships between variables and include signs to show the expected direction of the relationships.
Here we predict that increasing temperature will increase soil respiration and decrease soil moisture, while decreasing soil moisture will lead to decreased soil respiration.
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Now that you have a strong conceptual understanding of the system you are studying, you should be able to write a specific, testable hypothesis that addresses your research question.
Null hypothesis (H ) | Alternate hypothesis (H ) | |
---|---|---|
Phone use and sleep | Phone use before sleep does not correlate with the amount of sleep a person gets. | Increasing phone use before sleep leads to a decrease in sleep. |
Temperature and soil respiration | Air temperature does not correlate with soil respiration. | Increased air temperature leads to increased soil respiration. |
The next steps will describe how to design a controlled experiment . In a controlled experiment, you must be able to:
If your study system doesn’t match these criteria, there are other types of research you can use to answer your research question.
How you manipulate the independent variable can affect the experiment’s external validity – that is, the extent to which the results can be generalized and applied to the broader world.
First, you may need to decide how widely to vary your independent variable.
Second, you may need to choose how finely to vary your independent variable. Sometimes this choice is made for you by your experimental system, but often you will need to decide, and this will affect how much you can infer from your results.
How you apply your experimental treatments to your test subjects is crucial for obtaining valid and reliable results.
First, you need to consider the study size : how many individuals will be included in the experiment? In general, the more subjects you include, the greater your experiment’s statistical power , which determines how much confidence you can have in your results.
Then you need to randomly assign your subjects to treatment groups . Each group receives a different level of the treatment (e.g. no phone use, low phone use, high phone use).
You should also include a control group , which receives no treatment. The control group tells us what would have happened to your test subjects without any experimental intervention.
When assigning your subjects to groups, there are two main choices you need to make:
An experiment can be completely randomized or randomized within blocks (aka strata):
Completely randomized design | Randomized block design | |
---|---|---|
Phone use and sleep | Subjects are all randomly assigned a level of phone use using a random number generator. | Subjects are first grouped by age, and then phone use treatments are randomly assigned within these groups. |
Temperature and soil respiration | Warming treatments are assigned to soil plots at random by using a number generator to generate map coordinates within the study area. | Soils are first grouped by average rainfall, and then treatment plots are randomly assigned within these groups. |
Sometimes randomization isn’t practical or ethical , so researchers create partially-random or even non-random designs. An experimental design where treatments aren’t randomly assigned is called a quasi-experimental design .
In a between-subjects design (also known as an independent measures design or classic ANOVA design), individuals receive only one of the possible levels of an experimental treatment.
In medical or social research, you might also use matched pairs within your between-subjects design to make sure that each treatment group contains the same variety of test subjects in the same proportions.
In a within-subjects design (also known as a repeated measures design), every individual receives each of the experimental treatments consecutively, and their responses to each treatment are measured.
Within-subjects or repeated measures can also refer to an experimental design where an effect emerges over time, and individual responses are measured over time in order to measure this effect as it emerges.
Counterbalancing (randomizing or reversing the order of treatments among subjects) is often used in within-subjects designs to ensure that the order of treatment application doesn’t influence the results of the experiment.
Between-subjects (independent measures) design | Within-subjects (repeated measures) design | |
---|---|---|
Phone use and sleep | Subjects are randomly assigned a level of phone use (none, low, or high) and follow that level of phone use throughout the experiment. | Subjects are assigned consecutively to zero, low, and high levels of phone use throughout the experiment, and the order in which they follow these treatments is randomized. |
Temperature and soil respiration | Warming treatments are assigned to soil plots at random and the soils are kept at this temperature throughout the experiment. | Every plot receives each warming treatment (1, 3, 5, 8, and 10C above ambient temperatures) consecutively over the course of the experiment, and the order in which they receive these treatments is randomized. |
Finally, you need to decide how you’ll collect data on your dependent variable outcomes. You should aim for reliable and valid measurements that minimize research bias or error.
Some variables, like temperature, can be objectively measured with scientific instruments. Others may need to be operationalized to turn them into measurable observations.
How precisely you measure your dependent variable also affects the kinds of statistical analysis you can use on your data.
Experiments are always context-dependent, and a good experimental design will take into account all of the unique considerations of your study system to produce information that is both valid and relevant to your research question.
If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Research bias
Experimental design means planning a set of procedures to investigate a relationship between variables . To design a controlled experiment, you need:
When designing the experiment, you decide:
Experimental design is essential to the internal and external validity of your experiment.
The key difference between observational studies and experimental designs is that a well-done observational study does not influence the responses of participants, while experiments do have some sort of treatment condition applied to at least some participants by random assignment .
A confounding variable , also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship.
A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study. It can be difficult to separate the true effect of the independent variable from the effect of the confounding variable.
In your research design , it’s important to identify potential confounding variables and plan how you will reduce their impact.
In a between-subjects design , every participant experiences only one condition, and researchers assess group differences between participants in various conditions.
In a within-subjects design , each participant experiences all conditions, and researchers test the same participants repeatedly for differences between conditions.
The word “between” means that you’re comparing different conditions between groups, while the word “within” means you’re comparing different conditions within the same group.
An experimental group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study, whereas a control group does not. They should be identical in all other ways.
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Bevans, R. (2023, June 21). Guide to Experimental Design | Overview, 5 steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 29, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/experimental-design/
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Yale undergraduate research, how to write a proposal.
The abstract should summarize your proposal. Include one sentence to introduce the problem you are investigating, why this problem is significant, the hypothesis to be tested, a brief summary of experiments that you wish to conduct and a single concluding sentence. (250 word limit)
The introduction discusses the background and significance of the problem you are investigating. Lead the reader from the general to the specific. For example, if you want to write about the role that Brca1 mutations play in breast cancer pathogenesis, talk first about the significance of breast cancer as a disease in the US/world population, then about familial breast cancer as a small subset of breast cancers in general, then about discovery of Brca1 mutations in familial breast cancer, then Brca1’s normal functions in DNA repair, then about how Brca1 mutations result in damaged DNA and onset of familial breast cancer, etc. Definitely include figures with properly labeled text boxes (designated as Figure 1, Figure 2, etc) here to better illustrate your points and help your reader wade through unfamiliar science. (3 pages max)
Formulate a hypothesis that will be tested in your grant proposal. Remember, you are doing hypothesis-driven research so there should be a hypothesis to be tested! The hypothesis should be focused, concise and flow logically from the introduction. For example, your hypothesis could be “I hypothesize that overexpressing wild type Brca1 in Brca1 null tumor cells will prevent metastatic spread in a mouse xenograph model.” Based on your hypothesis, your Specific Aims section should be geared to support it. The hypothesis is stated in one sentence in the proposal.
This is where you will want to work with your mentor to craft the experimental portion of your proposal. Propose two original specific aims to test your hypothesis. Don’t propose more than two aims-you will NOT have enough time to do more. In the example presented, Specific Aim 1 might be “To determine the oncogenic potential of Brca1 null cell lines expressing wild type Brca1 cDNA”. Specific aim 2 might be “To determine the metastatic potential of Brca1 null cells that express WT Brca1”. You do not have to go into extensive technical details, just enough for the reader to understand what you propose to do. The best aims yield mechanistic insights-that is, experiments proposed address some mechanisms of biology. A less desirable aim proposes correlative experiments that does not address mechanistically how BRCA1 mutations generate cancer. It is also very important that the two aims are related but NOT interdependent. What this means is that if Aim 1 doesn’t work, Aim 2 is not automatically dead. For example, say you propose in Aim 1 to generate a BRCA1 knockout mouse model, and in Aim 2 you will take tissues from this mouse to do experiments. If knocking out BRCA1 results in early embryonic death, you will never get a mouse that yields tissues for Aim 2. You can include some of your mentor’s data here as “Preliminary data”. Remember to carefully cite all your sources. (4 pages max; 2 pages per Aim)
This is a very important part of any proposal. This is where you want to discuss the experiments you propose in Aims 1 and 2. Remember, no experiment is perfect. Are there any reasons why experiments you proposed might not work? Why? What will you do to resolve this? What are other possible strategies you might use if your experiments don’t work? If a reviewer spots these deficiencies and you don’t propose methods to correct them, your proposal will not get funded. You will want to work with your mentor to write this section. (1/2 page per Aim)
Cite all references, including unpublished data from your mentor. Last, First, (year), Title, Journal, volume, pages.
*8 page proposal limit (not including References), 1.5 spacing, 12pt Times New Roman font
General information from the American Psychological Association.
Nih research matters.
August 27, 2024
At a glance.
Cancer cells need fuel to survive and thrive. The energy they need usually comes from glucose in the blood. Some studies have shown that intermittent fasting or a ketogenic diet—high in fat and low in carbohydrates—can help to protect against cancer. These cause the body to break down fat to form molecules called ketones, which can serve as the body’s main energy source while glucose is scarce. Fasting and ketogenic diets likely work by limiting the amount of glucose available to feed cancer cells. But some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, can also use ketones as an energy source.
A research team led by Dr. Davide Ruggero of the University of California, San Francisco, set out to better understand the underlying gene activities and metabolic pathways affected by diet and fasting. They hope to use this knowledge to enhance cancer therapies. The team focused on a protein called eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor), which is often hijacked by cancer cells. Results appeared in Nature on August 14, 2024.
The researchers found that chemical tags called phosphates are added to eIF4E as mice transition from fed to fasting. Further analyses showed that this phosphorylated eIF4E (P-eIF4E) plays an important role in coordinating the activity of genes involved in processing fats for energy during fasting. When mice were placed on a ketogenic diet instead of fasting, the P-eIF4E protein similarly triggered a shift to using fat for energy.
The scientists next asked how fasting activated eIF4E. They found that free fatty acids, the small molecules released by fat shortly after fasting begins, activated a chain of events leading to eIF4E phosphorylation. This suggests that free fatty acids have a dual role, serving both as an energy source and as signaling molecules that boost fat-based energy production during fasting.
To assess the relevance of these findings to cancers that can thrive on fat, the researchers combined a ketogenic diet with an experimental anti-cancer drug that blocks P-eIF4E. The drug is called eFT508 (or tomivosertib). They found that giving eFT508 alone did not slow the growth of pancreatic tumors in mice, likely because the tumors could survive with energy from carbohydrates. But when mice were given the drug while on a ketogenic diet, the cancer cells no longer had ready access to glucose or fat for energy. The cells then starved, and growth declined.
"Our findings open a point of vulnerability that we can treat with a clinical inhibitor that we already know is safe in humans,” Ruggero says. “We now have firm evidence of one way in which diet might be used alongside pre-existing cancer therapies to precisely eliminate a cancer.”
—by Vicki Contie
References: Remodelling of the translatome controls diet and its impact on tumorigenesis. Yang H, Zingaro VA, Lincoff J, Tom H, Oikawa S, Oses-Prieto JA, Edmondson Q, Seiple I, Shah H, Kajimura S, Burlingame AL, Grabe M, Ruggero D. Nature . 2024 Aug 14. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07781-7. Online ahead of print. PMID: 39143206.
Funding: NIH’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Cancer Institute (NCI), and National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); American Heart Association; American Cancer Society; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Innovative bistable composites for aerospace and high-stress applications: integrating soft and hard materials in experimental, modeling, and simulation studies.
2. model description, one-unit cell model description, 3. results and discussion, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Zouhri, K.; Mohamed, M.; Erol, A.; Liu, B.; Appiah-Kubi, P. Innovative Bistable Composites for Aerospace and High-Stress Applications: Integrating Soft and Hard Materials in Experimental, Modeling, and Simulation Studies. Materials 2024 , 17 , 4280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174280
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Zouhri, Khalid, Mohamed Mohamed, Anil Erol, Bert Liu, and Philip Appiah-Kubi. 2024. "Innovative Bistable Composites for Aerospace and High-Stress Applications: Integrating Soft and Hard Materials in Experimental, Modeling, and Simulation Studies" Materials 17, no. 17: 4280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174280
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Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students. Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels ...
Abstract: This is a brief (300-500 words) summary that includes the research question, your rationale for the study, and any applicable hypothesis. You should also include a brief description of your methodology, including procedures, samples, instruments, etc. Introduction: The opening paragraph of your research proposal is, perhaps, the most ...
1. Research Proposal Format Example. Following is a general outline of the material that should be included in your project proposal. I. Title Page II. Introduction and Literature Review (Chapters 2 and 3) A. Identification of specific problem area (e.g., what is it, why it is important). B. Prevalence, scope of problem.
General Outline for Research Grant Proposals. Abstract - often written in slightly more general terms, readable by non-experts. Background and Significance - demonstrate that you know the field thoroughly. Specific Aims - 1-2 sentences on each point that you intend to investigate. Experimental Plan.
It puts the proposal in context. 3. The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms. 1. The importance of the statement of the research problem 5: The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology ...
Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template. If you're getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals, you've come to the right place. In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals, one for a Master's-level project, and one for a PhD-level ...
Here is an explanation of each step: 1. Title and Abstract. Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research. Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal. 2.
Research proposals, like all other kinds of academic writing, are written in a formal, objective tone. Keep in mind that being concise is a key component of academic writing; formal does not mean flowery. Adhere to the structure outlined above. Your reader knows how a research proposal is supposed to read and expects it to fit this template.
The 1,500 word research proposal is an important element of your application to doctoral study, whether full-time or part-time. It offers you the opportunity to outline the research you intend to conduct, including how you plan to go about it, and how your research might make a contribution to a theoretical or empirical evidence base.
A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer. [ 2] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about ...
Even if experimental work is not possible, it is important to base a research proposal on what you can feasibly do in your chosen lab. A research proposal at the undergraduate level is an engaging exercise on coming up with your own questions on your chosen field. There is much leeway as an undergraduate to experiment within your field and ...
While the exact structure may vary depending on the science field and institutional guidelines, a research proposal typically includes the following sections: Problem, Objectives, Methodology, Resources, Participants, Results&Impact, Dissemination, Timeline, and Budget. I will use this structure for the example research proposals in this article.
For your Research Proposal, you will prepare a written document that includes an Introduction section and a Methods section. Introduction: includes the problem to be studied, theory that is guiding the research/review of current literature, relevance of the work, and specific study hypothesis.Your introduction should discuss the articles that you've used to build your study, but also be more ...
An organized, well-written, concise, complete proposal = an easier to conduct experiment. A good proposal is like a good sales pitch. In the world of graduate studies and scientific research a proposal is the means by which funding is secured. Good writing when paired with a thorough understanding of the subject matter is a valuable skill to ...
Identify the importance of your research; Show why you are the right person to do this research; Examples of research proposals. Research Proposal Example 1 (DOC, 49kB) Research Proposal Example 2 (DOC, 0.9MB) Research Proposal Example 3 (DOC, 55.5kB) Research Proposal Example 4 (DOC, 49.5kB) Subject specific guidance. Writing a Humanities PhD ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: 'A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management'.
Step 1: Define your variables. You should begin with a specific research question. We will work with two research question examples, one from health sciences and one from ecology: Example question 1: Phone use and sleep. You want to know how phone use before bedtime affects sleep patterns.
This is where you will want to work with your mentor to craft the experimental portion of your proposal. Propose two original specific aims to test your hypothesis. Don't propose more than two aims-you will NOT have enough time to do more. In the example presented, Specific Aim 1 might be "To determine the oncogenic potential of Brca1 null ...
IMPORTANT: Your research sponsors (HDRB, MCB, CPB) and Tutor in Biochemical Sciences (MCB and CPB only) are invaluable resources for feedback and suggestions on your thesis proposal, and can help you define your project and ensure that you communicate your experimental plan effectively.
The basic procedure of a quantitative design is: 1. Make your observations about something that is unknown, unexplained, or new. Investigate current theory surrounding your problem or issue. 2. Hypothesize an explanation for those observations. 3. Make a prediction of outcomes based on your hypotheses.
The investigator specifies the maximum discrepancy between the sample and population proportion of ± 5%. To determine the sample size, the investigator would use the formula. n = (z/p)2π(1-π), n = the required sample size. p = the desired maximum discrepancy (i.e. ± 5%) π = the population proportion.
PSY 330: Experimental Psychology: Experimental Research Proposals. Home; Finding Articles; Experimental Research Proposals; Citing Sources; RefWorks
Scientists showed how a ketogenic diet can enhance the effects of an experimental anti-cancer drug and starve pancreatic tumors in mice. ... A research team led by Dr. Davide Ruggero of the University of California, San Francisco, set out to better understand the underlying gene activities and metabolic pathways affected by diet and fasting. ...
This study explores the development and performance of bistable materials, emphasizing their potential applications in aero-vehicles and high-stress environments. By integrating soft and hard materials within a composite structure, the research demonstrates the creation of bistable composites that exhibit remarkable flexibility and rigidity. Advanced simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics and ...