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APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

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Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in MLA

Citing a thesis or dissertation.

Thesis – A document submitted to earn a degree at a university.

Dissertation – A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

The formatting for thesis and dissertation citations is largely the same. However, you should be sure to include the type of degree after the publication year as supplemental information. For instance, state if the source you are citing is an undergraduate thesis or a PhD dissertation.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (print)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.

MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (online)

Last, First M.  Title of the Thesis/Dissertation. Year Published. Name of University, type of degree.  Website Name , URL.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County . 2011. University of Maryland, PhD dissertation.

In-text Citation Structure

(Author Last Name page #)

In-text Citation Example

(Wilson 14)

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APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Dissertations & Thesis

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Citing Dissertations & Theses in APA Format

Dissertations & Theses

Dissertations and theses are formatted the same way in APA 7th edition. Theses are generally the culminating work for a master's or undergraduate degree and dissertations are often original research completed by doctoral students. Here are examples of a dissertation & a thesis, and how they would be formatted: 

Examples: 

Dissertation found in Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global: 

Reference:  

Banks, B. (2020). Addressing institutional racism in healthcare: A case study (Publication No. 28154307) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):  

(Banks, 2020).

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Banks, 2020, p. 157).

Master's thesis from a University scholarship database: 

Sears, L. B. (2017). The public voice and sustainable food systems: Community engagement in food action plans [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Kansas.  https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/26899  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Sears, 2017). 

(Sears, 2017, p. 24). 

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Pages Referenced

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

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Format for dissertations and theses

Dissertations and theses database.

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Author last name, first initial. (Year).  Title of dissertation/thesis  (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, University]. Database. URL

• Author:  List the last name, followed by the first initial (and second initial). See  Authors  for more information.
• Year:  List the year between parentheses, followed by a period.
• Title of dissertation/thesis:  In italics. Capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and proper nouns.
• Publication number: Can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”
• Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis:  List whether it is a dissertation or a thesis.
• University:  List the university associated with the dissertation/thesis.
• Database:  List database the dissertation/thesis was found in, if found in a database.
• URL:  List URL if found on the free Web rather than in a database.

See specific examples below.

Dissertations:

Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community  (Publication No. 3114720) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

Master's Theses:

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resitance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment   (Publication No. 10289373) [Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

APA calls for the citation to include a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “Publication No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”

Karamanos, X. (2020). The influence of professional development models on student mathematics performance in New Jersey public elementary schools [Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University]. Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2732

Bordo, V. C. (2011). Making a case for the use of foreign language in the educational activities of nonprofit arts organizations [Master's thesis, University of Akron]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640

Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes  [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University].

Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning  [Master's thesis, California Institute of Technology].

See  Publication Manual , 10.6.

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Theses & Dissertations

Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.

• CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations

Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .

Note-Bibliography

First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).

      Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).

Short Note:

Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University      of Chicago, 2008.

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year)

(Mihwa 2008)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting  Imaginaires  in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”  PhD diss.       University of Chicago.

Note -Bibliography

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).

Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."

Bibliography:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.

Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.

(Hosking 2010)

Last-name, First-name.  Year.  "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.

Hosking, Barry C.    2010.  "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.

      12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222),  2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

(Stewart 2005)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."  Database Name  (Identifier if given), Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program  (WMU2005.1222),    http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

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Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains a reference example for an unpublished dissertation or thesis.

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

• Parenthetical citation : (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation : Harris (2014)
• When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples .

Unpublished dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

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APA 6th Edition Citation Style

Dissertation / thesis.

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Document Example:

Proper Bibliographic Reference Format:

• Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line.
• Use italics and "sentence-style" capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles.
• Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master’s thesis in parentheses after the title.

Sabbagh, S. A. (2009). Investigating oral presentation skills and non-verbal communication techniques in UAE classrooms: A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other languages (master’s thesis). American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

In-Text Citations:

Citations are placed in the context of discussion using the author’s last name and date of publication.

(Sabbagh, 2009)

Alternatively, you can integrate the citation into the sentence by means of narrative.

Sabbagh (2009) compares a variety of oral presentation techniques.

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All you need to know about citations

How to cite an undergraduate thesis in Harvard

To cite an undergraduate thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the undergraduate thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
• Year of submission: Give the year in round brackets.
• Title of the undergraduate thesis: Give the title as presented in the source. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Degree description: Type of degree.
• Degree-awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an undergraduate thesis in Harvard style:

Author(s) of the undergraduate thesis . ( Year of submission ) Title of the undergraduate thesis . Degree description . Degree-awarding institution .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Harvard style guidelines in action:

A bachelor's thesis by two authors

Parekh, P., and Pishchenko, V . ( 2013 ) Factors influencing the choice of bank – An international student perspective . Bachelor's thesis . Dalarna University .

An unpublished undergraduate thesis

Baslow, W . ( 2015 ) The applicability of the Qualitative System Analysis as decision-making tool in public administration by the example of the municipality Ludwigsburg . Unpublished undergraduate thesis . Leuphana University of Lüneburg .

This citation style guide is based on the Cite Them Right (10 th edition) Harvard referencing guide.

More useful guides

• Harvard Referencing: Theses
• Referencing with Harvard: Thesis or dissertation
• Citing and referencing: Theses/Dissertations

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What is a thesis?

What is a dissertation, getting started, staying on track.

A thesis is a long-term project that you work on over the course of a semester or a year. Theses have a very wide variety of styles and content, so we encourage you to look at prior examples and work closely with faculty to develop yours. 

Before you begin, make sure that you are familiar with the dissertation genre—what it is for and what it looks like.

Generally speaking, a dissertation’s purpose is to prove that you have the expertise necessary to fulfill your doctoral-degree requirements by showing depth of knowledge and independent thinking.

The form of a dissertation may vary by discipline. Be sure to follow the specific guidelines of your department.

• PhD This site directs candidates to the GSAS website about dissertations , with links to checklists,  planning, formatting, acknowledgments, submission, and publishing options. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus . Consult with your committee chair about specific requirements and standards for your dissertation.
• DDES This document covers planning, patent filing, submission guidelines, publishing options, formatting guidelines, sample pages, citation guidelines, and a list of common errors to avoid. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus .
• Scholarly Pursuits (GSAS) This searchable booklet from Harvard GSAS is a comprehensive guide to writing dissertations, dissertation-fellowship applications, academic journal articles, and academic job documents.

Finding an original topic can be a daunting and overwhelming task. These key concepts can help you focus and save time.

Finding a topic for your thesis or dissertation should start with a research question that excites or at least interests you. A rigorous, engaging, and original project will require continuous curiosity about your topic, about your own thoughts on the topic, and about what other scholars have said on your topic. Avoid getting boxed in by thinking you know what you want to say from the beginning; let your research and your writing evolve as you explore and fine-tune your focus through constant questioning and exploration.

Get a sense of the broader picture before you narrow your focus and attempt to frame an argument. Read, skim, and otherwise familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in areas related to your proposed topic. Briefly explore topics tangentially related to yours to broaden your perspective and increase your chance of finding a unique angle to pursue.

Critical Reading

Critical reading is the opposite of passive reading. Instead of merely reading for information to absorb, critical reading also involves careful, sustained thinking about what you are reading. This process may include analyzing the author’s motives and assumptions, asking what might be left out of the discussion, considering what you agree with or disagree with in the author’s statements and why you agree or disagree, and exploring connections or contradictions between scholarly arguments. Here is a resource to help hone your critical-reading skills:

http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/criticalread.pdf

Conversation

Your thesis or dissertation will incorporate some ideas from other scholars whose work you researched. By reading critically and following your curiosity, you will develop your own ideas and claims, and these contributions are the core of your project. You will also acknowledge the work of scholars who came before you, and you must accurately and fairly attribute this work and define your place within the larger discussion. Make sure that you know how to quote, summarize, paraphrase ,  integrate , and cite secondary sources to avoid plagiarism and to show the depth and breadth of your knowledge.

A thesis is a long-term, large project that involves both research and writing; it is easy to lose focus, motivation, and momentum. Here are suggestions for achieving the result you want in the time you have.

The dissertation is probably the largest project you have undertaken, and a lot of the work is self-directed. The project can feel daunting or even overwhelming unless you break it down into manageable pieces and create a timeline for completing each smaller task. Be realistic but also challenge yourself, and be forgiving of yourself if you miss a self-imposed deadline here and there.

Your program will also have specific deadlines for different requirements, including establishing a committee, submitting a prospectus, completing the dissertation, defending the dissertation, and submitting your work. Consult your department’s website for these dates and incorporate them into the timeline for your work.

Accountability

Sometimes self-imposed deadlines do not feel urgent unless there is accountability to someone beyond yourself. To increase your motivation to complete tasks on schedule, set dates with your committee chair to submit pre-determined pieces of a chapter. You can also arrange with a fellow doctoral student to check on each other’s progress. Research and writing can be lonely, so it is also nice to share that journey with someone and support each other through the process.

Common Pitfalls

The most common challenges for students writing a dissertation are writer’s block, information-overload, and the compulsion to keep researching forever.

There are many strategies for avoiding writer’s block, such as freewriting, outlining, taking a walk, starting in the middle, and creating an ideal work environment for your particular learning style. Pay attention to what helps you and try different things until you find what works.

Efficient researching techniques are essential to avoiding information-overload. Here are a couple of resources about strategies for finding sources and quickly obtaining essential information from them.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/writing_in_literature_detailed_discussion/reading_criticism.html

https://students.dartmouth.edu/academic-skills/learning-resources/learning-strategies/reading-techniques

Finally, remember that there is always more to learn and your dissertation cannot incorporate everything. Follow your curiosity but also set limits on the scope of your work. It helps to create a folder entitled “future projects” for topics and sources that interest you but that do not fit neatly into the dissertation. Also remember that future scholars will build off of your work, so leave something for them to do.

Browsing through theses and dissertations of the past can help to get a sense of your options and gain inspiration but be careful to use current guidelines and refer to your committee instead of relying on these examples for form or formatting.

DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard.

HOLLIS Harvard Library’s catalog provides access to ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

MIT Architecture has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Rhode Island School of Design has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

University of South Florida has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Harvard GSD has a list of projects, including theses and professors’ research.

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How to Write a Dissertation or Thesis Proposal

Published on September 21, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.

When starting your thesis or dissertation process, one of the first requirements is a research proposal or a prospectus. It describes what or who you want to examine, delving into why, when, where, and how you will do so, stemming from your research question and a relevant topic .

The proposal or prospectus stage is crucial for the development of your research. It helps you choose a type of research to pursue, as well as whether to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.

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Table of contents

What should your proposal contain, dissertation question examples, what should your proposal look like, dissertation prospectus examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about proposals.

Prior to jumping into the research for your thesis or dissertation, you first need to develop your research proposal and have it approved by your supervisor. It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives .

Depending on your department’s requirements, there may be a defense component involved, where you present your research plan in prospectus format to your committee for their approval.

Your proposal should answer the following questions:

• Why is your research necessary?
• What is already known about your topic?
• Where and when will your research be conducted?
• Who should be studied?
• How can the research best be done?

Ultimately, your proposal should persuade your supervisor or committee that your proposed project is worth pursuing.

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Strong research kicks off with a solid research question , and dissertations are no exception to this.

Dissertation research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly
• What are the main factors enticing people under 30 in suburban areas to engage in the gig economy?
• Which techniques prove most effective for 1st-grade teachers at local elementary schools in engaging students with special needs?
• Which communication streams are the most effective for getting those aged 18-30 to the polls on Election Day?

An easy rule of thumb is that your proposal will usually resemble a (much) shorter version of your thesis or dissertation. While of course it won’t include the results section , discussion section , or conclusion , it serves as a “mini” version or roadmap for what you eventually seek to write.

Be sure to include:

• A succinct introduction to your topic and problem statement
• A brief literature review situating your topic within existing research
• A basic outline of the research methods you think will best answer your research question
• The perceived implications for future research
• A reference list in the citation style of your choice

The length of your proposal varies quite a bit depending on your discipline and type of work you’re conducting. While a thesis proposal is often only 3-7 pages long, a prospectus for your dissertation is usually much longer, with more detailed analysis. Dissertation proposals can be up to 25-30 pages in length.

Writing a proposal or prospectus can be a challenge, but we’ve compiled some examples for you to get your started.

• Example #1: “Geographic Representations of the Planet Mars, 1867-1907” by Maria Lane
• Example #2: “Individuals and the State in Late Bronze Age Greece: Messenian Perspectives on Mycenaean Society” by Dimitri Nakassis
• Example #3: “Manhood Up in the Air: A Study of Male Flight Attendants, Queerness, and Corporate Capitalism during the Cold War Era” by Phil Tiemeyer

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The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .

• If you want to measure something or test a hypothesis , use quantitative methods . If you want to explore ideas, thoughts and meanings, use qualitative methods .
• If you want to analyze a large amount of readily-available data, use secondary data. If you want data specific to your purposes with control over how it is generated, collect primary data.
• If you want to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables , use experimental methods. If you want to understand the characteristics of a research subject, use descriptive methods.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

A well-planned research design helps ensure that your methods match your research aims, that you collect high-quality data, and that you use the right kind of analysis to answer your questions, utilizing credible sources . This allows you to draw valid , trustworthy conclusions.

The priorities of a research design can vary depending on the field, but you usually have to specify:

• Your research questions and/or hypotheses
• Your overall approach (e.g., qualitative or quantitative )
• The type of design you’re using (e.g., a survey , experiment , or case study )
• Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects
• Your data collection methods (e.g., questionnaires , observations)
• Your data collection procedures (e.g., operationalization , timing and data management)
• Your data analysis methods (e.g., statistical tests  or thematic analysis )

A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.

It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.

Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

• Researchability
• Feasibility and specificity
• Relevance and originality

Cite this Scribbr article

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Undergraduate Thesis

• Preparing for Thesis
• Elements of Thesis

List of References

• Images and Figures
• Library Home

How do you cite a  youtube  video? Books with 3 authors? Articles from an online database?  Check out this  Reference Examples PDF

Here are some of the guidelines for your reference page.  Your references should include ALL resources that your cited in your thesis.  In other words, if you used an in-text citation, I should be able to find the source in your list of references.

• Your works cited page should be titled References and begin on its own page.
• Need more information on where your reference is located in your thesis?
• After the first line of each reference all others should be indented a half inch, this is referred to as a "hanging indentation" and you can format it in Microsoft Word if you highlight the citation right click, and choose paragraph.
• List your citations in alphabetical order.
• List page numbers as ranges, first-last (17-23) rather than refer to all pages read.
• For online resources include URLs / DOIs.  You do not need to say "retrieved from" or include the date the information was accessed.
• Capitalize each word in the titles of your sources except for articles such as the, an, with, etc. Only capitalize those articles that are at the beginning of a title such as  The Wizard of OZ.
• Use italics for titles of works (e.g. books and films).
• List author names Last, First Initial. Middle Initial (should there be one), such as Campbell, L. G.
• If you cite more than one work by an author, list them alphabetically by title.
• Cite a work with no known author by its title.
• Items that are not text (for example YouTube videos and images) need a [media type] after the title. For instance a reference for a photo would have [photograph] after the title.

Reference Format Examples:

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Research and Citation Resources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the  search page  or the  Site Map . The Citation Chart  provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

Conducting Research

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

Using Research

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

APA Style (7th Edition)

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

Chicago Manual of Style

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

American Medical Association (AMA) Style

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

Research Overview

We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?

Conducting Primary Research

Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.

Evaluating Sources of Information

Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Searching Online

This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.

Internet References

This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.

Archival Research

This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.

This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.

Graduate Writing Center

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Graduate Writing Starter Pack

Graduate writing often includes larger or more complex projects than many students have previously worked on. However, beginning with a clear picture of what is required can help you make strategic choices across your time in graduate school. To be successful, you must know your material, craft your message effectively for your audience, and prioritize consistent progress to meet longer-term goals. 

Knowing your Material: Graduate-level writing draws extensively from existing literature. Often, we encounter material long before we have an effective use for it. Or, we may have a pile of sources and not be sure how to glean the most useful information from them. To get the most out of your research efforts, you can utilize the resources below:

Finding Sources ( Library Resources ) For every field, there is a discipline-specific librarian who can help you find high-quality and relevant resources. The library is also able to request sources from other libraries or journals .

Organizing Citations ( Citation Managers ) Learn more about the citation managers supported by the TTU Libraries through the guides on their website: Zotero Guide ; Mendeley Guide ; EndNote Guide . 

Conceptualizing your Topics ( Literature Crosswalk – Matteson & Walker, 2020) As you grow within your discipline, you may find that the same article is applicable to multiple research questions or literature reviews. Tracking variables and results of interest and noting which themes emerge as you read articles (for classwork or research) will help you more easily organize your arguments in not only the current paper, but all future ones on related topics.

Understanding your Discipline (Reverse Outlining: STEM ; Humanities ) Before you begin to craft your message, you need to understand not only what information is known and noteworthy in your field, but also how that information is communicated. While you are reading to gain important knowledge in your field, it is also worth the time to understand how fellow scholars organize and highlight information as they build their arguments.

Crafting your Message: Once you have gathered your resources, it is time to synthesize them into your emerging argument. This starts at the sentence level, building towards a holistic argument that ultimately uses the structure favored by your field's publications (see Reverse Outlining, above). 

Paraphrasing ( Paraphrasing Principles ) Once you have found your sources, synthesizing the material in an ethical and effective way is a vital step in producing credible academic documents. This process requires careful citation, interpretation, and integration of existing research to build on others' scholarship in a way that incorporates your unique contributions and understanding while appropriately crediting theirs.

Organizing your Perspective ( MEAL Paragraph ) Every paragraph needs a purpose along with evidence or reasoning that supports its purpose and a connection to the next steps in the broader work. While not every paragraph needs to follow this pattern, using the MEAL (main idea, evidence, analysis, link) technique is a powerful way to consistently accomplish those three goals. 

Finding the Words ( Manchester Academic Phrasebank ) Also mentioned briefly in the paraphrasing resource above, the Manchester Academic Phrasebank is a collection of useful sentence templates that allow you to readily find a framing that reflects the way you intend your reader to interpret your inclusion of information or arguments. Using these templates is not plagiarism because these sentences do not contain data or arguments; instead, they represent ways to showcase data or support arguments.

Prioritizing your Progress: Complex projects benefit from clear management. Understanding your biggest deadlines, how to break them down into sustainable steps, and most importantly, what motivates you to stay on track, will help you make steady progress throughout your academic career.

Graduate School Timeline ( infographic ; formatting checklist ) While you are likely working on multiple projects at any given time, the most salient deadlines to the completion of your degree will be those related to your graduation document (e.g., portfolio, thesis, dissertation). The grad school website offers important i nformation about the graduation process , and you can email the ETD office for clarification about defense-related forms and document formatting. 

SMART Goals ( SMART Goals How-tos ) With large projects, it is important to develop sustainable habits. By creating goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely, you can build momentum through a series of small wins. Understanding your project(s) at this scale can help you track and complete the necessary tasks to achieve your larger goals

Focus Tools There are several apps that can support your focus and goal tracking. If you prefer working alone, you can support your word count goals with websites like Written Kitten , which rewards you with a picture of a cute kitten each time you achieve a certain level of word count progress; Write Honey , which allows you to track a daily writing streak based on word count; or The Most Dangerous Writing App , which creates a high-stakes environment for bursts of continuous writing. If you prefer to use time-based methods, you can try the traditional Pomodoro Technique , or variations like Flora or Forest that allow you to plant virtual (or in the paid version, real) trees. Apps like Habitica gamify tasks based on habits, daily goals and larger projects and can be used alone or with a group to complete quests. And for those of you who work best with others, Focusmate allows you to schedule co-working time blocks for accountability with individuals from around the world.  

Local Accountability ( GWC Thesis and Dissertation Boot Camp ; GWC writing groups ) Finally, the GWC offers two programs that support accountability and community in the writing process:

• Our writing groups are available to all students and post-docs who have a larger writing project (e.g., coursework, publications, thesis, or dissertation) they want to focus on across a whole semester.
• Thesis and Dissertation Boot Camp is available to students who are working on their thesis or dissertation at the proposal stage or later and would like to dedicate three hours for four days in a row to making concentrated project.

Application deadlines happen in the first few weeks of the semester, so check out our website at www.grad.writingcenter.ttu.edu to learn more!

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Referencing a Bachelor's Thesis

LaTeX only offers @mastersthesis or @phdthesis , but no bachelor's thesis.

I tried to keep the entry as @misc , but the university name doesn't appear.

So I just used @mastersthesis and typed

Is there another way of doing this -- or could I create a new @bachelorthesis entry type in the .bst file?

• bibliographies

• This should be possible with biblatex (somewhat easily). I suspect if it is at all possible with standard .bst files, it's probably not worth the hassle. –  moewe Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 20:00
• @moewe - It's not much hassle either to modify a copy of a bibliography style such as plainnat . :-) –  Mico Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 20:57
• @Mico I did not think it would be that easy. Being a biblatex fan I really underestimated natbib and friends. –  moewe Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 21:00
• 9 There are many types of thesis and @mastersthesis provides the field type just for this purpose. I wouldn't bother creating a new entry type just for a couple of citations. Before editing (a copy) of an existing .bst style, consider that for a submission you would have to use @mastersthesis anyway and you can't share your .bib file with your coworkers unless they have the new .bst file: using personally modified styles limits document portability. –  egreg Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 21:56
• 1 I had a similar problem and solved with this technique: hci.rwth-aachen.de/materials/bib/?id=kluth2011a –  user75906 Commented Apr 9, 2015 at 23:03

3 Answers 3

The simplest way to do so is to use @masterthesis and then setting the type to Bachelor's Thesis which will get printed instead of the default Master's Thesis . That is:

The new way to reference a Bachelor's Thesis is to use @thesis , which also replaces @phdthesis and @mastersthesis (both can still be used).

In type you can write whatever you want. But mathesis and phdthesis are predefined for Master's Thesis and PhD Thesis respectively.

• 4 Can you provide a source for the @thesis type? –  andreas Commented Mar 22, 2018 at 10:19
• 8 This did not work for me, maybe because of an old LaTeX installation at my institution. The type and school were not shown. However, when I changed @thesis to @phdthesis it worked as expected. –  m00am Commented Jan 7, 2019 at 14:06
• That doesn't work with BibTeX. –  vonbrand Commented Jun 24, 2021 at 2:52
• Similar to m00am: "Warning--entry type for "joachim2018methodology" isn't style-file defined" –  Caleb Stanford Commented Jul 26, 2022 at 23:09

It's not LaTeX per se but the bibliography style you use that determines, among many things, which types of bibliographic entries are recognized. If you're using a bibliography style such as plainnat , it's not much work at all to create a new entry type named, say, @bachelorsthesis . The following instructions should work not just for plainnat but for many other bibliography styles too, as long as they feature a function called mastersthesis .

Find the file plainnat.bst in your TeX distribution. Make a copy of this file and call it, say, myplainnat.bst . (Don't edit an original file of the TeX distribution directly.)

Open the file myplainnat.bst in your favorite text editor and locate the function called mastersthesis . (It starts on line 910 in my copy of the .bst file.)

Copy the code of the entire function (ca. 16 lines) and paste the copy below the existing function.

Change the new function's name from mastersthesis to bachelorsthesis .

Change the string "Master's thesis" to "Bachelor's thesis" .

Save the new .bst file either in the same directory as your main .tex file or somewhere in your TeX distribution's search path. If you choose the latter method, you will probably need to update the filename database in a way that's appropriate for your TeX distribution.

Start using the new bibliography style by invoking it via \bibliographystyle{myplainnat) , rerun LaTeX, BibTeX, and LaTeX twice more to fully update all references and citation call-outs, and start creating and citing those entries of type @bachelorsthesis . :-)

Happy (Bib)TeXing!

Specifying the type of thesis within @mastersthesis

works for me when using \bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}.

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HISTORY 495S/496S: Honors Thesis Seminar 2024/25

• Topic: China and Opium
• Thesis Writers & Duke Libraries
• Browse all Guides at Duke Libraries
• Define Archival Materials and Primary Sources
• Appreciate the "Finding Aid" for Archival Material
• Search Across Finding Aid Portals
• Organize and Cite Your Sources
• Topic: The West and the Soviet Union
• Topic: France Colonialism
• Topic: NAZI Germany Persecution US Perceptions
• Topic: US and Bosnia 1992–1995
• Topic: Counter Culture and Black Power Movements
• Topic: Canada and the American Civil War
• Topic: Asante Female Power
• Topic: Trinity College, Black Workers, and Durham
• Topic: Cherokee Women, Property, Law, and Slavery
• Topic: Sexual Assault in US. Army
• Topic: Page Act
• Topic: Credit Lending and the Rise of Investment Banking
• Topic: Child Welfare Legislation
• Topic: Reagan to 9/11: Impacts on American Muslim Communities
• Topic: Impact of Rabbinical Teachings on Israeli Settlers Violence 1967-1980
• Topic: Anti-imperialist music of Colombia

Subject Librarian

Duke primary source databases related to the topic, article databases on this topic, books on this topic.

Luo Zhou, Chinese Studies Librarian, [email protected]

• Chinese Studies
• Sidney Gamble Photographs, 1908-1932 

This guide is on English language sources, resources in Chinese can be provided if needed.

• China: Culture and Society This link opens in a new window Search for primary sources from a rare pamphlets collection on East Asia. Includes secondary resources like essays, an interactive chronology and mini guides
• China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 1793-1980 This link opens in a new window Search for primary sources on the activities and observations of British and American diplomats, missionaries, business people and tourists in China
• China and the Modern World This link opens in a new window Search primary sources on diplomacy/international relations, economy/trade, politics, Christianity, sinology, education, science and technology, imperialism, and globalization in 19th and 20th century China.
• Foreign Office Files for China, 1919-1980 This link opens in a new window Search British Foreign Office files dealing with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan between 1919 and 1980
• Global Commodities: Trade, Exploration and Cultural Exchange This link opens in a new window Search for primary source materials related to the study of global commodities, transported, exchanged and consumed around the world for hundreds of years
• ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chinese Newspapers Collection This link opens in a new window Search for news articles from Chinese Newspapers from 1832-1953
• Bibliography of Asian Studies (BAS) This link opens in a new window Search for journal articles and books published worldwide pertaining to East, Southeast, and South Asia on all subjects (especially humanities and social sciences)

Search a collection of important scholarly journals representing a range of disciplines.

Search for journal articles in the humanities and social sciences published by university presses, including the Duke University Press

Find books in Duke's catalog using keywords: China, Opium, "drug control". and limit language to English. See some examples:

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